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Sedimentary Sedimentary GeologyGeology
Geos 240 – Chapter Geos 240 – Chapter 77
Sediment Transport Sediment Transport ProcessesProcesses Dr. Tark HamiltonDr. Tark Hamilton
Readings from Sediments & Basins: (7:1-41)Readings from Sediments & Basins: (7:1-41) Camosun CollegeCamosun College
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Crossbeds, Cretaceous Non-Crossbeds, Cretaceous Non-Marine NEBCMarine NEBC
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Hjulstrom Diagram: Caliber vs Hjulstrom Diagram: Caliber vs VelocityVelocity
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Turbulent Boundary LayerTurbulent Boundary LayerCauses Flow Separation:Causes Flow Separation:
Tractive flow, Entrainment, Tractive flow, Entrainment, SuspensionSuspension
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Turbidity Current in a Lab Turbidity Current in a Lab Flume:Flume:
Dense, Turbulent, Sediment Dense, Turbulent, Sediment UnderflowUnderflow
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Bedform Phase Diagram:Bedform Phase Diagram:Stable Bedforms vs Caliber & VelocityStable Bedforms vs Caliber & Velocity
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2-D 2-D PlanarPlanarTabularTabularX-bedsX-beds
Platte Platte River River
NebraskaNebraska
~3.19 ~3.19 m/secm/sec
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3-D3-DLinguoidLinguoid
DunesDunes&&
TroughTroughX-bedsX-beds
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Flume Flume ObservationsObservations
Lam
inar
Sta
ble
Flo
w
Turb
ule
nt
Flo
w
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Variation in Ripple/Dune Variation in Ripple/Dune shapesshapes
Versus Shallowness & VelocityVersus Shallowness & Velocity
or
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Large simple X-bed, Devonian Old Red Sandstone. Large simple X-bed, Devonian Old Red Sandstone. ScotlandScotland
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Real Gap, no bedformsUnstable turbulent transition
Gravel DunesHaro Strait
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Upper Plane Bed. Platte River NebraskaUpper Plane Bed. Platte River Nebraska
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Upper Plane Bed. Proterozoic siltstoneUpper Plane Bed. Proterozoic siltstone
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Upper Plane Bed. Ordovician calcarenite. Bed Upper Plane Bed. Ordovician calcarenite. Bed bottom & scourbottom & scour
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Standing Waves form Standing Waves form AntidunesAntidunes
Alaska
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Standing Waves form Standing Waves form AntidunesAntidunes
California Beach
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Climbing RipplesClimbing Ripples
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Climbing RipplesClimbing Ripples
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Climbing RipplesClimbing Ripples
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Planar Cross BedsPlanar Cross Beds
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Planar Cross BedsPlanar Cross Beds
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Trough Cross BedsTrough Cross Beds
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Trough Cross BedsTrough Cross Beds
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Gravel Bar Bedforms, Modern Gravel Bar Bedforms, Modern RiverRiver
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Gravel Bar Bedforms, Modern Gravel Bar Bedforms, Modern RiverRiver
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Imbrication of ClastsImbrication of Clasts
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ReversingReversingTidal Tidal
CurrentsCurrentsFloodFlood
SlackwaterSlackwaterEbbEbb
SlackwaterSlackwater
**(not all tides (not all tides areare
purely diurnal!)purely diurnal!)~basin shape~basin shape
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Symmetric - Tidal Foresets - Symmetric - Tidal Foresets - AsymmetricAsymmetric
Or Tidal Delta
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Tidal Bedding TerminologyTidal Bedding Terminology
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Tidal Ripple Bedforms, Seattle Tidal Ripple Bedforms, Seattle WAWA
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Wavy Bedding, Cretaceous, Wavy Bedding, Cretaceous, UtahUtah
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Bedform Type versus Location Bedform Type versus Location with Waveswith Waves
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Waves in Shallows, Near ShoreWaves in Shallows, Near Shore
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Wave Rippled Modern Beach Wave Rippled Modern Beach South CarolinaSouth Carolina
Interference Patterns in Sandy RipplesInterference Patterns in Sandy RipplesFormed During Prior Flood TideFormed During Prior Flood Tide
Being Modified in EbbBeing Modified in Ebb
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Wave Rippled Ordovician Calcarenites, Wave Rippled Ordovician Calcarenites, OttawaOttawa
Sandbars
Herringbone
Calsiltites
Dolo-grainstones
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HummockHummockyy
CrossCrossStratificatStratificat
ionion(HCS)(HCS)
JurassicJurassicOld RedOld Red
SandstonSandstonee
YorkshireYorkshire(domes &(domes &mounds)mounds)
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Storm Driven – Coriolis Storm Driven – Coriolis ControlledControlled
Due to Flow in a Rotating Due to Flow in a Rotating Reference FrameReference Frame
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4 Types of Dunes in Eolian 4 Types of Dunes in Eolian SettingsSettings
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Dreat Sand Dunes Nat’l Dreat Sand Dunes Nat’l Monument, COMonument, CO
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Transverse Dunes, Gobi Transverse Dunes, Gobi Desert, ChinaDesert, China
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Transverse Dunes, Gobi Transverse Dunes, Gobi Desert, ChinaDesert, China
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Barchan Dunes, Gobi Desert, Barchan Dunes, Gobi Desert, ChinaChina
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Modern Wind Ripples Climbing Modern Wind Ripples Climbing Dune FaceDune Face
Lighter Winds ChannelledBy Older Dunes
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Permian Wind Fall Ripples AZPermian Wind Fall Ripples AZ
Note Rare Wind Ripple Foresets
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Modern Grain Fall Deposits Down Modern Grain Fall Deposits Down Dune FaceDune Face
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Modern Grain Flow Lobes Down Dune Modern Grain Flow Lobes Down Dune FaceFace
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Permian Permian Grain FallGrain Fall & & Grain FlowGrain Flow Lenses, UKLenses, UK
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Permian Permian Grain FallGrain Fall & & Grain FlowGrain Flow Lenses, UKLenses, UK
Flow Direction out of Page & Downwards
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Foresets & Ripples, Permian, Foresets & Ripples, Permian, ArizonaArizona
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Wind Ripples Down Dune Face, Wind Ripples Down Dune Face, Permian, ArizonaPermian, Arizona
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Classification of Sediment Classification of Sediment Gravity FlowsGravity Flows
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Evolution of Flow Type with Evolution of Flow Type with TimeTime
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Debris Flow, Venezuela Debris Flow, Venezuela Feb 2000Feb 2000
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Cenozoic Debris FlowCenozoic Debris FlowWith Large Logs, JapanWith Large Logs, Japan
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Reworked Glaciomarine Reworked Glaciomarine Debris FlowDebris Flow
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Miocene Debris Flow,Miocene Debris Flow,Near Anatolian Fault TurkeyNear Anatolian Fault Turkey
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Miocene Debris Flow,Miocene Debris Flow,Near Anatolian Fault TurkeyNear Anatolian Fault Turkey
Mud Ball?
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Cenozoic Polymict Cenozoic Polymict Conglomerate,Conglomerate,
California (Any Faults California (Any Faults nearby?)nearby?)
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Cambro-Ordovician Cow Cambro-Ordovician Cow Head Breccia, W. Head Breccia, W.
NewfoundlandNewfoundland
Reef Breccia
Abyssal Turbidites
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Cambro-Ordovician Cow Cambro-Ordovician Cow Head Breccia, W. Head Breccia, W.
NewfoundlandNewfoundland
Reef Breccia
Remoulded Turbidites
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Cretaceous Debris Flow Lenses Cretaceous Debris Flow Lenses FranceFrance
Tethyan Reef Debris
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Sediment Gravity Flows & Sediment Gravity Flows & SupportSupport
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Fluidized Flows, Cretaceous S. Fluidized Flows, Cretaceous S. FranceFrance
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Fluidized Flows, Cenozoic Fluidized Flows, Cenozoic Riverdale CARiverdale CA
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Dense, Cold, Sediment LadenDense, Cold, Sediment LadenGlacial Outwash Plunges Glacial Outwash Plunges
BeneathBeneathLake Louise AB as a Turbidity Lake Louise AB as a Turbidity
CurrentCurrentSee Notes
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7.2 7.2 QuakeQuake~20 ~20 kmkm
deepdeepTsunaTsuna
mimisweptsweptBurin Burin PeninsPenins
ulaula
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1929 Grand Banks Failure & 1929 Grand Banks Failure & TsunamiTsunami
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1929 Grand 1929 Grand Banks FailureBanks FailureTriggered by Triggered by EarthquakeEarthquake
(Each Lat° is 60 (Each Lat° is 60 nm)nm)
This Puppy This Puppy Travelled 1353 Travelled 1353
km!km!
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Complete Bouma Sequence Complete Bouma Sequence (Medial)(Medial)
Tu
rbid
ity
Eve
nt
Pela
gic
Sed
imen
t
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Down Current &Along Transport
Evolution ofTurbidites
Medial Deposits: B >> CDistal D & E CoupletsProximal Deposits: A > B-E