SEDIMENTARY BASINS AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE EAST A.S. ALSHARHAN Faculty of Science, UAE university P.O. BOX: 17551 Al Ain United Arab Emirates A.E.M. NAIRN Earth Science and Resources institute university of south Carolina Columbia, s.c. 29208 U.S.A. ELSEVIER Amsterdam • Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo 1997
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SEDIMENTARY BASINSAND PETROLEUM GEOLOGYOF THE MIDDLE EAST
A.S. ALSHARHANFaculty of Science, UAE universityP.O. BOX: 17551 Al AinUnited Arab Emirates
A.E.M. NAIRNEarth Science and Resources instituteuniversity of south CarolinaColumbia, s.c. 29208U.S.A.
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam • Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo 1997
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART ONEChapter 1: An Introductory Overview
Geographic and Geomorphologic Setting 1Geologic Setting 4Sequence Stratigraphy 7
Chapter 2: The Geological History and Structural Elements of the Middle East
Introduction 15Geological History 22
Phase 1 The Consolidation of the Arabo-Nubian Massif 22Phase 2 Tectonic Stability 36Phase 3 The Hercynian Event 37Phase 4 The Triassic Extensional Phase 38Phase 5 Jurassic and Cretaceous Events 38Phase 6 Cenozoic Events 39
Main Structural Elements 44• Sedimentary Basins 46
Tabuk sub-basin, Saudi Arabia 47Widyan sub-basin, Saudi Arabia 47Sirhan sub-basin, Jordan 47Rub Al Khali and Ras Al Khaimah sub-basins, Saudi Arabia - U.A.E 48Zagros Basin, Iran 48Palmyra and Sinjar sub-basins, Syria-Iraq 50The Mesopotamian sub-basin, Iraq 50
,Red Sea and Gulf of Aden sub-basin, Saudi Arabia - Yemen 50• Arches 52
Huqf-Haushi Arch, Oman 52Hadhramout Arch, Yemen 52Central Arabian Arch, Saudi Arabia 52Qatar-South Fars Arch, Qatar - Iran 53Hail-Rutbah-Ga'ara and Khleissa Arches, Saudi Arabia - Iraq 53Mardin High, Turkey 53
• Transform Faults and Normal Faults 54Southeastern Arabian platform : 54
Masirah Transform Fault, Oman : 54Maradi Fault, Oman 54Saiwan-Nafun Fault, Oman , 54Dibba Zone, Oman - UAE 54Oman Line, Oman 54Owen Fracture Zone, Yemen - Oman 54
Northern Arabian Platform : Central Syrian Fault Zone 54Northwestern Arabian Platform : Jordan-Dead Sea Fault System 54Fold Belts: Taurus Mountains, Turkey 55
Zagros, Mountain, Iran 58Oman Mountains, Oman - U.A.E 59
Discussion 62
PART TWOChapter 3: Infracambrian of the Middle East
Introduction 65Stratigraphy of Infracambrian Rocks in Oman: 69
Comparison of Oman with other Outcrops in the Middle East 77Comparison with the Republic of Yemen 77Comparison with the United Arab Emirates 78Comparison with Saudi Arabia 78Comparison with Jordan 80Comparison with Southeast Turkey 81Comparison with Iraq 81Comparison with Iran 81
Paleogeography and Geologic History of the Infracambrian 84
Chapter 4: The Early Paleozoic Quiescent Phase in the Middle East: The Sauk Cycleand the Early Part of the Tippecanoe Cycle
Introduction 87The Early Paleozoic of Oman 94
• The Sauk Sequence in Central and South-central Oman 94Haima Group (Cambrian? to earliest Silurian): 94
The Karim and Haradh formations :..-. 94The Amin Formation 95The Mahwis/Andam formations 95
• The Tippecanoe Sequence in Central Oman: 96Ghudun Formation 96Safiq Formation 96
• The Sauk and Tippecanoe Sequences in Southern Oman (Dhofar Province): 97Murbat Sandstone Formation 97
• The Sauk and Tippecanoe Sequences in Eastern and Southwestern Arabia 98Oman Mountains (Oman Region): Amdeh Formation 98Oman Mountains (United Arab Emirates Region): Ra'an Formation 100Southwestern Saudi Arabia: Dibsiyah Formation 100
The Early Paleozoic of Northern Saudi Arabia and Jordan 103• The Sauk Sequence in North and Northwestern Saudi Arabia: 103
Yatib Formation 103Saq Formation 103
• The Sauk Sequence in Jordan 108Ram Group 108
Subsurface Formations: 108Salib Formation 108Burj and Abu Khusheiba formations 110Ajram Formation 110Amud Formation 110
Surface Formations: 110Salib Arkosic Sandstone Formation 110Umm Ishrin Sandstone Formation I l lDisi Sandstone Formation I l lUmm Sahm Sandstone Formation I l l
• The Tippecanoe Sequence in North and Northwestern Saudi Arabia: I l lTabuk Group: I l l
• The Tippecanoe Sequence in Iraq: Khabour Formation 120• The Tippecanoe Sequence in Kuwait: Tabuk Formation 121• The Tippecanoe Sequence in Qatar: 121
Tabuk Formation 121Sharawra Formation 121
• The Tippecanoe Sequence in the United Arab Emirates: Sharawra Formation 122The Early Paleozoic Sequence in Southeast Turkey and Syria 123
• The Sauk Sequence in Southeast Turkey: 123Sadan Formation 123
• The Kaskaskia Sequence in Southwest Saudi Arabia: Khusayyayn Formation 148• The Kaskaskia Sequence in Qatar: Tawil Formation 149• The Kaskaskia Sequence in the United Arab Emirates: 149
• The Triassic of Jordan: 220Outcrop Formation: 220
Abu Ruweis Formation 220Um Tina Formation 220Irq Al Amir Formation 220Mukheiris Formation 221Hisban Formation 221Ain Musa Formation 221Dardun Formation 221Ma'in Formation 221
Paleogeography and Geologic History of the Absaroka Cycle 225The Lower Part of the Absaroka Cycle (latest Carboniferous-Permian) 225The Upper Part of the Absaroka Cycle (Triassic) 229
Chapter 7: The Late Mesozoic Part of the Zuni Cycle in the Middle East: The Jurassic
Introduction 235The Jurassic Section in Central Arabia 245
The Jurassic of Saudi Arabia: 245Marrat Formation 245Dhruma Formation 245Tuwaiq Mountain Formation 248Hanifa Formation 250Jubailah Formation 250Arab Formation 250Hith Formation 252
The Jurassic of Bahrain 254Marrat Formation 254Dhruma Formation 254Tuwaiq Mountain Formation 254Hanif a Formation 254Jubailah Formation 254Arab Formation 254Hith Formation 254
The Jurassic Section in Southern and Southwestern Arabia: The Republic of Yemen 254Kohlan Formation 255Amran Group: 257
The Jurassic Section in Eastern Arabia: 259• The Jurassic of the United Arab Emirates (Subsurface Formations) 259
Marrat Formation 259Hamlah Formation 259Izhara Formation 261Araej Formation 261Diyab Formation 262Arab Formation and its equivalents (Fahahil and Qatar formations) 263Hith Formation and its equivalents 263The Jurassic of the Northern United Arab Emirates (Surface Formations) :Musandam Group 266
• The Jurassic of Qatar 266Hamlah Formation 266Izhara Formation 267Araej Formation 267Diyab Formation '•••••• 269Darb Formation 269
Hanifa and Jubailah Formations 269Arab Formation and its equivalents: 269
Central Oman Mountains (Allochthonous Units) 327Sidr Formation 327Nayid Formation 327Mayhah Formation C Member 328Mayhah Formation D Member 328
Northern Oman Mountains (Musandam Peninsula) 329Musandam Member G 329Musandam Member H and I 329
• Early Cretaceous on the eastern side of the Arabian Gulf: southwestern Iran 329Fahliyan Formation 329Gadvan Formation 330Dariyan Formation 330Garau Formation 330
• Early Cretaceous in the Northern, Northwestern and Northeastern Arabian Platform: 330Early Cretaceous in Kuwait: 330
• Mid-Cretaceous in Central and Eastern Arabia: 349Mid-Cretaceous in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia: Wasia Formation 350Mid-Cretaceous in Northwestern Saudi Arabia: Wasia Formation 352Mid-Cretaceous in Kuwait: Wasia Group 352
Southern Oman (Dhofar Region): (outcrop formation) Hadhramout Group 426Umm Er Radhuma Formation 426Rus Formation 426Andhur and Qara formations 426Taqa Formation 426
Central and Southern Oman: (subsurface formations) Hadhramout Group 426Umm Er Radhuma Formation 426Rus Formation 427Dammam Formation 427
Fars Group: Taqa Formation 427Northern Offshore Oman 428
Pabdeh Formation 428
CONTENTS
Lower Fars Formation 428Guri Formation 428Mishan and younger formations 428
• The Paleogene of Southern, Southwestern and Western Arabia 428Paleogene of Western Saudi Arabia (Red Sea Region) 428
Northeastern and Eastern Jordan (Surface Outcrop) 447Tertiary Basaltic Plateau 447
Surface outcrop in Dead Sea-Jordan Rift 447Dana Conglomerate Formation 447Lisan Marl Formation 448
CONTENTS
• Neogene of Syria 449Dhiban Formation 449Jeribe Formation 449Lower Fars Formation 449Upper Fars Formation 449Bakhtiari Formation 449
• Neogene of the Foothills and High Folded Zone of Northern Iraq 449Euphrates Limestone Formation 449Serikagni Formation 449Dhiban Formation 449Jeribe Limestone Formation 449
• Neogene of Southeast Turkey 449Part 3: Cenozoic Paleogeography and Geologic History 451
Kuwait Oil Fields 537Greater Burgan Field 538Bahrah Field 540Raudhatain Field 541Sabriya Field 542Minagish Field 542Umm Gudair Field 544Khafji Field 544Wafra Field 544Dorra Field 547Hout Field 547Lulu field 547Umm Gudair South Field 547South Fuwaris Field 547
Ham Formation 580Halul Formation 580Simsima Formation 580
Asmari and Gachsaran formations 580Seals and Seal Formation 580Source Rocks and Oil Geochemistry 580Traps 585Oil and Gas Fields 590
Zakum Oil Field 590Asab Oil Field 590Bu Hasa Oil Field 591Margham Gas-Condensate Field 594Fateh Oil Field 595Bab Oil Field 595El Bunduq Oil Field 595Sajaa Gas-Condensate Field 596
Jordan .-. 598History of Exploration 602The Sedimentary Basins and their Hydrocarbon Potential 604
Source Rocks and Oil Geochemistry 705Seals and Seal Formations 706Cap Rocks in the Arabian Basin 710
Gotnia Formation 710Ratawi Formation 710Zubair Formation 710Nahr Umr Formation ; 710Khasib Formation 710Shiranish Formation 710Lower Fars Formation 710
CONTENTS
Cap Rocks in the Zagros Basin 710Pirispiki Redbeds 710Baluti Formation 710Adaiyah Formation 710Naokelekan Formation 710Khasib Formation 710Shiranish Formation 710Aaliji Formation 710Dhiban Formation 710
Oil Field Examples 710Ain Zalah Field 710Butmah Field 711Kirkuk Field 711Bai Hassan Field 712Qaiyarah Fields 712Buzurgan Field 712Nahr Umr Field 713Rumaila Field 713Zubair Field 713
Iran 716Introduction 716Stratigraphy 716Structure and Traps 718Reservoir Characteristics 720
Seals and Seal Formations 729Dashtak Formation 729Kangan Formation 729Hith Formation 729Gadvan Formtion 729Kazhdhumi Formation 729Gurpi Formation 729Gachsaran Formation 730
Oil Field Examples 730Pazanun Field 730Kuh-i-Mund Field 730Masjid-i-Sulaiman Field 730Naft-i-Shah Field 733Lali Field 733Agha Jari Field 733Gachsaran Field 733Bahregansar Field 734Haft Kel Field 734Bibi Hakimeh Field 735Abouzar (Ardeshir) Field 735Naft-Safid Field 735
Chapter 13: The Hydrocarbon Habitat of the Oman Basin