Sediment TMDL Development Report for Benthic Impairments in Long Branch and Buffalo River Amherst County, Virginia Submitted by: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Prepared by: Virginia Tech Department of Biological Systems Engineering July 2, 2013 VT-BSE Document No. 2013-0006
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Sediment TMDL Development Report for Benthic Impairments in Long Branch and Buffalo River Amherst County, Virginia
Submitted by:
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
Prepared by:
Virginia Tech Department of Biological Systems Engineering
July 2, 2013
VT-BSE Document No. 2013-0006
i
Project Personnel
Virginia Tech, Department of Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) Karen Kline, Research Scientist Gene Yagow, Sr. Research Scientist Brian Benham, Associate Professor and Extension Specialist
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Paula Nash, Blue Ridge Region TMDL Coordinator Sandra Mueller, Central Office
Nesha McRae, TMDL/Watershed Field Coordinator, Harrisonburg
For additional information, please contact: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Assessment Office, Richmond: Sandra Mueller (804) 698-4324 Blue Ridge Region Office, Roanoke: Paula Nash, (434) 582-6216
ii
Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................. ES-1
Introduction ................................................................................................. ES-1 Applicable Water Quality Standard and Designated Use ......................... ES-3
Benthic Stressor Analysis ............................................................................ ES-3 Sediment Modeling Approach ..................................................................... ES-4 Accounting for Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variations ........................ ES-4 Simulated Sediment Loads ......................................................................... ES-5 The Sediment TMDLs for Long Branch and Buffalo River ........................... ES-6 Allocation Scenarios .................................................................................... ES-8 Reasonable Assurance for Implementation ................................................. ES-9
CHAPTER 5: MODELING PROCESS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE TMDL ... 27 5.1. Model Selection ........................................................................................ 27 5.2. GWLF Model Development for Sediment ................................................. 29 5.3. Input Data Requirements .......................................................................... 30
5.3.1. Climate Data ...................................................................................... 30 5.3.2. Existing Land Use .............................................................................. 30
5.4. Future Land Use ....................................................................................... 32 5.5. GWLF Parameter Evaluation .................................................................... 33
5.7.1. Surface Runoff ................................................................................... 37 5.7.2. Channel and Streambank Erosion ..................................................... 37 5.7.3. Industrial Stormwater ......................................................................... 38 5.7.4. Construction Stormwater ................................................................... 38 5.7.5. Other Permitted Sources (VPDES and General Permits) .................. 38
5.8. Accounting for Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variations ..................... 38 5.8.1. Selection of Representative Modeling Period .................................... 38 5.8.2. Critical Conditions .............................................................................. 39 5.8.3. Seasonal Variability ........................................................................... 39
5.9. Existing and Future Sediment Loads ........................................................ 39 CHAPTER 6: TMDLS AND ALLOCATIONS ..................................................... 41
6.1. Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs .................................... 41 6.1.1. TMDL Components ............................................................................ 41
7.2.2.1 Federal Regulations ..................................................................... 48 7.2.2.2 State Regulations ......................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 8: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ........................................................... 51 CHAPTER 9: REFERENCES ........................................................................... 52 APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........................................................... 54 APPENDIX B: GWLF MODEL PARAMETERS ................................................. 56
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List of Tables
Table ES-1. Existing and Future Sediment Loads ........................................................ ES-6 Table ES-2. The Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs .......................... ES-7 Table ES-3. Long Branch and Buffalo River Maximum “Daily” Sediment Loads ...... ES-7 Table ES-4. Sediment TMDL Load Allocation Scenarios, Long Branch .................... ES-8 Table ES-5. Sediment TMDL Load Allocation Scenarios, Buffalo River ................... ES-9 Table 2-1. NASS Land Use Summary in Buffalo River Watersheds (acres) ..................... 9 Table 2-2. Taxa Inventory by Sample Date in Long Branch (LOB) ................................ 12 Table 2-3. Biological Index (VSCI) Scores for Long Branch (LOB) ............................... 13 Table 2-4. Taxa Inventory by Sample Date in Buffalo River (BUF) ............................... 15 Table 2-5. Biological Index (VSCI) Scores for Buffalo River (BUF) .............................. 16 Table 2-6. Habitat Metric Scores for Long Branch (LOB) ............................................... 17 Table 2-7. Habitat Metric Scores for Buffalo River (BUF) .............................................. 18 Table 2-8. Nutrient Concentration Averages and Ratios .................................................. 19 Table 2-9. DEQ Channel Bottom Sediment Monitoring and Screening Criteria for Metals
................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 2-10. Permitted Discharges ..................................................................................... 20 Table 4-1. Comparison of Potential Reference Watershed Characteristics to Long Branch
Watershed ................................................................................................................. 25 Table 4-2. Comparison of Potential Reference Watershed Characteristics to Buffalo River
Watershed ................................................................................................................. 25 Table 5-1. NASS Land Use Group Distributions ............................................................. 30 Table 5-2. Modeled Land Use Categories ........................................................................ 32 Table 5-3. Existing Land Use Distributions ..................................................................... 33 Table 5-4. Industrial Stormwater General Permit (ISWGP) WLA Loads ........................ 38 Table 5-5. Future Sediment Loads in the TMDL Watersheds and Existing Sediment
Loads in the Reference Watershed ........................................................................... 40 Table 6-1. Aggregated Construction WLA Loads ............................................................ 42 Table 6-2. Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs ........................................ 43 Table 6-3. Long Branch and Buffalo River Maximum “Daily” Sediment Loads ............ 44 Table 6-4. Sediment TMDL Load Allocation Scenario, Long Branch ............................. 45 Table 6-5. Sediment TMDL Load Allocation Scenario, Buffalo River ........................... 46 Table B-1. GWLF Watershed Parameters ........................................................................ 57 Table B-2. GWLF Monthly ET Cover Coefficients ......................................................... 57 Table B-3. GWLF Land Use Parameters .......................................................................... 57
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List of Figures
Figure ES-1. Location of Impaired Segments and TMDL Watersheds ........................ ES-2 Figure 1-1. Location of Impaired Segments and TMDL Watersheds ................................ 2 Figure 2-1. NASS Generalized Land Use in the Buffalo River Watershed ........................ 8 Figure 2-2. Location of DEQ Monitoring Stations in the Buffalo River Watershed ........ 10 Figure 2-3. VSCI Scores for Long Branch (LOB) ............................................................ 13 Figure 2-4. VSCI Scores for Buffalo River (BUF) ........................................................... 16 Figure 4-1. Location of Long Branch, Buffalo River and Potential Reference Watersheds
................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 5-1. Buffalo River sub-watersheds and impaired segments .................................. 29
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List of Acronyms
BMP Best Management Practices BSE Biological Systems Engineering CBWM Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CV Coefficient of variation DCR Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation DEQ Virginia Department of Environmental Quality DO Dissolved Oxygen E&S Erosion and Sediment Control Program (DCR) EDAS Environmental Data Analysis System GIS Geographic Information Systems LA Load Allocation LRBS Log Relative Bed Stability MDL Minimum Detection Limit, also Maximum Daily Load MFBI Modified Family Biotic Index MOS Margin of Safety MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System program (EPA) NASS National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA) NPS Non-Point Source NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA) PEC Probable Effect Concentrations RBP Rapid Bioassessment Protocol TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load TN Total Nitrogen TP Total Phosphorous TSS Total Suspended Solids USDA United States Department of Agriculture USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VSCI Virginia Stream Condition Index VPDES Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System VSMP Virginia Stormwater Management Program VT Virginia Tech WIP Watershed Implementation Plan WLA Waste Load Allocation WQC Water Quality Criteria
ES-1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Water Quality Planning and Management
Regulations (40 CFR Part 130) require states to identify water bodies that violate
state water quality standards and to develop a Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDLs) for such water bodies. A TMDL reflects the pollutant load a water body
can receive and still meet water quality standards. TMDLs are pollutant-specific.
A TMDL establishes the allowable pollutant loading from both point and nonpoint
sources for a water body, allocates the load among the pollutant contributors, and
provides a framework for taking actions to restore water quality.
The subjects of this TMDL study area two impaired stream segments in
the Buffalo River watershed: one on Buffalo River and one on Long Branch,
which is a tributary to Buffalo River. These impaired segments are located within
the James River Basin within Amherst County in the Commonwealth of Virginia,
Figure ES-1. The watersheds delineated to simulate sediment loading to these
impaired segments are also shown in the figure and will herein be referred to as
the TMDL watersheds.
Long Branch was originally listed as impaired due to water quality
violations of the general aquatic life (benthic) standard in the 2008 Virginia Water
Quality Assessment 305(b)/303(d) Integrated Report (VADEQ, 2008). The
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has identified this
impairment as Cause Group Code H11R-01-BEN, and delineated the benthic
impairment as 3.40 miles on Long Branch (stream segment VAC-
H11R_LOB01A04). The Long Branch impaired segment runs from the
headwaters downstream to its confluence with Buffalo River.
ES-2
Figure ES-1. Location of Impaired Segments and TMDL Watersheds
The DEQ 2010 Fact Sheets for Category 5 Waters (VADEQ, 2010) state
that Long Branch is impaired based on assessments at biological station 2-
LOB000.37. Seasonal difference was noted for the biological sampling and the
source of impairment is described as “Unknown”.
Buffalo River was originally listed as impaired due to water quality
violations of the general aquatic life (benthic) standard in the 2008 Virginia Water
Quality Assessment 305(b)/303(d) Integrated Report (VADEQ, 2008). The
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has identified this
impairment as Cause Group Code H11R-02-BEN, and delineated the benthic
impairment as 1.96 miles on Buffalo River (stream segment VAC-
H11R_BUF04A08). The Buffalo River impaired segment runs from its confluence
with Long Branch downstream to its confluence with Franklin Creek.
Upper Buffalo River
Middle Buffalo River
Lower Buffalo River
ES-3
The DEQ 2010 Fact Sheets for Category 5 Waters (VADEQ, 2010) state
that Buffalo River is impaired based on assessments at biological station 2-
BUF026.43. The fact sheet notes that “Algae dominant, potential nutrient
enrichment. Pasture on left bank, agricultural” and the source of the impairment is
described as “Unknown”.
Applicable Water Quality Standard and Designated Use Pollution from both point and nonpoint sources can lead to a violation of
Virginia’s General Standard (9 VAC 25-260-20). A violation of this standard is
assessed on the basis of measurements of the in-stream benthic macro-
invertebrate community. Water bodies having a benthic impairment are not fully
supportive of the aquatic life designated use for Virginia’s waters (9 VAC 25-260-
10).
Benthic Stressor Analysis
Every TMDL is pollutant-specific. Since a benthic impairment is based on
a biological inventory, rather than on a physical or chemical water quality
parameter, the pollutant is not explicitly identified in the assessment, as it is with
physical and chemical parameters. The process outlined in USEPA’s Stressor
Identification Guidance Document (USEPA, 2000) was used to identify the critical
stressors for the impaired stream segments in this study.
Based on the stressor analysis (Kline et al., 2013), the most probable
stressor contributing to the impairment of the benthic community in Long Branch
and Buffalo River is sediment. Sediment is supported as the most probable
stressor based on the consistently poor habitat sediment metrics. Habitat metric
scores for bank vegetative protection in Buffalo River and sediment deposition in
both Long Branch and Buffalo River have been consistently poor throughout the
sampling period. Additionally, historical livestock access to the stream point to
sediment as the most probable stressor. Therefore, sediment TMDLs will be
developed to address the Long Branch and Buffalo River biological impairments.
ES-4
Sediment Modeling Approach
Since there are no in-stream water quality standards for sediment in
Virginia, an alternate method was needed to establish a reference endpoint to
represent the “non-impaired” condition. For these watersheds, the “reference
watershed” approach was used to set allowable loading rates in the impaired
watersheds.
The reference watershed approach pairs two watersheds – one whose
streams are supportive of their designated uses and one whose streams are
impaired (Yagow, 2004). The reference watershed is selected on the basis of
similarity of land use, topography, ecology, and soils characteristics with those of
the impaired watershed. This approach is based on the assumption that reduction
of the stressor loads in the impaired watershed to the level of loads in the
reference watershed will result in elimination of the benthic impairment. Fishpond
Creek was selected as the reference watershed for both impaired watersheds.
Using the Generalized Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model as
modified by Yagow and Hession (2007), inputs were created for Long Branch,
Buffalo River and Fishpond Creek watersheds. The TMDL endpoints were
defined as the simulated load from Fishpond Creek, area-adjusted separately to
the Long Branch and Buffalo River watersheds. The GWLF model was run in
metric units and converted to English units for this report.
Accounting for Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variations
EPA regulations at 40 CFR 130.7 (c)(1) require TMDLs to take into
account critical conditions for stream flow, loading, and water quality parameters.
These conditions were considered in this study through the use of long-term (19
years) rainfall and temperature inputs to GWLF that covered different flow
regimes and weather variability.
The GWLF model is a continuous simulation model that uses daily time
steps for weather data and water balance calculations. The period of rainfall
selected for modeling was chosen as a multi-year period that was representative
ES-5
of typical weather conditions for the area, and included “dry”, “normal” and “wet”
years. The model, therefore, incorporated the variable inputs needed to represent
critical conditions during low flow – generally associated with point source loads –
and critical conditions during high flow – generally associated with nonpoint
source loads.
The GWLF model used for this analysis considered seasonal variation
through a number of mechanisms. Daily time steps were used for weather data
and water balance calculations. The model also used monthly-variable parameter
inputs for evapo-transpiration cover coefficients, daylight hours/day, and rainfall
erosivity coefficients for user-specified growing season months.
Simulated Sediment Loads
Sediment loads were simulated for all individual land uses with the GWLF
model, calculated for point sources (using permitted and/or simulated sediment
and discharge data), and then summed in the Long Branch, Buffalo River and the
area-adjusted reference Fishpond Creek watersheds for Existing conditions.
Future residential development is expected to be minimal. As no major
changes are envisioned for the watersheds, future land use in the watersheds
was represented at the existing conditions. The only differences in loads for the
Future scenario were that loads from permitted sources were calculated at their
WLA permit limits, and those loads were then subtracted from their associated
barren or developed land use categories. Table ES-1 includes sediment loads by
land use from Future conditions for the Long Branch and Buffalo River
watersheds and the area-adjusted existing loads for the reference watershed,
Several factors provide assurance that the TMDLs will be implemented.
Virginia intends for the required sediment reductions to be implemented in an
iterative process that first addresses those sources with the largest impact on
water quality. DEQ will monitor benthic macro-invertebrates and habitat in
accordance with its biological monitoring program at station 2-LOB000.37 on
Long Branch and station 2-BUF026.43 on Buffalo River. DEQ will continue to use
data from these monitoring stations to evaluate improvements in the benthic
communities and the effectiveness of TMDL implementation in attainment of the
general water quality standard.
Additionally, a TMDL implementation plan will be developed and
implemented in accordance with requirements of the Virginia’s 1997 Water
Quality Monitoring, Information and Restoration Act (WQMIRA).
Implementation of BMPs to address the benthic impairments in Long
Branch and Buffalo River will be coordinated with BMPs required to meet bacteria
water quality standards in a concurrent TMDL being developed for the Buffalo
River watershed.
Public participation was elicited at every stage of the TMDL development
in order to receive inputs from stakeholders and to apprise the stakeholders of
ES-10
the progress made. Three Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) meetings and
two public meetings were organized for this purpose. All meetings were held at
the Central Virginia Community College in Amherst, Virginia.
The first Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Meeting was held on June
14, 2012 to introduce agency stakeholders to the TMDL process and to discuss
the impairments identified on stream segments in these watersheds. The first
public meeting on June 25, 2012 introduced the public to the TMDL process and
the local impairments on Long Branch and Buffalo River. A second TAC meeting
was held in the form of a teleconference to discuss the stressor analysis, while
the third TAC meeting discussed modeling procedures and the draft TMDL. The
final public meeting was held on April 25, 2013 to present the draft TMDL report
to address the benthic impairment in the Long Branch and Buffalo River
watersheds. The public comment period ended on June 13, 2013. No comments
were received.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
1
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1.1.1. TMDL Definition and Regulatory Information
Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Water Quality Planning and Management Regulations
(40 CFR Part 130) require states to identify water bodies that violate state water
quality standards and to develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for such
water bodies. A TMDL reflects the pollutant loading a water body can receive and
still meet water quality standards. A TMDL establishes the allowable pollutant
loading from both point and nonpoint sources for a water body, allocates the load
among the pollutant contributors, and provides a framework for taking actions to
restore water quality.
1.1.2. Impairment Listing
The subjects of this TMDL study are two impaired stream segments in the
Buffalo River watershed: one segment in Long Branch, a tributary to Buffalo River;
and one segment on Buffalo River. These impaired segments are located within
Amherst County in the Commonwealth of Virginia, Figure 1-1. The watersheds
delineated to simulate sediment loading to these impaired segments are also shown
in Figure 1-1 and will herein be referred to as the TMDL watersheds.
Long Branch was originally listed as impaired due to water quality violations of
the general aquatic life (benthic) standard in the 2008 Virginia Water Quality
Assessment 305(b)/303(d) Integrated Report (VADEQ, 2008). The Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has identified this impairment as Cause
Group Code H11R-01-BEN, and delineated the benthic impairment as 3.40 miles on
Long Branch (stream segment VAC-H11R_LOB01A04). The Long Branch impaired
segment runs from the headwaters downstream to its confluence with Buffalo River.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
2
Figure 1-1. Location of Impaired Segments and TMDL Watersheds
The DEQ 2010 Fact Sheets for Category 5 Waters (VADEQ, 2010) state that
Long Branch is impaired based on assessments at biological station 2-LOB000.37.
Seasonal difference was noted for the biological sampling and the source of
impairment is described as “Unknown”.
Buffalo River was originally listed as impaired due to water quality violations
of the general aquatic life (benthic) standard in the 2008 Virginia Water Quality
Assessment 305(b)/303(d) Integrated Report (VADEQ, 2008). The Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has identified this impairment as Cause
Group Code H11R-02-BEN, and delineated the benthic impairment as 1.96 miles on
Buffalo River (stream segment VAC-H11R_BUF04A08). The Buffalo River impaired
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
3
segment runs from its confluence with Long Branch downstream to its confluence
with Franklin Creek.
The DEQ 2010 Fact Sheets for Category 5 Waters (VADEQ, 2010) state that
Buffalo River is impaired based on assessments at biological station 2-BUF026.43.
The fact sheet notes that “Algae dominant, potential nutrient enrichment. Pasture on
left bank, agricultural” and the source of the impairment is described as “Unknown”.
1.1.3. Pollutants of Concern Pollution from both point and nonpoint sources can lead to a violation of the
benthic standard. A violation of this standard is assessed on the basis of
measurements of the in-stream benthic macro-invertebrate community. Water
bodies having a benthic impairment are not fully supportive of the aquatic life
designated use for Virginia’s waters.
1.2. Designated Uses and Applicable Water Quality Standards
1.2.1. Designation of Uses (9 VAC 25-260-10) “A. All state waters are designated for the following uses: recreational uses (e.g. swimming and boating); the propagation and growth of a balanced indigenous population of aquatic life, including game fish, which might reasonably be expected to inhabit them; wildlife; and the production of edible and marketable natural resources (e.g., fish and shellfish).” SWCB, 2011.
1.2.2. General Standard (9 VAC 25-260-20)
The general standard for a water body in Virginia is stated as follows:
“A. All state waters, including wetlands, shall be free from substances attributable to sewage, industrial waste, or other waste in concentrations, amounts, or combinations which contravene established standards or interfere directly or indirectly with designated uses of such water or which are inimical or harmful to human, animal, plant, or aquatic life.
Specific substances to be controlled include, but are not limited to: floating debris, oil scum, and other floating materials; toxic substances (including those which bioaccumulate); substances that produce color, tastes, turbidity, odors, or settle to form sludge
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
4
deposits; and substances which nourish undesirable or nuisance aquatic plant life. Effluents which tend to raise the temperature of the receiving water will also be controlled.” SWCB, 2011.
The biological monitoring program in Virginia that is used to evaluate
compliance with the above standard is administered by the Virginia Department of
Environmental Quality (DEQ). Evaluations of monitoring data from this program
focus on the benthic (bottom-dwelling) macro (large enough to see) invertebrates
(insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and annelid worms) and are used to determine
whether or not a stream segment has a benthic impairment. Changes in water
quality generally result in alterations to the quantity and diversity of the benthic
organisms. Besides being the major intermediate constituent of the aquatic food
chain, benthic macro-invertebrates are "living recorders" of past and present water
quality conditions. This is due to their relative immobility and their variable resistance
to the diverse contaminants that are introduced into streams. The community
structure of these organisms provides the basis for the biological analysis of water
quality. Two types of biological monitoring, both qualitative and semi-quantitative,
have been conducted by DEQ since the early 1970's. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP) II was employed
beginning in the fall of 1990 to utilize a standardized, repeatable assessment
methodology (Barbour et al., 1999). For any single sample, the RBP II produces
water quality ratings of “non-impaired,” “slightly impaired,” “moderately impaired,” or
“severely impaired.” In Virginia, benthic samples are typically collected and analyzed
twice a year in the spring and in the fall.
The RBP II procedure evaluates the benthic macro-invertebrate community by
comparing ambient monitoring “network” stations to “reference” sites. A reference
site is one that has been determined to be representative of a natural, non-impaired
water body. The RBP II evaluation also accounts for the natural variation noted in
streams in different eco-regions. One additional product of the RBP II evaluation is a
habitat assessment. This is a stand-alone assessment that describes bank condition
and other stream and riparian corridor characteristics and serves as a measure of
habitat suitability for the benthic community.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
5
Beginning in 2006, DEQ modified their bioassessment procedures. While the
RBP II protocols were still followed for individual metrics, a new index, the Virginia
Stream Condition Index (VSCI), was developed based on comparison of observed
data to a set of reference conditions, rather than with data from a single reference
station. The new index was also calculated for all previous samples in order to better
assess trends over time.
Determination of the degree of support for the aquatic life designated use is
based on biological monitoring data and the best professional judgment of the DEQ
regional biologist, relying primarily on the most recent data collected during the
current 6-year assessment period. In Virginia, any stream segment with a benthic
score less than the impairment threshold is placed on the state’s 303(d) list of
impaired streams (VADEQ, 2012).
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
6
Chapter 2: WATERSHED CHARACTERIZATION
2.1. Water Resources
The Buffalo River watershed is part of the James River basin and comprises part
of state hydrologic unit H11 (National Watershed Boundary Dataset JM28). The
impaired segment of Buffalo River lies entirely within Amherst County. The Upper
Buffalo River drainage area is comprised of the North Fork and South Fork of the Buffalo
River. The Forks of the Buffalo River flow into the Middle Buffalo River drainage area.
The Middle Buffalo River flows south southeast to its confluence with Long Branch,
which is the beginning of the impaired segment of the Buffalo River. Long Branch flows
east and discharges into Buffalo River. The Lower Buffalo River drainage area contains
the impaired segment of the Buffalo River from its confluence with Long Branch to its
confluence with Franklin Creek. Buffalo River discharges into Tye River. Tye River is a
tributary of the James River Basin, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay.
2.2. Eco-region
The Long Branch watershed is located entirely within the Northern Inner
Piedmont (45e) sub-division of the Piedmont (45) ecoregion, and the Buffalo River
watershed is located within the Northern Inner Piedmont (45e) sub-division and the
Northern Igneous Ridges (66a) sub-division of the Blue Ridge (66) ecoregion. Ecoregion
45e is a dissected upland composed of hills, irregular plains, and isolated ridges and
mountains. General elevations become higher towards the western boundary and to the
south where the land rises to become a broad, hilly upland. Ecoregion 45e is
characteristically underlain by highly deformed and deeply weathered Cambrian and
Proterozoic feldspathic gneiss, schist, and melange. Streams have silt, sand, gravel,
and rubble bottoms materials and bedrock is only occasionally exposed. Differences in
stream gradient considerably affect fish habitat in the Piedmont. Loblolly – shortleaf pine
forests are common (USEPA, 2002). Ecoregion 66a consists of pronounced ridges
separated by high gaps and coves. Mountain flanks are steep and well dissected.
Precambrian and Paleozoic metavolcanic and igneous rock underlie Ecoregion 66a.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
7
Streams are cool and clear and have many riffle sections. The natural vegetation was
Appalachian Oak Forest and Ecoregion 66a remains extensively forested.
2.3. Soils and Geology
The Long Branch watershed is comprised of a diversity of soils with its dominant
soil, Clifford fine sandy loam, comprising 51.2% of the watershed. The next most
abundant soil type is Rhodhiss sandy loam at 32.1%. The Clifford series (fine, kaolinitic,
mesic Typic Kanhapludults) consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately permeable
soils. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic crystalline rocks of the Piedmont
uplands. The Rhodhiss series (fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults)
consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately permeable soils. They also formed in
residuum weathered from felsic crystalline rocks of the Piedmont uplands (USDA-
NRCS, 2012).
The Buffalo River watershed is comprised of a diversity of soils with its dominant
soil, Edneytown sandy loam, comprising 28.9% of the watershed. The next most
abundant soil types are Rhodhiss sandy loam, Clifford fine sandy loam, and Peaks
gravelly loam at 17.0%, 16.8%, 14.9%, respectively. The Edneytown series (fine-loamy,
mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults) consists of very deep, well drained, moderately
permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Blue Ridge. They formed in residuum
weathered from felsic to mafic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. The Peaks
series (loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts) are moderately deep,
somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on ridge tops and convex slopes
in the Blue Ridge province (USDA-NRCS, 2012).
2.4. Climate
Climate data for the Buffalo River watershed was based on meteorological
observations made by the Pedlar Dam National Climatic Data Center station (446593)
located in Amherst County, Virginia, approximately 5.8 miles northwest from the Long
Branch outlet into Buffalo River. Average annual precipitation at this station is 44.73
inches; while the average annual daily temperature is 55.4°F. The highest average daily
temperature of 85.2°F occurs in July while the lowest average daily temperature of
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
8
25.2°F occurs in January, as obtained for the period of record: 11/1/1926 to 4/30/2012
(SERCC, 2013).
2.5. Land Use
The initial set of land use categories for the Buffalo River watershed was derived
from the 2009 National Agricultural Statistics Service cropland data layer (USDA-NASS,
2009) for Virginia. The distribution of detailed NASS land use acreages in the watershed
is given in Table 2-1, and generalized categories of land use are shown in Figure 2-1.
These categories were modified for subsequent sediment modeling, as described later
in Chapter 5.
Figure 2-1. NASS Generalized Land Use in the Buffalo River Watershed
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
9
Table 2-1. NASS Land Use Summary in Buffalo River Watersheds (acres)
2.8.2. DEQ Stream Tests for Metals and Organic Compounds One sediment sample was collected in Long Branch on October 22, 2001 and
analyzed by DEQ for a standard suite of metals.
None of the analytes exceeded any established consensus-based probable
effects concentration (PEC) screening criteria, and most of the metals were not detected
above their respective minimum detection limit (MDL), Table 2-9.
Table 2-9. DEQ Channel Bottom Sediment Monitoring and Screening Criteria for Metals
Station ID: Collection Date Time: TEC PEC
Name ValueComment
Code (mg/kg) (mg/kg)ARSENIC IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS AS DRY WGT) 5 U 9.79 33BERYLLIUM IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS(MG/KG AS BE DRY WGT) 5 UCADMIUM,TOTAL IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG,DRY WGT) 1 U 0.99 4.98CHROMIUM,TOTAL IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG,DRY WGT) 6.2 43.4 111COPPER IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS CU DRY WGT) 5 U 31.6 149LEAD IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS PB DRY WGT) 12.5 35.8 128MANGANESE IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS MN DRY WGT) 261NICKEL, TOTAL IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG,DRY WGT) 5 U 22.7 78.6SILVER IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS AG DRY WGT) 1 UZINC IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS ZN DRY WGT) 21.4 121 459ANTIMONY IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS SB DRY WGT) 5 UALUMINUM IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS AL DRY WGT) 5,100SELENIUM IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS SE DRY WGT) 1 UIRON IN BOTTOM DEPOSITS (MG/KG AS FE DRY WGT) 10,900THALLIUM DRY WGTBOTMG/KG 5 UMERCURY,TOT IN BOT DEPOS (MG/KG AS HG DRY WGT) 0.1 U 0.18 1.06U = parameter analyzed, but not detectedTEC = Threshold effects concentration - Minimum detection limitPEC = Probable effects concentration
2-LOB000.3710/22/2001
Consensus-Based
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
20
2.8.3. DEQ – Other Relevant Monitoring or Reports
2.8.3.1 Relative Bed Stability (RBS) Analysis A Log Relative Bank Stability (LRBS) test is a type of siltation index. An LRBS
score of negative one (-1) indicates that sediments ten times larger than the median are
moving at bankfull, with a medium probability of impairment from sediment. A high
percentage of fine sediment in streams would directly contribute to embeddedness, the
filling of the interstitial spaces in the channel bottom. LRBS scores < -1 are considered
sub-optimal, while scores > -0.5 are considered optimal. While Long Branch and Buffalo
River show minimal fine sediment at the stations, both streams have a relatively high
percentage of mean embeddedness (>50%) according to this test, although the percent
of fine material was < 10%. The LRBS score for Long Branch is 0.28 and the LRBS
score for Buffalo River is -0.32, both indicating normal sediment load.
2.8.4. Permitted Point Sources
There are no general discharge permits for single-family homes in the Long
Branch or Buffalo River watersheds.
There are two industrial stormwater general permits (ISWGP) in the Buffalo River
watershed, as shown in Table 2-10.
Table 2-10. Permitted Discharges
Permit No Facility Name Water Body Receiving StreamVAR050404 E F Fitzgerald Lumber VAC-H11R South Fork Buffalo River, UTVAR050411 Ell ington Wood Products Inc VAC-H11R Buffalo River UT
There are, currently, no active land disturbing (construction stormwater) permits
in either the Long Branch or Buffalo River watersheds. However, realizing the
intermittent nature of these permits and their necessity for future growth, the “barren”
land use was represented as 2% of all “developed” land use acreage in the watershed to
reserve a future allocation for this type of permit. Additional local construction permits for
areas < 5 acres in size may also exist for single family construction and other small-
scale construction.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
21
Chapter 3: BENTHIC STRESSOR ANALYSIS
3.1. Introduction
A TMDL must be developed for a specific pollutant. Since a benthic impairment is
based on a biological inventory, rather than on a physical or chemical water quality
parameter, the pollutant is not explicitly identified in the assessment, as it is with
physical and chemical parameters. The process outlined in USEPA’s Stressor
Identification Guidance Document (USEPA, 2000) was used to identify the critical
stressor for the each of the impaired stream segments in this study. A list of candidate
causes was developed from the listing information, biological data, published literature,
and stakeholder input. Chemical and physical monitoring data from DEQ provided
additional evidence to support or eliminate the potential candidate causes. Biological
metrics and habitat evaluations in aggregate provided the basis for the initial impairment
listing, but individual metrics were also used to look for links with specific stressors,
where possible. Volunteer monitoring data, land use distribution, Google Earth aerial
imagery (www.google.com/earth/), and visual assessment of conditions in and along the
stream corridor provided additional information to investigate specific potential
stressors. Logical pathways were explored between observed effects in the benthic
community, potential stressors, and intermediate steps or interactions that would be
consistent in establishing a cause and effect relationship with each candidate cause.
The candidate benthic stressors included ammonia, hydrologic modifications, nutrients,
organic matter, pH, sediment, TDS/conductivity/sulfates, temperature, and toxics. The
details of the stressor analyses are included in the Buffalo River and Long Branch
Stressor Analysis Report (Kline et al., 2013), dated April 29, 2013, and the summary is
presented in the following section.
3.2. Stressor Analyses Summaries
The Long Branch (VAC-H11R_LOB01A04) stream segment is impaired, but on
an overall increasing trend for its aquatic life use, with 4 out of 6 recent individual VSCI
sample scores being in the “non-impaired” range. Long Branch is impacted primarily by
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
22
agricultural land uses. Sediment was selected as the most probable stressor based on
consistently poor scores for the sediment deposition habitat metric.
The Buffalo River (VAC-H11R_BUF04A08) stream segment is only slightly
impaired for its aquatic life use, with individual VSCI scores at station 2-BUF026.43
ranging from 49.2 to 69.8. VSCI scores at station 2-BUF030.41, just above the impaired
segment are in the “non-impaired” range, at 70.9 and 80.0. The impaired segment of
Buffalo River is impacted primarily by agricultural land uses. Sediment was selected as
the most probable stressor based on the poor habitat scores given the lack of riparian
vegetation and sediment deposition. Additionally, historical livestock access to the
stream lends further support to sediment as the most probable stressor.
Therefore, sediment TMDLs will be developed to address the biological
impairments in both Long Branch and Buffalo River.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
23
Chapter 4: SETTING REFERENCE TMDL LOADS Since there are no in-stream Water Quality Criteria for sediment in Virginia, an
alternate method was used to establish a reference endpoint that would represent the
“non-impaired” condition. For these watersheds, the “reference watershed” approach
was used to set allowable sediment loading rates in the impaired watersheds.
The reference watershed approach pairs two watersheds – one whose streams
are supportive of their designated uses and one whose streams are impaired. The
reference watershed is selected on the basis of similarity of land use, topography,
ecology, and soils characteristics with those of the impaired watershed. This approach is
based on the assumption that reduction of the stressor loads in the impaired watershed
to the level of the loads in the reference watershed will result in elimination of the
benthic impairment.
After an appropriate reference watershed is selected, models of both the
reference and TMDL watersheds are created, the TMDL endpoint is defined as the
simulated load from the area-adjusted reference watershed, and alternative TMDL
reduction (allocation) scenarios are developed (Yagow, 2004).
4.1. TMDL Reference Watershed Selection
The initial list of potential reference watersheds was composed of watersheds in
the vicinity (approximately a 30-mile radius) of Long Branch and Buffalo River that were
listed as reference sites from DEQ’s probabilistic monitoring program or had been used
previously as reference watersheds by Tetra Tech for the development of the VSCI.
Because sediment was identified as the primary pollutant responsible for the benthic
impairment, the comparison of watershed characteristics focused not only on geological
and ecological similarities, but also on sediment-generating characteristics. Figure 4-1
illustrates the proximity of the potential reference watersheds to the impaired segments.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
24
Figure 4-1. Location of Long Branch, Buffalo River and Potential Reference Watersheds
Table 4-1 compares the various physical and sediment-related characteristics of
the potential reference watersheds to the characteristics of Long Branch watershed.
Table 4-2 compares the various physical and sediment-related characteristics of the
potential reference watersheds to the characteristics of Buffalo River watershed. Of
these potential watersheds, the S.F. Falling River watershed was less desirable as it
was not in the same river basin (James River) as the impaired watersheds. All of the
potential reference watersheds also lie at least partially within the Northern Inner
Piedmont (45e) sub-ecoregion, except for the N.F. Buffalo River. The characteristics
chosen to be most representative of sediment generation were land use distribution,
non-forested average soil erodibility (SSURGO K-factor), and non-forested average %
slope.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
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Table 4-1. Comparison of Potential Reference Watershed Characteristics to Long Branch Watershed
Landuse Distribution
Station ID Stream NameArea (ha)
Urban (%)
Forest (%)
Agr (%)
SSURGO K-factor
Slope (%)
Elevation (meters)
Score Date
2-LOB00037 Long Branch 617 6% 77% 18% 0.304 13.25 230.4 63.29 Nov-11 45e James
Based on the above comparisons, Fishpond Creek was selected as the most
appropriate reference watershed with the greatest similarity of land use distribution and
other sediment generating characteristics with both of the impaired watersheds.
4.2. TMDL Modeling Target Loads
The reference watershed approach for these TMDLs used the sediment load
from the non-impaired Fishpond Creek watershed, area-adjusted to each impaired
watershed, as the TMDL sediment load endpoints for Long Branch and Buffalo River.
Reductions from various sources are specified in the alternative TMDL scenarios that
will achieve the TMDL target within each of the impaired watersheds.
Although sediment is used as a surrogate for benthic health in the development
of these TMDLs, attainment of a healthy benthic community will ultimately be based on
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
26
biological monitoring of the benthic macro-invertebrate community, in accordance with
established DEQ protocols. If a future review should find that the reductions called for in
these TMDLs based on current modeling are found to be insufficiently protective of local
water quality, then revision(s) will be made as necessary to provide reasonable
assurance that water quality goals will be achieved.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
27
Chapter 5: MODELING PROCESS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE TMDL
A key component in developing a TMDL is establishing the relationship between
pollutant loadings (both point and nonpoint) and in-stream water quality conditions.
Once this relationship is developed, management options for reducing pollutant loadings
to streams can be assessed. In developing a TMDL, it is critical to understand the
processes that affect the fate and transport of the pollutant that caused the impairment.
Pollutant transport to water bodies is evaluated using a variety of tools, including
watershed modeling. The modeling process, input data requirements, and TMDL load
calculation procedures used in developing the Long Branch and Buffalo River sediment
TMDLs are discussed in this chapter.
5.1. Model Selection
The model selected for development of the sediment TMDL in each of the
impaired watersheds was the Generalized Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF)
model, originally developed by Haith et al. (1992), with modifications by Evans et al.
(2001), Yagow et al. (2002), and Yagow and Hession (2007). The model was run in
metric units and converted to English units for this report.
The loading functions upon which the GWLF model is based are compromises
between the empiricism of export coefficients and the complexity of process-based
simulation models. GWLF is a continuous simulation spatially-lumped parameter model
that operates on a daily time step. The model estimates runoff, sediment, and dissolved
and attached nitrogen and phosphorus loads delivered to streams from complex
watersheds with a combination of point and non-point sources of pollution. The model
considers flow inputs from both surface runoff and groundwater. The hydrology in the
model is simulated with a daily water balance procedure that considers different types of
storages within the system. Runoff is generated based on the Soil Conservation
Service’s Curve Number method as presented in Technical Release 55 (SCS, 1986).
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
28
GWLF uses three input files for weather, transport, and nutrient data. The
weather file contains daily temperature and precipitation for the period of simulation.
The transport file contains input data primarily related to hydrology and sediment
transport, while the nutrient file contains primarily nutrient values for the various land
uses, point sources, and septic system types. The Penn State Visual Basic™ version of
GWLF with modifications for use with ArcView was the starting point for additional
modifications (Evans et al., 2001). The following modifications related to sediment were
made to the Penn State version of the GWLF model, as incorporated in their ArcView
interface for the model, AvGWLF v. 3.2:
• Urban sediment buildup was added as a variable input. • Urban sediment washoff from impervious areas was added to total sediment load. • Formulas for calculating monthly sediment yield by land use were corrected. • Mean channel depth was added as a variable to the streambank erosion calculation.
The current Virginia Tech (VT) modified version of GWLF (Yagow and Hession,
2007) was used in this study. The VT version includes a correction to the flow
accumulation calculation in the channel erosion routine that was implemented in
December 2005 (VADEQ, 2005). This version also includes modifications from
Schneiderman et al. (2002) to include an unsaturated zone leakage coefficient, and to
add in missing bounds for the calculation of erosivity using Richardson equations which
were intended to have minimum and maximum bounds on daily calculations. These
minimum and maximum bounds were not included in GWLF 2.0, and have been added
to keep calculations within physically expected bounds.
Erosion is generated using a modification of the Universal Soil Loss Equation.
Sediment supply uses a delivery ratio together with the erosion estimates, and sediment
transport takes into consideration the transport capacity of the runoff. Stream bank and
channel erosion was calculated using an algorithm by Evans et al. (2003) as
incorporated in the AVGWLF version (Evans et al., 2001) of the GWLF model and
corrected for a flow accumulation coding error (VADEQ, 2005).
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
29
5.2. GWLF Model Development for Sediment
Model development for both the reference and impaired watersheds was
performed by assessing the sources of sediment in the watershed, evaluating the
necessary parameters for modeling loads, and applying the model and procedures for
calculating loads.
Buffalo River was simulated as four nested sub-watersheds in order to better
simulate the distribution of land uses and sediment sources in the overall watershed.
The impaired segments and sub-watersheds in Long Branch and Buffalo River are
shown in Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-1. Buffalo River sub-watersheds and impaired segments
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
30
5.3. Input Data Requirements
5.3.1. Climate Data
Climate in Buffalo Creek watershed was characterized by meteorological
observations from the National Weather Service Cooperative Station 446593 at Pedlar
Dam. Data from Station 448600 at Tye River 1 SE were used to patch missing data. The
period of record used for TMDL modeling was a nineteen-year period from January
1992 through December 2010, with the preceding 9 months of data used to initialize
storage parameters.
5.3.2. Existing Land Use
Modeled land uses for the Buffalo River watersheds were derived from the USDA
National Agricultural Statistics Service digital cropland data layer for 2009, as discussed
in Section 2.5. Attendees at the June 14, 2012 Technical Advisory Committee meeting
in Amherst County noted that the Cropland acreage indicated from the NASS cropland
data layer was significantly low. After a close examination of the aerial imagery of
Buffalo River this acreage was adjusted so that approximately 50% of the land use
designated as Other Pastures/Hay was changed to Row Crop. The revised acreages of
NASS categories were then consolidated into general land use categories of Row Crop,
Hay, Pasture, Forest, and various “developed urban” categories, as shown in Table 5-1.
• Unsaturated Soil Moisture Capacity (SMC, cm): The amount of moisture in the root zone, evaluated as a function of the area-weighted soil type attribute - available water capacity.
• Recession coefficient (day-1): The recession coefficient is a measure of the rate at which streamflow recedes following the cessation of a storm, and is approximated by averaging the ratios of streamflow on any given day to that on the following day during a wide range of weather conditions, all during the recession limb of each storm’s hydrograph. This parameter was evaluated using the following relationship from Lee et al. (2000): RecCoeff = 0.045+1.13/(0.306+Area in square kilometers)
• Seepage coefficient: The seepage coefficient represents the fraction of flow lost as seepage to deep storage.
• Leakage coefficient: The leakage coefficient represents the fraction of infiltration that bypasses the unsaturated zone through macro-pore flow. An increase in this coefficient, initially set to zero, decreases ET losses and increases baseflow.
The following parameters were initialized by running the model for a 9-month period prior to the period used for load calculation:
• Initial unsaturated storage (cm): Initial depth of water stored in the unsaturated (surface) zone.
• Initial saturated storage (cm): Initial depth of water stored in the saturated zone. • Initial snow (cm): Initial amount of snow on the ground at the beginning of the
simulation. • Antecedent Rainfall for each of 5 previous days (cm): The amount of rainfall on
each of the five days preceding the current day. Month-Related Parameter Descriptions
• Month: Months were ordered, starting with April and ending with March – in keeping with the design of the GWLF model.
• ET_CV: Composite evapotranspiration cover coefficient, calculated as an area-weighted average from land uses within each watershed.
• Hours per Day: Mean number of daylight hours. • Erosion Coefficient: This is a regional coefficient used in Richardson’s equation
for calculating daily rainfall erosivity. Each region is assigned separate coefficients for the months October-March, and for April-September.
Land Use-Related Parameter Descriptions
• Curve Number: The SCS curve number (CN) is used in calculating runoff associated with a daily rainfall event, evaluated using SCS TR-55 guidance.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
• Sediment delivery ratio: The fraction of erosion – detached sediment – that is transported or delivered to the edge of the stream, calculated as an inverse function of watershed size (Evans et al., 2001).
Land Use-Related Parameter Descriptions
• USLE K-factor: The soil erodibility factor was calculated as an area-weighted average of all component soil types.
• USLE LS-factor: This factor is calculated from slope and slope length measurements by land use. Slope is evaluated by GIS analysis, and slope length is calculated as an inverse function of slope.
• USLE C-factor: The vegetative cover factor for each land use was evaluated following GWLF manual guidance, Wischmeier and Smith (1978), and Hession et al. (1997); and then adjusted after consultation with local NRCS personnel.
• Daily sediment buildup rate on impervious surfaces: The daily amount of dry deposition deposited from the air on impervious surfaces on days without rainfall, assigned using GWLF manual guidance.
Streambank Erosion Parameter Descriptions (Evans et al., 2003)
• % Developed land: percentage of the watershed with urban-related land uses – defined as all land in MDI and HDI land uses, as well as the impervious portions of LDI.
• Animal density: calculated as the number of beef and dairy 1000-lb equivalent animal units (AU) divided by the watershed area in acres.
• Curve Number: area-weighted average value for the watershed. • K Factor: area-weighted USLE soil erodibility factor for the watershed. • Slope: mean percent slope for the watershed. • Stream length: calculated as the total stream length of natural perennial stream
channels, in meters. Excludes any non-erosive hardened and piped sections of the stream.
• Mean channel depth (m): calculated from relationships developed either by the Chesapeake Bay Program or by USDA-NRCS by physiographic region, of the general form – y = a * Ab, where y = mean channel depth in ft, and A = drainage area in square miles (USDA-NRCS, 2005).
5.6. Supplemental Post-Model Processing
After modeling was performed on individual and cumulative sub-watersheds,
model output was post-processed in a Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheet to summarize the
modeling results and to account for existing levels of BMPs already implemented within
each watershed.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
36
Sediment BMPs are required on harvested forest lands and on disturbed lands
subject to Erosion and Sediment (E&S) regulations. The harvested forest land use areas
were simulated as if they had BMPs performing at 50% of their potential efficiency, while
the disturbed lands were simulated without BMPs. Potential sediment reduction
efficiencies for both types of BMPs were obtained from the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Model for the Piedmont Crystalline Non-tidal region (USEPA, 2010), where maximum
sediment reduction efficiencies of 60% are expected from harvested forest land and
40% reductions from construction areas. For the allocation scenarios, loads from both of
these land uses were simulated as operating at their respective full potential
efficiencies.
The extent and effect of existing agricultural BMPs in both the Buffalo River and
the reference Fishpond Creek watersheds were based on spatial data provided by
Virginia’s Department of Conservation and Recreation from their Agricultural BMP Cost-
Share Database for the JM28 and JA03 sixth-order watersheds, respectively. The data
included cost-shared BMPs installed from 1998 through August 2012. During that time,
no BMPs were cost-shared within the Fishpond Creek watershed, while 7 BMPs had
been cost-shared in the Buffalo River watershed.
Load reductions and corresponding pass-through fractions of the sediment load
from each land use were calculated based on BMP efficiencies and credits for upland
filtering by buffers, as used in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model (USEPA, 2010).
Modeled sediment loads within each land use category were then multiplied by their
respective pass-through fractions to simulate the reduced loads resulting from existing
BMPs. One BMP in the middle Buffalo River watershed was represented as a land use
change from cropland to forest.
5.7. Representation of Sediment Sources
Sediment is generated in the Buffalo River and Fishpond Creek watersheds
through the processes of surface runoff, in-channel disturbances, and streambank and
channel erosion, as well as from natural background contributions and permitted
sources. Sediment generation is accelerated through human-induced land-disturbing
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
37
activities related to a variety of agricultural, forestry, mining, transportation, and
residential land uses.
Permitted sediment dischargers in the Buffalo River watershed include both
stormwater and general permit facilities. Stormwater discharges include urban
stormwater runoff from MS4, municipal, and industrial permits, while construction
permits regulated through Virginia’s Erosion and Sediment Control Program and single-
family household alternative onsite wastewater disposal systems fall under broader
aggregate General Permits.
5.7.1. Surface Runoff
During runoff events, sediment loading occurs from both pervious and impervious
surfaces around the watershed. For pervious areas, soil is detached by rainfall impact or
shear stresses created by overland flow and transported by overland flow to nearby
streams. This process is influenced by vegetative cover, soil erodibility, slope, slope
length, rainfall intensity and duration, and land management practices. During periods
without rainfall, dirt, dust and fine sediment build up on impervious areas through dry
deposition, which is then subject to washoff during rainfall events. Pervious area
sediment loads were modeled using a modified USLE erosion detachment algorithm,
monthly transport capacity calculations, and a sediment delivery ratio in the GWLF
model to calculate loads at the watershed outlet. Impervious area sediment loads were
modeled in the GWLF model using an exponential buildup-washoff algorithm.
5.7.2. Channel and Streambank Erosion
Streambank erosion was modeled within the GWLF model using a modification of
the routine included in the AVGWLF version of the GWLF model (Evans et al., 2001).
This routine calculates average annual streambank erosion as a function of percent
developed land, average area-weighted curve number (CN) and K-factors, watershed
animal density, average slope, streamflow volume, mean channel depth, and total
stream length in the watershed. Livestock population, which figures into animal density,
was estimated based on a stocking density of 4.5 acres of available pasture per animal
unit (1 animal unit = 1,000 lbs of live weight).
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
38
5.7.3. Industrial Stormwater
Currently, there are no active Industrial Storm Water General Permits (ISWGPs)
in the Long Branch watershed and two active ISWGPs in the Buffalo River watershed.
Current loads for each facility were simulated as part of the urban pervious and
impervious land use categories. Permitted WLA loads for each facility were calculated
as the permitted area of the facility times the permitted average TSS concentration of
100 mg/L times the average annual runoff (simulated for low intensity developed areas),
as shown in Table 5-4.
Table 5-4. Industrial Stormwater General Permit (ISWGP) WLA Loads
Facility NameVPDES Permit
NumberSource Type Receiving Stream Area
(acres)
Permitted Average TSS Concentration
(mg/L)
Average Annual Runoff (in/yr)
TSS WLA (tons/yr)
E F Fitzgerald Lumber VAR050404 ISWGP South Fork Buffalo 8 100 35.79 3.24Ellington Wood Products Inc VAR050411 ISWGP Buffalo River 3 100 35.79 1.22 Load = X acres * Y mg/L * Z in/yr * 0.000113317 tons/yr
5.7.4. Construction Stormwater
Since there were no active land disturbing (construction stormwater) permits in
the Long Branch or Buffalo River watersheds when this TMDL was developed, an
estimate was made to represent a long term average condition. In conjunction with the
local Technical Advisory Committee, it was estimated that 2% of the developed acreage
should be allotted for such permits in any given year. Existing TSS loads from
construction sites (“barren” land uses) were simulated as having no current BMPs.
5.7.5. Other Permitted Sources (VPDES and General Permits) There are no general discharge permits for single-family homes and no VPDES
permits in the Buffalo River watersheds.
5.8. Accounting for Critical Conditions and Seasonal Variations
5.8.1. Selection of Representative Modeling Period
Selection of the modeling period was based on the availability of daily weather
data and the need to represent variability in weather patterns over time in the
watershed. A long period of weather inputs was selected to represent long-term
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
39
variability in the watershed. The model was run using a weather time series from April
1991 through December 2010, with the first 9 months used as an initialization period for
internal storages within the model. The remaining 19-year period was used to calculate
average annual sediment loads in all watersheds.
5.8.2. Critical Conditions
The GWLF model is a continuous simulation model that uses daily time steps for
weather data and water balance calculations. The period of rainfall selected for
modeling was chosen as a multi-year period that was representative of typical weather
conditions for the area, and included “dry”, “normal” and “wet” years. The model,
therefore, incorporated the variable inputs needed to represent critical conditions during
low flow – generally associated with point source loads – and critical conditions during
high flow – generally associated with nonpoint source loads.
5.8.3. Seasonal Variability
The GWLF model used for this analysis considered seasonal variation through a
number of mechanisms. Daily time steps were used for weather data and water balance
calculations. The model also used monthly-variable parameter inputs for evapo-
transpiration cover coefficients, daylight hours/day, and rainfall erosivity coefficients for
user-specified growing season months.
5.9. Existing and Future Sediment Loads
Sediment loads were simulated for all individual land uses with the GWLF model
in the Long Branch, Buffalo River, and the reference Fishpond Creek watersheds for
Existing conditions. Sediment loads for permitted sources and projected future loads for
construction were calculated for the Long Branch and Buffalo River watersheds. These
loads were then subtracted from the appropriate barren and developed land use
categories in the Long Branch and Buffalo River watersheds for the Future scenario.
Table 5-5 includes sediment loads by land use from Future conditions for the Long
Branch and Buffalo River watersheds and the existing loads for the reference
watershed, Fishpond Creek, area-adjusted separately to each impaired watershed.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
40
Table 5-5. Future Sediment Loads in the TMDL Watersheds and Existing Sediment Loads in the Reference Watershed
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
41
Chapter 6: TMDLS AND ALLOCATIONS
The objective of a TMDL is to allocate allowable loads among different pollutant
sources so that appropriate actions can be taken to achieve water quality standards
(USEPA, 1991). The stressor analyses in the Long Branch and Buffalo River
watersheds indicated that sediment was the “most probable stressor”, and therefore,
sediment will serve as the basis for development of these TMDLs. The reference
watershed approach was used to set appropriate sediment TMDL load endpoints for
each impaired segment and their associated watersheds.
6.1. Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs
6.1.1. TMDL Components The sediment TMDLs for the Long Branch and Buffalo River watersheds were
calculated using the following equation:
TMDL = ∑WLA + ∑LA + MOS
where ∑WLA = sum of the wasteload (permitted) allocations;
∑LA = sum of load (nonpoint source) allocations; and
MOS = margin of safety.
The sediment TMDL load for each TMDL watershed was defined as the average
annual sediment load from the Fishpond Creek watershed, area-adjusted to each
impaired watershed.
6.1.1.1. Waste Load Allocation The waste load allocation (WLA) is comprised of sediment loads from aggregates
of both general permits and construction permits. No additional Future Growth WLA was
included. However, the simulated future condition was included as a percentage of
developed acreage rather than the current permitted acreage.
Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs Amherst County, Virginia
42
The WLA for the industrial stormwater permitted sources were calculated from
the area of the facility, the permitted average TSS concentration, and the maximum
simulated annual runoff for the facilities, as shown in Table 5-4.
Aggregated construction WLA loads for each sub-watershed were simulated as
the reserved construction permit area times the unit-area simulated sediment load for
the “barren” land use time a 40% reduction efficiency, as shown in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1. Aggregated Construction WLA Loads
The WLAs were developed in the absence of erosion and sediment control BMPs on site, while installation of BMPs in compliance with an approved Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan is presumed to meet the assigned WLAs.
6.1.1.2. Margin of Safety A margin of safety (MOS) is factored into a TMDL to account for model
uncertainty. The MOS can be either explicit, as an additional load reduction
requirement, or implicit, which incorporates conservative assumptions within the
application of the TMDL model. An explicit MOS was used in this sediment TMDL. An
explicit 10% MOS was used in the TMDL calculation based on best professional
judgment and the precedence of other TMDLs developed using the reference watershed
approach for biological impairments due to sediment in Virginia. A MOS of 53.5 tons/yr
is included in the Long Branch sediment TMDL and a MOS of 514.8 tons/yr is included
in the Buffalo River sediment TMDL.
6.1.1.3. Load Allocation The load allocation (LA) represents the contributions from nonpoint sources. The
LA was calculated as the TMDL minus the sum of WLA and MOS. The TMDL load and
its components for each TMDL watershed are shown in Table 6-2.
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Table 6-2. Long Branch and Buffalo River Sediment TMDLs
Long Branch: VAC-H11R_LOB01A04; Cause Group Code H11R-01-BENTMDL LA MOS
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7.1. Link to ongoing Restoration Efforts
Implementation of BMPs to address the benthic impairments in Long Branch and
Buffalo River will be coordinated with BMPs required to meet bacteria water quality
standards in the TMDL concurrently being developed for the encompassing portion of
the Buffalo River watershed.
7.2. Reasonable Assurance for Implementation
7.2.1. TMDL Monitoring
DEQ will monitor benthic macro-invertebrates and habitat in accordance with its
biological monitoring program at station 2-LOB000.37 on Long Branch and station 2-
BUF026.43 on Buffalo River. DEQ will continue to use data from these monitoring
stations to evaluate improvements in the benthic community and the effectiveness of
TMDL implementation in attainment of the general water quality standard.
7.2.2. Regulatory Framework
7.2.2.1 Federal Regulations
While section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act and current USEPA regulations do
not require the development of TMDL implementation plans as part of the TMDL
process, they do require reasonable assurance that the load and wasteload allocations
can and will be implemented. Federal regulations also require that all new or revised
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits must be consistent
with the assumptions and requirements of any applicable TMDL WLA (40 CFR §122.44
(d)(1)(vii)(B)). All such permits should be submitted to USEPA for review.
7.2.2.2 State Regulations
Additionally, Virginia’s 1997 Water Quality Monitoring, Information and
Restoration Act (WQMIRA) directs the State Water Control Board to “develop and
implement a plan to achieve fully supporting status for impaired waters” (Section 62.1-
44.19.7). WQMIRA also establishes that the implementation plan shall include the date
of expected achievement of water quality objectives, measurable goals, corrective
actions necessary and the associated costs, benefits and environmental impacts of
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addressing the impairments. USEPA outlines the minimum elements of an approvable
implementation plan in its 1999 “Guidance for Water Quality-Based Decisions: The
TMDL Process.” The listed elements include implementation actions/management
measures, timelines, legal or regulatory controls, time required to attain water quality
standards, monitoring plans and milestones for attaining water quality standards.
For the implementation of the WLA component of each TMDL, the
Commonwealth utilizes the Virginia NPDES program, which typically includes
consideration of the WQMIRA requirements during the permitting process.
Requirements of the permit process should not be duplicated in the TMDL process and
implementation plan development, especially those implemented through water quality
based effluent limitations. However, those requirements that are considered BMPs may
be enhanced by inclusion in the TMDL IP, and their connection to the identified
impairment. New permitted point source discharges will be allowed under the waste load
allocation provided they implement applicable VPDES requirements.
7.2.3. Implementation Funding Sources Implementation funding sources will be determined during the implementation
planning process by the local watershed stakeholder planning group with assistance
from DEQ and DCR. Potential sources of funding include Section 319 funding for
Virginia’s Nonpoint Source Management Program, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s
Conservation Reserve Enhancement and Environmental Quality Incentive Programs,
the Virginia State Revolving Loan Program, and the Virginia Water Quality Improvement
Fund, although other sources are also available for specific projects and regions of the
state. The TMDL Implementation Plan Guidance Manual contains additional information
on funding sources, as well as government agencies that might support implementation
efforts and suggestions for integrating TMDL implementation with other watershed
planning efforts.
7.2.4. Reasonable Assurance Summary
Watershed stakeholders will have opportunities to provide input and to participate
in the development of the implementation plan, which will also be supported by regional
and local offices of DEQ, DCR, and other cooperating agencies.
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Once developed, DEQ intends to incorporate the TMDL implementation plan into
the appropriate Water Quality Management Plan (WQMP), in accordance with the Clean
Water Act’s Section 303(e). In response to a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
between USEPA and DEQ, DEQ also submitted a draft Continuous Planning Process to
USEPA in which DEQ commits to regularly updating the WQMPs. Thus, the WQMPs
will be, among other things, the repository for all TMDLs and TMDL implementation
plans developed within a river basin.
Taken together, the follow-up monitoring, WQMIRA, public participation, the
Continuing Planning Process, and the reductions called for in the concurrent bacteria
TMDL on the Buffalo River comprise a reasonable assurance that the Long Branch and
Buffalo River sediment TMDLs will be implemented and water quality will be restored.
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Chapter 8: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation was elicited at every stage of the TMDL development in order
to receive inputs from stakeholders and to apprise the stakeholders of the progress
made.
The first Technical Advisory Committee Meeting for all biological and benthic
impairments on the Buffalo River (including Long Branch) was on June 14, 2012 at the
Central Virginia Community College in Amherst, Virginia. The purpose of that meeting
was to introduce agency stakeholders to the TMDL process and to discuss the
impairments identified on stream segments in these watersheds. The meeting was
attended by ten people.
The first Public Meeting was held at the Central Virginia Community College in
Amherst on June 25, 2012, where the TMDL process was introduced, local stream
impairments were presented, and comments were solicited from the stakeholder group.
The first public meeting was attended by ten people.
A second Technical Advisory Committee meeting was held in the form of a
teleconference on September 24, 2012. The results from the stressor analysis were
presented, and comments were solicited from the stakeholder group. Nine people
participated in the conference call.
A third Technical Advisory Committee meeting was held on April 17, 2013 at the
Central Virginia Community College in Amherst to present modeling procedures, draft
modeling results, and to solicit feedback on the proposed TMDL strategy.
A final public meeting was held on April 25, 2013 to present the draft TMDL report
to address both bacteria and benthic impairments on the Buffalo River (including Long
Branch) watersheds. This final TMDL public meeting was attended by 13 stakeholders.
The public comment period ended on June 13, 2013. No comments were received.
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Chapter 9: REFERENCES Barbour, M. T., J. Gerritsen, B. D. Snyder, and J. B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid bioassessment protocols for
use in streams and wadeable rivers: Periphyton, benthic macro-invertebrates, and fish. Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC.
Clements, W.H. 1994. Benthic invertebrate community responses to heavy metals in the upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado. J. North Amer. Benth. Soc. 13:30-44.
Evans, B. M., S. A. Sheeder, K. J. Corradini, and W. S. Brown. 2001. AVGWLF version 3.2. Users Guide. Environmental Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Watershed Conservation.
Evans, B.M., S. A. Sheeder, and D.W. Lehning, 2003. A spatial technique for estimating streambank erosion based on watershed characteristics. J. Spatial Hydrology, Vol. 3, No. 1.
Haith, D. A., R. Mandel, and R. S. Wu. 1992. GWLF. Generalized Watershed Loading Functions, version 2.0. User’s Manual. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Cornell University. Ithaca, New York.
Hession, W. C., M. McBride, and L. Misiura. 1997. Revised Virginia nonpoint source pollution assessment methodology. A report submitted to the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Richmond, Virginia. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Patrick Center for Environmental Research. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Kline, K. et al. 2013. Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load Development for Mill Creek, Turner Creek, Rutledge Creek, Buffalo River, Piney River, Hat Creek, Rucker Run, and Tye River in Amherst and Nelson Counties, Virginia.
Kline, K., G.Yagow and B. Benham. 2013. Benthic TMDL Development Stressor Analysis Report: Buffalo River and Long Branch, Amherst County, Virginia. VT-BSE Document No. 2012-0011. Submitted to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Richmond, Virginia.
NASS. 2009. Cropland Data Layer. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at: http://www.nass.usda.gov/research/Cropland/SARS1a.htm. Accessed 2 May 2013.
SCS. 1986. Urban hydrology for small watersheds. Technical Release 55 (TR-55). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Engineering Division. Washington, D.C.
Schneiderman, E.M., D.C. Pierson, D.G. Lounsbury, and M.S. Zion. 2002. Modeling the hydrochemistry of the Cannonsville Watershed with Generalized Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF). J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. 38(5): 1323-1347.
SERCC, 2013. Historical Climate Series for Virginia. Southeast Regional Climate Center. Available at http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?va6593. Accessed 28 March 2013.
SWCB (State Water Control Board). 2011. 9 VAC 25-260 Virginia Water Quality Standards. Available at: http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/WaterQualityStandards/WQS_eff_6JAN2011.pdf. Accessed 2 May 2013.
Tetra Tech, 2003. A stream condition index for Virginia non-coastal streams. Prepared for USEPA, USEPA Region 3, and Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Available at: http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/WaterQualityMonitoring/BiologicalMonitoring/vsci.pdf . Accessed 2 May 2013.
USDA-NRCS. 2005. Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves. Available at http://wmc.ar.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/HHSWR/Geomorphic/index.html. Accessed 2 May 2013.
USDA-NRCS. 2012. VA 019 – Amherst County, Virginia. Tabular and spatial data. Soil Data Mart. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available at: http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/. Accessed 2 May 2013.
USDA-NRCS. 2012. Official Soil Series Descriptions (OSD) with series extent mapping capabilities. Available at: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/osd/index.html. Accessed 2 May 2013.
USEPA. 1991. Guidance for water quality-based decisions: The TMDL process. EPA 440/4-91-001. Washington, DG: Office of Water, USEPA.
USEPA. 2000. Stressor identification guidance document. EPA-822-B-00-025. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water and Office of Research and Development.
USEPA. 2002. Mid-Atlantic Eco-regions. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/reg3_eco.htm. Accessed 28 April 2013.
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USEPA. 2006a. Memorandum from Benjamin H. Grumbles, Subject: Establishing TMDL “Daily” Loads in Light of the Decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in Friends of the Earth, Inc. vs. EPA et al., No. 05-5015 (April 25, 2006) and Implications for NPDES Permits, November 15, 2006.
USEPA. 2006b. An Approach for Using Load Duration Curves in the Development of TMDLs. Washington, DC: Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds. December 15, 2006.
USEPA. 2010. Chesapeake Bay Phase 5.3 Community Watershed Model. Section 4: Land Use. EPA 903S10002 – CBP/TRS-303-10. December 2010. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program Office. Available at: ftp://ftp.chesapeakebay.net/Modeling/P5Documentation/. Accessed 2 May 2013.
VADEQ. 2008, 2010, 2012. Virginia Water Quality Assessment 305(b)/303(d) Integrated Report. Richmond, Virginia. Available at: http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/WaterQualityInformationTMDLs.aspx. Accessed 28 April 2013.
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VADEQ. 2006. Using probabilistic monitoring data to validate the non-coastal Virginia Stream Condition Index. VDEQ Technical Bulletin WQA/2006-001. Richmond, Va.: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality; Water Quality Monitoring, Biological Monitoring and Water Quality Assessment Programs.
Wischmeier, W. H. and D. D. Smith. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses – A guide to conservation planning. Agriculture Handbook 537. Beltsville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration.
Yagow, G. and W.C. Hession. 2007. Statewide NPS Pollutant Load Assessment in Virginia at the Sixth Order NWBD Level: Final Project Report. VT-BSE Document No. 2007-0003. Submitted to the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Richmond, Virginia.
Yagow, G. 2004. Using GWLF for development of “reference watershed approach” TMDLs. Paper No. 042262. 2004 ASAE/CSAE Annual International Meeting; Ontario, Canada; July 31 – August 4, 2004. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. 10 pp.
Yagow, G., S. Mostaghimi, and T. Dillaha. 2002. GWLF model calibration for statewide NPS assessment. Virginia NPS pollutant load assessment methodology for 2002 and 2004 statewide NPS pollutant assessments. January 1 – March 31, 2002 Quarterly Report. Submitted to Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Water Conservation. Richmond, Virginia.
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Appendix A: Glossary of Terms
Allocation That portion of a receiving water’s loading capacity that is attributed to one of its existing or future pollution sources (nonpoint or point) or to natural background sources.
Allocation Scenario A proposed series of point and nonpoint source allocations (loadings from different sources), which are being considered to meet a water quality planning goal.
Background levels Levels representing the chemical, physical, and biological conditions that would result from natural geomorphological processes such as weathering and dissolution.
Best Management Practices (BMP) Methods, measures, or practices that are determined to be reasonable and cost- effective means for a land owner to meet certain, generally nonpoint source, pollution control needs. BMPs include structural and nonstructural controls and operation and maintenance procedures.
Hydrology The study of the distribution, properties, and effects of water on the earth’s surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.
Load allocation (LA) The portion of a receiving water’s loading capacity that is attributed either to one of its existing or future nonpoint sources of pollution or to natural background.
Margin of Safety (MOS) A required component of the TMDL that accounts for the uncertainty about the relationship between the pollutant loads and the quality of the receiving waterbody. The MOS is normally incorporated into the conservative assumptions used to develop TMDLs (generally within the calculations or models). The MOS may also be assigned explicitly, as was done in this study, to ensure that the water quality standard is not violated.
Model Mathematical representation of hydrologic and water quality processes. Effects of Land use, slope, soil characteristics, and management practices are included.
Nonpoint source Pollution that is not released through pipes but rather originates from multiple sources over a relatively large area. Nonpoint sources can be divided into source activities related to either land or water use including failing septic tanks, improper animal-keeping practices, forest practices, and urban and rural runoff.
Point source Pollutant loads discharged at a specific location from pipes, outfalls, and conveyance channels from either municipal wastewater treatment plants or industrial waste treatment facilities. Point sources can also include pollutant loads contributed by tributaries to the main receiving water stream or river.
Pollution
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Generally, the presence of matter or energy whose nature, location, or quantity produces undesired environmental effects. Under the Clean Water Act for example, the term is defined as the man-made or man-induced alteration of the physical, biological, chemical, and radiological integrity of water.
Reach Segment of a stream or river.
Runoff That part of rainfall or snowmelt that runs off the land into streams or other surface water. It can carry pollutants from the air and land into receiving waters.
Simulation The use of mathematical models to approximate the observed behavior of a natural water system in response to a specific known set of input and forcing conditions. Models that have been validated, or verified, are then used to predict the response of a natural water system to changes in the input or forcing conditions.
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) The sum of the individual wasteload allocations (WLA’s) for point sources, load allocations (LA’s) for nonpoint sources and natural background, plus a margin of safety (MOS). TMDLs can be expressed in terms of mass per time, toxicity, or other appropriate measures that relate to a state’s water quality standard.
Urban Runoff Surface runoff originating from an urban drainage area including streets, parking lots, and rooftops.
Wasteload allocation (WLA) The portion of a receiving water’s loading capacity that is allocated to one of its existing or future point sources of pollution. WLAs constitute a type of water quality-based effluent limitation.
Water quality standard Law or regulation that consists of the beneficial designated use or uses of a water body, the numeric and narrative water quality criteria that are necessary to protect the use or uses of that particular water body, and an anti-degradation statement.
Watershed A drainage area or basin in which all land and water areas drain or flow toward a central collector such as a stream, river, or lake at a lower elevation.
For more definitions, see the Virginia Cooperative Extension publications available online:
Glossary of Water-Related Terms. Publication 442-758. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/bse/442-758/442-758.html and TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) - Terms and Definitions. Publication 442-550. http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/bse/442-550/442-550.html.