Sediment Budgets, SBAS, and the Great Lakes - Moving from Ontario to Superior Weston Cross, P.G. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo [Z)] US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Resea rc h and Development Center C!l] US Army Corps of Engineers® Buffalo District US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG ®
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Sediment Budgets, SBAS, and the Great LakesFeb 21, 2018 · Sediment Budgets, SBAS, and the Great Lakes - Moving from Ontario to Superior Weston Cross, P.G. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
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Sediment Budgets, SBAS, and the Great Lakes -Moving from Ontario to Superior Weston Cross, P.G.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo
[Z)] US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center
C!l] US Army Corps of Engineers® Buffalo District
US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG®
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Lake Erie/Ontario Sediment Budget: Project Overview
BLUF: Study of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie sediment transport processes has resulted in a treasure trove of data. Refinement of data and ease of access to interested parties is the next step in communicating with stakeholders and landowners
IYll \,;I ll~Ul I -' I
Bay City Cape Vince'}f
St. Clair River,
Lake St. Clai~ Detroit
Detroit River ,,,..., _ _,
-. ,--·--·-. I .
: (
I "
50 ~~/York agara falls Oswego I
Rochester 1
Niagara River 1
.- ' " ~..,,, Buffa Io
1,..
, ....... " ..... I }
J .... / ,..... l /'-./
'-J
Pennsylvania
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
I
I
• ••
~
.. ... - -
-1
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Net crossshore transport of sediment is l:~~;~ :U roTAL
almost always lakeward MEAN ascH>· 1.1
! ·•·
!
toLedo ..
0•1.roll ..
I ...
•:sie .,, .,.
1 0 •
• :n . , •• ,, . ,,
<3
·0 33?9 44?9 5~?9 66?9 7,?9 8a?9
242 1102 1731
S66 77
i ~~
170 127 239 242 350 122
36 6 2
8 14 42 u 68 86
145 63 37
5
i ~ 7
14 14
ll 39
142 6 3718 2203 2012 1376 51~ LARGEST BS(H)• 5. 6 MEAN TPCSEC)• 4. 3
9:9 I 1~.9 ~NGER
I
79° Max T: 9.9 sec
)(
-------, lurfoLo
~2·
WIS Station 17
Mean T: 4.3 sec
.... o'--'"--"-2----"3 1 s 8 1 e II 10 II 12 IJ 11 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 25 28 27 28 29 8 US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Lake Erie Water Levels
• No control of water level
• Ice ... Lake freezes most years, providing some protection during winter storms
• Persistently high water levels since 2015
LAKE ERIE WATER LEVELS - NOVEMBER 2017
2015 2016 2017 2018 Ft. WAR APR WAY JUN Jl.A. AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN F EB MAR APR M.
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Lake Ontario Water Levels
• Some control of water levels via the Moses-Saunders Dam, but still at the will of nature
• Ice • Shorefast ice most winters, rare for lake to freeze over
• Record high water levels, 2017 LAKE ONTARIO WATER LEVELS - OCTOBER 2018
2016 2017 2 01 8 2019 Ft. OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JlA. AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JA N FEB MAR M •
- ~BHfl±HHR -US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Lake Ontario Water Levels
High water leading to increased demands for Armoring
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Need for proper understanding of littoral volumes!
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Longshore Sediment Transp~n-..........
Annual longshore transport vol. (m3 )
Arrows show direction but not magnitude (Ohio Coastal Atlas (2007) and other sources).
N
!
Lake Lake Erle Detroit St. Clair
< Michigan
0 5 10 20 30 40 SAm 25 Kilometers Buffalo~
ONTARIO
Lake Erie
/ New York
Note: Low vol. compared to many ocean coasts (extreme: Chiapas,
Mexico, 3 million m3/year)
This makes sediment management and impoundment more critical
15~~~ US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Sediment Sources and Losse~'
• Sediment sources: ~~ ...,. Material brought down rivers (mostly fine-grained) ...,. Industrial dumping and runoff from sewers ...,. Gravel, sand, clay eroded from glacial till bluffs and
banks ...,. Sediment created in situ from bedrock bluff weatherin ...,. Limited supply from lake bed lowering and offshore
outcrops
• Sediment losses: ...,. Wave- and ice-induced transport into deep water ...,. Material trapped in fillets at harbor jetties ...,. Material dredging from harbor entrance channel and place
in confined disposal facilities or placed in deep water ...,. Bluff armoring ...,. Beach mining (no longer a factor)
c. -<c; .. ~~ ~
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Geology and Shore Types
~ Three dominant geological processes and timeframes: ~~
...... :o · ~· ·. o : ·:• .. • ...... :· ·- ·..,.·• .· . . . ..... . .. ·.·:: .:.: ;~:.: ·;. . .., {). {). {). <l <l <1 l> b <l 4 4 Till very stony v <l 1>4 <l <l <l A near base
GowondcJ Sha le
0 c)Port lond Boy (762 km)
From: Geier and Caulkin, 1983 ~ Toll
~ ~ Wottr- loid Till
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Bluff Recession
~ ~~~ Showse Park, east of Vermilion, OH, August 1999. Low-grade, friable shale weathers from wave impact, groundwater percolation, and freezethaw cycles.
Bluff edge
new/ fracture
potential slumping
unstable bluff
erosion of base /of slope
18
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
·-it-•
2006
0 -- ---- -
85 Sprin9 Creek
1875_10w_ahoreflt\e_ 1879_ Chal13_apbne
- 1875_~_•ne_ 1879_Char13_1p!.ne
- PA 2008_bMUne USGS
Bour CreE
Bluff Recession
~~ Approach
•Bluff line change measured over time
•NOAA 1870's Coast Charts •Aerial imagery-1930s,
1970s
•Stratigraphy acquired to determine bluff height and com position
•Coarse fraction estimated from parent material
19
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Coarse fraction factor: Shale: Till: Lacustrine: Sand and gravel:
0.3- 0.5 0.2 - 0.27 0.1 0.95
Sed _ vol= Strata _ ht x Factor x Re cession _ rate x Effective _ reach_ length
•Coarse and fine fractions determined from stratigraphy
•Fines are lost offshore to deep water • 20o/o of coarse component lost offshore to deep water due to storm waves (Based on USACE Buffalo District 1984)
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Sediment Sink: Trapping at Harbor Mouths
0.25 0.5 US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Sediment Sink: Trapping in Federal Channel
- - , ; NewYOft
(/ - - --- I
··- Y--~:·:::r
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Sediment Sink: Trapping in Federal Channel
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
2011-2016 Work: Sediment Bu ~ Cells/Fluxes
•For most of the shoreline, Cells bounded by harbor structures
•Additional cells delineated by nodal points and harbor fillets
f1 0 - 20 40 60 80 100 ~ Kilometers
87 Cells created to model entire
southern lakeshore
24
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
2016: Completed Sediment Bu~ Lake Erie Recent Sediment Budget Geneva-on-the-Lake to Conneaut
ERDC
~S4!rOomieM~(RSW),...~
Historical Sediment Budtet (1860• to Pre&ent) for the United States Shoreline of Lake Erle
M3/YR
Geneva-on-the-Lake-Ashtabula
0 1 2 r-..--- 4 6
£ 1ometers
8 10,000
f?- Ashtabu:3/YR
ula Halbor 6.000
M3/YR 10.000 !$>
~'O'i>
[ /jJ!"· ood
-.. Bluff Input
Bedload Input
Deepwater Input
Ashtabula-Conneaut 0
M3/YR
flN l l\
I lll<t 111>
--~ Bypass Downdrift
Coarse Losses
Fines Losses 8 10 Movement Downdrift
Cell Loss Cell Balance Cell Gain
~ ~ -e~
Conneaut-Presque § Plsle , ~ o ~ o '
8,000 M3/YR M3/YR 32.000
32,000 M3/YR
(onllC.JIJI
Lake Erie: 87 Cells, up to 34 KM long
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
•
2011 Completed Sediment Bu~ • •
Baird
L•ke Onla ri o b.olog ital S.-diut~nl Budget
-~ ~·#-
-- '~ ."':. .:.;'¥-~~
T .. ble B3 t...ke O ntario Annu..l ~diuient Bu dget (Existing)
• Unknown input reqw...d to balan~ budget •• Assumes ~t bypa!;sing at h.ubors (no nummcal modeling comp let«! to confirm this assumption) - Potmtidl inputs from ohore!W wost of U... Niagdl'a Ri\·er not qu.mlified in this otudy
AJIN!u.,. m l .OOOm>hmlT
Output to Downdr!ft {).
Sul>-UU"
0.3 0.3
02 -0.1
u 1.1
0.6 -0.7
o· -0.6
3.7 3.7
21.9 18.3
28.3 6.4
38.9 10.S
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
2018: Completed Sediment Bu~
\% 't'o OY0 3/Y
L• .. »4'1
"° •o
Lake Erie: 4 76 Cells, Max 1 KM long
Dataset also includes: Bluff Composition Bluff ~eight Retreat Rate US Army Corps
Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
2018: Completed Sediment Bu~~-.......... YOl/YR
Lake Ontario: 280 Cells, Max 1 KM long
Dataset also includes: fi Bluff Composition II Bluff Height
Retreat Rate
0 ... -
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Future Research Needs ~ Shale bluff erosion contribution to the littoral system ~ lk,~
~ t;,~~
~ ~ ~ ~
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Future Research Needs Bypassing of sediment and loss at deep draft commercial harbors
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
Future Research Needs ~· Sediment plumes and losses at headlands ~~
c. -<c; ~~~~
US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District
12
10
8
E 0 Q ffi 6 Q.. ... ~
4
2
0
Future Research Needs~ Better quantification of coarse material lost due to short period waves ~~