Sectional Differences Chapter 7: Section 2. Objectives Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the US. Describe the impact.

Sectional DifferencesChapter 7: Section 2

Objectives

Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the US.

Describe the impact of industrialization.

Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.

North vs. South

Industrialization occurred most in the Northeast

Changed the structure of society

In the South, cotton production boom helped to deepen the region’s commitment to slavery

The 2 parts of the country developed in different ways this would complicate politics in the US

North Embraces Industry

Thomas Jefferson’s Plan

Maintain farmers

1815-1860, industrial boom

Democratic Republican policies contributed to industrial development

Spread of Industrialization

Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods

Americans built their own factories in NE

British goods threaten American factories

Tariff of 1816

Tariff on imports designed to protect American goods Increased the price on imports by 20-25%

Tariff helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay higher prices for consumer goods

Sad farmer… paying too much for consumer goods

Why the Northeast?

Factories emerged in the northeast because…

1. greater access to capital

2. Had more cheap labor in factories

3. Rivers water power

Question

What factors contributed to industrialization in the early 1800s?

In the Northeast, a supply of labor, power, and capital contributed to industrialization

Social Change in the North

Arrival of industry…

Not as much skill needed for jobs

Hurt highly paid artisans (blacksmiths, shoemakers, and tailors) could not compete with low-cost laborers

Artisans suffer from declining wages

Workers Organize

Political change

1820 elections (Local and State elections) Workingmen’s Party

Sought free public education and laws to limit working day to 10 hours vs. 12 hours

Labor unions

Unions could strike for higher wages, reduce hours, or to improve conditions

Helped skilled tradesmen

“Lowell mill girls” 1834, 1836

Neither union movement or Workingmen’s Party prospered during 1800s

Wealthy business owners

Middle class

COMMON LABORERS

Middle Class Emerges

Emigration from Ireland and Germany

Emigration

1840s, working class comprised of immigrants

Surge of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany Political upheavals, economic depression, rural famines

Boosted share of nation’s population

Promoted urban growth

40% of NYC population

Went wherever there were factory jobs

Rapid influx of people caused social and political strains

Poverty and Job competition

Nativists

Campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers

Irish Immigration

Irish Famine

Irish Famine

Question

How did industrialization change the experience of working people?

Industrialization create new job opportunities, but it also reduced the wages previously earned by artisans. It also created a more rigid division of social classes.

Southern Agricultural Economy and Society 1780s, hope that slavery would become

unpopular

Switch from tobacco to wheat cultivation

Deep South cotton leading crop Slavery heightens

Cotton Production Surges

Boost of cotton industry

3 factors: cotton gin, western expansion, industrialization

1793, invention of cotton gin Separated cotton seed from white fiber

Supplied Northern factories with cotton

Cotton and cotton textiles accounted for over half the value of all American exports

Cotton Boom Spreads Slavery

Slavery flourished and became more deeply entrenched in the South

Needed more workers and more land

Cotton was very profitable slaves became more valuable to owners Overseas trade banned in 1808

Illegal trade and interstate trade

Interstate Slave Trade

Economic Consequences

Limitation of regional development with cotton production

Issue of relying on one crop

No urban growth

North grew faster than the South gave North political power South had limited consumer demand

More profitable to buy a plantation

Cultural Consequences

A dispersed population and slavery affected the South

Planters opposed education for slaves/poor whites

Poor whites also got very little/no education

Illiteracy 15%

Defending the Slave System in the South

Common farmers wanted to acquire their own slaves and plantations

Dread of freeing slaves revenge on owners

All whites felt racially superiority

Felt they had more rights than those in the North

Felt more independent

1850s, proslavery The institution of slavery

Said slavery was kinder to African Americans than industrial life was to white workers