Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Section 24.1 LECTURE SLIDES Prepared by Ashish Murthy Raritan Valley Community College To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you advance the next slide.
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Jul 17, 2015
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Section 24.1LECTURE
SLIDES
Prepared by
Ashish MurthyRaritan Valley Community College
To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you advance the next slide.
SECTION 24.1 OUTLINE
Population Genetics
Gene Pools
Polymorphic/Monomorphic/SNP
Allele/Genotype Frequency*
Hardy Weinberg Principle*
Micro-Evolution*
POPULATION GENETICS
The Study of Genes and Genotypes in a population
Population - a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment (that can interbreed)
Genetic Variation
Genetic Variation related to Phenotypic Variation
GENE POOLS
All of the alleles for every gene in a given population
Changes between Generations
Use to examine variation in alleles between individuals of a population
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENES
Polymorphic – 2 or more alleles for a single gene that occur at greater than 1% frequency
Monomorphic – 1 allele for a single gene occurs at greater than 99% frequency
POLYMORPHISM Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Sickle Cell Anemia
Deletion
Duplication
ALLELE FREQUENCY
30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT) 20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt) 10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt)
Frequency of T: (30)(2) + 20 Frequency of t: (10)(2) + 20
(30+20+10)(2) (30+20+10)(2)
GENOTYPE FREQUENCY
30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT) 20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt) 10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt) Frequency of TT: 30 (30+20+10)
Frequency of Tt: 20 Frequency of tt: 10 (30+20+10)
(30+20+10)
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
Relates Allele Frequency and Genotype Frequency
Developed in 1908
Godfrey Harold Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg
HARDY-WEINBERG VARIABLES
If p = 0.4, then q = 0.6
HARDY-WEINBERG EQUATION
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
P = .8 Q = .2
= = .64 = . 32 = .04
HARDY-WEINBERG ASSUMPTIONS
No new mutations
No natural selection
No random change in allele frequencies (large population)
No Migration
Random mating
MICRO-EVOLUTION
Changes in a population’s gene pool
Allele Frequency changes
New Genetic Variation
Evolutionary Mechanisms
SOURCES OF NEW GENETIC VARIATION
EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS
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