Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules Organic molecules – contain carbon and hydrogen atoms A) Type of macromolecules 4 types: Name subunit Carbohydrates monosaccharides Lipids Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Proteins Amino acids Nucleic acids nucleotides B) Chemical reactions -forms macromolecules and takes them apart: Dehydration synthesis Subunits + subunit macromolecule + H2O Hydrolysis Dehydration synthesis -making macromolecules from subunits - Water is given off Hydrolysis – macromolecules break apart in presence of water to re-form subunits
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Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules
Organic molecules – contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
A) Type of macromolecules
4 types:
Name subunit
Carbohydrates monosaccharides
Lipids Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Proteins Amino acids
Nucleic acids nucleotides
B) Chemical reactions -forms macromolecules and takes them apart:
Dehydration synthesis
Subunits + subunit macromolecule + H2O
Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis -making macromolecules from subunits - Water is
given off
Hydrolysis – macromolecules break apart in presence of water to re-form
subunits
C) Carbohydrates
i. Why group these molecules?
Characterized by presence of this molecule grouping
H – C – OH (CHO)
Ratio of H to O is approximately 2 to 1 – same as with H2O (water) so
that’s why they are called hydrates of carbon – carbohydrates
ii. Function
used for quick and short term energy storage in cells.
iii. Types of carbohydrates
1. Simple carbohydrates
a. Monosaccharides – 3 to 7 carbons (1
ring) i.e.; glucose –6 carbon sugar
b. Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides joined
together by dehydration
Synthesis ie. Maltose
2. Complex carbohydrates (aka polysaccharides)
More than 2 sugar molecules joined together
Macromolecules such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose contain many
1000’s of glucose units
Starch – from plant material, stored glucose units
Glycogen – from animal material, stored in liver by animals for short
term storage of glucose between meals
D) Lipids
i. Why group these molecules?
Do not dissolve in water - hydrophobic
ii. Function
Diverse functions
Some as hi energy storage molecules -more energy/gram than any other
macromolecule
Phospholipids –cell membranes
steroids –diverse function including hormones
iii. Types of Lipids
1. Fats and Oils
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
1. Fats and Oils
Composition:
Composed of glycerol + 3 fatty acids Lipid
Alcohol molecule long chain hydrocarbons with COOH
(organic acid)
+
=
also called triglyceride
Function:
Long term energy storage
Insulates against heat loss
Protective cushion around major organs
Fatty Acid types in Fats and Oils
Saturated
No double bonds between carbon atoms
Associated with cardiovascular disease because causes plaque buildup in
arteries
Unsaturated
double bonds between carbon atoms in carbon chain (wherever the # of H
is less than 2 per carbon)
Polyunsaturated fats
many double bonds between carbon atoms in carbon chain