Section 3: Section 3: The Enlightenment The Enlightenment Spreads Spreads
Jan 12, 2016
Section 3:Section 3:The Enlightenment The Enlightenment
SpreadsSpreads
A World of IdeasA World of Ideas• Intellectual Life in Paris
– Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s
– City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas
Other Female Salons►Wealthy Jewish women created nine
of the fourteen salons in Berlin.
►In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania.
►Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.
A Parisian Salon
Madame Geoffrin’s Salon
The Salonnieres
Madame GeoffrinMadame Geoffrin(1699-1777)(1699-1777)
MademoiselleMademoiselleJulie de LespinasseJulie de Lespinasse
(1732*-1776)(1732*-1776)
MadameMadameSuzanne NeckerSuzanne Necker
(1739-1794)(1739-1794)
Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• French philosophe Denis Diderot
begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751– Set of books to which Enlightenment
thinkers contribute essays• Encyclopedia articles anger French
government, Catholic Church• Encyclopedia helps spread
Enlightenment ideas across Europe
Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• It was intended to question
everything: that almost anything could be understood through reason
• Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts, science
• Its articles attacked religious intolerance, political corruption and inequality
Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
• Reactions to it:– Government and Church saw it as
a threat– Government had it censored and
halted production– The Pope pronounced
excommunication on those who read or bought it
Diderot’s Encyclopédie
The Encyclopédie
► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...…change the general way of thinking.
► 28 volumes.
► Alphabetical, cross-referenced,illustrated.
► First published in 1751.
► 1500 livres a set.
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Reading During the Enlightenment
►Literacy: 80% for men; 60% for women.
► Books were expensive (one day’s wages).
►Many readers for each book (20 : 1) novels, plays & other literature.
journals, memoirs, “private lives.”
philosophy, history, theology.
newspapers, political pamphlets.
An Increase in Reading
An Increase in Reading
“Must Read” Books of the Time
New Artistic StylesNew Artistic Styles• Neoclassical Style Emerges
– Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design
– Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes
Baroque MusicBaroque Music
• Representative Composers–Antonio Vivaldi– Johann Sebastian Bach–George Friedrich Handel
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)• Representative
Works– Most famous work
Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723.
– 46 operas– 76 sonatas– Chamber music– Sacred music
Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)(1685-1750)
• Representative Works– cantatas– chorales– organ works– lute music– chamber music– canons and fugues
• Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”
George Frederick Handel George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)(1685-1759)
• Representative Works– 42 operas– 29 oratorios– 120 cantatas, trios, duets– numerous arias– chamber music
• Most famous work:Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.
Changes in Music and LiteratureChanges in Music and Literature
• Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style– Led by composers such as Haydn,
Mozart, Beethoven• Novel emerges; works of fiction with
detailed plots and characters• Samuel Richard’s Pamela is
considered first true English novel– Focused on family life and everyday
problems of love, marriage, and morality
Classical MusicClassical Music
• Representative Composers– Joseph Haydn–Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart–Ludwig van Beethoven
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)• Known as “Father of the
Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet”
• Representative Works
– 104 Symphonies– numerous
concertos for various instruments
– 15 operas– other music
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)(1756-1791)
• Representative works– 23 operas– numerous
symphonies• “Toy Symphony”
– concertos• “Flute concerto no. 2 in
D Major, K 314”
– piano music– chamber music– sacred music
• masses
Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven• Representative
Works– Symphonies (5th
and 9th probably the most famous)
– Piano music• “Fur Elise”
– Vocal music• Operas• Choral music
Enlightenment and Enlightenment and MonarchyMonarchy
• Enlightened despots– Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment
values to strengthen their rule
Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great
– Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system
– Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom
Joseph IIJoseph II
• Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press
• Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death
Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great
• Enlightened ruler of Russia 1762-1796
• Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails
• Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs
Catherine Expands RussiaCatherine Expands Russia• In foreign affairs, Catherine
successfully expands Russian empire• Gains port access for Russia by
seizing northern coast of Black Sea• Seizes large parts of Poland,
increasing Russia’s size