Section 3-4 Denver Dogg. Stresses in the Muslim World the muslim world expanded from western africa to southeast asia in the 1500’s 3 giant muslim empires.

Section 3-4Denver Dogg

Stresses in the Muslim World

• the muslim world expanded from western africa to southeast asia

• in the 1500’s 3 giant muslim empires ruled much of the world. the mughals of india, the ottomans in the middle east, and safavids in iran

• 1700’s and 3 empires were in decline

• central governments had lost control over powerful groups like landowning nobles, military elites, and urban craft guilds

• muslim scholars and religious leaders were allied with the state

cont. • 1700’s and 1800’s reform movements sprang up

across the muslim world

• the wahhabi movement

• they wanted to recapture the purity and simplicity of Muhammad’s original teachings

• islamic revivals rose in africa

• in the 1880’s the mahdi and his followers fiercely resisted british expansion into the region

cont.

• the old muslim empires faced western imperialism

• through diplomacy and military threats european powers won treaties giving trading terms

Problems for the Ottoman Empire

• the ottoman empire had extended across the middle east, north africa, and southeast europe

• economic and corruption added to ottoman decay

• internal revolts weakened the ottoman empire

• ottomans suppressed these uprisings, but egypt slipped out of there control

• european states sought to benefit from crumbling ottoman empire

cont.• france hoped to gain more ottoman territory

• russia schemed to gain controll of the bosporus and dardanelles, controls like this could give russians access to mediterranean sea

• in 1898 the new german empire jumped onto the bandwagon hoping to increase region building a railway

• since the late 1700’s several ottomans rulers had seen the need for reform and looked to the west, they reorganized the bureaucracy and system of tax collection

cont.• they built railroads, improved education, and

hired european officers to train a modern military

• young men were sent to the west to study new science and technology, many returned with great ideas about democracy and equality

• it brought better medical care and farming, it also increased population

• in the 1890’s a group of liberals formed a movement called the young turks. the young turks overthrew sultan

cont.• the ottomans had let minority nationalities live

in their own communities and practiced their own religions

• the muslim turks distrusted the christain armenians and accuses them of supporting russian plans against ottoman empire

• when armenians protested repressive ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of them slaughtered, over the 25 years a million or more armenians in the ottoman empire were killed

Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• egypt in 1800 were semi independent province of the ottoman empire

• in early 1800’s they made great strides toward reform, their success was because of Muhammad ali who was appointed governor of eygpt in 1805

• muhammad ali was sometimes called “father of modern egypt”.

• he introduced a number of political and economic reforms, he improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding expanding cotton production and encouraging the development of local industry

cont.• he also brought western military experts to

egypt to help him build a well trained modern army

• he conquered neighboring lands of arabia, syria, and sudan.

• before he died in 1849 he set egypt on the to becoming a major middle eastern power

• in 1859, a french entrepreneur, Ferdinand de lesseps organized a company to build the suez anal

cont.• this 100 mile waterway links the mediterranean

and red seas

• eurpeans hailed its opening in 1869 because it greatly shortened the sea route from europe south and east asia

• in 1875 the ruler of egypt couldn't pay off loans he contracted for the canal and other modernized projects

• to pay off his debts he was forced to sell his shares in the canal, british prime minister bought shares and gave britain control over the canal

Iran and the European Powers

• iran faced many challenges in the 1800’s

• the government improved finances, sponsored the building of telegraph lines and railroads

• for a time each nation set up its own sphere of influence in iran russia operated in the north and britain in the south

• the discovery of the oil in the early 1900’s heightened foreign intrest in the region

cont.

• both russia and britain intrigued for control of iranian oil fields

• concessions- special economic rights given to foreign powers

• to protect their interest they sent troops into iran, iranian nationalist were outraged

Section 4

East India Company and Sepoy Rebellion

• early 1600’s the british east india company won trading rights on the fringe of the mughal empire

• as power declines the companys grew, by mid 1800’s it controlled 3/5 of india

• the british were unable to conquer such a vast territory of india

• as mughal power crumbled, india fragmented

• the east india companys main goal in india was to make money, and leading officials often got very rich

cont. • by 1850’s the east india company made serveral

unpopular moves

• sepoys- indian soliders

• angry sepoys rose up against british officers, several regiments marched of to delhi, the old mughal capital, there they hailed mughal as their leader

• the sepoy rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides

• also brought major changes in british policy

British Colonial Rule • after 1858 parliament set up a system of colonial rule in

india

• viceroy-

• british policies were designed to for india into the overall british economy, hoping they would modernize

• deforestation- cutting trees

• the british introduced medical improvements and new farming methods

• railroads helped indians move around the country

• upper classes benefited from british policies

Different Views on Culture• some educated indians were impressed by

the british power and technology and urged india to follow a western model of progress

• the upperclass indian learned english and adapt to western ways, some even changed their beliefs

• in 1800’s, Ram Mohun Roy combined both views, he knew many other languages

• purdah- the isolation of women in separate quarters

cont.

• he set up educational societies that helped revive pride in indian culture

• the british disagreed among themselves about india

Indian Nationalism • during british rule a class of western educated indians

emerged

• late 1800’s western educated indians were spearheading a nationalist movement

• in 1885 nationalist leaders organized the indian national congress which became known as the congress party, they called for greater democracy

• muslims and hindus worked together for self rule, muslims grew to resent hindu domination of the congress party

• in 1906 muslims formed muslims league to pursue their own goals

Looking Ahead

• by 1900’s protest and resistance to british rule increased

• more and more indians demanded not simply self rule but complete independence

• their goal would be achieved in 1947