SECTION 1 Totalitarian rule gives the government total control over the nation All of the dictators that are rising in Europe are creating totalitarian.

SECTION 1

• Totalitarian rule gives the government total control over the nation

• All of the dictators that are rising in Europe are creating totalitarian governments

• Italy and Germany are creating fascism government, one that emphasizes the importance of the nation.

• Russia is building their government based on Communism

The Dictators• Stalin• Collectivization of

farmland will cause a decrease in farm production

• Starvation for millions• Laborers were assigned

to certain industry• Any complaints about the

conditions of life in Russia during this time resulted in Stalin removing the enemies of the state by death.

• Great Purge• Between 7 and 16 million

people died during the Great Purge

• Mussolini

• Il Duce, the leader

• WWI vet

• Wanted to return Italy to the power it had before the end of WWI

• Built up a force of WWI vet called the Blackshirts

• Is appointed Prime Minister by the king and then he established himself as the dictator

• Hitler• WWI vet• Refused to accept the

defeat of Germany• Joins the Nazi party• Writes My Struggle while

in prison• My Struggle (Mein Kampf)

explains how Germany can rise again and identifies the weak link in German culture: the Jews

• Hitler rises to power as the Chancellor of Germany

• Begins to rearm Germany even though Treaty of Versailles forbids

• The Brown Shirts, young men, showed power in the new military

• Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles

• Rearms• Claims Germany

needs lebensraum(living space)

• Stops paying reparations

• Brings military into the demilitarized zone of the Rhineland

Germany’s Increasingly Militaristic Approach

• In Mar 1938, Hitler forces Anschluss (union) with Austria

• POLICY OF APPEASEMENT• On Sept 29-30, the British and

French foreign ministers attempt to appease Hitler by acquiescing to his demand for the Sudentenland under the understanding Hitler will make no more territorial demands– In March 1939 Hitler seizes the

western part of Czechoslovakia Neville Chamberlain

Spanish Civil War

• Civil War is going on in Spain

• Hitler and Mussolini back General Francisco Franco who led the Nationalist

• Spain was used as a practice ground for Hitler’s blitzkrieg and lufftwaffe

• Nationalist took firm control of government in Spain

Section 2

• Chamberlain made a mistake with his appeasement of Hitler

• Winston Churchill replaces him as the Prime Minister of Great Britain and he wants to be aggressive towards Hitler

Hitler’s Invasion of PolandSubsequent to the invasion of Poland, Poland was split

Hitler turned his attention toward western Europe

Hitler advanced into Sudetenland after Rhineland and Austria

Non aggression pact was agreed upon by Stalin and Hitler5 million Poles lost their lives in the Holocaust

Death camps were established in Poland and the majority of the deaths took place here

Continued Aggression

• Britain and France now know appeasement won’t stop Hitler and they pledge to defend Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, and Poland against German aggression

• On Aug 22, 1939, Russia and Germany sign a non-aggression pact– In the event of a German-

Polish war, Russia can annex eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania

• On Sept 1, Hitler invades Poland

Russia and Finland

• On Nov 30, Russia attacks Finland and on Mar 12, 1940, the Finns finally surrender– Russia’s army did not

perform particularly well which makes Hitler think the Russians would not be much of a challenge if Germany invaded

Finnish infantry passing a destroyed Russian tank

French and German Plans forthe Battle of France 1940

• French anticipate the Germans attacking through the north as they did in World War I so they develop the Dye Plan to counter such an attack

• Build the Maginot Line in the south to protect the border

Maginot Line

• A line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along her borders with Germany and Italy

• The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest which was considered “impassable”

• The blitzkrieg allowed Germany to quickly take over France.

• Within 3 months Hilter has moved through Denmark, Norway, and Split France

Dunkirkone of the greatest rescues in the

history of warfare

France Falls

• The French government supervised the unoccupied south from the vacation resort of Vichy, France and this area worked with Germany. The southern area was called Vichy France and they collaborated with Germany.

• France’s prime minister, Charles de Gaulle, reestablished France’s government in Great Britain and attempted to support the underground Resistance group that was trying to cause the Germans problems

• All that was left of the ALLIES at this point was Great Britain

Consolidation• On June 16 the French ask for an armistice.• Battle of Britain begins.

– “Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, ‘This was their finest hour.’” (Winston Churchill)

Italy Joins the Axis

• On June 10, 1940, Mussolini declares war on Britain and France and four months later invades Greece

• In many ways Mussolini will hinder rather than help Hitler

Greatest Extent of Axis Control

Section 3

• Japan was a part of the League of Nations• Japan was for the Kellogg-Briand Pact that agreed war

was not the answer• Japan wants to acquire new lands for the raw materials• Japan was an island and was overpopulated• The Great Depression caused economic difficulties for

Japan just like it did for other nations• Nationalism will rise as the people of Japan suffer from

what they perceive as economic abuse from Western Nations

Manchurian Incident

• Japan saw the take over of Manchuria (located north of China) as an answer to their problems

• Japan’s army took over Manchuria without the permission of the government

• Japan took over the land and sent over farmers to occupy the land

• Although the military are not in complete control of Japan, they certainly limit the power of the government .

• Chiang Kai Shek • Mao Zedong

WAR with CHINA

• Chiang Kai Shek led the Nationalist group and Mao Zedong led the communist

• These two individuals were fighting over control of China

• When Japan began the attack on China these two men joined forces to stop the invasion

WAR against China

• Britain continued to support China by sending them supplies by the BURMA ROAD

• America helps support the Nationalist even though the Neutrality Acts made it illegal for the government to support or sell goods to countries that were at war

• Japan never declared war on China so FDR took that to technically mean they were not under war just under attack

• Japan allies with the AXIS powers of Germany and Italy and began its attack on ASIA

SECTION 4

• Isolationism to War

• Neutrality Acts to keep America from getting financially committed to either side

• Prevented US from selling arms to nations at war

• Neutrality Acts also helped from our trading with warring nations causing attacks on ships therefore forcing us into war

• Cash and Carry – 1st step away from neutrality

• After Poland was invaded the US votes to send 50 old destroyers to Britain in return for permission to build bases on British territory in the Western Hemisphere (Lend-Lease)

• Why else would you need bases in a volatile area if you were not planning on fighting there? Many were scared America was nearing war

• America First Committee was formed to block further aid to Britain. (Charles Lindbergh)

• Lend-Lease Act went into effect when Britain could no longer pay for the military aid

• This authorized the President to loan out military goods to nations that were vital to our safety

• By the end of the war, the US had loaned more than $49 billion worth of aid

Japan vs. America

• When Japan began its attack on China, America expressed its feelings against the aggression by stopping the trade with Japan

• The US cut off oil, steel, rubber to the country

• The US froze Japanese investments in America

December 7, 1941 Losses

United States Japan

Personnel Killed 2388  

Navy 1998 64

Marine Corps 109

Army and Army Air Corps 233

Civilian 48

Personnel Wounded 1178 unknown

Navy 710

Marine Corps 69

Army and Army Air Corps 364

Civilian 35

Ships    

Sunk or Beached** 12 5

Damaged* 9

Aircraft    

Destroyed 164 29

Damaged 159 74

Chapter 18 Section 1

• Mobilization

Getting ready for WAR

• Mobilization : Selective Service Act required all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (Government Issued: GI)

TROOPS

• 300,000 Mexican Americans

• 25,000 Native Americans (Navajos “code talkers”

• 1 million African Americans

• Tuskegee Airmen

• 350,000 American women: clerks, typists, nurses, airfield control tower operators, etc

Preparing for the Economy of WARMaking supplies

• War Production Board: controlled production of war goods by converting peace-time civilian industries to war production; allocated resources

• Office of War Mobilization: over production of war goods; broad powers to centralize resources

• Government had to make sure all of the needs were met such as ships, tanks, planes

• By 1945: 300,000 airplanes, 80,000 landing raft, 100,000 tanks, 5,600 merchant merchant ships,

• 41 billion rounds of ammunition

Production needs workers and MONEY!!

• Women and African Americans are going to step up to work in the industry just as they did during WWI

• US government will spend $321 billion dollars on this war

• Treasury bonds were again sold to raise money

• The Public was encouraged to support the war effort

• The Public was encouraged to support the war effort

• Office of War Information Board worked to persuade the US to accept rationing and support the troops

• Over $180 million worth of radio, print, and outdoor advertising was donated and over $156 billion raised in the eight war loans.

• AMERICAN SUPPORT

Continued support

• American supported troops by rationing

• Recycling metal, paper, etc

• Conserved energy by watching how they used their power

• Carpooled to save gas

FOOD

• The government needed supplies of food for the troops

• OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION worked to control the prices of goods when shortages occurred, this would help keep inflation down

• The OPA was in charge of rationing goods• People were encouraged to plant victory

gardens in their communities or in their own yards to help supplement the food supply

WAR MOBILIZATION

SUPPORTOffice of War Information

Advertisements for the War

Victory GardensRationing/public support and involvement

WAR SUPPLIESWar Production Board (WPB)

Decided what would be made by whom

Office of War MobilizationDispersed raw materials for production

FUNDSHIGHER TAXES : 41% OF COST

War bonds: 186 billion1941-45 $321 billion in war cost

TROOPSSelective Training Service

21-3616 million

Women, Native Americans, African Americans

ECONOMY CONTROLOffice of Price Administration

Section 2 Retaking Europe

• Battle of the Atlantic

• U-boats were the biggest obstacle in the Atlantic

• Wolf packs sank 175 ships in June 1942 alone

• The convoy was used again to stop the

• U-boats

Convoy system

German U-boats

North Africa

Italian Presence in North Africa

• Since before World War II, Italy occupied Libya and had over a million soldiers based there

• In neighboring Egypt, the British Army had only 36,000 men guarding the Suez Canal and the Arabian oilfields

• The British and Italians fought in North Africa, Rommel, “Desert Fox”, was sent in by Hitler to reinforce the Italians.

• Britain defeated and pushed the Italians and Germans back .

Operation Torch

• Americans decided to begin an attack on the Axis powers by invading Italy. Operation Torch– landings to occupy Algeria and Morocco and co-opt the Vichy French

• After Americans push the Axis powers from Africa with Operation Torch, they then move to invade Italy

Operation Torch

• The Anglo-American forces landed at Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers and then advanced by land and sea to Tunisia

Results of North Africa

• Mussolini was severely weakened domestically

• The Americans learned from their poor performance and made the necessary changes

Invasion of Italy

• Russia is being attacked severely during this time and is begging the Allied powers to attack the Axis from the Western front

• Instead, the Allies come up from Italy• Mussolini had been weakened during the North Africa

battles and the Allies moved on him• Mussolini was removed from power by the King of Italy,

but Hitler re-established his power• But not for long• Americans broke through the German lines and captured

Rome• Italy surrendered April 1945, Mussolini was shot and

killed by Italians as he tried to flee across the northern Italian border

• HE’S GONE!!

• The wicked witch is dead!!!

The Eastern Front

• On June 22, 1941, Hitler invaded Russia in Operation Barbarossa

• The operation encompassed a total troop strength of about 4 million men, making it the biggest single land operation ever

• Benefiting from initial surprise, by the end of July Hitler had occupied a portion of Russia twice the size of France

• However, by the time the Germans reached the outskirts of Moscow in December, the Russian winter had set in

Operation Barbarossa

The Eastern Front

• In the total four years of fighting on the Eastern Front, an estimated 4 million Axis and 9 million Russians were killed in battle

• 20 million Soviet civilians were killed as a result of extermination campaigns against Jews, communists and partisans, casual massacres, reprisal killings, diseases, and (sometimes planned) starvation.

Stalingrad (Aug 1942-Feb 1943)

Stalingrad

Stalingrad

Stalingrad

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

• Germany lost 330,000 troops• The Soviets decided to stop the German advancement

at Stalingrad. Soviet losses estimate is 1,100,000• Stalingrad is the turning point for the war in Eastern

Europe. Germany is pushed back.• This battle stopped on January 31, 1943 when 90,000

Germans surrendered• Stalin will resent that fact that an attack was not made by

the Allied powers on the Western front prior to this. He feels as though he has basically fought Germany alone with his country suffering terribly along the way( this will lead to the Cold War)

D DAY June 6 1944

• D-Day's Impressive Numbers The 5000-vessel armada stretched as far as the eye could see, transporting over 150,000 men and nearly 30,000 vehicles across the channel to the French beaches. Six parachute regiments -- over 13,000 men -- were flown from nine British airfields in over 800 planes. More than 300 planes dropped 13,000 bombs over coastal Normandy immediately in advance of the invasion.

• By nightfall on June 6, more than 9,000 Allied soldiers were dead or wounded, but more than 100,000 had made it ashore, securing French coastal villages.

• An American Noah Louisiana entrepreneur Andrew Jackson Higgins first designed shallow-draft boats in the late 1920s to rescue Mississippi River flood victims. Higgins tried for years to sell his boats to the U.S. military, but he was rejected repeatedly. At last, the Marine Corps selected the flat-bottomed landing craft for troop landings on Pacific beaches. Higgins, who had paid heavily out-of-pocket to promote his boats, finally landed the government contract -- and his factories produced 20,000 of the versatile craft for the war effort -- including D-Day.

•

DUMMY DROPPED• TO ADD TO THE

CONFUSION TO THE AXIS POWERS THE ALLIES DROPPED THOUSANDS OF DUMMIES CLOSER TO CALAIS WHERE HITLER BELIEVED THE STRONG FORCE OF ATTACK WOULD OCCUR

Liberating France

• General Patton used a blitzkrieg to head to Paris, France. On August 25, 1944, a French division of the U.S. First Army officially liberated Paris.

Battle of the Bulge

• The German and Allied forces ran into one another and the Germans pushed the Allies back

• General Omar Bradley received additional troops and restarted the movement of Allied troops into Germany

• This battle involved some 600,000 GIs• Approximately 80,000 were killed, wounded

or captured. German losses totalled about 100,000

• One key to the Allied success was the failure of the German Army to maintain a supply of gas to the tanks that were pushing into the Allied lines

• German Panther Tank 1st

• Russian T-34 2nd place

• German Panzer 3rd place

• US M4 Sherman• Short gun

• 2inches on side

Present US Abrams Tanks

WAR in Europe Ends

• The Soviets continued to advance on the Germans

• Some 11 million Soviet and 3 million German soldiers died, accounting for more than 2/3 the soldiers killed in the entire war

• April 1945, Berlin was captured and as the Germans surrendered Hitler committed suicide in his bunker along with his extreme followers

• May 8, 1945, V-E Day( Victory in Europe)

Yalta Conference

• Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta• The leaders agreed to split Germany into 4

zones• They also divided Berlin the same way• Stalin promised to allow elections in the nations

of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans

• Stalin will refuse to live up to his promises at Yalta