Section: 1 History - Axónmedia.axon.es/pdf/89313.pdfSection: 1 History Thimmappa Hegde 1. Evolution of neurosurgical techniques..... 3

Section: 1History

Thimmappa Hegde

1. Evolution of neurosurgical techniques .........................................................................3Thimmappa Hegde, Sarat Chandra P 3

2. History of Microneurosurgery ........................................................................................18Thimmappa Hegde, Sarat Chandra P 18

Section: 2Diagnostics

Santhosh Joseph

3. Electrodiagnosis ................................................................................................................25Manjari Tripathi, Priya Gupta, Sarat Chandra P 25

4. intracranial Pressure .........................................................................................................43Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 43

5. neuro-ophthalmology ....................................................................................................54Tandon R, Saxena R, Phuljhele S 54

6. neuro-otology ...................................................................................................................67Sathiya Murali, Srividya, Mohan Kameswaran 67

ii. cochlear and Brainstem implants .................................................................................81Mohan Kameswaran, Kiran Natarajan 81

7. neuroendocrinology ........................................................................................................91Ravi Ramamurthi, Ravindranath Kapu 91

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8. intra-operative Monitoring ............................................................................................99Babu KS, Rajasekar V 99

9. conventional radiology ................................................................................................110Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 110

10. Basics of computed tomography ................................................................................116Veena Norhona 116

11. radiology: intracranial tumours .................................................................................128Kesavdas 128

12. radiology: intracranial infections ...............................................................................147Bejoy Thomas 147

Section: 3Congenital

NK Venkatramana

13. Embryology: skull and Vertebral column ...............................................................163Muthukumar N 163

14. Embryology: Brain and spinal cord ...........................................................................172Muthukumar N 172

15. congenital Malformations of cerebrum ...................................................................183Venkatramana NK, Ravi Shankar S 183

16. Encephalocoeles ..............................................................................................................195Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 195

17. intracranial arachnoid cysts ........................................................................................208Chidambaram Balasubramaniam, Vani Santosh 208

18. craniofacial deformities (craniostenosis) ................................................................224Uday Andar, Nitin Mokal 224

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19. spinal dysraphic states .................................................................................................231Venkatramana NK 231

20. Hydrocephalus ................................................................................................................245Venkatramana NK 245

21. Endoscopic Management of Hydrocephalus .............................................................259Aaron Mohanty 259

22. normal Pressure Hydrocephalus .................................................................................269Sanjay Behari, Das NK, Vimal Kumar V 269

23. Bony anomalies of the craniovertebral Junction ....................................................285Sanjay Behari, Rabi N Sahu, Vijendra Kumar Jain 285

24. syringomyelia ..................................................................................................................293Suresh Nair, Girish Menon, BRM Rao 293

Section: 4Head Injuries

Ashok Kumar Mahapatra

25. Epidemiology of Head injury .......................................................................................309Rajkumar, Samir Kumar Kalra, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra

26. Biomechanics of Head injury .......................................................................................314Deepak Agrawal, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 314

27. Pathology ..........................................................................................................................318Sankar SK, Anita Mahadevan 318

28. concussion Brain ............................................................................................................357Sandeep Vaishya, Khan Z 357

29. cerebral contusions .......................................................................................................361Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 361

30. DiffuseAxonalInjury ....................................................................................................370Rajkumar, Vivek Kumar Vaid, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 370

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31. Fat Embolism ...................................................................................................................378Krishna Reddy A 378

32. Paediatric Head injuries ................................................................................................383Chidambaram Balasubramaniam, Ramachandran B 383

33. clinical assessment of a Head injured Patient ........................................................406Rajkumar, Samir Kumar Kalra, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 406

34. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Head injury ..........................................................411Sharma RR 411

35. scalp injuries ...................................................................................................................422Krishna Reddy A 422

36. acute subdural Haematomas .......................................................................................432Sanjay Behari, Anuj Chaitley, Manish Singh Sharma, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 432

37. ExtraduralHaematomas .................................................................................................440Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Vivek Kumar Vaid, Rajkumar 440

38. traumatic intracerebral Haematomas .........................................................................446Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 446

39. traumatic Brainstem Haematomas ..............................................................................453Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Deepak Agrawal 453

40. complications and sequelae of Head injuries .........................................................458Khosla VK, Gupta SK, Mukherjee KK, Chhabra R 458

41. cranioplasty .....................................................................................................................471Ramesh Kumar Sharma, Mathuriya SN 471

42. MaxillofacialInjuries .....................................................................................................481Arun Kumar Singh, Upadhyay DN 481

43. traumatic csF Fistulae ..................................................................................................487Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 487

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44. Missile injuries of the Brain .........................................................................................493Harjinder S Bhatoe 493

45. Endocrine abnormalities following traumatic Brain injuries ..............................502Deepak Kumar Gupta, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 502

46. optic nerve injury ..........................................................................................................513Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Deepak Kumar Gupta 513

Section: 5Spinal Injuries

Ravi Ramamurthi

47. assessment and Emergency Management of acute spinal injuries ....................533Anil Pande, Pradeep Kumar Jain N 533

48. Biomechanics of the spine ............................................................................................550Anil Pande, Goutham Cugati 550

49. injuries of the craniovertebral Junction and Upper cervical spine ....................567Sarat Chandra P, Vamsi Yerramani 567

50. InjuriesoftheSubaxialCervicalSpine ......................................................................579Anil Pande, Ravindranath Kapu 579

51. Whiplash injury ..............................................................................................................598Harjinder S Bhatoe 598

52. thoracic and thoracolumbar injuries ........................................................................601Ramakrishna Easwaran 601

53. lumbar and lumbosacral injuries ..............................................................................622Ramakrishna Easwaran 622

54. Penetrating injuries of the spine .................................................................................625Harjinder S Bhatoe 625

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Peripheral NerveVS Mehta

55. anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral nerve ..................................................639Sharma M, Gupta A, VS Mehta 639

56. General Principles of Management of Peripheral nerve injuries ........................644David A Omahen, Hazem Eltahawy, Abhit Guha 644

57. SurgicalAnatomyandManagementofBrachialPlexusInjuries .........................652Venkataswami R, Purushothaman V 652

58. ManagementofInjuriestoSpecificPeripheralNerve ............................................671Gupta A, Ahmad FU, VS Mehta 671

59. Entrapment syndromes .................................................................................................679Sarat Chandra P, VS Mehta 679

Section: 7Infections

AK Singh

60. Brain abscess ...................................................................................................................695Dharkar SR, Sardana VR, Purohit D 695

61. scalp and skull infections ............................................................................................708Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 708

62. subdural Empyema ........................................................................................................713Mathuriya SN, Pathak A, Khandelwal N 713

63. spinal Epidural and intramedullary abscess ...........................................................718Ashish Suri, Shashwat Mishra, Ajay Garg 718

64. tuberculosis of the central nervous system ............................................................725PN Tandon, Anil Pande 725

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65. tuberculous Meningitis ................................................................................................742PN Tandon, Anil Pande 742

66. tuberculosis of the spine ..............................................................................................753Sridhar K 753

67. surgery for leprosy ........................................................................................................772Sridhar K 772

68. cysticercosis .....................................................................................................................778BS Sharma, Sarat Chandra P 778

69. Hydatid disease ..............................................................................................................794Dharkar SR, Vikram M 794

70. other Parasitic infestations of the Brain ....................................................................800Sridhar K, Vikram M 800

71. spinal Hydatidosis .........................................................................................................810Harjinder S Bhatoe 810

72. Fungal infections ............................................................................................................815Anil Pande 815

73. Viral infections ................................................................................................................830Ravi Ramamurthi, Ramamurthi B, Ravindranath Kapu 830

74. aids and the neurosurgeon ........................................................................................838Sarat Chandra P, Vivek Tandon 838

Section: 8Vascular Disorders

SN Mathuriya

75. subarachnoid Haemorrhage .........................................................................................849Chandramouli BA, Arivazhagan A 849

76. General Principles of Management of intracranial aneurysms ............................858Mathuriya SN 858

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77. Vasospasm and its Management ..................................................................................886Anil Pande, Ravi Ramamurthi 886

78. cerebral Protection .........................................................................................................919Ravikant Palur, Ganesh K Murthy 919

79. Paraclinoid aneurysms ..................................................................................................931Vijendra Kumar Jain, Sanjay Behari, Bernard Lyngdoh 931

80. internal carotid Bifurcation aneurysms ...................................................................946Mathuriya SN 946

81. anterior communicating artery aneurysms ............................................................958RP Sengupta, Anil Pande 958

82. distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm ...............................................................977Ravi Ramamurthi, Shivaram Bojja 977

83. Middle cerebral artery aneurysms ...........................................................................979Mathuriya SN, Pathak A, Gupta Vivek, Grover VK 979

84. Posterior circulation aneurysms ................................................................................996Ashish Suri, Sachin A Borkar, Nalin K Mishra 996

85. Giant aneurysms ..........................................................................................................1008Sanjay Behari, Rabi Narayan Sahu, Rupant K Das, Vijendra Kumar Jain 1008

86. incidental intracranial aneurysms ............................................................................1016Suresh Nair, A Mathew, G Menon 1016

87. Multiple intracranial aneurysms ..............................................................................1024Mahmoud Rashidi, Anthony Sin, Anil Nanada 1024

88. infectious intracranial aneurysms ............................................................................1030Sanjay Behari, Vivek Vaid, Awadhesh K Jaiswal, Vijendra Kumar Jain 1030

89. intracavernous aneurysms .........................................................................................1036BS Sharma, VS Mehta 1036

90. contemporary Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms ..................1045Uday Limaye, Anand S 1045

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91. Vascular Malformations of the Brain ........................................................................1052Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1052

92. surgical Management of cerebral aVMs ................................................................1065Ravi Ramamurthi, Ravindranath Kapu 1065

93. Embolisation of intracranial Vascular Malformation ............................................1075Anil Karapurkar, Nishant Aditya 1075

94. stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral aVMs .......................................................1090Ganapathy K 1090

95. Vein of Galen Malformations .....................................................................................1105Anil Nanada 1105

96. cavernomas of the Brain .............................................................................................1109CE Deopujari 1109

97. other Vascular Malformations of the Brain ............................................................1116Ravi Ramamurthi, Harinivas 1116

98. carotid cavernous Fistula ...........................................................................................1119Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1119

99. dural arteriovenous Malformations ........................................................................1125Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1125

100. Embolisation of spinal Vascular Malformation .....................................................1129Anil Karapurkar, Nishant Aditya 1129

101. spontaneous intracerebral Haemorrhage ................................................................1139Ajaya Nand Jha, Vipul Gupta 1139

102. surgery for stroke .........................................................................................................1147Vincent Thamburaj A 1147

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Tumours of the Spine and Spinal CordRavi Ramamurthi

103. clinical Features and diagnosis ................................................................................1181Ravi Ramamurthi, Santhosh Mohan Rao K 1181

104. Vertebral tumours ........................................................................................................1191Deepu Banerji, Pallav Garg, Manoj Jain, Sanjay Behari 1191

105. spinal schwannomas and Meningiomas .................................................................1202Trimurti D Nadkarni 1202

106. intramedullary tumours .............................................................................................1210Bhawani S Sharma, Manish S Sharma 1210

107. congenital tumours of the spine ..............................................................................1219CE Deopujari, AB Kakani 1219

108. Paediatric spinal tumours ..........................................................................................1227Venkatramana NK 1227

Section: 10Disc Disease and other Spinal Pathologies

Ravi Ramamurthi

109. Pathophysiology of disc degeneration ....................................................................1239Ramakrishna Easwaran 1239

110. cervical disc disease and spondylosis—clinical Features and diagnosis .....1248CE Deopujari, Rajiv Kumar 1248

111. cervical disc disease and spondylosis Management ..........................................1252CE Deopujari, Rajiv Kumar, Rajan Shah 1252

112. CervicalOssificationofPosteriorLongitudinalLigament ...................................1262Anil Pande, M Vikram, Ravi Ramamurthi 1262

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113. thoracic disc Prolapse .................................................................................................1275Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1275

114. lumbar disc disease ....................................................................................................1280Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Rajesh Reddy S 1280

115. lumbar canal stenosis ................................................................................................1290Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Debabrat Biswal 1290

116. spondylolisthesis ..........................................................................................................1297Ramakrishna Easwaran 1297

117. skeletal Fluorosis ..........................................................................................................1312Raja Reddy D, Srikanth R Deme 1312

118. osteoporosis ..................................................................................................................1333Ramakrishna Easwaran, S Sundarrajan 1333

Section: 11Pathology of Intracranial Tumours

Sankar

119. ClassificationofTumoursoftheNervousSystem .................................................1347Vani Santhosh 1347

120. Pathogenesis of tumours of the nervous system ..................................................1366Radhakrishnan VV 1366

121. Germ cell tumours of the central nervous system .............................................1377Vani Santhosh 1377

122. Embryonal tumours of the central nervous system ............................................1380Chitra Sarkar, Sharma MC 1380

123. tumours of Meninges ..................................................................................................1391Sundaram C, Shantveer G Uppin 1391

124. Pituitary tumours, sellar and suprasellar lesions ................................................1404Geeta Chacko 1404

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125. lymphomas and Metastatic tumours of nervous system ...................................1418Sundaram C, T Roshni Paul 1418

126. cerebral oedema in relation to neoplasias of nervous system ........................1428Shankar SK 1428

127. tumour Markers in tumours of nervous system ..................................................1439Chitra Sarkar, Vaishali Suri, MC Sharma 1439

128. tumours of cranial and Peripheral nerves .............................................................1446Sundaram C, Anita Mahadevan 1446

129. TumoursoftheChoroidPlexus .................................................................................1453Yasha TC 1453

130. Pineal Parenchymal tumours .....................................................................................1458Vani Santhosh 1458

131. NeuronalandMixedNeuronalGlialTumours ......................................................1461Sharma MC, Chitra Sarkar 1461

Section: 12ACranial and Intracranial Tumours

Ravi Ramamurthi

132. clinical Features of intracranial tumours ...............................................................1477Ravi Ramamurthi, Santosh Mohan Rao K 1477

133. supratentorial astrocytomas ......................................................................................1495Ramakrishna Easwaran 1495

134. cerebellar astrocytomas .............................................................................................1528Ramakrishna Easwaran 1528

135. Brainstem Gliomas .......................................................................................................1536Sarat Chandra P, VS Mehta 1536

136. Hypothalamic-optic nerve Gliomas ........................................................................1546Ramakrishna Easwaran 1546

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137. oligodendrogliomas ....................................................................................................1554Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1554

138. Ependymomas ...............................................................................................................1562Harjinder S Bhatoe 1562

139. Medulloblastomas ........................................................................................................1570BS Sharma 1570

140. Metastatic Brain tumours ...........................................................................................1577Ravi Ramamurthi, Harinivas 1577

141. radiation therapy for Malignant Brain tumours .................................................1587Julka PK, Haresh KP, Rath GK 1587

142. adjuvant therapies for Malignant Brain tumours ...............................................1596Raj Kumar R, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 1596

143. colloid cyst ...................................................................................................................1601Nigel Peter Symss, Ravi Ramamurthi 1601

144. ChoroidPlexusTumours .............................................................................................1608Vasudevan MC 1608

145. Pineal region tumours: clinical Features and Management ..............................1612Ramakrishna Easwaran 1612

146. Pituitary tumours overview ......................................................................................1634Ravi Ramamurthi 1634

147. Prolactinomas ................................................................................................................1641Ravi Ramamurthi, Prasad AN 1641

148. Growth Hormone secreting adenomas ...................................................................1646Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1646

159. cushing’s disease and syndrome .............................................................................1653Deepu Banerji, Sanjay Behari 1653

150. other secreting adenomas of the Pituitary .............................................................1663Deepu Banerji, Archana Juneja 1663

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151. non-Functioning Pituitary adenomas .....................................................................1667Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Naveen Mehrotra, Amit Kumar T 1667

152. PituitaryApoplexy ........................................................................................................1675Ravi Ramamurthi, Vikram M, Goutham Cugati 1675

153. Giant invasive Pituitary adenomas ..........................................................................1680Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1680

154. Perioperative Endocrine Management .....................................................................1685Murthy S 1685

155. Empty sella syndrome ................................................................................................1692Ravi Ramamurthi, Murali Mohan S 1692

156. diencephalic syndrome ..............................................................................................1698Anil Pande, Murali Mohan S 1698

157. other tumours of the sellar region .........................................................................1702Sanjay Behari, Anooj Chatley, Abrar Ahad Wani, Manoj Jain 1702

158. craniopharyngioma ......................................................................................................1716SN Bhagwathi, Suresh Sankhla 1716

Section: 12BCranial and Intracranial Tumours

CE Deopujari

159. dermoids and Epidermoids ........................................................................................1747Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1747

160. teratomas ........................................................................................................................1757Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1757

161. acoustic schwannomas ...............................................................................................1761Ravi Ramamurthi, Murali Mohan S 1761

162. trigeminal schwannomas ...........................................................................................1792BS Sharma, Ramdurg S, Sarat Chandra P 1792

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163. Jugular Foramen lesions .............................................................................................1797Siddhartha Ghosh 1797

164. other intracranial schwannomas ..............................................................................1811Ashish Suri, Shashwat Mishra, Ajay Garg 1811

165. Phakomatoses ................................................................................................................1819Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1819

166. ConvexityMeningiomas .............................................................................................1826Vasudevan MC 1826

167. ParasagittalandFalxMeningiomas ..........................................................................1833Vasudevan MC 1833

168. olfactory Groove Meningioma ..................................................................................1838Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1838

169. sphenoidal Wing Meningiomas ................................................................................1847Trimurti D Nadkarni 1847

170. tentorial Meningiomas ................................................................................................1854Vijendra Kumar Jain, Sanjay Behari, Pramod Giri 1854

171. Posterior Fossa Meningiomas .....................................................................................1864Amitabha Chanda, Abhijit Guha 1864

172. Petroclival Meningiomas .............................................................................................1885Trimurti D Nadkarni 1885

173. Foramen Magnum Meningiomas ..............................................................................1891Shrivastava RK, Chandranath Sen 1891

174. intraventricular Meningiomas ...................................................................................1899Harjinder S Bhatoe, Prakash Singh, Vibha Dutta 1899

175. Haemangioblastomas ...................................................................................................1903Ravi Ramamurthi 1903

176. Primary central nervous system lymphomas .......................................................1910Sanjay Behari, Punita Lal, Samir Kalra, Manoj Jain 1910

177. intracranial Melanomas and other tumours ..........................................................1920Bhawani S Sharma, Sumit Sinha 1920

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178. Benign intracranial tension........................................................................................1926Nigel Peter Symss, Ravi Ramamurthi 1926

179. tumours of the cranial Vault .....................................................................................1933Narayanan R, Ravi Ramamurthi 1933

Section: 13Skull Base Surgery

Deepu Banerji

180. clival chordomas .........................................................................................................1957Chandranath Sen 1957

181. Trans-facialTransmaxillaryApproachestoAnteriorSkullBase ........................1967Sojan Ipe, Bobby Jose 1967

182. approaches to the lateral skull Base .......................................................................1977Atul Goel, Muzumdar D 1977

183. transpharyngeal approach to the cranio Vertebral Junction .............................2003AH Menezes 2003

184. ReconstructionoftheSkullConvexityandBase ...................................................2011Atul Goel, Muzumdar D 2011

185. orbital tumours ............................................................................................................2026Aadil S Chagla 2026

Section: 14Stereotaxy

Ravi Ramamurthi

186. Stereotaxy:GeneralPrinciples ...................................................................................2047Ravi Ramamurthi, Vikram M 2047

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187. Stereotaxy:BrainTumours ..........................................................................................2055Murali Mohan S, Ravi Ramamurthi 2055

188. involuntary Movements: anatomy and Pathophysiology ...................................2063Srinivasan AV 2063

189. StereotaxyforParkinson’sDisease ...........................................................................2068Dilip Panicker, Paresh K Doshi 2068

190. surgery for Movement disorders ..............................................................................2077Paresh K Doshi, Animesh Upadhyay 2077

191. Gamma Knife radiosurgery .......................................................................................2087Manish Singh Sharma, BS Sharma 2087

192. Psychosurgery ................................................................................................................2102Ramamurthi B, V Balasubramaniam, Ravi Ramamurthi, Santosh Mohan Rao K 2102

193. neural transplantation and stem cell .....................................................................2126PN Tandon 2126

Section: 15PainAK Singh

194. Pain: anatomy and Physiology ..................................................................................2141Ravi Ramamurthi, Santosh Mohan Rao K 2141

195. surgery for intractable Pain ........................................................................................2160Nigel Peter Symss 2160

196. trigeminal neuralgia ...................................................................................................2179Ramakrishna Easwaran 2179

197. Glossopharyngeal and other cranial neuralgia ....................................................2192Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 2192

198. Microvascular decompression ...................................................................................2198Ravi Ramamurthi, Manish Singh 2198

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EpilepsyRavi Ramamurthi

199. Epilepsy: overview ......................................................................................................2209Dinesh Nayak S, Radhakrishnan K 2209

200. Epilepsy: Medical Management .................................................................................2223Ashalatha, Radhakrishnan K 2223

201. surgery for Epilepsy: General Principles .................................................................2229Bhaskara Rao Malla, Jayanti Mani 2229

202. surgery for temporal Epilepsy ..................................................................................2244Bhaskara Rao Malla, Jayanti Mani 2244

Section: 17Cerebral Palsy

AK Purohit

203. StereotaxyforCerebralPalsy .....................................................................................2261Kanaka TS, Balasubramaniam V, Sampathkumar M 2261

204. surgery for spasticity ...................................................................................................2271

AK Purohit, Jagan Mohan Reddy K 2271

Section: 18Miscellaneous

Sanjay Behari

205. anaesthesia for neurosurgery ....................................................................................2285Gupta D, Srivastava S 2285

206. Positioning in neurosurgery ......................................................................................2299Indira Devi, Nitin Garg N, Shukla D 2299

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207. operation theatre for neurosurgery ........................................................................2305Rahmathulla G, Ajaya Nand Jha 2305

208. Basic neurosurgical instruments ...............................................................................2317Sanjay Behari, Singh RK, Lyngdoh B, Jain S, Chhabra DK 2317

209. navigation in Brain and spinal surgery ..................................................................2332Ajaya Nand Jha, Rahmathulla G 2332

210. Endoscopy in Brain tumour surgery ........................................................................2353Manas Kumar Panigrahi 2353

211. orthotics .........................................................................................................................2371PK Sethi 2371

212. Principles of Physiotherapy ........................................................................................2385Sangeetha Ranganath 2385