SECTION 1: AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES 1)The American public was exhausted from World War I. - Turned away from European problems to focus on ones back home.

SECTION 1: AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES

1) The American public was exhausted from World War I.

-Turned away from European problems to focus on ones back home (tired of sacrificing our lives and money for others problems)

New President – return to normalcy

TIME to make OUR country better

Isolationism and League of Nations

2) Many Americans adopted a belief in isolationism.

* This meant pulling away from involvement in world affairs.

Going against Wilson’s ….

Public debate had divided the nationEx: It lacked its own armed force depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions

League of Nations

SECTION 1: AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES

3) An economic downturn meant many faced unemployment.

Men were coming home

Factories didn’t need to produce all the war supplies anymore

4) A wave of nativism (def: a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants) swept the nation.

FEAR OF COMMUNISM

5) One perceived threat to American life was the spread of

Communism—

Def: an economic and political system based on a single government party, equal distribution of resources, the prohibition of private property, and rule by a dictatorship.

COMMUNISM IN THESOVIET UNION

Remember - In 1917, a revolution in Russia transformed the nation into a Communist state, the Soviet Union. Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and overthrew the Czarist regime.

He was inspired by Marxism, a radical form of socialism that advocates violence.

A Communist party was formed in America too (70,000 members)

Lenin

Theory of class struggle Basic principles:

(1). capitalists (haves) v. workers (have nots)

(2). Communist Party would help overthrow capitalism through violent revolution

(3). Communist Party would control a nation’s government & plan its economic activities

(4). eventually would not need government; everyone equal

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels –

The Communist Manifesto (1848)Many Americans believed that labor

troubles were in America were the result of Bolshevism.

-- Evangelist Billy Sunday:

Described a Bolshevik as "a guy with a face like a porcupine and a breath that would scare a pole cat.. If I had my way, I’d fill the jails so full of them that their feet would stick out the window."

RED SCAREFear of Communism took the

form of a Red Scare (anti-communist hysteria)

and fed nativism in America. In addition:

SOCIAL UNRESTPATRIOTISM

THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTIONPOST WAR STRIKES

BOMBINGSTHE WORK OF A. MITCHELL

PALMER ATTORNEY GENERAL

Also caused fear

Where was our President –

Wilson?

Wilson’s 6-month absence from the U.S. to negotiate Versailles Treaty began to cripple federal gov’t during the Great Unrest of 1919

Resulted from inflation during the war

Total - 3,000 strikes during this time period

ONE SUCH GREAT UNREST WAS IN LABOR -

STRIKES AFTER WWI

You are now going to receive a research sheet with a highlighted strike.

You have 20 minutes to research your SPECIFIC STRIKE

Use the links on Mrs. Perella’s WebsiteUS History 3

US History 3 Links

TIMED WEB RESEARCH

In 1919 a total of four million

American workers went out on strike - one-fifth of the

nation's industrial workforce

LET’S LOOK AT THESE

FAMOUS STRIKES

Beginning 1870-1880, coal operators and owners had established a system of oppression and exploitation

to maintain – paid “private detectives” to keep union organizers out of area(used intimidation, harassment, espionage, murder)

By 1920, most of WV miners belonged to the UMWA (United Mine Workers of America)

except southern coalfields

Operators fired union sympathizers, blacklisting them, evicting them from homes

UMWA set up tent colonies for homeless miner families (This became a mass of angry and idle miners)

BACKGROUND TO COAL MINERS STRIKING

Year Miners Fatalities

190019011902190319041905190619071908190919101911191219131914191519161917191819191920

448,581485,544518,197566,260593,693626,045640,780680,492690,438666,552725,030728,348722,662747,644763,185734,008720,971757,317762,426776,569784,621

1,4891,5741,7241,9261,9952,2322,1383,2422,4452,6422,8212,6562,4192,7852,4542,2692,2262,6962,5802,3232,272

Mine Safety –BIG CONCERN

BATTLE OF MATEWAN(AKA MATEWAN MASSACRE)

BATTLE OF MATEWAN(AKA MATEWAN MASSACRE)

Gun battle - Matewan, West VirginiaLocal Miners vs. Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency

*had been called in to evict families living in Coal Camp [served evictions, ate dinner, headed to train station]

*Chief of Police (Sid Hatfield) intervened on behalf of families(claimed to have arrest warrants against men BUT detectives said they had arrest warrant against Chief)

-As this was happening, armed miners surrounded men (windows, roofs, doorways)Don’t know who fired first (rumors)But Sid did shoot one7 detectives and 4 townies dead

BATTLE OF MATEWAN(AKA MATEWAN MASSACRE)

Symbolic significance for miners but the battle didn’t end…*Sid Hatfield was charged with murder Trial*National Spotlight (brought much attention to miners’ cause)Found Not-guilty but Union was still facing setbacks

1) 80% of mines reopened with REPLACEMENTS2) Signing of yellow dog contracts by ex-strikers (def: agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union )

Union miners launched attack on non-union mines

In the midst of all of this, Sid was charged with blowing up coal equipment

- Walking up to court with friend and their wives (unarmed)

- A group of Baldwin-Felts agents standing on top of stairs opened fire

Sid killed – Miners (when heard the word) were outraged and took up arms and they rallied

- Meet with Governor with petition of the miners’ demands – But rejected

- Miners were even more restless

THE DEATH OF SID HATFIELD

Ain't but two sides to this world. Them that work and them that don't. You work, they don't. That's all you got to know about the enemy. - Labor Organizer

BATTLE OF BLAIR MOUNTAIN

WEST VIRGINIA

What did they want? Safe working conditions, better pay, and union rights

10,000 West Virginia coal workers, outraged over years of brutality and lawless exploitation, picked up their rifles and

marched against the powerful mine owners

The miners were well organized - Many were World War I veterans they appointed leaders, and arranged transportation for additional recruits and supplies.

- Lacking uniforms, they wore red bandanas to distinguish themselves from company gunmen, who wore white patches. (The miners began to refer to themselves as “ ” )

To guard against spies, the miners created passwords that were never revealed, even decades after the conflict

BATTLE OF BLAIR MOUNTAIN

WEST VIRGINIA

REDNECKS

For ten days the miners fought a pitched battle against an opposing legion of deputies, state police, and 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers (Logan Defenders).

Only after the declaration of martial law and the intervention of a federal expeditionary force (air squadron armed with bombs and gas), and an unwillingness to fight the U.S. Army, the miners laid down their arms and returned home

BATTLE OF BLAIR MOUNTAIN

WEST VIRGINIA

BATTLE OF BLAIR MOUNTAIN

WEST VIRGINIA

Several hundred combatants were wounded during the fighting and 16 were killed, including 12 miners and 4 of mine owners men.

- Gov. Morgan tried to persuade the Army to help civil authorities arrest miners, but General refused.

West Virginia courts indicted (charged) 1,217 suspected leaders of the rebellion but charges were later dropped against all

Was it worth it?Although the miners’ march failed to unionize southern West Virginia coal mines, their plight garnered worldwide attention and helped build support for the National Labor Relations Act of 1935,which protects workers’ right to form unions and bargain collectively.

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADALABAMA COAL STRIKE

1920

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADALABAMA COAL STRIKE

1920RACE RELATIONS HIGH (RACIAL VIOLENCE)

15,000 of the 27,000 coal miners in the state stopped work#1) Strikers killed the general manager of the

Corona Coal Company along with a company guard. - But African Americans bore the brunt of the violence:

#2) At least thirteen houses of strikebreakers were dynamited between September and December.

ex: state troopers terrorized the small black business district in Pratt City with random machine gun fire

ex: black miner Henry Junius was found in a shallow grave outside of Roebuck a few weeks into the strike.

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADALABAMA COAL STRIKE

1920RACE RELATIONS HIGH (RACIAL VIOLENCE)

- The Alabama State Militia and the state police had been called out by the governor

Once on site, state troop commanders typically placed themselves at the service of the coal companies.

By February thousands of workers had been evicted from their company houses and left homeless (unprepared)

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADALABAMA COAL STRIKE

1920RACE RELATIONS HIGH (RACIAL VIOLENCE)

After months… the enormous expense of conducting the strike with no progress led the union to seek a resolution.

Governor refused : union recognition , any wage increases, and reinstate striking minersIn regards to racial violence (it was written):It is rather difficult to understand how such a large number of men could be induced so deliberately to disregard such an obligation of honor. The only explanation, perhaps, lies in the fact that from 70 per cent to 80 per cent of the miners are Negroes. The southern Negro is easily misled, especially when given a permanent and official place in an organization in which both races are members

Union accepted - At least 16 people were killed in the strike, more than half of them black, with an uncounted number of wounded.

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

1922HERRIN, ILLINOIS

Background – April 1922 – UMWA began nationwide strike

W. J. Lester (owner) complied with the strike – he had just opened the mine and had huge debts negotiated with UMWA to keep it open as long as no coal was shipped outHOWEVER by June, he had dug out 60,000 tons of coal (profit $250,000 if he sold it)

When Union members objected (since breaking agreement, he fired them)Brought in mine guards and 50 strikebreakers and scabs

Shipped out coal

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

1922HERRIN, ILLINOIS

- Union miners marched into Herrin and looted the hardware store of its firearms and ammo

- THEN… Surrounded mine – guards opened fire – killing 2 UMWA members

National Guard was asked to come in to stop attack and break up mob – BUT were not deployed

Lester (owner) – agreed to close mine for remainder of nationwide UMWA strike

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

Days later, a truck carrying Lester’s guards and strikebreakers was ambushed (3 men wounded)

Some of Lester’s men walked into where miners were (white flag raised) asking for the UMWA to do the same (cease fire)

*There were strikebreakers pinned down inside coal cars and barricades (risked life to escape)

During the evening, union supporters stole more guns and ammo

Gunfire continued through the night and the mob destroyed mining equipment

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

Finally, the strikebreakers emerged with white apron tied to broomstick (men would surrender IF their safety was guaranteed)

Began marching them to town (Herrin) however the mob became angry and restless

“The only way to free the county of strikebreakers is to kill them all off and stop the breed.”

Mob began striking the men with the butts of their rifles and shotguns

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

1922HERRIN, ILLINOIS

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

1922HERRIN, ILLINOIS

One strikebreaker (after another ½ mile) was bloodied and limping, unable to walk any further

“I’m going to kill you and use you for bait to catch the other men.” – union man

So, union man and another grabbed strikebreaker and led him down side road…gun shots were heard

Union “higher ups” warned the men “…don’t you go killing these fellows on a public highway. There are too many women and children and witnesses around to do that. Take them over in the woods and give it to them. Kill all you can.”

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

1922HERRIN, ILLINOIS

Found grisly evidence of the dead, dying, and wounded

19 dead strikebreakers out of 50 (2 union members had died at the mine)

American Public Reacted with DISGUST

Newspaper “Herrin, Illinois should be ostracized. Shut off from all communication with the outside world and the people there left to soak in the blood they have spilled.”

President Harding – “shocking crime, barbarity, butchery, rot and madness”

When the mob didn’t show up 3 hrs. later (when they were suppose to), those in charge began to search (rumors of the violence)

STILL IN THE COAL – JUMP AHEADHERRIN MASSACRE

1922HERRIN, ILLINOIS

Two trials were heldOnly 6 men were ever indicted (charged) in massacre and both trials ended with acquittal (found innocent) for all defendants

Over 70% of Boston’s 1,500 policemen went on strike seeking wage increases and the right to unionize.

ex: worked 73-98 hrs per week ; no pay for parade duty

Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National GuardCalled them traitors, deserters

Told police NO RIGHT TO UNIONIZE

BOSTON POLICE STRIKESEPTEMBER 1919

"no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime“

When we were honorably discharged from the United States army, we were hailed as heroes and saviors of our country. We returned

to our duties on the police force of Boston. Now, though only a few months have passed, we are denounced as deserters, as traitors to

our city and violators of our oath of office.

The first men to raise the cry were those who have always been opposed to giving to labor a living wage. It was taken up by the newspapers, who cared little for the real facts. You finally added

your word of condemnation....

Among us are men who have gone against spitting machine guns single-handed, and captured them, volunteering for the job. Among us are men who have ridden with dispatches through shell fire so

dense that four men fell and only the fifth got through.

Not one man of us ever disgraced the flag or his service. It is bitter to come home and be called deserters and traitors. We are the

same men who were on the French front.Some of us fought in the Spanish war of 1898.

Won’t you tell the people of Massachusetts in which war you [Coolidge]served?

BOSTON POLICE FORCES RESPONSE TO COOLIDGE…

Police went on strike in 37 cities –

AMERICANS FEARFUL

Striking Police were fired

…New force was recruited from the National Guard.

BOSTON POLICE STRIKESEPTEMBER 1919

Some newspapers falsely reported that gangs were running wild and attacking women throughout the city.

AFL (American Federation of Labor – Union) leader urged strikers back to workAsked that the striking policemen be re-hired

COOLIDGE REFUSED –

[were not allowed to return to their jobs with the Boston Police Department]

Strike dissolved

BOSTON POLICE STRIKESEPTEMBER 1919

To stick it to the strikers..

Commissioner hired an entirely new police force (unemployed servicemen). The National Guard was able to return to their homes

The new recruits were granted higher pay, better working conditions, and additional holidays, and gained the additional benefit of free uniforms.

It is still illegal for police to go on strike, and even

informal work actions such as the “Blue Flu,” whereby large

numbers of police officers call in sick at the same time, are seriously frowned upon.

REACHING INTO TODAY…

Prior to this time – Andrew Carnegie (steel tycoon) had succeeded in preventing unionization

Battle of Homestead (2nd largest dispute in history)

1892 – Strike/Battle between strikers (Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers) and private security agents (Pinkerton National Detective Agency hired by Carnegie Steel Co.)

Striking about: regulating work hours, workload and work speeds, improving working conditions, national uniform wage scale (yearly), and prevention of strikers signing the yellow dog contracts

-100s of strikers had been wounded, dozen killed, thousands blacklisted from working at the steel mills as punishment for their participation

Aftermath – AA was broken – men wouldn’t join (since wouldn’t be hired)

Steel Strike (Background)September 1919

Steel StrikeSeptember 1919

Now, jump ahead to 1919AFL (American Federation of Labor) attempted to organize the steel industry (conditions were still terrible in the mills)

UMWA wanted shorter hours and higher wages

Problem in the organization steelworkers inability to speak English

*Steel corp. had used this to their advantage – easy to exploit and scare - wanted to create distrust of the union

AND

Judge Elbert H. Gary (Head of United States Steel Corporation) refused to negotiate (even Woodrow Wilson urged him to negotiate)

- Workers voted to strike – 400,000 walked out of work in Sept.

DIFFICULT TO ORGANIZE – workers were spread out in 10 states

Steel StrikeSeptember 1919

Courts got involved – made it illegal to have meetings

Other actions: Groups of 3 or more on the streets were violently broken up; spies infiltrated the union and kept news from the strikers, workers didn’t even leave their homes (intimidation); children were chased back into their homes (intimidation); continuous raids

Violence – murder of 26 union organizers and strikers - Broken January 1920 (went back to work without any concessions)

Steel StrikeSeptember 1919

Remember back – Who did many Americans blame for our Labor

Problems?

Attempts to arrest and deport them out of America – known as the Palmer Raids

November 1919 and January 1920

Leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

What set off these raids?

PALMER RAIDS

April 191930 Italian anarchists (def: no government) mailed letter bombs to prominent American government officials and businessmen, law enforcement officials.

Only a few reached their targets, and not all exploded when opened, though some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off.

PALMER RAIDS

June 2, 1919Second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger package bombs were detonated by same group in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Palmer.

- At least one person was killed in this second attack

Flyers declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb

After bomb scares, Wilson’s Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, got $500K from Congress to "tear out the radical seeds that have entangled American ideas in their poisonous theories.“

PALMER RAIDS

On 7th November, 1919 - over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists were arrested.

- found no evidence of a proposed revolution but large number of these suspects were held without trial for a long time.

The vast majority were eventually released 248 people were deported to Russia.

When asked about the obvious illegal methods being used - Palmer's claim:

"There is no time to waste on hairsplitting

over infringement of liberties”

A. MITCHELL PALMER CLAIMED THAT COMMUNIST AGENTS FROM RUSSIA WERE PLANNING TO OVERTHROW THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

On 2nd January, 1920, - another 6,000 were arrested and held without trial.

- found no evidence of a proposed revolution but large number of these suspects, many of them members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), continued to be held without trial.

When Palmer announced that the communist revolution was likely to take place on 1st May, mass panic took place.

In New York, five elected Socialists were expelled from the legislature.

A. MITCHELL PALMER CLAIMED THAT COMMUNIST AGENTS FROM RUSSIA WERE PLANNING TO OVERTHROW THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Fueling the Red Scare Fire

*Feelings of wanting Isolationism from World’s Problems and Nativism (opposing immigrants)

*Anti-Communism Hysteria – RED SCARE*Strikes and Labor Disputes blamed on Communism (Radicals)*Palmer Raids – rounding up and kicking out the “radical seeds”

LET’S REVIEW WHAT WAS GOING

ON?

BIG CASE DURING THIS TIME

Let’s Listen… Vanzetti Sacco

What was the crime?

Who was arrested and charged?

How did Guthrie show these men to be “good men?”

CRIME AND ARREST

Payroll Robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts Shoe Factory– 2 men killed$15,000 stolen

Sacco and VanzettiHow? Both men went to reclaim a car that police had connected to the crime

Both men carrying guns and made false statements*No criminal record*No connection to stolen $

How do the Judge and prosecutor appear to be biased?

What was the outcome of the trial?

TRIAL

Used against them Defendants were Italians, atheists, anarchists (“radicals”) , and draft dodgers of WW1

Judge’s remarks:

Ex: private discussion Thayer called Sacco and Vanzetti "Bolsheviki!" and said he would "get them good and proper." (cut radicals down)

In 1924, referring to his denial of motions for a new trial, Thayer confronted a Massachusetts lawyer: "Did you see what I did with those anarchistic bastards the other day?"

Found Guilty and Sentenced to be executed in electric chair

Repeated motions for a new trial were denied by Judge Webster Thayer and the Massachusetts Supreme Court.      

         Italian-American community deeply affected.        

Worldwide protests & demonstrations supporting themEven bombs were set off in NYC and PhillyMany believe sentence unjust and due to prejudice. Because the powers that convicted Sacco and Vanzetti were members of the upper class, the execution seemed to be class-based.

Even had… Celestino Madeiros confessed that HE participated in the crime with the Joe Morelli GangJudge and Governor ignored

Ballistics tests in 1961 showed that pistol found on Sacco when arrested WAS the murder weapon-Little evidence about Vanzetti

50 years after their execution, Governor Michael Dukakis declared they were not given a fair trial

Additional Info

Resurgence of the Klan began in the South but also spread heavily into the Southwest & the

North Central states (hit 5 million)

- Restricting the group's membership to white American-born Protestant men - Used anti-communism as an excuse to harass: African Americans, Catholics, Jews, foreign-born immigrants, union organizers, & those against prohibition (bootleggers, gamblers) - The organization also attracted the support of many middle-class Americans by advocating improved law enforcement, honest government, better public schools, and traditional family life

KU KLUX KLAN

What events spurred the emergence of the KKK?

August 1915 lynching in Marietta by a

group of armed men who had organized themselves as the Knights of Mary

Phagan, named for the young murder victim in the case.

The Birth of a Nation Lynching of Leo Frank

Originally called The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the KKKPortrayed the Ku Klux Klan (whose original founding is dramatized) as a heroic force

D.W. Griffith - popularity of epic movie The Birth of a Nation (1915)

The anti-Semitic sentiments aroused by that case (Frank was Jewish) along with the ongoing racism fueled by Griffith's film

Details about Leo Frank Case from videoWho was he?Charged with?Key Witness?Guilty or Innocent?What happened to him?

In 1925 -- David Stephenson, KKK leader in Indiana, went to jail for 2nd degree murder of woman who he had brutally kidnapped and abused – Sentenced to LIFE IN PRISON            Thought he would be pardoned – NOPE

In revenge, Stephenson provided evidence of other Klan activities by high-level officials in Indiana

**releases his "little black boxes" containing the names and incriminating records of public officials in Indiana who had been on the Klan payroll.

Scandal led to a large-scale decline in the Klan’s influence. – PROTECTOR of WHITE WOMEN’S VIRTUES

Demise of the KKK

1921 Immigration Act

Ended open immigration with a

limit and quota system

1924 National Origins Act

(Immigration Act of 1924)Reduced

immigration to 152,000 total per

annum.

ONE RESULT OF ALL THIS HAPPENING HERE IN THE US WAS…

CLOSING THE DOORS ON IMMIGRATION

Prohibition and Rise of Organized Crime

Remember back – Who did many Americans blame for our Labor

Problems?

Attempts to arrest and deport them out of America – known as the _________________________

November 1919 and January 1920

Leadership of Attorney General

_______________________________________

What set off these raids?

MORE VIOLENCE

April 1919_____ Italian anarchists (def: no government) mailed __________________________ to prominent American government officials and businessmen, law enforcement officials.

Only a few reached their targets, and not all exploded when opened, though some people suffered injuries, including a housekeeper in Senator Thomas W. Hardwick's residence, who had her hands blown off.

PALMER RAIDS

June 2, 1919Second wave of bombings occurred, when several much larger ___________________________________were detonated by same group in eight American cities, including one that damaged the home of Palmer.

- At least one person was killed in this second attack

___________________declaring war on capitalists in the name of anarchist principles accompanied each bomb

After bomb scares, Wilson’s Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, got $500K from Congress to "tear out the radical seeds that have entangled American ideas in their poisonous theories.“

PALMER RAIDS

On 7th November, 1919 - over ____________________________ suspected communists and anarchists were arrested.

- found _________________evidence of a proposed revolution but large number of these suspects were held without __________________ for a long time.

The vast majority were eventually released ____________ people were deported to Russia.

When asked about the obvious illegal methods being used - Palmer's claim:

"There is no time to waste on hairsplitting over infringement of liberties”

On 2nd January, 1920, - another _____________ were arrested and held without trial.

- found no evidence of a proposed revolution but large number of these suspects, many of them members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), continued to be held without trial.

When Palmer announced that the communist revolution was likely to take place on 1st May, ________________________________took place.

In New York, five elected Socialists were expelled from the legislature.

A. MITCHELL PALMER CLAIMED THAT COMMUNIST AGENTS FROM RUSSIA WERE PLANNING TO OVERTHROW THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Fueling the Red Scare Fire

BIG CASE DURING THIS TIME

Let’s Listen…

Resurgence of the Klan began in the South but also spread heavily into the Southwest & the

North Central states

- Restricting the group's membership to white American-born Protestant men - Used _______________________ as an excuse to harass: African Americans, Catholics, Jews, foreign-born immigrants, union organizers, & those against prohibition - The organization also attracted the support of many middle-class Americans by advocating improved law enforcement, honest government, better public schools, and traditional family life

_____________________

What events spurred the emergence of the KKK?

August 1915 lynching in Marietta by a

group of armed men who had organized themselves as the Knights of Mary

Phagan, named for the young murder victim in the case.

______________________________ Lynching of ____________

originally called The Clansman

Portrayed the Ku Klux Klan (whose original founding is dramatized) as a heroic force

William J. Simmons - popularity of The Birth of a Nation

The anti-Semitic sentiments aroused by that case (Frank was Jewish) along with the ongoing racism fueled by Griffith's film

Details about Leo Frank Case from videoWho was he?Charged with?Key Witness?Guilty or Innocent?What happened to him?

1921 ________________

Ended open immigration with a

limit and quota system1924

____________________(Immigration Act

of 1924)Reduced

immigration to 152,000 total per

annum.

ONE RESULT OF ALL THIS HAPPENING HERE IN THE US WAS…

CLOSING THE DOORS ON IMMIGRATION

Prohibition and Rise of Organized Crime