SEC Technology Document

structure environment construction

Alex DeverSEC Technology II04 June 2012

TAblE of ConTEnTS

Architectural Intent + Site Strategy

Integrated StrategiesAnalysis + Conjectures 12Research 14

CodeAnalysis + Conjectures 17Research 18fire 20Egress 24Accessibility 26

StructureAnalysis + Conjectures 29Research 30lateral load 31Gravity load 34Worksheets 35

EnvironmentAnalysis + Conjectures 43Research 44Active Systems 47Passive Systems 51Day-lighting 53

ConstructionAnalysis + Conjectures 59Research 60building Envelope 63Detail 66

5


Architectural Intent +

Site Strategy

Architectural Intent + Site Strategy

Architectural Intent

The approach toward the architecture within this project stems from the initial inquiries formulating in the SEC studio, specifically noting the scale of site, body, and hand. Site situates itself toward the context and the larger scale of the Cranbrook campus. Perceptions are stimulated through the exterior of the architecture and how the architecture reacts to the forces of the site. The body is anchored by the group of people interacting with the architecture. The programme responds to the scale of the body in how the people utilize the space. The scale of the hand nestles into the architecture through the details and materials. As an individual experiences the architecture, moments made through the details penetrate through, invoking intrigue and delight.

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Intentions Toward Technology of Site

Cranbrook as a school has always been influenced by technology, however traditions have always been celebrated through the architecture found speckled throughout the campus. The introduction of a wellness center in one of the most tranquil portions of campus presents a dialogue of how Cranbrook, as a community, could be developing. Proposing the inclusion of a wellness center, which promotes overnight guests, incorporates the traditions of the “artists in residence” and creates two separate functions for a wellness center. There is a place for individuals to spend the day, as a more public function, and there is a place for individuals to spend a greater amount of time, overnight. both of these functions communicate the desire for a separation between the two. There becomes a specialization in what each function offers to the individual, creating two zones - one for the day user and one for the overnight user.

Intentions Toward Technology of Body

The programme of a wellness center requires an amount of technology in order to keep the zones hygienic and comfortable. However, this technology does not want to be put on display, revealing a disconnect from the individual becoming well and the architecture’s functional role. A wellness center desires to be a mediator between an individual and their wellness journey, not a distraction. Therefore, the technology at the level of the body is to be subdued, supporting the wellness of individuals, but in the background.

Intentions Toward Technology of Hand

The details and materials found within Cranbrook are vast and intricate. In response to the traditions of Cranbrook, the materials respond contextually, however with the implementation of technology, the application of detail manipulates traditional uses, and harvests an architecture that portrays novelty and molds elegantly within the campus.

Studios AdditionFigure 1:

natatorium EntryFigure 2:

Archives AdditionFigure 3:

SCALE: 1” = 50’

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Site Strategy

Site Strategy

The site for the wellness center is on the north side of the grand allée, directly east of the natatorium. The site was chosen because of the prominent disconnect between the natatorium and the drop-off to the east, enabling a desire to intervene the promenade. The site influences include the axis of the grand allée, a rhythm from the trees to the north, and a zoning created through the natatorium’s response to the grand allée. Each of these influences have more minute forces acting on them from the larger context as well. forces pertaining to portal, promenade, and nesting.

Site force DiagramFigure 5:

Site, body, and Hand Plan DiagramsFigure 4:

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Context Site PlanFigure 6:

Site Plan

The wellness center is situated straddling the grand allée and the trees to the north. The grand allée is the more public zone of the wellness center, and the interior reacts to that programmatically. The tress form more of a private zone, and the spaces within the wellness center respond to that as the individualized rooms protrude into the forest.

Grand Allée AxisFigure 7:

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Site Strategy

Grand Allée (looking west toward the natatorium)Figure 8:

ZoningFigure 9: Rhythm + PromenadeFigure 10:

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Integrated Strategies


The integration of components within the architecture is vital for the success of the wellness center at Cranbrook. The programmatic spaces of the wellness center are to be enlightening, however not distracting from the objective. Careful consideration toward the masking, as well as revealing, of elements was implemented. These considerations are applied through physical, visual, and performance methods. Physically by the manipulation of finishes, visually by hiding active and passive systems, and through the duality of architectural elements, performance integration is achieved.

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Physical Integration

Through the implementation of a manipulated ceiling, a plenum is created in between the inhabited space and the floor above. This plenum space allows the opportunity to create an experience for the user, apart from the requirements of the function. Within the plenum, methods such as structure, HVAC, and lighting are contained. In hiding these elements, a notion of programmatic zoning, as well as thermal zoning, can occur.

Visual Integration

The visual integration of the thermal, HVAC, lighting, and experiential components creates a phenomenon, which enlightens the user past the distractions of function.

Performance Integration

The performance of architectural elements lies within the integration of specialized components. opposed to using only a monolithic notion of construction, a layered construction where each element specializes in a specific objective is utilized.

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inhabited space

integrated lighting

integrated HVAC

integrated structure

integrated performance

exterior

Integration DiagramFigure 11:

Analysis +

Conjectures

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Precedence

Kunsthaus Bregenz - Peter Zumthor

Zumthor creates a phenomenal experience by lifting boxes in the Kunsthaus and dropping the ceiling to minimize the distractions within the space. He also has an intriguing moment as one moves from the exterior to the interior. It is as though an individual is walking through a portal, and goes through a transformation in someway.

Kunsthaus bergenz, Peter Zumthor, Threshold DetailFigure 12:

Kunsthaus bergenz, Peter Zumthor, Ceiling DetailFigure 13:

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GSW Headquarters - Sauerbruch + Hutton

The GSW Headquarters utilizes a double skin wall in order to flush out stale hot air, as well as bring in fresh air through the building. This notion begins to mesh together passive strategies or cooling and ventilating, as well as methods of construction and details.

Ventilation DiagramFigure 14:

GSW Headquarters, Sauerbruch + Hutton, facadeFigure 15:

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Code

Code

The building code establishes requirements, but also allows for opportunities in design, and in doing so the code proves an effective design. Specifics pertaining to fire code, occupancy, and accessibility are portrayed most thoroughly in the wellness center at Cranbrook.

Analysis +

Conjectures

The function of a building egresssystem is to conduct the occupantsof the building to a safe place incase of a fire or other emergency. Inmost instances that safe place is apublic way or other large openspace at ground level. For the occu-pants of the upper floors of a tallbuilding,or for people who are inca-pacitated or physically restrained,the safe place may be a fire-pro-tected area of refuge within thebuilding itself.

Although the model buildingcodes differ in their approaches tosizing the components of an egresssystem, their requirements for theconfiguration of egress systems aresimilar and are summarized togeth-er in this section.

A building egress system hasthree components:

1. The exit access conducts occu-pants to an exit. The most commontype of exit access is an exit accesscorridor, but it may also be anaisle, a path across a room, or ashort stair or ramp.

2. The exit is an enclosed, protect-ed way of travel leading from theexit access to the exit discharge.From a ground floor room or exitaccess corridor, it may be simply adoor opening to the outdoors, or anenclosed, protected exit passage-way leading to such a door. From aroom or an exit access corridor ona story above or below grade, it isusually an enclosed exit stairway,or sometimes an enclosed exitramp.

3. The exit discharge is a means ofmoving from an exit to a publicway. It may be as simple as a dooropening from an enclosed exitstairway to the street, but it can alsobe a protected exit corridor to anexterior door, or a path across aground floor vestibule or lobby.

These three components of anegress system are discussed ingreater detail on the pages that fol-

low. Also included are simplifiedstandards for the preliminarydesign of these components, con-densed from the model buildingcodes treated in this book.

The standards summarizedhere apply to new buildings. Forexisting buildings, certain of thestandards aremorepermissive;con-sult the appropriate building codefor details.

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COMPONENTS OF THE EGRESS SYSTEM

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THE EXIT ACCESS

EXTERIOR CORRIDORS

Exit access corridors may be openbalconies on the exterior of abuilding. Such access ways shouldbe designed to prevent the accu-mulation of standing water, and incold climates, should be protectedfrom the accumulation of snow byoverhangs or roofs above.

DEAD-END CORRIDORS

Dead-end pockets in exit accesscorridors are undesirable, but theyare tolerated for most buildingoccupancies within the lengthrestrictions listed for each modelcode on pages 266–267 and274–275.


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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

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Example

0.15

”

0.2”

0.3”

0.4”

0.5”

1.0”

Width peroccupant

0.7”

Clear width of corridor and stair

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of 3’-0” doors

Number of 3’-4” doors

Number of 4’-0” doors

Number of pairs of 3’-0” doorswithout center mullion

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4

60” 80” 100” 120” 140” 160” 180”36” 44” 200” 220”

0.6”

EGRESS WIDTHS: INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE


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An Architect’s Studio Companion (p.247)Figure 16:

An Architect’s Studio Companion (p. 249), Dead End Figure 17: Corridors


Research

Architect’s Studio Companion

Through the utilization of the Architect’s Studio Companion, a general sense of the building code, specifically the International Building Code, can be established. by understanding and design with the code, the design for the wellness center can truly succeed.


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MISCELLANEOUS EGRESSREQUIREMENTS

Minimum Numberof ExitsNormally, each floor of a buildingmust have at least two exits, and notless than the minimum listed in thefollowing table.

Buildings of limited height andoccupancy may, under some cir-cumstances, have only one exit:

• Single-story buildings of Occu-pancies A, B, E, F, M, and U havingnot more than 50 occupants and amaximum travel distance of 75 ft(23 m)

• Single-story buildings of Occu-pancies H-2 and H-3 having notmore than 3 occupants and a maxi-mum travel distance of 25 ft (8 m)

• Single-story buildings of Occu-pancies H-4, H-5, I, and R havingnot more than 10 occupants and amaximum travel distance of 75 ft(23 m)

• Single-story buildings of Occu-pancy S having not more than 30occupants and a maximum traveldistance of 75 ft (23 m)

• Buildings of Occupancies B, F, M,and S having not more than 2 sto-ries and 30 occupants, and a maxi-mum travel distance of 75 ft (23 m)

• Buildings of Occupancy R-2 hav-ing not more than 2 stories and 4dwelling units per floor, and a max-imum travel distance of 50 ft (15 m)

• Buildings of Occupancy R-3

Emergency Exterior Dooror Window EgressIn Occupancies R and I-1, base-ments and each sleeping roombelow the fourth story must have anexterior door or window for emer-gency escape and rescue. Escapewindows must have a sill height ofnot more than 44 in. (1118 mm),minimum clear opening dimen-sions of 24 in. (610 mm) high by 20in. (508 mm) wide, and a minimumclear opening area of at least 5.7 sqft (0.53 m2). Emergency escapewindows and doors are permittedto open onto interior atrium bal-conies, provided that a second exitaccess that does not pass throughthe atrium is also available.Emergency escape windows ordoors are not required for:

• Occupancy R-3 bedrooms andbasements in fully sprinkleredbuildings

• Occupancy R-3 bedrooms, wherethe door from the bedroom opensto a fire-rated corridor with accessto two remote exits in oppositedirections

• Basements with a ceiling heightof less than 80 in (2030 mm)

• Buildings over 75 ft (23 m) tallconforming to the code require-ments for high-rise buildings

Egress Width CalculationsExit stair and exit discharge widthsare based on the occupant load ofthe largest single floor served —occupant loads do not normallyaccumulate from one floor to thenext. Where egress from floorsabove and below converge at anintermediate level, egress widthsfrom the point of convergence arebased on the sum of the converg-ing occupant loads. Where mezza-nines discharge through a floorbelow, egress components servingthat floor are sized for the com-bined occupant load of the floorand the mezzanine.

High-Rise andUnderground BuildingsSpecial requirements apply tobuildings with occupied floorsmore than 75 ft (23 m) above gradeor more than 30 ft (9 m) belowgrade. Most such buildings must befully sprinklered, and exits must bedesigned as smokeproof enclo-sures. See page 253 for more infor-mation about the design of smoke-proof enclosures. These require-ments do not apply to:

• Open parking garages abovegrade and fully sprinklered gar-ages below grade

• Airport traffic control towers,Occupancy A-5 outdoor sports are-nas, and some unusually tall, low-hazard industrial occupancy build-ings

• H-1, H-2, and H-3 high-hazardoccupancies conforming to the spe-cial code requirements for theseuses

• Underground fixed-guidewaytransit systems or below-grade sta-diums

• Below-grade one- and two-familydwellings in fully sprinkleredbuildings

• Buildings in which only the loweststory is more than 30 ft (9 m) belowgrade, and that story is no morethan 1500 sq ft (139 m2) in area, withan occupant load of less than 10.

Buildings with occupied floorsmore than 30 ft (9 m) below grademust have smoke control andexhaust systems. Buildings withfloors more than 60 ft (18 m) belowgrade must have each floor, up tothe highest level of exit discharge,divided into at least two compart-ments with a 1-hour separationbetween. Where elevators are pro-vided, each compartment musthave direct access to an elevator;where one elevator serves multiplecompartments, a lobby with a 1-hour separation from each com-partment must be provided.

MinimumNumber

Occupant Load of Exits

500 or fewer persons 2

501 to 1000 persons 3

More than 1000 persons 4


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USE GROUP A-3:ASSEMBLY,MISCELLANEOUS

SprinklersAn approved sprinkler system isrequired for Group A-3 occupan-cies when located on a floor otherthan the level of exit discharge,with floor area exceeding 12,000 sqft (1115 m2) or with an occupantload of 300 or more. However, asprinkler system is not required forA-3 occupancies when used exclu-sively as participant sports areasand located on the level of exit dis-charge, regardless of floor area oroccupant load. A sprinkler system

is also required for any A-3 occu-pancy with:

• A floor having an occupant loadof 30 or more located more than 55ft (17 m) above grade

• Any story or basement greaterthan 1500 sq ft (139 m2) in areawithout openings to the exterior

• Most underground portions ofthe building where occupancyoccurs more than 30 feet (9 m)below the lowest level of exit dis-charge

Fire WallsFor multiplication of the allowablearea by subdividing the buildingwith fire walls, see page 302.

BasementsA single-story basement is notincluded in area calculations, pro-vided that the basement area doesnot exceed the area permitted for aone-story building.

Excess FrontageIf more than 25% of the buildingperimeter fronts on a street or openspace at least 20 ft (6.1 m) widethat is accessible to firefightingvehicles, the tabulated area limita-tions below may be increasedaccording to the following table.For example, for a building withhalf of its perimeter accessible tofirefighting equipment via a spacenot less than 24 ft (7.3 m) wide, theallowable area increase is:

CONSTRUCTION TYPE

IBC NOMENCLATURE

MAXIMUM HEIGHTIN FEET

HEIGHT IN STORIES

MAXIMUM FLOORAREA IN SF FOR ANYSINGLE FLOOR

Spr

OCCUPANCY GROUP A-3: ASSEMBLY, MISCELLANEOUS

Unspr Spr Unspr Spr Unspr Spr Unspr

Type I-B Type II-A Type II-BType I-A

UH 75' 180' 75' 85' 65' 75' 55'

UH UA 12,000/floor

12 144,000 UA

11 132,000 132,000

10 120,000 120,000

9 108,000 108,000

8 96,000 96,000

7 84,000 84,000

6 72,000 72,000

5 60,000 60,000

4 48,000 48,000 139,500

3 36,000 36,000 139,500 36,000 85,500

2 24,000 24,000 93,000 24,000 57,000 19,000

1 12,000 12,000 62,000 12,000 38,000 9,500

UA 12,000 UA 12,000 62,000 12,000 38,000 9,500

Key to Abbreviations

UA Unlimited area Spr With approved sprinkler systemUH Unlimited height Unspr Without approved sprinkler systemNP Not permitted

Each number in the table represents the maximum total area in square feet for all floors for a building of theindicated story height.

Noncombustible

3-Hour(page 308)

2-Hour(page 309)

1-Hour(page 310)

Unprotected(page 311)

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0.80% increase x 25% excessfrontage = 20% total area increase.

Percent AreaIncrease for Each1% of Frontage*

Width of Frontage in Excess of 25%

20' (6.1 m) 0.67%22' (6.7 m) 0.73%24' (7.3 m) 0.80%26' (7.9 m) 0.87%28' (8.5 m) 0.93%30' (9.1 m) or wider 1.00%

*Intermediate values may be interpolated.

MeasurementsHeight is measured from the aver-age finished ground level adjoin-ing the building to the averagelevel of the highest roof. Floor area

is measured within exterior wallsor exterior walls and fire walls,exclusive of courtyards.

Further InformationFor information on OccupancyGroup classifications, see page 7.For information on mixed-usebuildings, see page 300. For infor-mation on which code to consult,see pages 7, 11.

Unit Conversions1 ft = 304.8 mm, 1 sq ft = 0.0929 in2

CONSTRUCTION TYPE

IBC NOMENCLATURE

MAXIMUM HEIGHTIN FEET

HEIGHT IN STORIES

MAXIMUM FLOORAREA IN SF FOR ANYSINGLE FLOOR

Type III-A

Spr Unspr

Type III-B

Spr Unspr

Type IV-HT

Spr Unspr

Type V-A

Spr Unspr

Type V-B

Spr Unspr

85' 65' 75' 55' 85' 65' 70' 50' 60' 40'

UH

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10

9

8

7

6

5

126,000 135,000 4

126,000 36,000 85,500 135,000 36,000 103,500 3

84,000 24,000 57,000 19,000 90,000 24,000 69,000 23,000 36,000 2

56,000 12,000 38,000 9,500 60,000 12,000 46,000 11,500 24,000 6,000 1

56,000 12,000 38,000 9,500 60,000 12,000 46,000 11,500 24,000 6,000

This table was compiled from information contained in the International Building Code 2000. It does notrepresent an official interpretation by the organization that issues this code.

Combustible

1-Hour(page 313)



Mill(page 312)

1-Hour(page 315)

Ordinary Wood Light Frame

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fire Code Worksheet (p. 1)Figure 22:

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Level 00

Egress Plan

Level 01

Egress Plan

Egress Diagram

Axonometric Egress Diagram (Iteration 1)Figure 26:

Egress Diagram level 00 (Iteration 2)Figure 27:


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Egress


Egress Diagram Ground level (Iteration 3)Figure 30:

Egress Diagram basement level (Iteration 3)Figure 31:

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Accessibility Diagram level 01Figure 32:

Accessibility Diagram Ground levelFigure 33:

Accessibility Diagram basement levelFigure 34:

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Code

3’ - 6”

60”

Accessibility

Accessibility Diagram for 1 Guest RoomFigure 35:

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Structure

Structure

Intent

The structure of the wellness center is established around a central poured in place shearwall along the corridor. This wall enables the separation between programmatic elements, the public and private zones. beams protrude from the shear wall and grab exterior metal stud walls. The beams act as a connection between the traditional monolithic construction and the modern layered construction. The structure is then subdued in some ways in the wellness center, however the dialogue between the shearwalls and trabeated systems are reveal in some moments. The diaphragms are structured with steel beams and concrete over metal decking.

Analysis +

Conjectures

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The top chart is for corrugated orcellular steel floor decking withconcrete slab topping. For lightloads, read toward the bottom inthe indicated areas. For heavyloads, read toward the top.

� Total depth of slab is the depth ofthe decking and the concrete top-ping. Approximate sizes for thesteel decking alone are shownwithin the chart.

� Deeper deck sections withspans of up to approximately 25 ft(7.6 m) may be available fromsome manufacturers.

The bottom chart is for corrugatedsteel roof decking. For light loads,read toward the right in the indi-cated areas. For heavy loads, readtoward the left.


STEEL FLOOR AND ROOF DECKING

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This chart is for steel wide-flangebeams and girders. For averageand light loads, read toward theright in the indicated areas. Forheavy loads, read toward the left.

� For beams acting as girders oras composite beams, read in theopen areas indicated.

� Beams or girders also acting aspart of a rigid frame for lateral sta-bility may be deeper than indi-cated by this chart.

� Typical widths of beams andgirders range from approximatelyone-third to one-half the depth ofthe member. Heavy sections usedfor heavy loads or to conservedepth may be wider.

� Depths of up to 36 in. (914 mm)are available as standard rolledsections. Greater depth beamscapable of longer spans may beshop fabricated.

STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS

Exposed steel beams and girders may be used in UnprotectedNoncombustible construction. Fire-resistance ratings of as high as 4 hoursare easily achieved with applied fireproofing or an appropriately fire resis-tive ceiling. Some building codes also allow reduced fire protection orexposed steel for roof structures that are 15 to 25 ft (4.6 to 7.6 m) or moreabove the floor.


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The top chart is for steel wideflange section columns up to 12 ft(3.7 m) tall between floors.

� For normal loads, read high inthe solid areas. For heavy loads,read lower in the solid areas. Forlight loads, read in the open areas.

� Approximate actual column sizesare shown to the sides of the bars.

� For high-strength (50 ksi or 345MPa) steel columns, sizes W8 orlarger, increase the indicated tribu-tary area by 30%.

� For columns that are at theperimeter of a building, or that arepart of a rigid frame system, selectone nominal column size largerthan shown by this chart.

� W14 sections are the largest stan-dard rolled sizes commonly used ascolumns. Larger built-up sectionscapable of carrying greater loadsmay be shop-fabricated.

� Total tributary area is the totalarea of roofs and floors supportedby the column.

The bottom chart shows the maxi-mum height permitted for eachnominal column size. The tributaryareas for average loads, at the max-imum height and at 12 ft (3.7 m),are shown next to the bars. (Thearea that can be supporteddecreases with increasing columnheight). For intermediate heights,the tributary area may be interpo-lated between these two values.

� Maximum column height mustbe decreased for columns that arepart of a rigid frame system.

� Column height may beincreased with the use of interme-diate bracing or with rigid endconnections that restrain buckling.

STEEL COLUMNS


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The top chart is for corrugated orcellular steel floor decking withconcrete slab topping. For lightloads, read toward the bottom inthe indicated areas. For heavyloads, read toward the top.

� Total depth of slab is the depth ofthe decking and the concrete top-ping. Approximate sizes for thesteel decking alone are shownwithin the chart.


The bottom chart is for corrugatedsteel roof decking. For light loads,read toward the right in the indi-cated areas. For heavy loads, readtoward the left.


STEEL FLOOR AND ROOF DECKING


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An Architect’s Studio Companion (p. 97)Figure 36:




DIAPHRAGM

CORE

SHEAR WALL

FRAME

VOLUME

ENCLOSURE

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Structurelateral load

Structural Axonometric (Iteration 1)Figure 40:

Enclosure

Volume

frame

Shearwall

Core

Diaphragm

lateral loads

Shearwalls

Initially, the lateral loads were controlled through one continuous shearwall that circulated through the central corridor of the wellness center. The cores throughout also aided in controlling the lateral loads.

Diaphragms

The shearwall and cores were connected by diaphragms (metal decking with poured concrete), which were placed over steel joists. The diaphragms were broken down into two large diaphragms per floor, separated by the central corridor.

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Structural Diagram (Iteration 1)Figure 41:


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Structure


lateral loads

Final Shearwalls

The final shearwalls have been broken into two parts, a main shearwall separating the passive and active zones, and a smaller secondary shearwall that grasps western programmatic elements. These two shearwalls, in conjunction with the diaphragms, provide the amount of lateral support and conceptual prominence needed for the wellness center.

Final Diaphragms

The final diaphragms are exaggerated through two bars, the active and passive zones. These diaphragms, which are metal decks with 4” pour concrete, are connected to the shearwalls by steel joists.

Structural Axonometric (Iteration 3)Figure 44:

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Gravity load DiagramFigure 45:

23ARCH677 Due Monday 4/16/12 Structures 4 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #1 page 2 Seismic Load Calculations Worksheet/Coversheet diaphragm EW dim.,

ft NS dim., ft

Area Self-Weight, psf

Total Weight, psf

Height above grade

R1 R2 Tot W = Self-weight is the weight of the floor/roof assembly plus mechanical allowance plus ceiling. Total weight is the roof/floor self-weight plus interior wall allowance plus exterior/ shearwall/ braced frame/ moment-resisting frame weight that bears on the diaphragm. Z = Zone 4 Hypothetical site in Southern California I = Importance factor, use type BOCA 1611.5 hn = height of building, ft. Ct = Period coefficient. Indicate material MRF or SW T = Period (sec) =

!

T = Ct hn( )34 =

S = 1.5 Soil Coefficient medium to soft clay 20 to 40 feet depth

C = Combination Factor

!

C =1.25 ST23" 2.75 =

Rw = Basic Structural System Lateral-Load System

Calculate

!

Z ICRw

= =

W, total weight = Calculate the base shear,

!

V =Z ICRw

W =

F1

44’212’212’

44’40’40’

1936 SF8480 SF8480 SF

28.25 PSF28.25 PSF57 PSF

40.75 PSF42.13 PSF70.9 PSF

16’26’14’

78892#357300#601100#

1037292#

0.40

1.15

26’

0.02

0.2303

2.75

6

0.40 x 1.15 x 2.75 / 6 0.2108

Dual System Concrete w/ OMRF

4.99

0.2303

1037292# 218661.15

Total W,per diaphragm

Alex Dever

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StructureW

orksheets

Seismic load Worksheet (p. 1)Figure 46:

23ARCH677 Due Monday 4/09/12 Structures 4 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #1 page 3 Seismic Load Calculations Worksheet/Coversheet Seismic Distribution Distribute the total seismic to each level according to the formula

!

v =wihiwihi"

V . Use this formula to distribute loads to the roof. Do not use Ft =0.07 V

W, total weight = Base shear,

!

V =Z ICRw

W =

diaphragm Wi,

lbs Hi, ft

Wihi, lb-ft

!

wihiwihi"

Vi, lb

R1 R2

!

wi" =

!

wihi" =

!

vi" =V = Calculate distributed load on each diaphragm edge. Diaphram EW direction NS direction Vi,

lb L, perp to load (NS)

w= Vi/L (NS) L, perp to load (EW)

w= Vi/L (NS)

1037292# 218.661.15

F1

54692239560483360

16’26’14’

87507262285606767040

0.0630.4490.488

13776#98179#106707#

777612 13870672 218659#

F1

1377698179106707

44’212’212’

313.1463.1503.3

44’84’84’

313.11168.81270.3

R2R1

36


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orks

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s

Seismic load Worksheet (p. 2)Figure 47:

1. Overall Building Coefficients @ 90 MPH Pv = 20.7 psf

I = 1.0 H = 26’ Exposure B GH = 1.53 Kz = 0.47

P = 20.7 x 1.0 x 1.53 x 0.47 = 14.89 psf

2. Wall and Roof Coefficients

East Wind: L/B = 40’/200’ = 0.20 h/L = 26’/40’ = 0.65 South Wind: L/B = 200’/40’ = 5 h/L = 26’/200’ = 0.13

C1

C2

C3

C1

C2

C3

3. Apply loads to all diaphragms

EAST Proj. H x Cp = Cp x H x 14.89 =Roof:

12/2 x 0.8 = 4.8 x 14.89 = 71.472 plf6 x 0.7 = 4.2 x 14.89 = 62.538 plf6 x 0.5 = 3 x 14.89 = 44.67 plf

Floor:7 x 0.8 = 5.6 x 14.89 = 83.384 plf7 x 0.7 = 4.9 x 14.89 = 72.961 plf7 x 0.5 = 3.5 x 14.89 = 52.115 plf

Foundation:7 x 0.8 = 5.6 x 14.89 = 83.384 plf7 x 0.5 = 3.5 x 14.89 = 52.115 plf

200’

26’

26’

40’

East Wind

South Wind

West SouthC1 0.8 0.8C2 -0.7 -0.7C3 -0.5 -0.2

12’14’

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Wind load Worksheet (p. 1)Figure 48:

3. Apply loads to all diaphragms, continued...

SOUTH Proj. H x Cp = Cp x H x 14.89 =Roof:

12/2 x 0.8 = 4.8 x 14.89 = 71.472 plf6 x 0.7 = 4.2 x 14.89 = 62.538 plf6 x 0.2 = 1.2 x 14.89 = 17.868 plf

Floor:7 x 0.8 = 5.6 x 14.89 = 83.384 plf7 x 0.7 = 4.9 x 14.89 = 72.961 plf7 x 0.2 = 1.4 x 14.89 = 20.846 plf

Foundation:7 x 0.8 = 5.6 x 14.89 = 83.384 plf7 x 0.2 = 1.4 x 14.89 = 20.846 plf

4. Apply forces against the area of elevation

Cp = 0.8 + 0.5 = 1.3East

Cp = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1South

East Roof: 14.89 x 12’ x 1.3 = 232.284 plf x 40’ = 9,291.36# Floor: 14.89 x 14’ x 1.3 = 270.998 plf x 40’ = 10,839.92#South Roof: 14.89 x 12’ x 1.0 = 178.68 plf x 200’ = 35,736# Floor: 14.89 x 14’ x 1.0 = 208.46 plf x 200’ = 41,692#

5. Compare Wind and Seismic forces at each level

200’

40’

200’

40’

Roof

Floor

East: 232.284 plf

East: 270.998 plf

South: 208.46 plf

South: 178.68 plf

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Wind load Worksheet (p. 2)Figure 49:

Wor

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StructuresHomework #3

Alex Dever

1. Roof 1A. Materials - Wood

200’

40’

B. Wind South - 89.34 PLF East - 116.1 PLF

C. Seismic EW - 452.9 PLF NS - 2,264.4 PLF

D.

200’

40’

452.9 PLF (seismic)

2,264.4 PLF (seismic)

E. 452.9 x 200/2 = 45,290# √ = v/B = 45,290/40 = 1,132 PLF

2264.4 x 40/2 = 45,288# 45,288/200 = 226.5 PLF

HIGH-LOAD STRUCT I PLYWOOD 1/2” 10d NAILS 3 LINES 10d @ 4” S. PINE 4” FRAMING (BLOCKED) MAX SHEAR √ = 1,305 PLF

39


Structure

Diaphragm Design Worksheet (p. 1)Figure 50:

Worksheets

2. Floor 1A. Materials - Wood

200’

40’

B. Wind South - 104.23 PLF East - 135.4 PLF

C. Seismic EW - 492.6 PLF NS - 2,463 PLF

D.

200’

40’

492.6 PLF (seismic)

2,463 PLF (seismic)

E. 492.6 x 200/2 = 49,260# √ = v/B = 49,260/40 = 1,231.5 PLF

2,463 x 40/2 = 49,260# 49,260/200 = 246.3 PLF

HIGH-LOAD STRUCT I PLYWOOD 1/2” 10d NAILS 3 LINES 10d @ 4” S. PINE 4” FRAMING (BLOCKED) MAX SHEAR √ = 1,305 PLF

3 & 4.

200’

26’ - 45,290# = 226.45 PLF14’ - 49,260# + 45,290# = 94,550/200 = 473 PLF

SHEARWALL STRUCT I PLYWOOD 15/32” 10d NAILS @ 4” S. PINE MAX SHEAR √ = 510 PLF

40


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Diaphragm Design Worksheet (p. 2)Figure 51:

Wor

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41


Structure

41


Page Intentionally left blank

43


Environment

Environment

Bloomfield Hills, MI is a cold climate, therefore the wellness center at Cranbrook must respond to that environment accordingly. notions of thermal massing, shielding east and west facades, thermal flu, and day-lighting were explored. Active and passive systems were implemented through careful consideration of the environment and climate.

Analysis +

Conjectures

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Climate Data from lechnerFigure 52:

Climate Data for the Region of Bloomfield Hills, MI

45


Environment

Climate Data from lechnerFigure 53:

Research

Passive solar heating – 3 Types!

Diagrams from Lechner

!"#$%&'#()#*+$,&-.#+&#&+-.'/#$&/#00&01'2#3.&#*(&+-.&-.#+&4)$$&'.5'#()#+.&)*+"&+-.&)*+.'*#$&06#3.7&

!"#$%

&'(%

&))(

46


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The three main types of passive solar space-heating Figure 54: systems, (a) direct gain, (b) Trombe wall, and (c) sun space. from lecture on passive strategies.

Research

Passive Strategies

There are three ways to heat a space, through direct sunlight - implemented throughout the wellness center, through a trombe wall - accomplished through the central shearwall, and through sun space - which was not included in the wellness center. Each of these strategies prove to be effective ways of heating a space in Bloomfield Hills, MI.

Thermal baths, Peter ZumthorFigure 55:

Thermal Baths, Peter Zumthor

The Thermal baths in Vals create a fabulous effect of lighting a space. Through small slits in the ceiling, light trickles through the plenum down into the space. These moments of light began to shape the intent of the space and incorporate the integration of systems. The plan diagram below also begins to reveal moments of zoning that are so critical in a bath house, or a wellness center.

Plan Diagram of the Thermal bathsFigure 56:

47


Environment

Active System

s

Mechanical Systems Diagram (Iteration 1)Figure 57:

Mechanical Systems

Initial Distribution

The initial distribution of the mechaical systems proved to be a failure in some ways. Although the system was centralized, the air from the pool spaces mixed with the air from the dry spaces, causing problems of odors and hygiene.

Mechanical Supply Mechanical Return Mechanical Ventilation Radiant flooring

Mechanical Systems

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Mechanical Systems Diagram Level 01Figure 58:

Mechanical Systems Diagram Ground LevelFigure 59:

Mechanical Systems Diagram Basement LevelFigure 60:

NameLocationLatitude 42.6Longitude -83.6daylight savings? yesTime Zone EST (GMT -5)Climatic Data see Climatic Data worksheet

Note: ASC = Architect's Studio Companion by Ed Allen

Thermal zone temperature humidity temperature humidityA 75 60 70 50B 75 50 70 40C 75 80 70 70D 75 80 70 70

Analysis:

zone SF fan room intake exhaustA 5000 350 10 10B 1500 N/A N/A N/AC 700 300 3 4D 1200 300 4 5

zone SF main supply main return branch supply branch returnA 5000 2 2 3 3B 1500 N/A N/A N/A N/AC 700 1 1 1 1D 1200 1 1 1 1

Graphics:

Cooling capacity in tons * length width height * Based on 1 ton/400sfA 17'1" 7'-3" 4'-11" 12.5B N/A N/A N/A N/AC 10'-10" 7'-3" 4'-11" 1.75D 10'-10" 7'-3" 4'-11" 3

Project Location

Air Handling Equipment

diagram (in axon) location of equipment, intake, exhaust and duct distribution

HVAC Spatial Req from ASC

Bloomfield Hills, MI

typ dims of package unit (ASC)

Cranbrook

Comfort Zonesummer winter

Room Area (sf)

Duct Area (sf)

For each space, how much of the year do you require heating or cooling?

49


Environment

Active System

s

HVAC Worksheet (p. 1)Figure 61:

Graphics:

Cooling capacity in tons * length width height * Based on 1 ton/400sfA N/A N/A N/A N/AB N/A N/A N/A N/AC 3' 4' 3' 0.16D 6' 8' 3' 1.5

Graphics:

zone HDD square footage cubic footage ACHA 7,262 5000 1B 7,262 1500 1C 7,262 700 6D 7,262 1200 6

zone air speed heating type distributionA Convection AirB Convection AirC Radiant WaterD Radiant Water

Graphics:

zone CDD square footage cubic footage ACHA 547 5000 1B 547 1500 1C 547 700 6D 547 1200 6

(in tons) (sf) dimensions ofzone distribution cooling capacity space for eqpt package unitA Forced AirB Forced AirC Forced AirD Forced Air

Graphics:diagram location of equipment for cooling

Heating

Cooling

typ dims of package unit (ASC)

diagram location of pool equipment

diagram in plan and section location of equipment

Pool Equipment

diagram location of air handling equipment

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HVAC Worksheet (p. 2)Figure 62:

51


Environment

Passive Systems

Cavity Wall Ventilation DiagramFigure 63: Day-lighting + Radiant Heating DiagramFigure 64:

Passive SystemsCavity Wall Ventilation System

The southern facade of the wellness center is made up of a pre-fabricated concrete panel rainscreen, followed by a 2” air cavity. This air cavity acts as a thermal flu, thus extracting the hot stale air from penetrating the building envelope.

Day-lighting + Radiant Flooring

Ample amount of light is welcomed into the spaces with windows that reach up to 7 feet above the finished floor, decreasing the amount of electrical lighting needed within the spaces. Radiant floors are also utilized in the therapy zones, which helps decrease the reliance on mechanical heating.

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natural Ventilation Diagram, SectionFigure 65:

natural Ventilation Diagram, PlanFigure 66:

Natural Ventilation

The central corridor through the wellness center allows for natural ventilation as there is cross ventilation available thru the corridor. There are also openings in the cavity of the atrium to allow air to move thru and out, creating a cross axial ventilation.

53


Environment

Day-lighting

Sun-peg chart at 08:30Figure 67:

Western sun at 08:30Figure 68: Eastern sun at 08:30Figure 69:

Day-lighting Sun-peg Chart

At 08:30

In the morning, day-lighting is kept to a minimum in the therapy spaces. However, as individuals begin to interact with the wellness center, shafts of light begin to illuminate, allowing moments of light to enter carefully.

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Day

-ligh

ting



At 15:30

As the afternoon passes, more light begins to enter at specific moments within the space. The meditation alcove has light pierce through the overhead opening, allowing the inhabitant to be washing in light. At the entry of the therapy pools, the light shaft begins to glow even brighter, developing a soft affect as the dappled light enters.

55


Environment

Day-lighting



At 16:30

late in the afternoon, the light shaft glows to it’s full extend, signifying that the day, and wellness center, is coming to a close. The meditation alcove on the first level begins to loose it’s luster as the light is pinched closed and the shadows envelop the space.

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Day

-ligh

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At 17:30

In the early evening the wellness center begins to become a darker, cooler space. The central corridor is almost all that remains illuminated, and moments where light once infiltrated have become desolate. The active lighting system will begin to reveal to the exterior what might happen in the wellness center after the sun goes down.

Not all activities within a buildingnecessarily benefit equally fromdaylighting, and an analysis of thedaylighting needs of the variouscomponents of the program canhelp guide decisions regardingwhere each component may belocated. For example, vertical cir-culation, bathrooms, and storagegain little if any benefit from day-lighting and can be located in por-tions of the floor plate that daylightcannot reach. Or such functions canbe grouped on the east and westends of a building, acting as shieldsagainst these problematic expo-sures.

A critical factor in daylightingdesign is the treatment of ceilingheight, especially close to the exte-rior. Considering the section dia-gram on this page, the exterior wallcan be divided into three distinctzones. The portion of the wallbelow 30 in. (760 mm), roughly thelevel of a typical work surface,makes no significant contributionto daylighting. Openings in themiddle portion of the wall, up toapproximately 7 ft (2.1 m), providedaylighting in areas closest to theopening and offer exterior views.To maximize the effectiveness ofdaylight illumination deeper in thespace, the window opening mustextend above 7 ft (2.1 m), necessi-tating a ceiling as high as possibleand the avoidance of spandrelbeams or other elements close tothe perimeter that can obscure thisportion of the wall opening.This cri-terion places significant constraintson the planning of structural andmechanical building systems, suchas the location of deep beams orHVAC ductwork, and must be con-sidered in the earliest stages ofdesign if it is to be achieved. (For

more detailed information aboutwindow opening height and day-light horizontal penetration, seepages 237–239.)

For a task area to benefit signif-icantly from daylight illumination, asource of daylight, such as a win-dow, skylight, or a surface off whichdaylight is reflected,must be direct-ly in line of sight with that task area.

Partitions, structural elements,mechanical and electrical systemcomponents, furnishings, and otherelements that extend above thelower third of the space should bearranged to minimize their poten-tial to obstruct daylight sources.Seepage 238 for more informationabout configuring interior ele-ments for optimal daylighting.

BUILDING INTERIOR CONFIGURATION

232

Circulation and service areas

N

No useful daylight

Full daylight illumination closest to the window opening

Partial daylight illumination deeper into the space

This upper area is most critical for daylight penetration deep into the space.

This middle area provides view and daylight, especially within the first 12'- 15' (4 - 5 m) of the interior.

2'-6

"(7

60 m

m)

4'-6

"(1

.4 m

)

Ceiling height can be lowered away from the wall opening without negative impact on daylighting.

DAYLIGHT ZONES AND THE WINDOW WALL (Thanks to Joel Loveland,University of Washington Department of Architecture and Seattle LightingDesign Lab for the concept of this diagram).

SHIELDING EAST AND WESTEXPOSURES

ALLEN_(223-242)Daylt_3rdpas_rev 6/26/01 5:58 PM Page 232 (Black plate)

57


Environment

Day-lighting


West + East Exposure Shielding DiagramFigure 80:

Skylights providing specific day-lightingFigure 81:

Day-lighting Strategies

Shielding the West + East Exposure

The western and eastern elevations of the wellness center are covered from the direct light from the morning and evening. This is accomplished through the grasping affect of the architectural gesture. Specific moments on the southern elevation allow glimpses of light to enter certain spaces, as well as the introduction of skylights.

Skylights

Skylights are implemented throughout the therapy zone of the wellness center. These skylights allow light to enter at direct moments, enticing individuals to filter through the baths. The skylights act as deep voids in the ceiling, accepting light through them, but keeping users from peeking outside.

59


Construction

Construction

The construction of the building envelope begins to integrate technology with the vernacular of Cranbrook. Moments of pre-fabricated metal panels are sprinkled throughout the traditional materials incorporated in the wellness center. The traditional materials of concrete, stone, and brick are manipulated to respond with Cranbrook vernacular, however is used in a modern method, such as a rainscreen featured on the exterior of a structural wall.

Analysis +

Conjectures

Architecture Research Office

Wednesday, May 2, 2012

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Precedence

Architecture Research Office

This precedence is importance to note due to the exploration of skin, in regard to something that wraps a building in the modern age, as it covers and in way takes over the poured concrete. The response to materials is prevalent and show a response of the careful detailing that needs to go into the construction of the building envelope.

ARo DetailFigure 82: ARo Elevation of SkinFigure 83:

Concrete Paneling

The concrete paneling feature here is similar to that what will be implemented in the wellness center. The way that the panels can be manipulated in numerous forms is an important concept, as well how the panels are hung on the structure

Concrete Paneling DetailFigure 84:

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Construction

Research

Metal Paneling

The metal paneling featured in the lock-keeper’s Graduate Center is a precedence worth mentioning, due to the importance placed on the detail of the joint. The metal panels are placed in line with great intention as the apertures respond to the shape and lines of the panels. The metal paneling detail at the bottom right also helps to reveal how the corner is made with the panels, as well as how the construction and structure of the joints are accomplished.

lock-keeper’s Graduate CenterFigure 85:

lock-keeper’s Graduate Center DetailFigure 86:

Metal Paneling Figure 87: Detail

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Sketches

These few sketches aided in the process of the construction intent. Moments of expression of structure, followed by the suppression of structure were developed. notions of wrapper and connection were explored, and how each responds to the structure within. Thermal and moisture barriers were introduced, and ideas on how those can be incorporated and specialized within the design were implemented.

Sketch from Ed ford’s, The Architectural DetailFigure 88:

Sketch from Ed ford’s, The Architectural DetailFigure 89:

Sketch of connection detailsFigure 90: Sketch of skin (wrapper) detailsFigure 91:

SCALE: 1” = 1’-0”

63


Construction

building Envelope

Initial Detail SectionFigure 92:

Initial Detail Section PerspectiveFigure 93:

Initial Construction Details

Section Meets the Sky

The section to the right reveals the initial thoughts on constructing the detail. Moments of aperture are explored through the way light is allowed into the space. The dropped ceiling is explored through the manipulation of surface to allow mechanical systems throughout the plenum. A more rigorous approach toward the construction of the exterior facade paneling was made evident in further details.

Section Perspective

The section perspective below begins the initial exploration of how the building envelope can influence the interior spaces. With the integration of the plenum, manipulation of the interior has the ability to respond out of congruence with the exterior. The line of ground and sky is made clear, and also reveals the opportunities within. The skin of the building is made clear to be explored further.

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Detail Section PerspectiveFigure 94:

building Envelope

Section Perspective

The section perspective above begins to reveal the intent of construction, as well as the overall architectural intent. The dialogue that ensues between the pre-fabricated metal panels and the pre-fabricated concrete panels begins to elaborate on the advancement of technology, as well as responding to the vernacular material palette. The apertures within each envelope tell the story of what is happening on the interior, above is more private and less accepting of outside on-lookers. The space below allows people on the outside the ability to view into the space at certain moments, rendering the space more public. The cavity that circulates through the central core of the wellness center is made evident as there is a bridge between the active and passive zones. The

poured in place shearwall is grounded clearly in it’s ability to structure the wellness center, as well as conceptually separate the active and passive zones. The passive zone can be seen as it responds to the landscape, dropping down twelve feet with the topography. This also allows views from active zones, across and into the forest.

65


Construction

building Envelope

building Envelope Datail

Pre-fabricated Panels

Utilizing pre-fabricated metal and concrete panels enables the intentional manipulation of aperture, threshold, and pattern. These panels allow a contextual response to the Cranbrook campus, while also responding to the modern industrialization, each layer responding to a specific need.

Exploded Axonometric

The axonometric below analyzes the construction of the plunge pool and steam/sauna spaces. from the exterior, the construction contains pre-fabricated metal panels, secondary structure, impervious material, sheathing, insulation, structure with insulation, sheathing, and the interior finish. The plunge box also has apertures on the east and west facades to accept a dramatic lighting effect during the early morning and late evening.

Exploded Axonometric of Plunge PoolFigure 95:

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Building Meets the Sky DetailFigure 96:

building at the Aperture DetailFigure 97:

Building Meets the Ground DetailFigure 98:

Details

Building Meets the Sky

At the corner where the exterior wall meets the roof, the roof line is suppressed. This is accomplished as the exterior concrete paneling laps over the roof structure. A two inch gap between the wall structure and paneling allows air to move through and exchange, this aids in the thermal capacity of the exterior wall structure.

Building at the Aperture

To allows day-lighting into the wellness center, apertures along the southern facade are placed carefully, according to the space inside. from the exterior, the aperture appears to be minimized as it is apart of the exterior construction. The glass is fritted to allow light, but not too many on-lookers from the outside. from the interior, the wall construction is exaggerated through the deep expression of the opening.

Building Meets the Ground

At the ground, the wellness center situates itself elegantly into the foundation. The foundation incorporates a slight reveal, to make the building seems as though it has been extruded from the ground. This is achieved similarly as the sky condition, where the paneling extends beyond the wall structure. The reveal also contains a strand of lEDs, which puts an emphasis on that fact that the building is growing out of the ground. The lEDs are hidden under a modest slope from the exterior walk up to the wellness center.

SEC Technology Document

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