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Slide 1
Sean Xiaosu Tian Erina Fuse Humanitarian Inverntion in
Libya
Slide 2
Introduction
Slide 3
Libya
Slide 4
Muammar Gaddafi 1942-2011 Libyan Revolutionary and Politician
Ruled Libya for 42 years Rise in power at 1969 Coup d'tat Seeks
unification of Africa and the Arab World Libyan Civil War
Slide 5
Historical Background -Arab Spring -Tribes and Clan -Oil
Resources
Slide 6
Historical Background -Arab Spring- Tunisia December 2010,
series of violent demonstrations started in Tunisia. Ben Ali who
dictated Tunisia for 23 years fled into exile. Transition to
democracy started with new administration. Egypt Inspired by the
uprising in Tunisia, Egyptian Revolution took place. President
Mubarak was convicted to life in prison.
Historical Background -Oil Resources- Rich in oil resource in
the Eastern Libya Gaddafi focused development in Sirte and
Tripoli
Slide 9
Crisis in Libya
Slide 10
Libyan Civil War February Start of Libyan Civil War Most of
Libya under control of Libyan opposition March Gaddafis force
retakes the majority of cities UN Resolution 1973 adopted France,
UK, US intervened in Libya NATO intervenes August End of Gaddafis
regime October Gaddafi killed by the rebels
Slide 11
Timeline of Libyan Crisis February 16 demonstrations on human
activist took place at Benghazi There is nothing serious here.
These are just young people fighting each other February 23 UN
Secretary-General condemns egregious violation of human rights to
crush the revolt February 26 UN imposes UN Resolution 1970
Slide 12
Timeline of Libyan Crisis March 17 UN votes to impose no-fly
zone and take all necessary measures to protect civilians. This was
approved by 10 votes. March 19 French, UK, US military forces began
their first action for no-fly zone to deny the Libyan regime from
using force against its own people
Slide 13
UN Resolution 1970 Adopted on 26 February 2011 Immediate end of
violence and to respect international humanitarian and human rights
law Arms embargo Prevention of mercenaries Asset freeze for Gaddafi
and his relatives Travel ban for the members closely related to the
Gaddafi regime
Slide 14
UN Resolution 1973 Adopted on 17 March 2011 Complete end to
violence and all attacks and abuse of civilians No-fly zone over
Libya Authorizes all necessary means to protect civilians and
civilian- populated areas Ban on all Libyan designated flights
Strengthens arms embargo and action against mercenaries Asset
freeze on assets owned by Libyan authorities Extends travel ban and
assets freeze of resolution 1970
Slide 15
Action of International Community -NATO -Arab League -African
Union -Russia -China
Slide 16
Action of NATO March 31 Starts Operation Unified Protector;
arms embargo, no-fly zone and actions to protect civilian and
civilian centers April 30 launches missile attack in Tripoli
Slide 17
Action of NATO June 1 NATO extends its mission for 90 days June
27 International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi
and his brother in law for crimes against humanity including murder
and persecution August 18 International Criminal Court plans to
negotiate the transfer of Gaddafi and his members for crime against
humanity August 24 Rebels captured Gaddafis son and controlled
Tripoli
Slide 18
Action of Arab League 22 February Criticized indiscriminate
bombing and mercenarys use of heavy weapons 12 March Call on
security council to impose no-fly zone over Libya 20 March Moussa
(Egyptian diplomat) criticizes that bombing is not the aim of
no-fly zone 28 August National Transitional Council formally
recognized as the Libyan new assembly
Slide 19
Action of African Union 20 March Demanded ceasefire of the
aerial bombing 30 June-1 July Malabo Summit: roadmap consultation,
criticism on French army weapon provision 20 September National
Transitional Council formally recognized as the Libyan new
assembly
Slide 20
Action of Russia 19 March criticized aerial bombing of
multinational military and demanded early ceasefire 1 September
National Transitional Council formally recognized as the Libyan new
assembly 21 October Russian FM Lavrov criticizes NATO that the
resolution did not aim to murder Gaddafi
Slide 21
Action of China 23 February 8 March Emergency escape of 3860
Chinese in Libya 20 March Shows Negation insights on the aerial
bombing of multinational military (not a direct criticism) July
Chinese FM Yang holds individual conference with Libyan FM Obeidi
and Libyan executive chairman Jibril 22 August suggests approval of
National Transitional Council
Slide 22
Recap: conventional wisdom Nationwide peaceful democratic
uprising vs. ruthless dictator Gaddafis bloody agenda for ethnic
cleansing, killed thousands of peaceful protesters Gaddafi
threatened a bloodbath in Benghazi NATO intervened on legitimate
ground and was able to address the widespread humanitarian crisis
in Libya Conclusion: NATO prevented a Rwandan like genocide;
actions in Libya marks a triumph for R2P
Slide 23
Libya: the R2P test case? The origin of R2P If a state is
unable to protect its civilians from genocide, war crimes, ethnic
cleansing and crimes against humanity, then the responsibility to
protect falls on the international community Legally, morally and
politically it has only one justification for the use of force:
protect innocent civilians
Slide 24
Libya: the R2P test case? Libya: UNSC authorized the use of
force for human protection purpose without the consent of host
state for the first time since the adoption of R2P Similar cases in
the past: Resolution 794 Resolution 929
Slide 25
Libya: the R2P test case? Libya is an exceptional case in 4
ways *Gaddafis actions and words threatened massive scale of ethnic
cleansing *Notorious standing of Gaddafis regime in the region
*Conflict broke out in an extremely short time frame *little
geopolitical significance of the country
Slide 26
Criticisms on International Community
Slide 27
Criticism #1 Resolution 1973 was not tightly drawn NATOs
actions had exceeded the UN Resolution Criticisms from Russia,
China, India, Brazil, and South Africa
civilian protection vs. regime change The desire to protect
innocent civilians gave rise to UN Resolution, but the operation
switched its objective to regime change 4 key pieces of evidence
*Targeted retreating security forces *Targeted security forces in
areas that were strongholds for Gaddafi *Provided intelligence and
arms to rebels *Continued bombing after rebels rejected cease-fire
offers Likely consequences of NATOs overly expansive interpretation
of Resolution 1973
Slide 30
Criticism #2 Should (which) regional organizations be given the
gatekeeping role when relevant institutions adopt different
positions on the authorization of force? Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the League of
Arab States (LAS) and African Union (AU) The League of Arab States
played a decisive role in changing the U.S. foreign policy and
brokering the deal with China and Russia Future outlook:
Syria?
Slide 31
Evaluation
Slide 32
R2P criterion Just Cause Right Intention Last Resort //
Proportional Means Reasonable Prospects: short term Reasonable
Prospects: long term Right Authority //
Slide 33
Just Cause: ICISS report: military intervention for the purpose
of protecting civilians can be justified: large scale loss of life
or ethnic cleansing Gaddafis ominous cockroaches threat and
promised cleansing
Slide 34
Just Intention: Is civilian protection the ultimate goal or is
there an ulterior motive behind the intervention? NATO established
no-fly zone and protected the Libyan people from imminent danger
Intervention was taken place on a multilateral basis and supported
by regional opinions and people for whose benefit is intended
Critics: the goal of protecting civilians became subordinated to
the goal of overthrowing the regime
Slide 35
Last Resort: / The last resort criterion requires alternative
measures be attempted before resorting to military force.
Resolution 1970: Arms embargo, assets freeze, travel ban and
referring the case to ICC Gaddafis forces were closing on Benghazi,
left the SC a binary option Critics: little effort has been devoted
into searching for a diplomatic solution
Slide 36
Proportional Means: The scale of the intervention should be the
minimum necessary to secure the humanitarian objective in question.
NATO-led operations alleviate humanitarian crisis in Libya, but the
military actions had gone out of the scope that they were
originally agreed to. Rebels relied on NATOs airstrikes to soften
pro-Gaddafi area Amr Moussa: What is happening in Libya differs
from the aim of imposing a no-fly zone. What we want is the
protection of civilians and not the shelling of more
civilians.
Slide 37
Reasonable Prospects: short term: NATO-led airstrike operation
has achieved the humanitarian objective as it halted the
humanitarian crisis in Libya Reasonable Prospects: short term:
Murky: gun battles between rival militias, weak governance and
enforcement force, national instability Whether the prompt response
to the humanitarian crisis in Libya reflects a paradigm shift that
has found its discursive manifestation in new international norm of
the R2P remains uncertain
Slide 38
Right Authority: / The intervention was authorized by the UNSC
through the adoption of Resolution 1973. The resolution specified
the purpose of the use of force to protect civilians and limited
the means to achieve that specific end By taking the side with the
rebels and directly targeting Qadhafi, NATOs actions exceeded the
UN mandate in breach of the Charter Law
Slide 39
Slide 40
Post-War Libya First free election in the last six decades,
took place on July 7,2012 New government: constitutional democracy
respecting political pluralism and human rights? Oil rich, eastern
Libya threatens secession Militia violence and turf wars have kept
the country in chaos *The ethnic cleansing of black town of
Tawergha *Military assaults on the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi in
2012
Slide 41
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNThGzKkcLY
Slide 42
Regional Spillover Transit hub for terrorists: porous border
and weak governance Weapons proliferation from Libya Tuareg
rebellion IDPs Secession and coup in Mali