-
Journal of Wi1d1fr Diseases, 32(4), 1996. pp. 643-657
643
WEIGHTS, HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM CHEMISTRY OF SEVENSPECIES OF
FREE-RANGING TROPICAL PELAGIC SEABIRDS
Thierry M. WorkNational Biological Service, National Wildlife
Health Center-Honolulu Field Station, P.O. Box 50167,Honolulu,
Hawaii 96850, USA
ABSTRACT: I established reference values for weight, hematology,
and serum chemistry for sevenspecies of free-ranging Hawaiian
tropical pelagic seabirds comprising three orders
(Procellari-iformes, Pelecaniformes, Charadniformes) and six
families (Procellariidae, Phaethontidae, Di-omedeidae, Sulidae,
Fregatidae, and Laridae). Species examined included 84 Hawaiian
dark-rumped petrels (Pterodoma phaeopygia), 90 wedge-tailed
shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus), 151Laysan albatrosses (Diomedea
immutabilis), 69 red-footed boobies (Sula sula), 154
red-tailedtropicbirds (Phaeton rubricauda), 90 great frigatebirds
(Fregata minor), and 72 sooty terns (Sternafuscata). Hematoent,
total plasma solids, total and differential white cell counts,
serum glucose,calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, total protein,
albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase andcreatinine
phosphokinase were analyzed. Among and within species, hematology
and chemistryvalues varied with age, sex, season, and island of
collection. Despite this variation, order-widetrends were
observed.
Key words: Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel, Pierodoma phaeopygia,
wedge-tailed shearwater,Puffinus pacificus, Laysan albatross,
Diomedea immutabilis, red-footed booby, Sula sula,
red-tailedtropicbird, Phaeton rubricauda, great frigatebird,
Fregata minor, sooty tern, Sterna fuscata, he-matology, serum
chemistry, body weight.
INTRODUCTiON
Clinical chemistry and hematology arevaluable adjuncts in the
diagnosis of dis-ease in animals (Campbell, 1994; Hoch-leithner,
1994). Reference values for he-matology and clinical chemistry are
avail-able for a variety of species. In birds, ref-erence
hematology and blood chemistryvalues are most numerous for groups
thatare managed intensively in production andclinical settings.
Examples include psitta-cines, raptors, and poultry (Campbell,1994;
Hochleithner, 1994). Reference val-ues are less numerous for many
captive orfree-ranging species outside these groups.
Most literature on hematology andblood chemistry of seabirds
covers antarc-tic birds (Hawkey et al., 1989; Rosa et al.,1993) or
temperate coastal seabirds (Bal-asch et al., 1974; Wolf et a!.,
1985; Melroseand Nicol, 1992), and some of these in-volve either
smail (
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644 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER
1996
time of sampling or during the two previousbreeding seasons. I
sampled three species ofprocellariiforms including Hawaiian
dark-rumped petrels (Pterodoma phaeopygia),wedge-tailed shearwaters
(Puffinus pacificus),and Laysan albatross (Diomedea
immutabilis);three species of pelecaniforms including red-footed
boobies (Sula sula), red-tailed tropic-birds (Phaeton rubricauda),
great frigatebirds(Fregata minor); and one charadriiform,
sootyterns (Sterna fuscata).
Twenty-one and 35 Hawaiian dark-rumpedpetrels chicks were
sampled from HaleakalaNational Park on Maui (20#{176}43N,
156#{176}15W) inOctober 1993 and October 1994, respectively,and 28
adults were sampled from the same sitein July 1994. Forty-five
wedge-tailed shearwa-ter chicks and 45 adults were sampled on
Au-gust and October 1994, respectively, from off-shore islets along
southeastern Oahu includingwest and east Makoluas and Popoia
(21#{176}23N,157#{176}43W). Twenty and 16 Laysan albatrossadults
were sampled in October 1993 fromLaysan Island (25#{176}46N,
171#{176}44W) and TernIsland-French Frigate Shoals
(23#{176}45N,166#{176}10W), respectively, and 43 adults weresampled
from Midway atoll (28#{176}13N,177#{176}22W) in June 1994. I
sampled 41 Laysanalbatross chicks from Midway in June 1993,and 15
and 16 Laysan albatross chicks fromMidway and Kilauea Point, Kauai
(22#{176}13N,159#{176}26W) respectively, in June 1994.
I sampled 35 and 34 red-footed booby adultsand chicks,
respectively, from Kanehoe MarineCorps Air Station on Oahu
(21#{176}27N,157#{176}44W) in August 1994. Fifty-three red-tailed
tropicbirds adults were sampled fromTern Island in March 1994, and
36 adults and65 chicks from Johnston Atoll
(16#{176}45N,169#{176}31W) in April 1995. I sampled 60 and 30great
frigatebirds from Laysan Island and TernIsland, respectively, in
March 1994. Thirty-fivesooty tern chicks and 37 adults were
sampledfrom Johnston Atoll in July 1995.
Birds were classified as adults or chicks andadult frigatebirds
as male or female based onplumage (Pratt et al., 1987). Lack of
sexual di-morphism precluded classification by sex oftropicbirds,
boobies, terns, albatrosses, shear-waters, and petrels. Petrels
were classified aschicks or adults based on date of collection
andpresence or absence of juvenile plumage (Si-mons, 1985).
All birds were captured manually or withlarge hand-held hoop
nets. Petrels were cap-tured with double-door wire box traps
(Simons,1985). Petrels and tropicbirds were weighed tothe nearest
10 g with a 1 kg spring scale, frig-atebirds and albatrosses to the
nearest 100 gwith a 5 kg spring scale, boobies to the nearest
50 g with a 2.5 kg spring scale, and tems andshearwaters to the
nearest 1 g with a 500 gspring scale. I assessed all birds visually
andchose only healthy animals, defined as those in-dividuals that
were in good flesh, bright, alert,resistive to restraint, and with
no detectablemorphologic or behavioral abnormalities.
Five ml of blood was procured from the cu-taneous ulnar vein in
frigatebirds, albatross,boobies, and tropicbirds using 5 ml
syringesand 20 gauge 26 mm needles. Three ml ofblood were obtained
from similar sites in pet-rels, terns, and shearwaters using 3 ml
syringesand 22 gauge 26 mm needles. One half ml ofblood was placed
in 500 i.l ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA) tubes and the
remainderin 5-ml clotting tubes. Whole blood in EDTAwas stored at 4
C for up to 8 hr prior to pro-cessing for hematology. The remaining
bloodwas allowed to clot for 12 hr at 27 C, centri-fuged, serum
decanted into 1.5 ml cryovials(Corning, Corning, New York, USA),
and fro-zen at -20 C.
For albatrosses from Midway, an extra 1 mlof blood was stored in
EDTA and analyzed forlead (Fernandez and Hilligoss, 1982) at the
Na-tional Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wis-consin (USA). Only
healthy birds with bloodlead levels at or below the limit of
detection(0.02 p.g/ml) were included in the study.
Combined heterophil and eosinophil countswere done in the field
with a Neubauer hem-ocytometer, eosinophil unopettes no.
5877(Becton Dickinson, Rutherford, New Jersey,USA) and a
microscope. Total white cell counts(103/pJ) were then calculated
(Campbell,1994). I obtained hematocrit values by spinningwhole
blood in heparinized capillary pipettes ina microhematocrit
centrifuge for 5 mm (Camp-bell, 1994). Plasma total solids were
estimatedusing a temperature-adjusted refractometer(Schuco,
American Caduceus Industries, CarlePlace, New York) (Campbell,
1994). Bloodsmears from EDTA blood were made in dupli-cate, allowed
to air dry, stored in slide boxesand returned to the laboratory for
staining andmicroscopic examination.
Prior to conducting differentials, bloodsmears for each species
were pooled, random-ized, and read blind. For differential counts,
Istained smears using Difquick (Fisher Scientif-ic, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA) and counted200 white cells under oil immersion
(1,000x).Cells were classified as heterophils,
eosinophils,lymphocytes, monocytes, or basophils based onmorphology
and staining characteristics(Campbell, 1994). Percentages were
calculatedand multiplied by the total white count to ob-tain
absolute counts of each white cell type
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WORK-WEIGHTS, HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM CHEMISTRY OF TROPICAL
SEABIRDS 645
(Campbell, 1994). I recorded presence or ab-sence of
hemoparasites.
Serum chemistry values including total pro-tein (g/dl), albumin
(g/dl), uric acid (mg/dl),calcium (mg/dl), phosphorus (mg/dl),
aspartateaminotransferase (AST) (lUlL), creatinine phos-phokinase
(CPK) (lU/L), and glucose (mg/dl),were determined at the University
of Wiscon-sin School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison,Wisconsin,
using a Kodak Ektachem 500 ana-lyzer (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, New
York).This system is a dry analyzer that uses slides onwhich the
sample is placed. The slides consistof a dry multilayer analytic
element on a poly-ester support containing specific reagents
foreach analyte. Globulin was calculated by sub-tracting albumin
from total protein. Serumchemistries were analyzed blind.
Hematology and blood chemistry valueswere summarized using
means, standard devi-ations, medians, and ranges. Chemistry
valuesfrom hemolyzed serum or analytes which werebelow the limit of
detection were excludedfrom analysis. I compared summarized
hema-tology and serum chemistry parameters usingone way analyses of
variance (ANOVA) forgroups of three or more, or t-tests for pairs.
Toadjust for test-wise error and maintain anpenment-wise error rate
of 0.05, I used a se-quential Bonferroni adjustment (Rice, 1989)for
a; a 0.003 for n = 18, the total numberof parameters compared
including weight, he-matology and chemistry. In cases where
as-sumption of normality or equal variance wereviolated, a
Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA or theMann-Whitney U test for multiple or
pair-wisecomparisons, respectively, were used. In casesof
significant differences with ANOVA, multi-ple pair-wise comparisons
were done using Stu-dent-Newman-Keuls and Dunns test for
para-metric and non-parametric procedures, respec-tively (Daniel,
1987). Statistical tests were doneusing Sigmastat (Jandel
Scientific Software, SanRafael, California, USA).
To determine age differences, I comparedchicks versus adults for
petrels, shearwaters,terns, boobies, and tropicbirds collected
fromJohnston in 1995, and albatrosses collectedfrom Midway in 1994.
Group-wise comparisonsfor great frigatebird males, females and
chickswere done separately for Tern Island and Lay-san Island. I
also compared individuals fromthe following groups to see if they
could bepooled: petrel chicks collected in 1993 and1994; albatross
chicks from Midway in 1993,1994 and from Kauai in 1994; albatross
adultsfrom Midway in 1994, Laysan Island, and TernIsland in 1993;
red-tailed tropicbird adultsfrom Tern Island in 1993 and Johnston
Atoll in1995. Great frigatebird males, females, and
chicks were compared separately between TernIsland and Laysan
Island.
RESULTS
In all species, heterophils were largerthan red cells, had a
dense homogenous,dark, blue-purple segmented nucleus, anda clear
cytoplasm packed with masses ofbrick-red fusiform granules that
partiallyobscured the nucleus. Basophils weresmaller than
heterophils or eosinophils,had a round, dense, homogenous,
unseg-mented, purple-blue nucleus, and clear cy-toplasm with many
coarse to fine purpleround granules. Lymphocytes were van-ably
sized with a round purple-bluecoarsely textured nucleus surrounded
byhomogenous blue cytoplasm with well-de-fined borders. Monocytes
were the largestwhite cell with an ameboid, finely
granularblue-purple nucleus surrounded by a paleground-glass blue
wispy cytoplasm with ill-defined borders and occasional
variably-sized vacuoles.
Eosinophils were similar in size to het-erophils with a
segmented nucleus; how-ever, granule morphology varied
amongspecies. Eosinophil cytoplasm of shearwa-ters, terns, and
petrels contained denselypacked, orange, round, plump
granules.Albatross eosinophils contained looselypacked tiny round
bright red-orange gran-ules while granules of booby eosinophilswere
somewhat larger and brighter or-ange. Great frigatebird eosinophils
con-tained loosely packed, plump, elliptical,orange granules
distributed among vari-ably sized clear vacuoles. Tropicbird
eosin-ophils had a clear to blue cytoplasm con-taining sparse
numbers of amorphous toround, large, dull-orange granules
inter-spersed with numerous small, clear, welldefined vacuoles.
Thrombocytes wereabout 75% as large as red cells, ovoid, witha
uniformly dense purple-blue nucleus anda clear to light blue
cytoplasm.
In all species, red cell morphology wasuniform and polychromasia
variable. Theonly hemoparasite seen was an intracellu-lar organism
in frigatebird red cells with
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646 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER
1996
Adult albatrosses from Midway in 1994
TABLE 1. Reference weights, hematology and serum chemistry of
Hawaiian dark rumped petrels chicks andadults from Maui.
Chicks Adults
Mean SD Range n Mean SD Range ri
Weight (g) 4955 62 390-640 53 432 32 380-500 28
HematologyHematocrit (%) 49 5 34-58 56 49 4 42-59 28Total solids
(gIdl) 3.6a 0.4 2.8-4.6 56 4.1 0.6 3.1-5.4 28Lymphocyte
(1&31p.l) 13.90#{176} 10.64 1.28-58.61 55 4.36 2.59 1.12-11.94
27Heterophil (1&3/il) 2.31 1.26 0.21-6.02 55 3.39 1.50
1.00-6.98 27Monocyte (10/p.l) 0.09 0.16 0.00-0.77 55 0.10 0.11
0.00-0.46 27Eosinophil (1034d) 0.68 0.58 0.09-2.73 55 1.99 1.24
0.50-5.45 27Basophil (104iJ) 1.16 0.68 0.18-3.26 55 1.11 0.53
0.22-2.06 27Total white cells (1&3/d) 18.14k 11.09 5.16-65.12
55 10.94 3.46 5.03-19.13 27
Serum chemistryGlucose (mg/dl) 316 35 222-375 28 329 43 256-405
21Calcium (mg/dl) 10.1 0.8 8.5-12.2 28 7.0 1.6 3.1-9.4 21Phosphorus
(mg/dl) 3.6a 1.3 1.8-8.3 28 0.8 0.3 0.5-1.3 14Uric acid (mg/dl) 22
0.6 1.2-.3.5 28 7.3 4.4 1.9-14.1 21Protein (g/dl) 2.7a 0.9 1.7-6.5
28 3.1 0.5 2.4-4.5 21Albumin (g/dl) 1.3 0.4 1.0-3.3 28 1.5 0.2
1.2-1.8 21Globulin (g/dl) 1.3k 0.5 0.7-3.2 28 1.7 0.4 1.1-2.7
21Aspartate amino-
transferase (LU/L) 106 28 71-169 28 212 116 104-667 21
Creatininephosphokinase (lULL) 114 90 23-344 23 46 16 23-72
10
a Value significantly different that value for sar ise parameter
among adul ts (P < O.(X)3).
morphology compatible to that of Hae-moproteus spp.
There were no significant differencesbetween petrel chicks
collected in 1993and 1994, so their values were pooled.Compared to
chicks, adult petrels had sig-nificantly lower weight, lymphocyte
andtotal white cell count, calcium, phospho-rus, and creatinine
phosphokinase (CPK)concentrations, but significantly greater to-tal
solids, heterophil and eosinophilcounts, uric acid, total protein,
globulin,albumin, and aspartate amino-transferase(AST)
concentrations (Table 1).
Shearwater adults had significantly low-er weight, lymphocyte
and total white cellcount, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, andCPK
concentrations, but significantlygreater hematocnt, heterophil and
mono-cyte count, glucose, uric acid, globulin,and AST
concentrations than chicks (Table2).
had significantly lower total solids, lym-phocyte and total
white counts, calcium,phosphorus, and globulin concentrations,but
significantly greater hematocrits,sinophil counts, and glucose,
uric acid, andAST concentrations than chicks from Mid-way in 1994
(Tables 3, 4).
Adult boobies had significantly lowerlymphocyte and total white
cell counts, butsignificantly greater weight, hematocrit,heterophil
and eosinophil counts, and ASTconcentrations than chicks (Table
5).
Compared to chicks, adult tropicbirdsfrom Johnston had
significantly lower lym-phocyte, eosinophil, and total whitecounts,
and calcium and phosphorus con-centrations, but significantly
greater he-matocrits and total solids (Table 6).
On Tern Island and Laysan Island, greatfrigatebird adult males
and females hadsignificantly greater hematocrits thanchicks. On
Tern Island only, femalesweighed significantly more than chicks
or
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WORK-WEIGHTS, HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM CHEMISTRY OF TROPICAL
SEABIRDS 647
TABIE 2. Reference weights, hematology and serum chemistry of
wedge tailed shearwater chicks and adultsfrom Oaliu.
Chicks Adults
Mean SD Range n Mean SD Range n
Weight (g) 467a 50 365-590 45 39() 35 315-450 45
Hematology
Ilematocrit (%) 375 3 30-43 45 48 3 39-.53 45Total sOli(l5
(g/dl) 3.7 0.3 3.0-4.4 45 3.9 0.4 3.()-4.8 45Lymphocyte (1034d)
26.04 13.49 7.61-70.05 45 12.93 6.21 3.49-27.42 45Ileterophil
(10/jil) 2.49#{176} 0.95 0.91-5.05 45 4.00 2.09 0.57-10.47
45Monocyte (1&3/p.l) 0.15 0.19 0.00-0.77 45 0.45 0.48 0.00-2.05
45Eosinophil (1&3/p.l) 0.74 2.21 0.00-14.81 45 0.48 0.51
0.00-1.95 45Basophil (1&/pJ) 0.34 0.44 0.00-2.68 45 0.31 0.31
0.00-1.05 45Total white cells (l0/d) 29.75 13.93 9.45-76.56 45 18.
18 7. 17 5.03-34.32 45
Seniiii chemistry(;hicose (mgidl) 202 23 145-255 45 248 28
202-328 42Calcium (mg/dl) 11.8k 1.2 7.8-13.8 45 8.8 1.4 3.8-10.5
42Phosphorus (mg/dl) 8.8a 2.0 5.2-13.9 44 1.6 0.9 0.5-3.6 .35Uric
acid (mg/dI) 6.2k 4,3 1.2-15.8 45 10.2 5.1 2.7-24.5 42Protein
(g/dl) 3.2 0.4 2.6-4.2 45 3.4 0.4 2.7-4.2 42Albumin (g/dl) 1.7 0.2
1.4-2.2 45 1.5 0.1 1.2-1.8 42Globulin (g/dl) 1.5 0.2 1.2-2.0 45 1.8
0.3 1.4-2.5 42Aspartate amino-
transferase (lUlL) 153 41 95-274 45 258 93 121-544
42Creatinine
phosphokinase (lUlL) 89tP 899 147-4,473 45 86 69 2.5-306 35
a Value significantly different than value for same parameter
among adults (P < 0.(X)3).
males. Females had significantly greatercalcium concentrations
than males which,in turn, had significantly greater concen-trations
than chicks. On Laysan Islandonly, adults had significantly
greaterweights, and total protein, albumin andglobulin
concentrations, but significantlylower uric acid concentrations
than chicks.Female adults had significantly greater to-tal solids,
and calcium and phosphorusconcentrations, than either males
orchicks. Male adults had significantly lowertotal solids and
phosphorus concentrationsthan chicks (Tables 7, 8).
Sooty tern adults had significantly lowerweights, lymphocyte and
total whitecounts, and calcium, phosphorus, andCPK concentrations,
but significantlygreater hematocrits and AST concentra-tions than
chicks (Table 9).
Great frigatebirds of all age and sexgroups from Laysan Island
had significant-ly greater glucose concentrations than cor-
responding groups on Tern Island. Greatfrigatebird adult males
and chicks fromLaysan had significantly lower
phosphorusconcentrations than corresponding groupson Tern (Tables
7, 8). Laysan albatrossadults from Laysan Island had
significantlygreater lymphocyte counts, glucose andphosphorus
concentrations, but signifi-cantly lower CPK concentrations
thanthose from Tern Island (Table 3). Albatrosschicks from Kauai
had significantly lowertotal solids, phosphorus, total protein,
andglobulin concentrations than those fromMidway in 1994 (Table
4).
Prenesting Laysan albatross adults fromTern and Laysan collected
in October1993 had significantly greater weight, totalsolids, and
albumin concentrations, butsignificantly lower uric acid
concentrationsthan post-incubation adults from Midwaycollected in
1994 (Table 3). Albatrosschicks from Midway in 1993 could not
bepooled with those collected from Midway
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WORK-WEIGHTS, HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM CHEMISTRY OF TROPICAL
SEABIRDS 649
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650 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, VOL. 32, NO. 4, OCTOBER
1996
TABLE 5. Referent weight, hematology and serum chemistry of reel
fcoted bo()l)y a(lultS coal chicks fromOahu.
Chicks Adults
Meami SD Range n Mean SI) llangc it
Weight (kg) 1.oa 0.1 0.9-1.2 34 1.1 0.1 0.9-1.4 35Hematology
Hematocrit (%) 44 3 37-48 34 48 3 4I-54 35Total solids (gldl)
3.5 0.4 2.8-4.4 34 3.8 0.5 3.()-4.6 35Lymphocyte (1&3/p,l)
11.40a 8.21 2.32-44.35 34 3.26 1.41 1.11-8.26 35Heterophil
(1&/pi) 3.3W 1.66 0.26-6.85 34 5.73 2.18 2.52-11.97 35Monocyte
(1034d) 0.10 0.12 0.()0-0.5() 34 0.19 0.23 0(30-0.79 35Eosinophil
(1&3/p.l) 0.28k 0.29 0.0(3-0.97 34 0.57 0.40 0.03-1.79
35Basophil (10/el) 0.14 0.14 0(30-0.59 34 0.16 0.12 0.()0-0.47
35Total white cells (104el) 15.32a 8.44 4.40-49.28 34 9.91 2.69
5.27-15.22 35
Serum chemistryGlucose (mg/dl) 179 35 94-237 32 196 43 1 13-293
32Calcium (mg/dl) 8.2 2.8 3.4-13.2 32 8.5 1.9 4.5-10.9 32Phosphorus
(mg/dl) 7.1 4.5 2.1-20.9 32 5.9 3.5 2.1-12.9 32Uric acid (mgldl)
16.2 8.8 3.0-32.7 32 13.8 7.1 3.3-27.8 32Protein (g/dl) 2.7 0.3
2.1-3.4 32 3.0 0.4 2.3-4.5 32Albumin (g/dl) 1.2 0.1 1.0-1.5 31 1.3
0.2 1.()-2.() 32Globulin (g/dl) 1.6 0.2 1.2-1.9 31 1.7 0.3 1.3-2.5
32Aspartate an)ino-
transferase (lU/L) 302 150 134-922 32 502 163 279-831
32Creatinine
phosphokinase (lUlL) 341 210 22-937 32 256 220 40-1,067 28
a Value significantly different than value for same paranie.ter
among a(hllts (P < O.(X)3).
in 1994 (Table 4). Similarly, tropicbirdadults from Tern
collected in 1993 couldnot be pooled with those collected
fromJohnston in 1995 (Table 6).
DISCUSSION
Body weights of seabirds in this studywere within ranges
observed by others(Frings and Frings, 1961; Fleet, 1974;Nelson,
1975, 1978; Flint and Nagy, 1984;Pettit et al., 1984; Simons,
1985). Thestaining method used for differentialcounts was adequate
to allow distinction ofwhite cell types; for all species,
morphol-ogy of heterophils, monocytes and lym-phocytes was similar
to that of other avianspecies (Campbell, 1994). Variation
inmorphology of eosinophils has been notedin other species (Hawkey
and Dennett,1989). Often, basophil granules werebleached and looked
like those of chickens(Hodges, 1974). Description of the para-site
identified as Haemoproteus spp. , its
parasitemia, and prevalence are describedby Work and Rameyer
(1996).
There was marked variability in hema-tology and chemistry
parameters evenwhen I controlled for age, sex, location,and time of
collection. All serum chemis-try samples were analyzed at the same
lab-oratory by the same technician, and I readall the differential
counts in attempts toeliminate human variation. However,
thesereference values (10 encompas5 severalconfounders . Although
population historywas known, individual history was not.Hence,
things like inapparent pathologicprocesses, diurnal variation
(Rehder et a!.,1982), and sex differences in species lack-ing
sexual dimorphism could contnbute tothe variability observed
here.
Had I not used the sequential Bonfer-roni adjustment to analyze
these data,many more significant differences vouldhave been noted.
Rice (1989) pointed outthat there was a 95% chance of finding a
-
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ccit) C-
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CIC)CC)
OICIt)NNNt)CCNC
C CasasCCC01It)
asNClC)N(CC C), N C 01
N CasC)CasCNN It)(C
(C it)it)it)It)lt)it)C) C)C)C)C)C)C)
ccC)10)01as
C) C) C) C) C) C) as0101010101010101
(Ccc,C)C) C It) C) , C,C? -1 01C) as as 01
C) (C It) 01 C)C) C, C) C) C C CC)C
It) N it) C) as asC)01
C) C) C) C) 0101 01 C) C
01cc (C
dIN as01asasas-mous reviewers all kindly provided
constructivecomments on the manuscript. Finally, much ofthis work
would not have been possible withoutthe assistance of the Hawaii
Department of Ag-riculture who graciously provided
laboratoryspace.
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