SEA Report Bali (ENG) (1)

1

Management and Conservation

of Water Resources

(Bali Province)

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

The current environmental issues which are increasingly widespread and

complex, are suspected to be caused by, among other things, the

development planning which is bias towards economic growth rather than the

ecology. Hence, as its accumulation, during the last decade, there has been

environmental crisis in the form of environmental disaster, an increased rate

of natural resources’ destruction as well as environmental pollution.

Consequently, the costs of environmental impact which must be borne by the

public and government are much greater than the economical benefits gained.

Sustainable development as an operational basis for the implementation of

the development as set out in the Constitution and Laws should be

mainstreamed from the early stage of the development strategy selection

process, either in the planning of periodic development, spatial layout or

sectoral development. It is necessary in order to ensure that the principles of

sustainable development have been used as the basis for and integrated in

the development of a region and or policies, plans and/or programs.

The Province of Bali is a single unit of space and ecosystem in a small island.

In terms of territory, Bali is relatively small and it does not have abundant

natural resources, but it has a comparative advantage with regard to cultural

uniqueness and natural beauty. A harmonious blend of agrarian cultural

potentials and creative human resources along with the support of the natural

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beauty will constitute a capital base to sustain the competitive advantage of

Bali as a tourist destination. In addition to the aforementioned potentials, the

building of Bali regions is focused on agriculture, tourism and handicraft

industry.

One of the issues faced by Bali in realizing sustainable development, which

includes three aspects, namely the sustainability of economic development,

social and cultural development as well as environmental protection, is

water resources. Currently, the issue of water resources does not only relate

to limited supply in terms of quantity and uneven distribution. The available

water resources tends to be inadequate to be used by humans and other

living creatures because water quality has been declining due to

contamination or pollution by a number of materials and/or substances

hazardous to water resources.

In order to realize sustainable utilization of water resources for the prosperity

of the people to the greatest extent, water resources need to be managed in a

comprehensive, integrated, and environmental-oriented manner. According to

Law Number 4 Year 2007 concerning Water Resources, water resources

management is an effort to plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate the

implementation of water resources conservation, utilization of water

resources, and control of the destructive force of water.

In order to ensure that the principles of sustainable development have

become the basis and have been integrated into the development of an area

and/or policy, plan, and/or program, Local Governments are required to

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implement Strategic Environmental Assessment (Kajian Lingkungan Hidup

Strategis or KLHS) in the formulation or evaluation of spatial layout plans

(rencana tata ruang wilayah or RTRW) as well as the detailed plans thereof,

long-term development plan (rencana pembangunan jangka panjang or

RPJP) and medium term development plan (rencana pembangunan jangka

menengah or RPJM) of provinces and regencies/municipalities; as well as

policies, plans, and/or programs (KRP) which may potentially have impacts on

and/or risks to the environment, as mandated by Law No. 32 Year 2009

In 2010, the Government of Bali Province conducted KLHS with the facilitation

of the Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, by going

through two phases, namely the Screening and Scoping Phases. As the result

of the screening phase of the KLHS implementation in Bali, an agreement had

been reached on the need to formulate alternative refinement of the KRP at

the Provincial and Regency/Municipal levels as mandated by Article 15

paragraph (2) of Law no. 32 Year 2009. The central theme agreed in the

implementation of KLHS of Bali province is Sustainable Water Resources

Management, which supports Bali as a "Green Province" (Bali Green

Province). Whereas as the result of the scoping phase, some materials have

been agreed, namely (1) Priority Strategic Issues; (2) KLHS Goals; (3) KLHS

Period and (4) the Scope of the Area of Studies.

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1.2. Purpose and Objectives

1.2.1 Purpose

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) Workshop II is intended to

be the improvement of the KLHS scoping process implementation by involving

a wider range of stakeholders

1.2.2 Objectives

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) Workshop II is the

improvement of the scoping phase of the Water Resource KLHS process in

Bali Province, with the following objectives:

1) To identify "additional" priority strategic issues of sustainable

development related to water resources management as well as the

significant impacts that need to be assessed and taken into account in

KLHS studies;

2) To formulate several sub-objectives of water resources management

KLHS of Bali Province based on the agreed priority strategic issues.

3) To prepare a list of priority development programs for each of the

priority strategic issues and sub-objectives.

1.3. Goal and Output

1.3.1 Goal

The goal of the Water Resources Strategic Environmental Assessment

(KLHS) Workshop II in Bali Province is an agreement on the priority strategic

issues as well as the sub-objectives and priority programs for water resources

development in the context of sustainable development which must be

assessed and considered in policies, plans and program (KRP).

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1.3.2 Output

The output of the implementation of Water Resources KLHS Workshop II in

Bali province is a Report on the Improvement of Water Resources

Management KLHS Scoping Process in Bali Province.

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CHAPTER II

APPROACH, PROCESS AND

METHODOLGY OF SCOPING

IMPROVEMENT

1.1. Approach

The approach applied in the improvement of Water Resource KLHS scoping

process in Bali Province was identical to the approach applied in Workshop I,

namely a combination of technocratic and participatory approaches.

a. Technocratic Approach

Technocratic approach in the scoping process of Water Resources KLHS in

Bali province was applied by using scientific thinking method and

framework. The integration of science and the principles of integrated water

resources management in Bali as a single small island ecosystem was based

on data input and valid scientific information to provide various alternatives

and recommendations for decision making, by considering the conditions and

characteristics of social, cultural, economic, institutional and biophysical

environment.

In the process of Water Resources KLHS in Bali province, the formulation of

strategic issues, analysis and assessment of carrying capacity as well as

recommendations of alternative policies, plans and programs (KRP) were

conducted based on the flow of logical framework, by using data and scientific

information, as well as by using relevant analytical models.

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b. Participatory Approach

Participatory approach in the scoping process of Water Resources KLHS in

Bali was a process of involving public participation, particularly in relation to

the efforts to ensure the representation of community inputs in decision

making (alternative KRP recommendations). This is in line with the principles

of environmental management planning, among other things, by involving the

participation of local communities and other stakeholders to accommodate

people's aspirations. Article 18 paragraph (1) of Law no. 32 Year 2009

concerning Environment Control and Environmental Management also

mandates that the KLHS shall be conducted by involving the community and

stakeholders. The involvement of the community based on norms, standards

and guidelines was implemented through Workshops, Focus Group

Discussions (FGD) and seminars.

1.2. The process of the Improvement of the Scoping and Formulation

of Sub-Objectives as well as Priority Development Programs

The scoping process of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province in Workshop

II followed the phases which are systematically presented in Figure 1, as

follows:

1) Phase I: Screening of Strategic Issues related to Water

Resources, Environment Issues and Sustainable Development

Issues

The screening of issues for Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was started with a

brief presentation on the implementation of KLHS in Bali province. All FGD

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participants were community members (representing tourism and industrial

entrepreneurs, agricultural workers and the general community groups) in

addition to stakeholders participating in Workshop I. Each community group

was guided and facilitated in discussing issues of water resources,

environment and sustainable development in Bali as well as identifying

strategic issues of water resources, environment and sustainable

development. This Phase of FGD was expected to generate new strategic

issues which were not identified in the Scoping Phase of Workshop I. The

output of this stage was a set of strategic issues for each community groups

as the result of the FGD.

2) Phase II: Synthesis and Finalization of Priority Strategic Issues

A range of strategic issues generated from the implementation of the FGD

were then synthesized with the priority strategic issues which had been

agreed in Workshop IThe synthesis was conducted through stakeholders’

discussion forum with the same participants as Workshop I. The purpose of

this phase was to improve or to add priority strategic issues based on the

inputs obtained from the FGD. The output was in the form of a final

Formulation of Priority Strategic Issues , which will taken into consideration in

the following KLHS process.

3) Phase III: Formulation of Sub-Objectives

Sub-objectives were then designated for each of the final priority strategic

issues resulting from the synthesis of the FGD and Workshop I. The

formulation of sub-objectives for each priority strategic issues was aimed at

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determining the analysis of the direction of development policies and/or plans

and/or programs in the following KLHS phases.

The Phase III was implemented trough group discussions followed by panel

discussions in order to agree upon each sub-objective of the strategic issues.

The output from this phase is the Formulation of Sub-objective for each

strategic issue.

4) Phase IV: Formulation of Priority Development Programs

Each sub-objective of each priority strategic issues agreed upon in Phase III

was followed up by the formulation of priority development programs.

Phase IV was implemented by holding focus group discussions which were

followed by panel discussions to agree on priority programs for each strategic

issue and each sub-objective. The output of this phase was the formulation of

Priority Development Programs for each strategic issues and sub-objectives.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

BRIEFING ON KLHS MATERIALS BY CONSULTANT

Identification of Additional Strategic

Issues from the Community Groups

Collection of Strategic Issues related to

Water Resources, Environment and PB

Phase I

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Scoping Improvement Process, Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority

Development Programs in Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province

Syntehsis and Finalization of

Priority Strategic Issues Prioritas

PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES AGREED ON IN

WORKSHOP I

Description of Final Priority Strategic

Issues

Formulating Sub-objectives for each Priority

Strategic Issues

• DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES

• KLHS OBJECTIVES • COVERAGE AREA

STUDIES • TERM OF STUDY

Formulation of Sub-objective for each

Priority Strategic Issues

Formulation of Priority Programs

Phase II

Phase III

FGD

Stakeholder

Discussion

Group Discussion &

Formulation of Priority Development Programs for each Sub-objectives and

Strategic Issues

Phase IV • DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES

• KLHS OBJECTIVES • COVERAGE AREA

STUDIES • TERM OF STUDY • SUB-OBJECTIVES

FOR EACH STRATEGIC ISSUES

Group Discussion &

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1.3. Methodology

The Improvement of scoping in Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province

applied several methods, namely:

1) Brainstorming method.

A method of exchanging thoughts with many people in a meeting in

order to listen to various types of information/alternatives in relation to

the topics discussed. Each participant of the discussion, based on the

principles of equality, transparency and democratcy, were facilitated to

freely convey their opinions and proposals/suggestions in discussing a

particular topic. The brainstorming method was used in the scoping

improvement process is used in the entire phases of activity

2) Meta plan method.

Meta plan method in the process of KLHS scoping improvement in Bali

Province was used in the identification or mapping of water resources

issues, environmental issues and sustainable development issues in

the FGD. Each participant of the discussion wrote or conveyed their

ideas concerning water resources issues, environmental issues and

sustainable development issues on several sheets of paper. Each

issue was written on a piece of paper. The issues raised on each sheet

of paper were subsequently grouped, categorized and paired with each

other and an agreement was then endeavored in order to produce a

series of water resources issues, environmental issues and sustainable

development issues. The meta plan method was used in this scoping

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process in order to reduce barriers of verbal communication in the

discussion process.

3) Overlay method

Overlay method is a method in which several maps are overlaid in

order to see the tendency. Technically, this method uses a number of

thematic maps of physiographic and other geophysical factors in Bali

Province, the region's ecosystems, hydrology, land use and spatial

layout planning, as well as several socio-economic aspects, as well as

social and cultural aspects. Overlay method was used in the

formulation of sub-objectives and priority development programs.

4) Matrix method

The matrik method was used in order to see the relationship between

one group and other groups. The matrix method was used in the

improvement of the KLHS scoping process in the finalization of priority

strategic issues, sub-objectives formulation and priority development

programs.

5) Network/Flowchart method

Network/flowchart method was used to see an impact of one group on

other groups, both directly and indirectly. The method was used in the

finalization of priority strategic issues, sub-objectives formulation and

priority development programs.

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6) Analogy method

Analogy method is the making of a prediction based on similar

conditions occurring in a different place/time. Analogy method was

used in the improvement of the scoping process in identifying

additional water resources issues /environmental issues and the

formulation of strategic issues and priorities.

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CHAPTER III

BRIEF PROFILE OF BALI PROVINCE

Based on the explanations of the resource persons in the Scoping

process of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province (Workshop I), the

following is a brief profile of Bali Province in relation to land resources,

climate, hydrology and forest.

1.1. Area and Administration

Bali Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia established by virtue of Law

Number 64 year 1958. Geographically, Bali Province is located in the central

part of Indonesia at 8o.03’.40” South Latitude - 8o.50’.48” South Latitude and

114o.25’.53” - 115o.42’.40” East Longitude. Bali Province is a part of the

Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. While, the boundaries of Bali

Province are, as follows:

• North : The Java Sea

• East : Lombok Straits

• South : The Indian Ocean

• West: Bali Straits.

Bali province consists of Bali island as the main island and several small

inhabited islands, namely Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Ceningan,

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and Serangan Island and uninhabited island of Menjangan Island. The total

area of Bali Province is 563,666 ha (0.29% of Indonesia).

Administratively, Bali Province is divided into 8 (eight) regencies and one

municipality, 57 sub-districts and 713 villages. The number of sub-districts in

each District/Municipality is ranging from 4 to 10 sub-districts. The

Regencies/Municipality in Bali Province are as listed in Figure 2, namely,

Jembrana, Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar, Klungkung, Bangli, Karangasem,

Buleleng Regencies and Denpasar Municipality.

Source: BPS Bali Province (2009)

Figure 2. Size, Number of sub-districts and number of villages in Bali

Province by Regency/Municipality

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1.2. Physiography

1.2.1. Topography

The relief of Bali Island constitutes a range of mountains extending from the

West to the East. Among those mountains, there are active volcanoes,

namely Mt. Batur (1,717 m) and Mt. Agung (3,142 m). Because of the range

of mountains which stretches along Bali island, the morphology of Bali Island

is divided into several units of different topographies and physiographies,

namely mountainous areas in the central part of Bali Island stretching from the

west to the east, the lowlands and the ramps which are relatively widespread

in southern areas, narrow lowland on the foot of hills and mountains in the

northern area, and hilly terrains on the southern tip of Bali island and small

islands (Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan) (Figure 3).

Adapted from the Topographic Map of Indonesia (1993)

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Figure 3. Topographic Map of Bali Province

1.2.2. Morphology

Because of the range of mountains and hills stretching across Bali province,

the slope of land is dominated slopes of more than 15%. Lands with a slope

ranging from 15 to 40% cover 171,932 ha or 30.50% of the island and the size

of land with a slope of more than 40% is 160,908 ha (28.55%). Slopes of 15-

40% are dominant in the central part of Bali Island, covering the mountain

range stretching from the west to the east, namely Jembrana, Tabanan,

Klungkung, Bangli and Karangasem. Areas with slopes of more than 40%

include the hills and soe parts of Nusa Penida Island. Whereas lands with a

slope of 0-2% only cover 106,775 ha (18.94%) and lands with a slope of 2-

15% cover 124,051 ha (22.01%). The land dominated by slopes of less than

15%, include Denpasar City, and Gianyar and Badung Regencies (Figure 4).

Adapted from Source: Bali Province Regional Planning and Development Agency (Bappeda) (2006)

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Figure 4. Map of Land Slopes in Bali Province

1.2.3. Geological Structure

The regional geological structure of Bali was initiated activities in the sea

during the Lower Myosin producing pillow lava and breccias which were

interrupted by limestone. In the southern part, there was a limestone

sedimentation which subsequently formed the Southern Formation. In the line

which bordered on the northern edge, there was a more subtle sedimentation.

At the end of Pleistocene Time, the entire sedimentation area emerged above

the sea level. At the sama time as the elevation, there was a shift causing

various parts were faulting with one another. Generally, these faults were

covered by younger organic or sedimentary rocks. In this matter, during the

Pliocene Time, a sedimentation occurred in the sea to the North of the area,

in the form of materials originating from sediments which subsequently

resulted in the Asah Formation. In the Northwest, at least parts of the rocks

emerged above sea level. Meanwhile, the sedimentation process of carbonate

rocks was increasingly dominant further to the West. At the end of Pleosin

period, the entire line was lifted and faulted, and an elevation occured.

Volcanic activities mostly occurred on land which created volcanoes from

west to east. It was in line with the occurrence of two calderas, namely first

the Buyan-Beratan caldera and then followed by the Batur caldera. The island

of Bali is still experiencing movements which cause elevation/uplifting in the

northern part. As the result, Palasari formation was elevated to above the sea

level and the island of Bali generally has a asymmetrical South – North

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crosssection. The south is lower than the north. The geological conditions of

Bali are presented in Figure 5.

Regional stratigraphy based on the Geological Map of Bali (Purbo-

Hadiwidjojo, 1971) in Bappeda Bali Province (2006), Bali geology is relatively

young. The oldest rocks was probably formed during the Middle Miocene. Bali

stratigraphy based on the Geological time is as follows:

• Quarter, spreading over the southern, northern and central part of Bali

Island. This formation is comprised of:

- Tuffs and Buyan-Beratan and Batur sediments.

- Mt. Batukaru volcanic rocks.

- Mt. Batur volcanic rocks.

- Mt. Agung volcanic rocks.

- Volcanic rocks of the subrecent peaks of Mt. Pohen, Mt.

Sangiang, Mt. Lesung.

- Lava from Mt. Pawon

- Alluvial sediment, particularly along the coast, Buyan lakeside,

Beratan and Batur Lakes.

• Lower Quarter, spreading over the western part of Bali Island. The

formation is comprised of:

- Jembrana Volcanic rocks: lava, breccia and tuffs from Mt.

Klatakan, Mt. Merbuk, Mt. Patas and combined rocks..

- Palasari Formation: conglomerate: sandstone, limestrone reefs.

- Mt. Seraya Volcanic rocks.

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• Pliocene, present along the northern coast from Temukus up to Cape

of Pulaki, and also in the eastern part of Buleleng region. The

Formation includes:

- Prapat Agung Formation, among other things, limestone,

sandstone of limestone and marl.

- Pulaki Volcanic rocks : lava and breccia.

- Sorga Formation: tufa, marl and sandstone.

- Asah Formation comprising lava, breccia, tuffs, pumice with the

stuffing of limestone.

• Miocene-Pliocene, including: South Formation: particularly, limestone

• Middle-Upper Myosin, including: Sorga Formation: tuffs, marls,

sandstone.

• Lower-Upper Myosin, including: Ulakan Formation: volcanic breccia,

lava, tuffs with an infix of limestone.

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Adapted from the source: Bappeda Bal Province (2006)

Figure 5. Geological Map of Bali Province

1.2.4. Types of Soil

There are five main types of soil spreading throughout Bali Province,

according to Reconnaissance Soil Map of Bali (1970). Those five types of

soilare (Figure 6):

1) Alluvial, comprising Alluvial Hidromorf and Grayish Brown Alluvial. This

type of soil covers an area of 27.456 ha (4,8%), scattered in the

Regencies of Jembrana, Klungkung, Buleleng and Karangasem.

2) Regosol, comprising Grayish Brown Regosol, Grey Regosol, Brown

Regosol and Humic Regosol. This type of soil covers an area of

224.869 ha (39,9%), scattered in the Regencies of Badung, Denpasar,

Gianyar, and Jembrana.

3) Grayish Brown Andosol, This type of soil covers an area of 22.976 ha

(4,1%) scattered in the Regencies of Buleleng, Tabanan and Badung.

4) Latosol, comprising Yellowish Brown Latosol, Brown Latosal, Reddish

Brown Latosol and Litosol. The type of this soil dominates Bali region in

an area of 251.185 ha (44,6%) in the Regencies of Buleleng, Tabanan,

Badung, Denpasar, Jembrana, and Klungkung.

5) Mediteran, comprising Brown Mediteran and Reddish Brown

Mediteran. This type of soil covers an area of 37.180 ha (6,6%),

scattered in the Regencies of Jembrana, Badung and Klungkung.

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Adapted from source: Bappeda Bali Province (2006)

Figure 6. Map of Soil Type in Bali Province

1.3. Climate

1.3.1. Type of Climate

Generally, the conditions of weather and climate in Bali region are highly

influenced by several matters, among other things, ocean-atmosphere

interaction, convergence activities, the meeting of air masses from the

northern and southern hemisphere, the growth of a low pressure center and

the influence of local conditions. Based on the data of average monthly

rainfall, Bali region has a pattern of monsoon rainfall. Monsoon pattern occurs

due to the air circulation process which changes direction for every six months

which pass in the territory of Indonesia, known as the west monsoon and the

northeast monsoon. The west monsoon generally causes a lot of rain (rainy

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season) taking place around January, and the east monsoon generally leads

to less rainfall (dry season) taking place around August.

Based on the classification of Schmidt-Ferguson, Bali has a climate type

ranging from types C to F climate as shown in Figure 7. The type F climate is

generally scattered in the northen and eastern coastal areas of Bali, as well

as some hilly areas in thesouthern Bali and Nusa Penida. Meanwhile, the type

C climate exists at the center of Bali Island and type D is at the central and

the western parts of Bali Island.

Source: Bali Province Bappeda (2006)

Figure 7. Map of Schmidt-Ferguson Climate Types in Bali Province

1.3.2. Rainfall

The average annual rainfall in Bali during 2008 was 1,956.04 mm.

Meanwhile, the average annual rainfall by Regency/Municipality was ranging

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from 1,660.42 – 2,436.56 mm, where the highest rainfall took place in

Tabanan Regency and the lowest was in Klungkung Regency (Figure 8).

Adapted from source: BBMKG Region III Denpasar (2009)

Figure 8. The Average Annual Rainfall by Regency/Municipality in Bali

Province Year 2008

The average monthly rainfall in Bali was ranging from 6.04 – 406.54 mm,

where the wettest month occurrs in February and the driest month occurrs in

July. Wet months, with monthly rainfall of more than 100 mm in Bali in 2008

lasted for 6 months, among other things, in January, February, March,

October, November and December (Figure 9). Jembrana, Tabanan,

Karangasem Regencies and Denpasar Municipality had seven wet months

while the other regencies had six wet months during 2008.

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Figure 9. The Average Monthly Rainfall in Bali Province Year 2008

1.3.3. Air Temperature

The average monthly temperature in Bali province in 2008 ranged from 25.0 -

27.1 oC. The highest average monthly temperature was in October and the

lowest was in July (Figure 10). October had the highest average monthly

temperature throughout the Regencies/Municipalities, where in that month,

the average monthly temperature by Regency/Municipality was ranging from

20.1 - 28.6 °C, the highest was in Buleleng Regency and the lowest was in

Tabanan Regency. In July, low temperatures took place throughout Bali with

the average monthly temperature by Regency/City ranging from 18.0 - 26.3

°C, the highest was in Buleleng Regency and the lowest was in Tabanan

Regency. Tabanan Regency had an average monthly temperature which was

relatively low throughout the year compared to other regencies/municipalities,

namely ranging from 18.0 - 20.1 oC. Meanwhile, Buleleng Regency had an

average monthly temperature which was relatively higher throughout the year

with the average monthly temperatures of around 26.1 - 28.6 °C (Figure 11).


Figure 10. The Average Monthly Temperature In Bali Province Year 2008

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Figure 11. The Lowest and Highest Average Monthly Temperature by

Regency/Municipality in Bali Province Year 2008

1.4. Hydrology and Water Resource Potentials

1.4.1. Rivers

In Bali Province, it is recorded that there are 401 rivers and 162 of them

empty into the sea. Out of the 162 rivers, there are only 11 rivers which have

watershed of more than 100 km2. Based on the characteristics of river flows,

most of the rivers are intermittent and annual rivers. Accordingly, the

utilization of water from these rivers cannot be expected throughout the year.

Only less than 11% of the rivers have water during dry seasons.

River systems in Bali are flowing from the north or the south as the result of

the division of Bali Island by the mountains stretching from the west to the

east of the island. Rivers in the south part of the mountains flow to the south

and generally their length is twice the length of rivers flowing to the north in

the north part of the mountains.

Watershed (Daerah Aliran Sungai or DAS) is the basis for the management of

river ecosystems and surface water resources. Watershed is defined as an

Adapter from source: BBMKG Region III Denpasar (2009)

24,4

18,0

26,0

26,1

26,2

25,9

25,5

26,1

26,1

27,4

20,1

27,6

27,9

28,1

28,1

28,0

28,6

28,2

05

101520253035

Jem Tab Bad Gia Klu Bang Kar Bul Den

Suhu

(der

ajat

Cel

sius

)

Terendah Tertinggi

24,4

18,0

26,0

26,1

26,2

25,9

25,5

26,1

26,1

27,4

20,1

27,6

27,9

28,1

28,1

28,0

28,6

28,2

05

101520253035

Jem Tab Bad Gia Klu Bang Kar Bul Den

Suhu

(der

ajat

Cel

sius

)

Terendah Tertinggi

28

area bordered by natural topography, where all rainwater falling in it will flow

through a river and comes out through an outlet on the river, or a hydrologic

unit which describes and uses physical-biological units and units of social and

economic activities for planning and managing natural resources.

Combination of several Watersheds becomes a Unit of River Area. The

importance of watershed as a complete planning unit is a logical consequence

for maintaining the sustainable use of the forests, soil, and water resources.

River systems in Indonesia are divided into 90 River Basin Units (Satuan

Wilayah Sungai or SWS) pursuant to Decree of the Minister of Public Works

No. 39/PRT/1989 including, more than 5,590 watersheds. Rivers in Bali

province as a whole, form a single River Basin Regional Unit (SWS) or

Regional River Unit, namely the River Region of Bali-Penida with SWS code

of 03:01. The rivers are in Bali-Penida River Region which are divided into 20

sub SWS, namely (Figure 12):

Miniterial Decree PU No. 39/PRT/1989

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Figure 12. Map of River and Sub Unit of River Region in Bali Province

1) Sub SWS 03.01.01. Includes Denpasar Municipality, Badung,

Tabanan, Gianyar and Buleleng Regencies, with an area of 555,64

km2. Most of the large rivers which are included in this Sub SWS are of

Perennial River, except the rivers which are in Hill area (Kuta Selatan

Sub-district). The greatest or dominating Watershed in this Sub SWS is

Ayung Watershed. The Area of Ayung Watershed ± 288.37 km2

passing three Regencies of Badung, Denpasar Municipality and

Gianyar Regency. The average annual rainfall in the Watershed is

relatively high, reaching 2000 mm per year.

2) Sub SWS 03.01.02. Includes Badung, Tabanan and Buleleng

Regencies with an area of 601,75 km2. Rivers in this Sub SWS are

mostly of the parennial types. The area of the rivers are dominated by

Tukad Yeh Empas Watershed with an area of 100,82 km2 and Tukad

Yeh Ho Watershed with the area of 135,76 km2, where Tabanan

Regency located. The river flow continues throughout the year, with the

rainfall around 2.200 mm per year. Other major watersheds in the area

of this river is Tukad Yeh Penet of which area flows area, include

Tabanan and Badung Regencies.

3) Sub SWS 03.01.03. Includes Tabanan Regency with an area of 288,34

km2. The area of this river is dominated by Tukad Balian Watershed

with the area of 152,9 km2. The the river flow continues throughout the

year, with a rainfall of around 2.000 mm per year. In addition to Tukad

Balian, rivers included in Sub SWS 03.01.03, are, among others, Tk.

30

Yeh Otan, Tk. Putrina, Tk. Timus, Tk. Pedungan, Tk. Payang, Tk.

Gayam, Tk. Yeh Matan, Tk. Yeh Putek and Tk. Mluang.

4) Sub SWS 03.01.04. Includes Tabanan and Jembrana Regencies with

an area of 392,37 km2. The rivers in this region are parennial rivers,

including Tk. Selabih, Tk. Yeh Leh, Tk. Yeh Sumbul, Tk. Yeh

Satang,Tk. Gumbrih, Tk. Pengyangan, Tk. Bakung, Tk. Pulukan, Tk.

Kayu, Tk. Medewi and Tk. Lebah. Most of the rivers pass forest areas,

particularly the middle and upstream areasparts, while in the

downstream they pass rice fields.

5) Sub SWS 03.01.05. Includes Jembrana Regency with an area of

158,92 km2. The main rivers in this Sub SWS are Tk. Yeh Embang, Tk.

Bilokpoh and Tk. Buah, which are parennial rivers. The upstream areas

of the rivers are in protected forest areas, while the middle parts pass

plantations and the downstream are in rice fields.

6) Sub SWS 03.01.06. Includes Jembrana Regency and covers an area

of 228,44 km2. The rivers are dominated by Tukad Sowan Watershed

with an area of 135,32 km2. Rainfall in the Watershed area is

approximately 1,900 mm per year with the no flow of river or semi-

permanent flow throughout the year. During monsoon time, the areas

are frequently flooded. Other rivers in this Sub SWS are Tk. Titis, Tk.

Mendoyo and Tk. Dalem. The downstream of the rivers are in

protected forest areas, while the middle parts pass through plantations

land and the downstream are in rice fileds and settlement areas.

7) Sub SWS 03.01.07. Includes Jembrana Regency which covers an area

of 243,52 km2. The areas are dominated by Tukad Daya Barat

31

Watershed. Other rivers, among others, are Tk. Sangyiang Gede, Tk.

Melaya, Tk. Sari Kuning, Tk. Klatakan. The wáter flow of Tukad Daya

Barat, Tukad Sanghyang Gede and Tukad Melaya is not thorughout

the year or semi permanent, while Tukad Klatakan is an intermitten

river. The land utilization in the upstream areas is in the form of forests

and the middle part up to the downstream are used for seasonal dry

agricultural fields.

8) Sub SWS 03.01.08. Includes Buleleng regency with an area of 367,22

km2. The rivers in this raea are intermitten rivers which are relatively

short, the flow of which passes through hilly areas and mostly in the

form of critical land, in Gerokgak Regency, hence the Watershed is

relatively in a critical condition. The rivers are, among others, Tk.

Sumaga, Tk. Gerokgak, Tk. Musi, Tk. Tinga-tinga, Tk. Yeh Biu, Tk.

Banyupoh, Tk. Pengunbahan and Tk. Pule. The lands in the upstream

areas are in the form of forests, while the downstream are used as as

dry rice fields.


km2. This area is dominated by Tukad Saba Watershed with an area of

130,09 km2. Other rivers in this area are Tukad Banyuraras and Tukad

Gemgem.


km2. The rivers located in this area are generally semi permanent or

intermitten rivers. The rivers in Sub SWS 03.01.10 are, among other

things, Tk. Manuk, Tk. Bengkala, Tk. Jebol, Tk. Tampekan, Tk. Binong,

32

Tk. Mendaum, Tk. Langking and Tk. Anakan. Land in this river area is

mostly used as dry rice fields.

11) Sub SWS 03.01.11. Includes Buleleng Regency with an area of 243,48

km2. The rivers included in this Sub SWS are, among others, Tk

Tengah, Tk. Batupulu, Tk, Serumbung, Tk. Asangan, Tk. Buleleng, Tk.

Banyumala, Tk. Baas, Tk. Penarukan, Tk. Yeh Taluh, Tk. Buus, Tk.

Munduk, Tk. Sangsit, Tk. Pengong and Tk. Taluk. The rivers are

generally semi permanent rivers. The land in the upstream areas of the

rivers is used for forest and the downstream areas are in the form of

densely populated residential areas in Singaraja Municipality as well as

rice fields.

12) Sub SWS 03.01.12. Includes Buleleng Regency with an area of 311,65

km2. The area along this river is dominated by Tukad Daya Sawan

Watershed which reaches 107,25 km2 , the land in the upper couse of

Watershed is utilized for forest and in the middle of the downstream is

dominated by wet rice fields and plantations. Erosion rate at the

beginning of the rainy season is relatively high considering cover of

vegetation at the beginning of the rainy season which has not been

functioning effectively to restrain the flow of surface water.

13) Sub SWS 03.01.13. Includes Buleleng, Karangasem and Bangli

Regencies which covers 357,14 km2. The rivers in this area are in

general small and short rivers because they flow through hilly areas

which are close to costal areas. The land utilization in the upstream

areas is forest area and the middle parts up to the upstream areas are

dominated by critical land and dry rice fields. The rivers are mostly

33

intermitten rivers. The rivers in Sub SWS 03.01.13 are, among others,

Tk. Batang, Tk. Bangka, Tk. Ketungan, Tk. Puan, Tk. Sumegen, Tk.

Baturiti, Tk. Linggah, Tk. Tutung, Tk. Abu, Tk. Maong, Tk. Dalam, Tk.

Pangandangan, Tk. Lebahcelagi, Tk. Sapta, Tk. Trukuk, Tk. Cili, Tk.

Sayung, Tk. Batang, Tk. Bakalan, Tk. Nusu, Tk. Pale, Tk. Embahapi,

Tk. Dadak, Tk. Melaka, Tk. Grembeng, Tk. Dalem, Tk. Pilian, Tk.

Sringin, Tk. Daya, Tk. Bumbung, Tk. Timbul, Tk. Santer, Tk.

Karanganyar, Tk. Karobelahan, Tk. Legawa, Tk. Bungbung, Tk.

Telaga, Tk. Selahu, Tk. Jaka,Tk. Luwah, Tk. Gelar, Tk. Sidepana, Tk.

Yeh Bau, Tk. Bonriu, Tk. Tembok, Tk. Bulakan.

14) Sub SWS 03.01.14. Includes Karangasem Regency which covers an

area of 295,38 km2. The rivers in this Sub SWS are, Tk. Mantri, Tk.

Seraya, Tk. Pitpitan, Tk. Bangas, Tk. Bunutan, Tk. Tibidalem, Tk.

Belong, Tk. Itam, Tk Buah, Tk. Pangkuh. Tk Titis, Tk. Kutumanak, Tk.

Kusambi, Tk. Batukeseni, Tk. Bluhu, Tk. Desa, Tk Pangkung and Tk.

Aya. The rivers are mostly intermitten rivers and passing through

critical land around Mt. Seraya. The land is dominated by critical land

and seasonal dry agricultural fields.


area of 272,53 km2. Rivers in this area are flowing throughout the year

and their watersheds are dominated by rice fields. The three main

rivers in Sub SWS 03.01.15 are Tk. Pedih, Tk. Bangka and Tk.

Nyuling. Another river is an intermitten one, namely Tk. Ringuang. The

condition of the Watershed is relatively critical and land use is

dominated by dry seasonal dry agricultural fields.

34


area of 342,08 km2. This area is dominated by Tukad Jangga

Watershed which covers 70,125 km2. The land is dominated by rice

fields. The rivers are located in the lava watershed area of Mt. Agung,

namely Tukad Jangga. The rivers included in Sub SWS 03.01.15 are,

among others, Tk. Prakpak, Tk. Buwatan, Tk. Mengereng, Tk. Jangga,

TK. Telincicing, Tk. Tanahampo, Tk. Buhu, Tk. Sampiang, Tk.

Karangan and Tk. Alas.

17) Sub SWS 03.01.17. Includes Karangasem, Bangli and Klungkung

Regencies with an area of 257,78 km2. The area is dominated by

Tukad Unda Watershed in an area of 220,52 km2. Other rivers are Tk.

Bugbugan, Tk. Paang, Tk. Cau, Tk. Betel, Tk. Unda, Tk. Lombok, Tk.

Pegatepan. The rainfall in this area is relatively high which reaches

3000 mm per year. The rivers are flowing throughout the year, the land

is mostly used for wet rice fields, while the areas in the upstream areas

are in the form of forest areas. Most of the rivers in this area are

flowing in the course of Mt. Agung lava. The sedimentation caused by

volcanic materials from Mt. Agung is still dominating the rivers’

condition in Tukad Unda watershed. In addition to high rainfall, there

are many springs in Tukad Unda Watershed, which have large

potentials namely Telaga Waja, Surya, Arca, Tirta Gangga, and so

forth.

18) Sub SWS 03.01.18. Includes Gianyar, Bangli, Karangasem and

Klungkung Regencies which covers an area of 48,84 km2. The main

rivers in this river area are Tk. Jinah, Tk. Melangit, Tk. Bubuh, Tk.

35

Sangsang and Tk. Pakerisan, which are parennial rivers, and the

watersheds are mostly used as rice fields.

19) Sub SWS 03.01.19. Includes Gianyar, Bangli, Badung and Denpasar

Regencies in an area of 102,19 km2. This river area is dominated by

Tukad Oos watershed which covers an area of 116,52 km2. The other

rivers are Tk. Sangku, Tk. Kutul, Tk. Petanu, Tk. Singapadu, Tk.

Jerem, Tk. Blahbatuh and Tk. Sekatu. The rivers have continuous flow

throughout the year, while the land is mostly used for wet rice fields.

The rivers have high banks with long channels, where vertical erotion

in all rivers is relatively high.

20) Sub SWS 03.01.20. Located in Nusa Penida Island with an area of

208,87 km2. The rivers located in Nusa Penida Island are entirely

intermitten rivers, namely rivers which only flow during rain, an hour

after the rain, the flow will cease. The land in this area is mostly used

for seasonal dry agricultural fields.

1.4.2. Lakes, Dams and Small Reservoirs

Bali Province has four lakes, namely Batur Lake in Bangli Regency, Beratan

Lake in Tabanan Regency, Buyan Lake and Tamblingan Lake in Buleleng

Regency (Table 2 and Figure 12). Batur Lake is the largest lake in Bali with

the surface area of 16,05 km2. Lakes in Bali are all volcanic lakes located in

the mountain chains at the height of 1000 – 1200 m above the sea level. With

such position, the four lakes are the support for the water systems in the

downstream areas as well as the surrounding areas.

Table 2.

36

The Characteristics of Lakes in Bali

No

Name of

Lakes

Regency/

City

Fishing

area

(km2)

Surface

area

(km2)

Average

Depth

(m)

Length

(km)

Widht

(km)

Water Vol

(m3million)

1 Batur Bangli 105,35 16,05 50,8 7,7 2,7 815,38

2 Beratan Tabanan 13,4 4,38 12,8 2,0 2,0 49,22

3 Buyan Buleleng 24,1 3,67 31,7 3,7 1,5 116,25

4 Tamblingan Buleleng 9,2 1,15 23,5 1,8 0,9 27,00

Total 1.007,85


Dams and small reservoirs are man made lake constructed for various

purposes, such as supply of irrigation water, raw water for clean water, flood

control and others. In Bali Province, there are five dams/small reservoirs,

namely Palasari Dam in an area of 87 ha located in Jembrana Regency,

Gerokgak Dam in an area of 350 ha located in Buleleng Regency, Telaga

Tunjung Dam in an area of 17 ha located in Tabanan regency, Muara Dam in

an area of 35 ha located in Denpasar Municipality and Badung Regency, and

Seraya Small Reservoir in an area of 2 ha located in Karangasem Regency

(Public Works Service Office of Bali Province, 2008) (Table 3 and Figure 13)

Table 3.

The Characteristics of Dams and Small Reservoirs in Bali Province

No Name of

Dam/Reservoir

Regency/

Municipality

Catchment

Area

(km2)

Surface

area

(ha)

Depth

(m)

Water

Vol

(juta

m3)

1 Palasari Dam Jembrana 4.230 87 29 8,00

37

2 Gerokgak Dam Buleleng 2.850 350 42 3,75

3 Telaga Tunjung

Dam

Tabanan 950 17 33 1,26

4 Muara Dam Denpasar 2.255 35 2 0,42

5 Seraya Small

Reservoir

Karangasem 250 2 4 0,10

Total 13,53


Figure 13. Map of Lakes, Dams and Small Reservoirs in Bali Province

1.4.3. Springs

Spring is a point where ground water flows out to land surface naturally,

caused by an interruption of groundwater flow by the local topographic form

38

and comes out of rocks. Generally, spring appears on foothills or slopes,

valleys and plains. Springs that come out to land surface are mostly caused

by topographic changes and are affected by the differences between

permeable layer of volcanoes and impermeable layer (lava chunks) in the

form of seepages. According to Prastowo in Arsyad and Rustiadi (2008), the

presence of springs are in general affected by geological factors, such as

morphological, lithological and geological structure conditions as well as local

land use.

Based on the JICA report (2005) in the Regional Planning and Development

Agency of Bali Province (2009), there are 1,273 springs in Bali Province

(Table 4). The largest number of springs exist in Bangli Regency, namely 423

springs, followed by Buleleng Regency which have 327 springs, Tabanan

Regency with 177 springs and Karangasem Regency with 138 springs.

Regencies having relatively small area of lowland have relatively small

number of springs, such as in Jembrana Regency, which has 61 springs,

Badung with 30 springs, Gianyar 79 springs, Klungkung 38 springs, as well as

Nusa Penida which has 9 springs.

The distribution of several springs in Bali Province is presented in Figure 14.

Table 4.

The Condition of Springs in Bali Province

No Regency/

Municipality

Number of Springs

(piece)

Total Discharge

(litre/second)

Average Flow

(litre/second)

1 Jembrana 61 85,1 17,0

2 Tabanan 177 3.080 73,2

39

3 Badung 30 1.291 184,4

4 Gianyar 79 2.981 56,2

5 Klungkung

(mainland)

29 202 40,4

Klungkung (Nusa

Penida)

9 522 104,1

6 Bangli 423 2.736 48,0

7 Karangasem 138 9.808 102,3

8 Buleleng 327 6.603 71,3

Total 1.273 27.063 75,4

Source:JICA (2005) Bali Province Regional Planning and Development

Agency (2006)

Those 1,273 springs have various flowrate, ranging from one litre/second to

several hundred litres/second. The total flowrate of springs in the entire Bali is

27,063 litres/second with the average flowrate of 75,4 litre/second (Table 4).

40

Figure 14. Distribution Map of Several Springs in Bali Province

1.4.4. Groundwater Basin (Cekungan Air Tanah or CAT)

Ground water is water in layers or rocks under the ground level. Groundwater

is found in aquifers. The main characteristics that distinguish ground water to

surface water is its slow movement and very long stay time which can reach

tens or even hundreds of years. Because of the very slow movements and

long stay time, it will be difficult for ground water to recover, in case of

contamination.

The condition of groundwater in Bali is very dependent on its geological

conditions. Basin is a place where groundwater can be found, which is formed

through geological processes, and limited by hydrogeological boundaries.

Based on the results of a research conducted by the Department of Energy

and Mineral Resources (2005), ground water basins in the province of Bali is

divided into 8 groups of basins as shown in Table 5.

Table 5.

The potentials of ground water in Groundwater Basins in Bali Province

Source: Bali Province BLH (2009)

41

Source: the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources (2005) in Bali

Province Bappeda (2009)

1.4.5. Potentials of Water Resources

The potential of river water according to the River Basin Sub Unit in Bali is

196.4 m3/second or 6,195.3 million m3/year. The largest water potential is

contained in Sub SWS 03.01.02, namely 29.09 m3/second (Tabel 6).

Table 6.

The Potentials of River Water by Sub-Units of River Area in Bali Province

No

Sub SWS

Catchment

Area

Average

Rainfall

Annual Runoff of All the River Basins

Total Runoff Depth

(km2) (mm/year) (mil.

m3) (m3/sec) (mm)

1 03.01.01 555,64 2.078 718,5 22,78 1.293

2 03.01.02 601,75 2.450 917,4 29,09 1.525

3 03.01.03 288,34 2.582 501,7 15,91 1.740

4 03.01.04 392,37 2.360 406,5 12,89 1.036

5 03.01.05 158,92 2.112 198,7 6,30 1.250

6 03.01.06 228,44 1.978 278,2 8,82 1.218

1 Denpasar-Tabanan 208.000 1500 - 3500 894 82 Gilimanuk 13.130 1000 - 1500 30 13 Negara 41.850 1500 - 2000 73 44 Singaraja 50.520 1000 - 2500 215 35 Danau Batur 75.050 500 - 2000 188 36 Amlapura 19.982 1000 - 2000 60 27 Nusa Dua 9.911 1500 - 2000 38 -8 Nusa Penida 19.790 500 - 1000 79 -

Jumlah 438.233 - 1.577,00 21% thd Bali 77,75

No Tak-tertekan (juta m3/thn)

Cadangan Air Tanah (CAT) Luas (Ha) Hujan (mm) Tertekan (juta

m3/thn)

42

7 03.01.07 243,52 1.583 237,2 7,52 974

8 03.01.08 367,22 1.365 328,8 10,42 895

9 03.01.09 222,39 2.096 305,8 9,70 1.375

10 03.01.10 114,24 1.704 169,5 5,37 1.484

11 03.01.11 243,48 2.005 383,1 12,15 1.574

12 03.01.12 311,65 1.792 255,7 8,11 820

13 03.01.13 357,14 1.798 164,6 5,22 461

14 03.01.14 295,38 1.911 144,7 4,59 490

15 03.01.15 272,53 1.629 276,2 8,76 1.013

16 03.01.16 342,08 2.237 476,0 15,09 1.392

17 03.01.17 257,78 2.337 374,9 11,89 1.454

18 03.01.18 48,84 2.700 - - -

19 03.01.19 102,19 1.809 - - -

20 03.01.20 208,87 1.079 57,8 1,83 277

Total/average 5612,77 1.980 6.195,3 196,42 1.014


The total volume of lake water throughout Bali is 1,007.85 million m3, 80.9% of

which is in Batur Lake, 11.5% in Buyan Lake, 4.9% in Beratan Lake and 2.7%

in Tamblingan Lake (Table 2).

The total volume of dam and reservoir water in Bali is 13,53 million m3

covering Palasari Dam with a volume of 8.00 million m3, Gerokgak Dam with

a volume of 3.75 million m3, Telaga Tunjung Reservoir 1.26 million m3, Muara

Reservoir 0.42 million m3, and Seraya Pond with 0.10 juta m3 (Table 3).

Those 1,273 springs have various flowrate, ranging from one litre/second to

several hundred litres/second. The total flowrate of springs in the entire Bali is

27,063 litres/second with the average flowrate of 75,4 litre/second (Table 4)

43

Unpressured ground water potential in groundwater basins in Bali Province is

1.577,00 million m3 / year and the pressured groundwater is 21 million m3 /

year.

1.5. Forest Areas

1.5.1. Size and Distribution of Forest Area

Forest areas in Bali in 2008 covered 130,686.01 hectares (ha) or 23.19% of

its juridiction. Forest areas in Bali have not reached an ideal size yet in order

to optimize the environmental benefits of at least 30% of the size of the island

pursuant to Article 18 paragraph (2) of Law Number 41 Year 1999 concerning

Forestry. The spread of forest areas in Bali is presented in Table 7.

Forest areas in Bali are not evenly distributed among the regencies/cities. In

fact, in Gianyar Regency, there is no stipulaton of forest area. The largest

forest area is in Buleleng Regency, however, Jembrana Regency has the

largest percentage of forest area to the total area. Only Jembrana and

Buleleng Regencies have the percentage of forest areas to the size of

regency/munipality which have met the required minimum 30% forest areas .

Table 7

The Size of Forest Areas and the Percentage of Forest Areas to the Size of

Territory by Regency/Municipality in Bali Province 2009

No Regency/

Municipality

Size

(Ha)

Forest

Area

(Ha)

Percentage (%) of Forest Area to

Size of

Reg/Muni

Size of

Province

Size of Province

Forest Areas

1 Jembrana 84.180 42.156,27 50,08 7,48 32,26

44

2 Buleleng 136.588 51.436,21 37,66 9,13 39,36

3 Tabanan 83.933 9.969,15 11,88 1,77 7,63

4 Badung 41.852 1.779,87 4,25 0,32 1,36

5 Denpasar 12.778 734,5 5,75 0,13 0,56

6 Gianyar 36.800 - - - -

7 Bangli 52.081 9.341,28 17,94 1,66 7,15

8 Klungkung 31.500 1.048,50 3,33 0,19 0,80

9 Karangasem 83.954 14.220,23 16,94 2,52 10,88

Bali Province 563.666 130.686,01 23,19 23,19 100,00

Source: Forest Service of Bali Province (2010)

State forests in Bali Province are spread in 22 forest areas (Table 8). The

largest forest area in Bali is the West Bali Forest area, which covers Buleleng

and Jembrana, namely 62% of the entire forest areas. Several forest areas

which size is more than one thousand hectares are Mt. Batukau Mountain, Mt.

Abang, Mt. Agung, Penulisan-Kintamani, Yeh Leh-Yeh Lebah, Mt. Batur Bukti

Payang, Prapat Benoa, Mungsu Mountain, and Mt. Seraya.

Table 8

Forest Areas in Bali in Year 2009

No Forest Area RTK Regency/

Municipality Size (Ha)

Percentage

(%)

1 Puncak Landep 1 Buleleng 590.00 0.45

2 Mt. Mungsu 2 Buleleng 1.134.00 0.87

3 Mt. Silangjana 3 Buleleng 415.00 0.32

4 Mt. Batukau 4

Buleleng-Tabanan-

Badung 15.153.28 11.60

5 Munduk Pengajaran 5 Bangli 613.00 0.47

45

No Forest Area RTK Regency/

Municipality Size (Ha)

Percentage

(%)

6 Mt. Batur Bkt. Payang 7 Bangli 2.528.00 1.93

7 Mt. Abang Agung 8 Bangli-Karangasem 14,817.01 11.34

8 Mt. Seraya 9 Karangasem 1.111,00 0.85

9 Prapat Benoa 10 Badung-Denpasar 1,373.50 1.05

10 Yeh Ayah 11 Tabanan 575.73 0.44

11 Yeh Leh-Yeh Lebah 12

Tabanan-Jembrana-

Buleleng 4195.30 3.21

12 Bali Barat 19 Buleleng-Jembrana 80,995.27 61.98

13 Penulisan-Kintamani 20 Bangli-Buleleng 5,849.25 4.48

14 Sangeh 21 Badung 13.97 0.01

15 Nusa Lembongan 22 Klungkung 202.00 0.15

16 Bunutan 23 Karangasem 126.70 0.10

17 Bukit Gumang 24 Karangasem 22.00 0.02

18 Bukit Pawon 25 Karangasem 35.00 0.03

19 Kondangdia 26 Karangasem 89.50 0.07

20 Tanjung Bakung 27 Klungkung 244.00 0.19

21 Suana 28 Klungkung 329.50 0.25

22 Sakti 29 Klungkung 273.00 0.21

Total 130,686.01 100.00

Source: Bali Province Forest Service (2010)

1.5.2. Forests based on their functions

Based on their functions, there are 3 (three) types of forests, namely

protected forest, conservation forest, and production forest. Based on the

abovementioned functions of forests, forest areas can be distinguished into

preservation, conservation and production forests.

46

1) Protected Forest: a forest area which main function is for the

protection of life supporting systems in order to manage water systems,

to prevent flooding, to control erosion, to prevent sea water intrusion,

and to maintain soil fertility.

2) Conservation Forest: a forest area having particular characteristics,

which has essential function of preserving the diversity of plants and

animals as well as ecosystems. Conservation Forest includes Nature

Reserve Forest, Nature Preservation Forest and Hunting Park. Nature

Reserve Forest is divided into Natural Conservation Areas and Wildlife

Conservation Areas. While, Nature Preservation Area is divided into

National Parks, Forest Parks and Natural Tourism Parks.

3) Production Forest: a forest area having the essential function of

producing forest products. Production forest includes Limited

Production Forests and Permanent Production Forests.

Based on the above-mentioned functions of forests, forest areas in Bali

comprise protected forest, conservation forest which include Natural

Reserves, National Parks Area, Natural Tourism Parks, Grand Forest

Park (Tahura), and Production Forest areas include Limited Production

Forest and Permanent Production Forest.

The size of forest areas based on their functions by regency/municipality is

presented in Table 9 and Figure 15, as well as forest areas based on their

functions is presented in Table 10.

47

Table 9

Forest Areas Based on their Functions by Regency/Municipality in Bali Year

2009

No Reg/

Muni

Preservati

on Forest

Limited

Producti

on

Forest

Permanent

Production

Forest

Natural

Reserve

National

Park

Forest

Tourism

Park

Grand

Forest

Park

Total

1 Jembrana 32.974,97 2.610,20 383,10 - 6.188,00 - - 42.156,27

2 Buleleng 31.936,32 3.207,95 1.524,00 1.004,40 12.814,8

9 948,65 - 51.436,21

3 Tabanan 8.668,24 - - 758,40 - 542,51 - 9.969,15

4 Badung 1.126,90 - - - - 3,97 639,00 1.779,87

5 Denpasar - - - - - - 734,50 734,50

6 Gianyar - - - - - - - -

7 Bangli 6.239,01 453,00 - - - 2.649,27 - 9.341,28

8 Klungkun

g 804,50 244,00 - - - - - 1.048,50

9 Karangas

em 14.016,12 204,11 - - - - - 14.220,23

Bali 95.766,06 6.719,26 1.907,10 1.762,80 19.002,8

9 4.154,40 1.373,50

130.686,0

1

Percentage (%) 73,28 5,14 1,46 1,35 14,54 3,18 1,05 100,00


Based on their functions, forest areas in Bali comprise protected forests in an

area of 95,766.06 hectares (ha) or 73.28% of the total area of forests,

production forests in an area of 8626.36 ha or 6.60%, and conservation forest

in an area of 26293.59 ha (20.12%). The largest protected forests are located

in Jembrana and Buleleng Regencies, while in the municipality of Denpasar

and Gianyar Regency there is no protected forest.

48


Figure 15. Map of Forest Areas based on Functions in Bali Province Year

2009

Several forest areas serve three functions at the same time (protection,

production and conservation functions), namely the forests of Mt. Abang-

Agung (protected forest, limited production forest and natural park); and forest

area of West Bali (protected forest, limited production forest, permanent

production forests and National Parks.

Forest areas serving the protection and conservation functions, namely

Batukau Mountain forest area (preservation forest, Natural Park and Nature

Reserves). Forest areas which only serve the protection function, are Landep

Puncak area, Mungsu Mountain, Silangjana Mountain, Munduk Pengajaran,

Seraya Mountain, Yeh Ayah, Yeh Leh-Yeh Yeh Lebah, Nusa Lembongan,

49

Bunutan, Gumang Hill, Puncak Pawon, Kondangdia, Suana and Shakti.

While, forest areas which do not serve the function of preservation, namely

Batur-Hill Payang (limited production forests and Natural Park), Prapat Benoa

(Forest Park), Sangeh (Natural Park), and Tanjung Bakung (limited production

forest) (Table 10).

Table 10

Forest Areas Based on their Functions by Forest Areas in Bali Province Year

2009

No Forest

Area

Protected

Forest

Permane

nt

Producti

on

Forest

Limited

Producti

on

Forest

Natural

Conser

vation

National

Park* TWA Tahura Total

1 Puncak

Landep

590,00 - - - - - -

590.00

2 Gunung

Mungsu

1,13,.00 - - - - - -

1,134.00

3 Gn.

Silangjana

415,00 - - - - - -

415.00

4 Gunung

Batukau

11,899.32 - - 1,762.80 - 1,491.16 -

15,153.28

5 Munduk

Pengajaran

613.00 - - - - - -

613.00

6 Gn.Batur

Bkt Payang

- - 453.00 - - 2,075.00 - 2,528.00

7

Gunung

Abang

Agung

14,038.63 - 204.11 - - 574.27 - 14,817.01

50

No Forest

Area

Protected

Forest

Permane

nt

Producti

on

Forest

Limited

Producti

on

Forest

Natural

Conser

vation

National

Park* TWA Tahura Total

8 Gunung

Seraya

1,111.00 - - - - - -

1,111.00

9 Prapat

Benoa

- - - - - - 1,373.50

1,373.50

10 Yeh Ayah 575.73 - - - - - - 575.73

11 Yeh Leh-

Yeh Lebah

4,195.30 - - - - - - 4,195.30

12 Bali Barat 54,452.68 1,907.10 5,632.60 - 19,002.89 - - 80,995.27

13 Penulisan-

Kintamani

5,663.70 - 185.55 - - - - 5,849.25

14 Sangeh - - - - - 13.97 - 13.97

15 Nusa

Lembongan

202.00 - - - - - -

202.00

16 Bunutan 126.70 - - - - - - 126.70

17 Bukit

Gumang

22.00 - - - - - -

22.00

18 Bukit

Pawon

35.00 - - - - - -

35.00

19 Kondangdi

a

89.50 - - - - - -

89.50

20 Tanjung

Bakung

- - 244.00 - - - -

244.00

21 Suana 329.50 - - - - - - 329.50

22 Sakti 273.00 - - - - - - 273.00

Total 95,766.06 1,907.10 6,719.26 1,762.80 19,002.89 4,154.40 1,373.50 130,686.01

*) Including, waters in an area of 3,145 ha

51

Source: Forestry Service Office of Bali Province (2010)

Protected forest

Protected forest areas in Bali in 2008 was 95,766.06 hectares or 73.28% of

the total forest area. Details and location of each area of protected forest

areas are, as follows:

1) Puncak Landep protected forest, covering an area of 590 ha, located in

Buleleng Regency (Sukasada Regency).

2) Mt. Mungsu protected forest, covering an area of 1134 ha, located in

Buleleng Regency (i.e. Sukasada and Banjar Regencies).

3) Mt. Silangjana protected forest, covering an area of 415 ha, located in

Buleleng Regency (i.e. Sawan and Sukasada Regencies)

4) Mt. Batukau protected forest, covering an area of 11899.32 ha, located

in Buleleng Regency (Regencies of Sawan, Kubutambahan, Banjar

and Sukasada), Tabanan Regency (Regencies of Selemadeg,

Penebel, Baturiti and Pupuan), and Badung regency (Petang Regency)

5) Munduk Pengejaran protected forest, covering an area of 613 ha

located in Bangli District (Subdistrict Kintamani).

6) Protected forest of Mt. Abang, Mount Agung, covering an area of

14,038.63 ha located in Bangli District (Subdistrict Kintamani) and

Karangasem District (District Abang, Kubu, Bebandem, Rendang and

Selat).

52

7) Yeh Ayah protected forest, covering an area of 575.73 hectares,

located in Tabanan Regency (Penebel Subdistrict).

8) Protected forest of Mt. Seraya, covering an area of 1,111.00 ha,

located in Karangasem Regency (Sub-District Karangasem).

9) Protected forest of Bukit Gumang, covering an area of 22 ha, located in

Karangasem Regency (Bebandem Sub-District).

10) Protected forest of Bukit Pawon, covering an area of 35 ha, located in

Karangasem Regency (Bebandem Sub-District).

11) Protected forest of Kondangdia, covering an area of 89,5 ha, located in

Karangasem Regency (Abang Sub-District).

12) Protected forest of Bunutan, covering an area of 126,70 ha, located in

Karangasem Regency (Abang Sub-District).

13) Protected forest of Yeh Leh-Yeh Lebah, covering an area of 4.195,30

ha, located in Tabanan Regency (Sub-District of Selemadeg, Pupuan),

Buleleng Regency (Busungbiu Sub-District) and Jembrana Regency

(Pekutatan Sub-District).

14) Protected forest of West Bali, covering an area of 54.452,68 ha,

located in Jembrana Regency (Sub-District of Melaya, Mendoyo and

Pekutatan) and Buleleng Regency (Sub-District of Gerokgak, Seririt

and Busungbiu).

53

15) Protected forest of Penulisan Kintamani, covering an area of 5.663,70

ha, located in Buleleng Regency (Tejakula Sub-District) and Bangli

Regency (Kintamani Sub-District).

16) Protected forest of Nusa Lembongan is a mangrove, covering an area

of 202 ha, located in Klungkung Regency (Nusa Lembongan, Nusa

Penida Sub-District).

17) Protected forest of Suana, covering an area of 329,50 ha and protected

forest of Sakti with an area of 273 ha, both of them are located in Nusa

Penida Sub-District, Klungkung Regency.

Production Forest

The size of production forests in Bali in 2008 was 8,626.36 ha (6,60%),

comprising permanent production forest in an area of 1,907.10 ha and limited

production forest with an area of 6,719.26 ha. Fixed production forest is in the

forest area of West Bali, including Buleleng Regency (Sub-Districts of

Gerokgak and Seririt) with an area of 1,524.00 ha and Jembrana Regency

(Melaya Sub-District) in an area of 383,10 ha. While, limited production forest

is in the forest area of West Bali for 5,632.60 ha (83.93 %), including

Jembrana Regency (Melaya Sub-District) covering an area of 2,610.2 ha and

Buleleng Regency (Sub-District of Gerokgak and Seririt) in an area of 3.022,4

ha. Furthermore, production forest is in forest area of Gunung Batur Bukit

Payang with an area of 453.00 ha located inKintamani Sub-District (Bangli),

forest area of Gunung Abang Agung with an area of 204.11 ha located in

Kubu Sub-District (Karangasem), forest area of Penulisan-Kintamani with an

54

area of 185.55 ha located in Tejakula Sub-District (Buleleng), and forest area

of Tanjung Bakung for 244 ha, located in Nusa Penida Sub-District

(Klungkung).

Reserve Forest

Reserve forest can only be found in forest area of Batukau Mountain Batukau

with an area of 1.762,80 ha, including in Buleleng Regency (Sub-District of

Banjar and Sukasada) with an area of 1,004.4 ha, and Tabanan Regency

(Sub-District Baturiti and Penebel) with an area of 758.40 ha.

National Park Forest

The area of National Park in Bali is 19,002.89 ha, including water territory of

3,415 ha, located in forest area of West Bali, including Jembrana Regency

(Melaya Sub-District) with an area of 6,188.00 ha and Buleleng Regency

(Sub-District of Gerokgak) for 12.814,89 ha.

Natural Park

Natural Park in Bali is in the area of 4154.4 ha, scattered on several forest

areas, namely:

1) Natural Park-Lake Buyan-Danau Tamblingan which covers an area of

1,491.16 ha, located in Banjar Sub-District with an area of 442.35

hectares, an area of 506.3 ha for Sukasada Sub-District, and Baturiti

Sub-District with an area of 542.51 ha.

2) Natural Park of Batur Bukit Payang Mountain with an area of 2,075 ha

located in Kintamani Sub-district;

55

3) Natural Park Penelokan in forest areas of Abang Agung forest,

covering an area of 574.27 hectares located in the Sub-district of

Kintamani;

4) Sangeh Natural Park which covers an area of 13.97 hectares located in

Abiansemal Sub-District, Badung Regency.

Grand Forest Park (Taman Hutan Raya or Tahura)

Taman Hutan Raya is the only forest existing in the forest area of Prapat

Benoa which covers an area of 1,373.5 ha, of which area of 734.5 ha located

in South Denpasar Sub-District and 639 ha is in Sub-Districts of Kuta and

Kuta Selatan. The area of this forest is in the form of mangrove forest.

56

CHAPTER IV

REVIEW OF SCOPING RESULTS AT

WORKSHOP I

Several formulations had been agreed upon in the Water Resource KLHS

Workshop I in Bali Province which are used as reference materials in the

subsequent KLHS process. The formulations agreed in Workshop I are, as

follows:

1.1. Description of Priority Strategic Issues

The description of priority strategic issues with regard to water resources,

environment and sustainable development in Bali province is presented in

Table 11.

57

Table 11.

Description of Priority Strategic Issues Agreed in Workshop I

No Priority Strategic Issues Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/

Consequence

A PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL

ASPECTS

1 Decline in the flowrate of

surface water

Spring water, river, lake, small

reservoir, and dam located in Bali

Forest destruction, change in

land use, sedimentation,

reduce in the water catchment

area

Lack of water during dry season

2 Decline in surface water

quality due to contamination

(solid and liquid waste)

All rivers and lakes located in Bali Lack of public awareness,

weak law enforcement, limited

waste disposal location

Decline in water efficiency,

occurrence of sickness, flood,

disruption in water biota

3 High conversion of agricultural

land to non-agricultural land

All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali

High level of population

growth, investment

requirements, weak control of

land use, no land policy

Open space becomes narrow,

lack of water catchment area,

decline in environmental carrying

capacity

58


Consequence

4 High level of ground water

exploitation

All over Denpasar, Badung

Selatan, Badung Tengah, Tourism

areas in Karangasem, Lovina and

Singaraja Municipality, Melaya

Sub-District, Negara Sub-District

and Jembrana Sub-District,

Payangan, ubud, Sukawati,

Gianyar, Blahbatuh

Limitation in Public water

supply capacity, cheaper

cost/fee of ground water, good

quality of ground water

Threat of groundwater surface

reduction, subsidence of soil

layer

5 Intrution of sea water in

several areas in Bali

Denpasar Selatan, Kuta, Legian,

Seminyak, Nusa Dua, Tanjung

Benoa, Jimbaran, Canggu, Seseh,

Cemagi, Lebih, Kota Singaraja,

Lovina, Perancak, Loloan,

Gilimanuk

Excessive exploitation of

ground water

Declining ground water quality

B. BOLOGICAL ASPECTS

59


Consequence

1 High level of forest

destruction/disturbance (state

and comunity forests)

Rendang and Selat Sub-District,

Kintamani, Sukasada, Gerokgak,

Melaya, Belimbingsari, Nusasari,

Pupuan, Baturiti, Jatiluwih,

Petang, surroundings of TPA

Suwung and TNBB

Economic pressure,

investment requirements and

lack of livelihood alternatives

Damage to the hydrological

system, declining biodiversity

C. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL

ASPECTS

1 weak law enforcement in

managing Natural Resource

All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Poor discipline and

commitment among law

enforment officials, unoptimal

law enforcement system

Numbers of violation, no

detterence effect

2 Inequality in the distribution

and access of the community

to natural resources

Badung : Bukit, Pecatu, Petang;

Buleleng : Gerokgak,

Kubutambahan; Bangli :

Kintamani; Karangasem : Kubu,

Western part of Abang, eastern

No source of water,

topography, distribution

network infrastructure and lack

of water storage

Community basic needs have not

been optimally fulfilled,

disturbance of community health,

proverty problems can not be

solved, decline in economic

60


Consequence

part of Karangasem, Klungkung :

Nusa Penida; Gianyar : Desa

Kertha (Payangan)

growth

3 Conflict of interests in water

resource utilization

All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Competition in the utilization of

limited water, unclear

distribution system, control

over water resource

unilaterally

Occurrence of public unrest,

compromised security, damage

to water resources

D. ECONOMIC ASPECT

1. Incentive and disincentive

programs for downstream

areas which are not yet

optimal .

Bangli, Badung, Tabanan,

Karangasem, Buleleng Regencies

Unavailability of policy

regulation

Accumulation of destruction in

downstream areas

61

1.2. The Goals of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province

The Goals of Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province are to maintain water

resources conservation for Bali’s sustainable development and to support Bali

as “Green Province”.

1.3. The Coverage of the Study

The Water Resources Strategic Environmental Assessment in Bali province

covers all Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Province, namely: Jembrana,

Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar, Klungkung, Karangasem, Bangli, Buleleng

Regencies and Denpasar Municipality (Figure 16).

Figure 16. The Coverage of the Water Resources Strategic Environmental

Assessment in Bali Province

62

1.4. The Period of the Study

The period of the Water Resources KLHS in Bali Province is adjusted to the

long term development planning and spatial planning, namely applicable for

20 (twenty) years.

63

CHAPTER V

THE RESULTS OF THE SCOPING

IMPROVEMENT AND THE FORMULATION OF

SUB-OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITY

DEVELOPMENT PROGRMS AT WORKSHOP II

1.1. The Results of Water Resources and Environmental Issues

Identification in FGD

The FGD implemented by involving tourism and agricultural enterpreuners,

and the general public generates a series of strategic issues for each group,

as presented in Table 12.

Table 12.

Collection of Strategic Issues Identified by Tourism and Agricultural

Enterpreunersas well as the General Public

Tourism & Industrial

Group General Public Group Agricultural Group

1 The infrastructure

of the local water

company are not

ready when the

government raised

ABT Tax

1 Decline in the

quantity and quality of

water resources (river

and lake)

1 Difficulties in the

handing of forest

protection from any

disturbance

(clearing/logging/en

croachment)

64



2 Charging of fees

by BU PAL to

hotels in the

amount of Rp

100,000/month for

each hotel room is

considered

expensive

2 Decline in river water

quality

2 Limited capacity

(funding/human

resources) in

adaptation and

mitigation of global

warming which

resulted in water

reserve reduction

3 Existence of

uniteral control or

monopoly of

spring water

resources /water

resources by

bottled water

companies

3 Decline in ground

water resources in

coastal area due to

excessive utilization

of ABT

3 High rate of

population growth in

Bali causing the

decline in natural

Resources support,

infrastructure and

facilities

4 Existence of

conflict of interests

in water utilization

between

4 Lack of clean water in

urban areas

4 Weak spatial

utilization caused by

weak government

apparatus’s capacity

65



community and

the hotel

5 Large amount of

ABT Tax raise

which reaches

1000%

5 Occurrence of flood

due to forest clearing

in downstream areas

5 High contamination

of chemical fertilizer

and water plants

population resulted

in sedimentation in

lakes

6 Leniency in the

issuance of

permits for the

construction of

hotels in Denpasar

and Badung

6 Lack of water

resource

conservation

6 Changed function of

flood control areas

resulted in

increased load of

river

7 Lack of

maintenance of

drainage channels

in Kuta, resultin

flooding during

rainy seasons.

7 Inequality in the

distribution of clean

water for the

community.

7 unoptimal

contribution of

service users for the

management of

river basins

8 Lack of parks and 8 Lack of green open 8 Lack of water quality

66



the number of

infiltration

wells/biopori at

hotels

areas as a water

catchment areas

control due to

human resources,

costs and laboratory

(hazardous

materials and

certain chemicals)

9 Low supply of

PDAM resulting in

the increase of the

use of ABT

9 lack of respect for

local traditions &

wisdom of Bali’s

community related to

the environmental

management

9 The absence of

certain legal

umbrella to protect

subak land use

10 The absence of

tax imposition

mechanism

related to waste

water for

entrepreuners

discharging their

waste directly into

the environment

10 Lack of involvement

of community

members (customary

and traditional

communities in Bali)

in the protection and

management of the

environment

10 Low level of

awareness of the

community in the

conservation and

utilization of water

resources and

control of water

contamination

67



11 Continuously

decreasing quality

of water

11 Non-maximum

transparency and

protection and

management of the

environment, either

between the

government and

investors and Bali’s

community members

11 Lack of supervision

on the issuance of

permits for water

resources utilization

(surface water and

ground water)

12 Lack of

information

service concerning

weather to rafting

companies

12 The occurrence of

excessive exploitation

of ground water by

the tourism industry

12 Decline in

biodiversity level

13 Inadequate

resevoires

constructed for

containing rainfall

13 Declining quality of

river water caused by

excavation of Type C

Mining Materials in

bodies of water

68



14 Lack of PDAM

infrastructure in

the effort to

reduce the use of

ABT

14 Declinie in the quality

of the environment

and soil surface

subsidence caused

by excessive use

15 DSDP Process

Result is not

maximized

15 Lack of conservation

of natural resources

used for ceremonial

purposes

(plants/fruits)

16 Lack of optimum

involvement of

indigenous

peoples in the

waste

management

16 Lack of public

awareness in the

management of

waste /waste water

affecting water quality

17 No shift of

paradigm in the

disposal

ceremonial waste

into the sea and

17 Minimum

Environmental

education at the

community and

school level.

69



rivers by utilizing

landfill (by giving

tirta/ destruction

water to the

ceremony waste

by a religious

ceremony/Bendes

a custom)

18 weak supervision

by the government

on

businesses/activiti

es disposing

garbage/waste

into the

environment

18 Lack of information,

communication and

education concerning

environment

1.2. Synthesis of Water Resources and Environmental Issues (FGD

Results) with Priority Strategic Issues (Workshop I Result) and

Finalisation of Strategic Issues

70

The collection of water resources issues and environmental issues resulting

from the FGD were synthesized with priority strategic issues agreed in

Workshop I in order to generate final strategic issues. Most of the water

resources and environmental issues identified in the FGD were

accommodated in priority strategis issues agreed in Workshop I. The results

of the synthesis are presented in Table 13, 14 and 15. Based on the results of

the synthesis, three new strategic issues have been agreed to be considered

in the next phase of the study, as shown in Table 16.

Table 13

The Synthesis of Water Resources and Environmental Issues Identified by the

Tourism and Industrial Enterpreneurs

Issues Identified by the Tourism &

Industrial Group

Synthesis and Stakeholder

Assessment by Referring to the

Priority Strategic Issues

(Workshop I Result)

1 PDAM Infrastructure is not ready

when the government raises ABT

Tax

Not categorized as strategic issue

2 The fee charged by BU PAL on

hotels in the amount of Rp

100,000/month for each hotel room is

considered expensive


3 Existence of uniteral control or Accommodated in Issue C.3.

71

monopoly of spring water resources

/water resources by bottled water

companies

4 Existence of conflict of interests in

water utilization between community

and hotels

Accommodated in Issue C.3.

5 Large amount of ABT Tax raise

which reaches 1000%


6 Leniency in the issuance of permits

for the construction of hotels in

Denpasar and Badung


7 Lack of maintenance of drainage

channels in Kuta, resulting in flood

during rainy seasons.


8 The lack of parks and the number of

infiltration wells/biopori at hotels

Accommodated in Issue A.3.

9 Low supply of PDAM resulting in the

increase of the use of ABT


10 The absence of tax imposition

mechanism related to waste water on

entrepreuners disposing their waste

directly into the environment


72

11 Continuously declining quality of

water


12 Lack of information service

concerning weather for rafting

companies


13 Lack of resevoires constructed for

containing rainfall


14 Lack of PDAM infrastructure in the

effort to reduce the use of ABT


15 Non maximum results of DSDP

Process


16 Lack of optimum involvement of

indigenous peoples in waste

management


17 No shift of paradigm in the disposal

ceremonial waste into the sea and

rivers by utilizing landfill (by giving

tirta/ destruction water to ceremonial

waste by a religious

ceremony/Bendesa custom)


73

Table 14

Synthesis of Water Resources and Environmental Issues Identified by the

General Public Group

Common Group Issues


Assessment Refers to Priority

Strategic Issues

(Workshop I Result)

1 Decline in the quantity and quality of

water resources (rivers and lakes)


2 Decline in river water quality


3 Decline in ground water resource in

coastal areas due to excessive

utilization of ABT


4 Lack of clean water in urban areas


5 Occurrence of flood due to forest

clearing in downstream areas

Accommodated in Issue B.1.

18 weak supervision by the government

on businesses/activities disposing

garbage/waste into the environment


74

Common Group Issues



Strategic Issues

(Workshop I Result)

6 Lack of water resource conservation


7 Unequal distribution of clean water to

the community.


8 Lack of green open land as water

catchment areas


9 The lack of respect for local traditions

& wisdom of Bali’s community related

to environmental management


10 Lack of involvement of all elements

of the community (customary and

traditional community in Bali) in the

protection and management of the

environment


11 Non-maximum transparency and

protection and management of the

environment, either between the

government and investors and Bali’s


75

Common Group Issues



Strategic Issues

(Workshop I Result)

community members

12 The occurrence of excessive

exploitation of ground water by the

tourism industry


13 Declining quality of river water

caused by excavation of Type C

Mining Materials in bodies of water


14 Declinie in the quality of the

environment and soil surface

subsidence caused by excessive use


15 Lack of conservation of natural

resources used for ceremonial

purposes (plants/fruits)


16 Lack of public awareness in the

management of waste /waste water

affecting water quality


76

Common Group Issues



Strategic Issues

(Workshop I Result)

17 Minimum Environmental education at

the community and school level.



communication and education

concerning environment

Agreed as an additional (new)

strategic issue in the SOCIAL

AND CULTURAL ASPECTS

Table 15

Synthesis of Water Resource and Environmental Issues Identified by the

Argicultural Group

Issues Identified by Agricultural Group



Strategic Issuess

(Workshop I Result)

1 Difficulties in the handing of forest

protection from any disturbance

(clearing/logging/encroachment)

Accommodated in Issue B.1.

2 Limited capacity (funding/human Accommodated in Issue A.1.

77




Strategic Issuess

(Workshop I Result)

resources) in adaptation and

mitigation of global warming which

resulted in water reserve reduction

3 High rate of population growth in Bali

causing the decline in natural

Resources support, infrastructure

and facilities

Considered as additional

strategic issue (new) in SOCIAL

AND CULTURAL ASPECTS

4 Weak spatial utilization caused by

weak government apparatus’s

capacity


5 High contamination of chemical

fertilizer and water plants population

resulted in sedimentation in lakes


6 Changed function of flood control

areas resulted in increased load of

river


7 unoptimal contribution of service

users for the management of river

basins

Accommodated in Issue D.1.

8 Lack of water quality control due to Accommodated in Issue A.2.

78




Strategic Issuess

(Workshop I Result)

human resources, costs and

laboratory (hazardous materials and

certain chemicals)

9 The absence of certain legal umbrella

to protect subak land use


10 Low level of awareness of the

community in the conservation and

utilization of water resources and

control of water contamination


11 Lack of supervision on the issuance

of permits for water resources

utilization (surface water and ground

water)


12 Decline in biodiversity level Considered as an additional

(new) strategic issue in the

BOLOGICAL ASPECT

Table 16

Description of Additional Issues Resulting from the Synthesis of the Results of

the FGD and Workshop I

79

No.

Additional

Strategic Issues

Location Causal Factor Impact/Implication/

Consequence

1 Decline in the

level of

biodiversity

All

Reg/Muni in

Bali

Agricultural land

use,

deforestation,

environmental

pollution

Reduction of food

resources,

disruption of the

balance of

ecosystems,

reduction of

economic

opportunities

2 Bali's high

population growth

rate resulting in a

decreased

carrying capacity

of the natural

resources,

infrastructure and

facilities

All

Reg/Muni in

Bali

The high fertility

rate and

population

migration to Bali

Reduction of natural

resources carrying

capacity,

infrastructure and

facilities which are

available

3 Lack of

information,

communication

and education

All

Reg/Muni in

Bali

Unoptimal

function of the

means and

channels of IEC

Lack of public

awareness related

to environment

80

concerning

environment

(communication,

information and

education) on the

environment for

the community

Based on the results of the synthesis and the agreements on additional

strategic issues, final priority strategic issues have been agreed upon as the

results of the scoping improvement as presented in Tabel 17.

81

Table 17

Final Priority Strategic Issues as the result of Water Resources KLHS Scoping in Bali Province

No.

Additional Strategic

Issues


Consequence

A PHYSICAL-

CHEMICAL ASPECTS

1 Decline in surface

water’s flowrate

Spring water, river, lake,

small reservoir, and dam

located in Bali

Forest destruction, change in

land use, sedimentation,

reduce in the water

catchment area

Lack of water during dry

season

2 Decline in surface

water quality due to

contamination (solid

and liquid waste)

All rivers and lakes located

in Bali

Lack of public awareness,

weak law enforcement,

limited waste disposal

location

Decline in water efficiency,

occurrence of sickness, flood,

disruption in water biota

82

No.


Issues


Consequence

3 High conversion of

agricultural land to

non-agricultural land

All

Regencies/Municipalities in

Bali

High level of population

growth, investment

requirements, weak control

of land use, no land policy

Open space becomes narrow,

lack of water catchment area,

decline in environmental

carrying capacity

4 High level of ground

water exploitation

All Denpasar, Badung

Selatan, Badung Tengah,

Tourism area in

Karangasem, Lovina and

Singaraja Municipality,

Melaya Sub-District,

Negara Sub-District and

Jembrana Sub-District,

Payangan, ubud,

Limitation in Public water

supply capacity, cheaper

cost/fee of ground water,

good quality of ground water

Threat of groundwater

surface reduction, subsidence

of soil layer

83

No.


Issues


Consequence

Sukawati, Gianyar,

Blahbatuh

5 Intrution of sea water

in several areas in Bali

Denpasar Selatan, Kuta,

Legian, Seminyak, Nusa

Dua, Tanjung Benoa,

Jimbaran, Canggu, Seseh,

Cemagi, Lebih, Kota

Singaraja, Lovina,

Perancak, Loloan,

Gilimanuk

Excessive exploitation of

ground water

Decrease of ground water

quality

B. BOLOGICAL

84

No.


Issues


Consequence

ASPECTS

1 High level of forest

destruction/disturbance

(state and comunity

forests)

Rendang and Selat Sub-

District, Kintamani,

Sukasada, Gerokgak,

Melaya, Belimbingsari,

Nusasari, Pupuan, Baturiti,

Jatiluwih, Petang,

surroundings of TPA

Suwung and TNBB

Economic pressure,

investment and lack of

livelihood alternatives

Damage to the hydrological

system, declining biodiversity

2 Decline in biodiversity

level

All Reg/Muni in Bali Agricultural land use,

deforestation, pollution of the

environment

Reduction of food resources,

disruption of the balance of

ecosystems, reduction of

economic opportunities

85

No.


Issues


Consequence

C. SOCIAL AND

CULTURAL

ASPECTS

1 weak law enforcement

in managing Natural

Resource

All


Bali

Poor discipline and

commitment among law

enforment officials,

unoptimal law enforcement

system

Numbers of violation, no

detterence effect

2 Inequality in the

distribution and access

of the community to

natural resources

Badung : Bukit, Pecatu,

Petang; Buleleng :

Gerokgak, Kubutambahan;

Bangli : Kintamani;

No source of water,

topography, distribution

network infrastructure and

lack of water storage

Community basic needs have

not been optimally fulfilled,

disturbance of community

health, proverty problems can

86

No.


Issues


Consequence

Karangasem : Kubu,

Western part of Abang,

eastern part of

Karangasem, Klungkung :

Nusa Penida; Gianyar :

Desa Kertha (Payangan)

not be solved, decline in

economic growth

3 Conflict of interests in

water resource

utilization

All


Bali

Competition in the utilization

of limited water, unclear

distribution system, control

over water resource

unilaterally

Occurrence of public unrest,

compromised security,

damage to water resources

4 Bali's high population All High fertility rate and Reduction of natural resouces

87

No.


Issues


Consequence

growth rate causing a

decrease in natural

resources carrying

capacity ,

infrastructure and

facilities


Bali

population migration to Bali

carrying capacity,

infrastructure and facilities

which are available


communication and

education concerning

the environment

All


Bali

Lack of optimum function of

the means and channels of

IEC (communications,

information and education)

for the environment, for the

community

Low of community awareness

related to environment

88

No.


Issues


Consequence

D. ECONOMIC ASPECT

1. Incentive and

disincentive programs

for downstream areas

which are not yet

optimal .

Regencies of Bangli,

Badung, Tabanan,

Karangasem, Buleleng

Unavailability of policy

regulation

Accumulation of destruction in

downstream area

Based on final priority strategic issues as presented in Table 17, the relation among strategic issues can be seen

through flowchart as in Figure 17.

89

Figure 17. Flowchart of the Relationship among Water Resources Strategic

Issues in Bali

1.3. The Results of the Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority

Development Programs

The formulation of sub-objectives for each priority strategic issues and priority

development programs are presented in Table 18, Table 19, Table 20 and

Table 21.

90

Table 18

The Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority Development Programs on

the Physical and Chemical Aspects

Priority Strategic

Issues A.1 Declining Flowrate of surface water

Location All rivers and lakes located in Bali

Causal Factors Destruction of forests, change in land use, sedimentation,

reduction of water infiltration area

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Lack of water during dry season

Sub-Objective Preserving catchment areas and water sources for fulfilling

the needs of water for the community, as well as agricultural

91

and tourism purposes, and the prevention of flood hazard

Development

Priority

- Replanting trees in agricultural lands

- Rehabilitation of critical lands

- A million biopori to improve catchment- Reforestation

around springs

- Construction of new small reservoirs and dams in mid-

stream

- Maintaining the preservation of water catchment areas

- Enforcement of law in a more firm manner in relation to

regulations in the upstream areas

- Optimalization of the utilization of available reservoirs

- Preparation of legislation concerning unprocessed

water source protection

- Rehabilitation of irrigation channels

- Family-based tree planting movement "One man one

tree.

- Provision of trees by private parties for every permit

issued

- The use of organic fertilizers in order to improve soil

texture

- Control of erosion

- Need to make check DAM building which surrounds the

flood-prone river

- Development of terrasering system and replanting trees

92

in areas prone to erosion

- Monitoring the watershed through the development of

monitoring stations

- Development of intercropping systems with perennial

crops

- Developing spiritual mentality in environmental

conservation

- Reforestation of deforested forest areas

- Monitoring on land use in the upstream areas

- Empowerment of communities surrounding the forest

area

- Incentives for the upstream area in order to conserve

water resources

- Application of rules of soil and water conservation in

areas which have the form of a hilly and mountainous

areas

- Efficiency of water utilization

- Implement monitoring and evaluation against water

resources (including research)

Priority Strategic

Issue A.2

Decline in surface water quality due to pollution (solid

waste and liquid waste)

Location All rivers and lakes located in Bali

93

Causal Factors Low public awareness, weak law enforcement , limited

waste disposal site

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Decreasing use of water resources, the emergence of

disease, floods, disruption of water biota

Sub-Objective Maintain and improve water quality in a sustainable manner

through law enforcement efforts, reforming industrial and

environmental sanitation to improve the usability of water

Development

Priorities

- Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers/an organic and

optimizing the use of organic fertilizers

- Any activity generating waste shall be equipped with the

IPAL to prevent the dumping of waste into water bodies

- Adding a new landfill development (especially regions

94

not participating in the Sarbagita program)

- Information dissemination and building of awareness in

society about the importance of environmental

conservation and a healthy lifestyle

- Increasing supervision of waste disposal

- Development of communal IPAL to domestic/RT and

home industry (including, socialization to the home

industry)

- Increasing Sanimas across the residential areas along

the river which is densely populated

- Management of hazardous and poisonous waste

- Development of water front city (river front city)

- Increasing the capacity of the water quality laboratory at

the regency/municipality level (facilities, Human

Resources, status)

- Law enforcement (sanctions) on regulations concerning

solid and liquid waste disposal

- Increasing the participation of communities along rivers

- Setting up announcement boards related to the

prohibition of waste disposal

- Maintaining river banks and cliffs

- Optimizing the use of bio pesticides and minimizing the

use of chemical pesticides

- Improving infrastructure for waste management

95

- Encouraging the accelerated completion of regional law

concerning waste

- Monitoring the performance of IPAL

- Use of environmentally friendly technology for reusing

waste

Priority Strategic

Issue A.3

High land conversion from agricultural to non

agricultural land

Location All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali

Causal Factors High rate of population growth, investment requirements,

weak control of space utilization, lack of land use policy

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Decreasing open spaces, decreased water catchment

areas, decreasing carrying capacity of the environment

96

Sub-Objective Controlling land conversion in order to maintain Water

Resource conservation and catchment areas so as to

prevent natural disasters, erosion as well as maintain the

balance of biodiversity which will then improve food security

through the enforcement of existing spatial layout

Development

Priority

- Incentives for farmers in the form of organic fertilizers,

seeds, etc.

- Incentives for agricultural land (tax reduction)

- Control of green belts

- Making regional regulation/Governor regulation/Regent

regulation concerning sawah abadi (eternal rice fields)

- Encouraging the coming forth of management and

protection of subak throughout Bali

- Reducing the growth of tourism facilities

- Securing agricultural products during harvest time

- Control of development investments in fast growing and

developing areas

- Evenly distributing development of rural infrastructure

which supports the agricultural, economic and tourism

sectors

- intensification of agricultural production up to 70 kg /

acre to 90 kg/acre needs to be conducted

- Subsidies of agricultural production facilities and

infrastructure

97

- Controlling market prices

- Controlling development activities which are

inconsistent with land suitability

Priority Strategic

Issues A4

High level of ground water exploitation

Location All Denpasar, Badung Selatan, Badung Tengah, Toursim

Areas in Karangasem, Lovina and Singaraja Municipality,

Sub Melaya, Negara, Jembrana, Payangan, ubud, Sukawati,

Gianyar, Blahbatuh Sub-districts

Causal Factor The limited capacity of public water supply, lower price/costs

for the extraction of ground water, good quality of

groundwater

98

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

The Hazard of groundwater level reduction andland

subsidence

Sub-Objective Controlling groundwater exploitation for preventing seawater

intrusion, soil degradation which then can prevent land

surface subsidence as well as maintain hydrological cycles

to be in line with efforts to improve efficient use of water,

increased PDAM performance and optimizing the utilization

of surface water

Development

Priorities

- Increasing water catchment areas

- Increasing PDAM facilities and infrastructure for the

allotment of water to the community

- Consolidating and supervising water meters for

groundwater users

- Increasing the transparency of ground water tariffs in

the effort to improve the efficient use of groundwater

- Improving regulations permitting the utilization of ground

water

- application of progressive tax on groundwater on ABT in

a transparent manner in the tourism and industrial areas

- Increasing the network for clean water provision by

PDAM and private parties

- Kimiting the construction of new golf courses using

ground water

- Encouraging efficient use of water in star hotels

99

- Improvement of PDAM water production capacity

Priority Strategic

Issues

A5

Sea water intrusion in several regions in Bali

Location Denpasar Selatan, Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, Nusa Dua,

Tanjung Benoa, Jimbaran, Canggu, Seseh, Cemagi, Lebih,

Singaraja Municipality, Lovina, Perancak, Loloan, Gilimanuk

Causal Factor Excessive ground water exploitation

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Decrease of ground water

Sub-Objective Conduct planning, controlling, and supervising of ground

water utilization by enhancing the development of drinking

100

water development in fair and equal manner

Development

Priority

- Increasing the green opened space

- Structuring the city which meets spatial requirements

- Control and efficiency of ground water utilization

- Planting mangrove trees at the appropriate coastal

areas

- Termination of ground water extraction which has been

intrused by seawater

- It is necessary to make water catchment areas and to

multiply biopores

- coastal areas security management programs

- The prohibition of sand/stone mining in coastal areas

- Same as A-4 (ABT)

Table 19

The Formulation of Sub-Objectives and Priority Development Programs in

Biological Aspect

Priority Strategic

Issues B.1

High level of forest destruction/disturbance (state and

community forests)

Location Rendang and Selat, Kintamani, Sukasada, Gerokgak,

Melaya, Belimbingsari, Nusasari, Pupuan, Baturiti, Jatiluwih,

Petang Sub-Districts, the surrounding areass of TPA Suwung

and TNBB

101

Causal Factor Economic and investment requirements and lack of livelihood

alternatives

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Damage to the hydrological system, decrease of biodiversity

Sub-Objective Improving the hydrological system so that there will be more

optimal water storage and land damage can be minimized

through local wisdom, law enforcement based on the

applicable Laws

Development

Priority

- Increasing the number of forest monitoring posts by

placing responsible personnel (Polhut)

- Skills Training to create jobs outside forest areas

- Forest and land rehabilitation

- Applying the concept of local wisdom around forest areas

102

in order to support the realization of sustainable forest

- Planting productive crops in community forest areas

- Encouraging the implementation of village forests

- Law enforcement on parties destroying forests

Priority Strategic

Issues B.2

Decrease of biodiversity level


Causal Factor Conversion of Agricultural land, deforestation, pollution to the

environment

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Reduction of food resources, disruption to the balance of the

ecosystems, reduction of economic opportunities

Sub-Objective Conserving biodiversity for maintaining the balance of

103

ecosystems, conservation of germplasm so that it can

improve the structure, texture, soil fertility and water quality as

to increase agricultural productivity, food supply, nutrition and

the need of upakara

Development

Priority

- Increasing the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides

- Increasing the breeding and development of germplasm

- monitoring and enforcing laws related to hunting of rare

animals and protected plants

- Improving water quality supervision and land through

environmental laboratory

- Socialization of the use of environmentally friendly

chemicals

- Conducting an inventory and identification concerning

biodiversity

- The existence of reigonal regulations which regulate and

protect the flora and fauna

- Improving conservation of water resources

- Increasing the diversification of food

- Reducing the use of chemical pesticides

- Making biopori

- Planting perennial crops to maintain humidity

- Providing Organic fertilizer subsidy

104

Table 20


Social and Cultural Aspect

Priority Strategic

Issue C.1

Weak law enforcement in managing Natural Resources

and protection of subak in a broad sense.

Location All Regencies/Municipalities in Bali Province

Causal Factor Poor discipline and commitment among law enforment

officials, unoptimal law enforcement system

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Rampat violations, no deterrent effect

Sub-Objective Improving the protection of water resources through Spatial

105

Planning, community participation based on Tri Hita Karana

and orderly utilization of water resources

Development

Priority

- Integrating awig awig into regional regulation

- Improving PPNS and PPLHD cadres at the

regional/municipality level

- Providing endowment fund for environmental

conservation

- Confirmation of the implementation of spatial regulation.

- The need of socialization concerning managing water

resources

- The contribution of local governments to subak abian

institution

- Construction and rehabilitation of irrigation system

subak to the level of tertiary and fourth without limiting

its range

- Implement monitoring and law enforcement for the

destruction of water resources

- To socialize and protect of water resources

- Increasing participation of the public to report

environmental degradation in the P3SLH

Priority Strategic

Issues C.2

Uneven distribution and access of the community to

Water Resources

Location Badung : Bukit, Pecatu, Petang; Buleleng : Gerokgak,

106

Kubutambahan; Bangli : Kintamani; Karangasem : Kubu,

western part of Abang, Karangasem bagian timur,

Klungkung : Nusa Penida; Gianyar : Desa Kertha

(Payangan)

Causal Factor No source of water, topography, distribution network

infrastructure and lack of water reservoirs,

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Unoptimal fulfillment of the basic needs of the community,

disruption to the community’s health, difficulties in efforts to

overcome poverty, declining economic growth

Sub-Objectives Even Distribution and access to water Resources to prevent

conflicts among the community, increasing the quality of life,

the development of economic enterprises, the availability of

107

food through the preservation of subak so as to maintain the

balance of the ecosystems

Development

Priority

- Development of water resource infrastructure

- Improving the quality and quantity of unprocessed water

resources

- Supervision and enforcement of laws on water

resources users violating the laws in accordance with

applicable laws and regulations

- Adjustment of water tariffs in accordance with the

designation

- Improve the performance of PDAM and the private

sector to provide water to the destination

- Preparation of small reservoirs/dams

- Optimizing the participation of the community in keeping

the water resources

- Development in distributing area which has limited

water

- The need to provide incentive to upstream areas area

- Building and development of subak roads in isolated

areas

- Sosializing the use of water efficiently to the community

to the level of banjar

Priority Strategic

Issues C.3

conflict of Interest in the utilization

water resources

108


Causal Factor Competition in using the limited water, unclear distribution

systems, unilateral control of water resources

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Occurrence of Public unrest occurred, security is

compromised, destruction of water resources

Sub-Objective Prevention of conflicts of interest in the utilization of Water

Resources through even distribution of water, conservation

of water resources, preservation of facilities and

infrastructure in order to create harmony among water users

in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations

109

Development

Priorities

- Preparation of master plan of water resources in the

province of Bali by involving all components of the

government, private sector, and the community so that

it can become the basis for the implementation of the

water resources utilization

- Making regulation concerning the proportion of

utilization of water resources through irrigation, water,

drink and tourism

- Improving the dissemination of information on water

resources to all levels of community in cooperation with

villages/districts and subak

- Strengthening the implementation of regional autonomy,

supported by inter-regional cooperation which is

mutually beneficial to establish local independence

- Implementing common perceptions and attitudes in

managing upstream and downstream regions

- Improving the development of water resources

infrastructure

- Constructing small reservoirs, dams and cubang for

collecting rainwater in a water crisis regions

- Increasing the role of traditional villages in the utilization

of water resources

Priority Strategic

Issues C.4

High rate of population growth in Bali resulting in the

decline of Water Resources support, infrastructure and

110

facilites


Causal Factor High fertility rate and population migration to Bali

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Reduced natural resources carrying capacity, as well as the

available infrastructure and facilities

Sub-Objective Reducing urbanization by creating jobs, independent

businesses, agricultural ventures/agricultural commodities

which have high economic value in accordance with the

conditions of rural land

Development

Priority

- Creating and evenly distributing job opportunities in

rural areas

111

- Encouraging independent business activities in rural

areas

- Planting agricultural commodities which have high

economic value in accordance with the class of

capability and land suitability

- Disseminating information on the efficient use of water

by using some local media

- Controlling urbanization in order to control over the rate

of population growth

- Improving Family Planning program

- Improving water resources by monitoring and

conducting the conservation of upstream areas as the

sources of water catchment

- Handling demographic problems, particularly migrants

in a holistic, comprehensive, and integrated manner

between village pekraman and the government

- Improving rural facilities and infrastructure to encourage

economic growth

- Stimulating the growth of home industries by

implementing skill training in order to reduce

urbanization

Priority Strategic

Issues C.5

Lack of information, communication, and education

concerning environment

Location In the entire Bali

112

Causal Factor unoptimal function of the means and channels of KIE

(communication, information and education) on environment

for the community

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Low public awareness of the environment

Sub-Objective Improving the socialization of information to the public

through printedand electronic media, formal education, and

utilization of local culture (puppets, bondres, drama gong) in

relation to environmental conservation

Development

Priority

- Improving the socialization of information through

printedand electronic media, formal education, local

media (puppets, bondres, drama gong) in

113

environmental conservation

- Maximizing the duties and functions of the department

of information and communication at the

regency/municipality level

- Addition of curriculum concerning LH from kindergarten-

high school level

- Performing environment-themed activities involving all

components of the government and the community

- Organizing competitions related to the environment

- Empowerment of the community components such as

environmentally conscious groups, the PKK and sekehe

cadets/i

114

Table 21


Economic Aspect

Priority Strategic

Issues D.1

Unoptimal Incentive and disincentive programs in

upstream areas

Location Regencies of Bangli, Badung, Tabanan, Karangasem,

Buleleng

Causal Factor Unavailable Regulation of policies

Impact/Implication/

Consequence

Accumulated damage to upstream areas

Sub-Objective Maintaining Coordination (Improved cooperation) between

upstream and downstream areas through the determination

115

of policies or cross-subsidies in order to preserve the

upstream areas so that they will become a hydrological unity

of Bali which can be maintained

Development

Priority

- Maintaining the synergy of incentives and disincentives

programs among sub-districts and

regencies/municipalities

- Creating a legal instrument concerning cross-subsidies

policy incentives and disincentives between sub-district

and regency/municipality

- Socialization of Incentives and disincentives programs

for the community in the upstream and downstream

areas

- Formulation of policies as outlined in joint work

contracts between upstream and downstream areas

- regulatory policy of the budget of incentives and

disincentives programs particularly in the upstream-

downstream areas

116

CHAPTER VI

LINKAGE BETWEEN PRIORITY STRATEGIC ISSUES AND

RPJPD, RTRW AND PROGRAMS

OF THE RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS IN WORKSHOP III

1.1. Presentation of the Strategic Plans, RPJPD and RTRW

Workshop III was started with the presentation of the strategic plans by

agencies related to water resources in Bali Province, namely forestry,

agriculture, tourism, environment, public works agencies and BP DAS Unda

Anyar. It was aimed at searching for linkages between agencies and RPJP,

RTRW as well as strategic issues resulting from Workshop II on the KLHS of

Bali Province. During the session for thoroughly discussing the RPJPD,

workshop participants were divided into three groups, each of which searched

for keywords to make it easier to synergize or see the links. In this case, the

RPJPD studied was Regulation of Bali Province No. 6 year 2009, Concerning

Long-Term Regional Development Plan (RPJPD) of Bali Province Year 2005-

2025, particularly point 4.2.5, namely Realising Sustainable Reliable and

Evenly-Distributed Development in Bali, consisting of sub-points (a) through

(z) which are equivalent to points 1 to 26 in Table 22. The outcome of these

discussions are as follows:

Table 22.

The Results of the Discussion on keywords in the RPJPD of Bali Province

No Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

117


1 Policy of Bali in

environmental

development as a

single unity of island

ecosystem (one

island, one plan, one

management)

Sustainable development

of Bali in a single unity of

island ecosystem

Development of Natural

Resources & Environment,

Single Unity of Island

Ecosystems,

Empowerment &

Participation of Local

Communities

2 Natural resource

management and

ENVIRONMENT

Natural Resource policy

direction and

ENVIRONMENT towards

environmentally friendly

Green Bali Program

Improved education &

awareness campaign,

sustainable

ENVIRONMENT &

management of Natural

Resources, environmental

ethics, Green Bali program

3 Management of

Natural Resources

into account local

knowledge

Management of Natural

Resources and

Environment should be

participatory by taking into

account local knowledge

and the principles of

conservation and policy of

OTDA

utilization & management

of Natural Resources

conservation principles,

local wisdom, increased

community participation,

island ecosystems

4 Management of Economic development in Environmentally friendly

118


Natural Resources

considering local

knowledge

the use of Natural

Resources and

environmental services,

should integrate the

principles of economic

valuation in each policy.

development, economic

valuation, environmental

services, sustainable

development

5 Environmentally

friendly development,

control and pollution,

increase the carrying

capacity

Industry having Natural

Resource based which

should continue to

maintain environmental

quality.

Utilization of resources

directed to increase

additonal value,

maintenance of Natural

Resources development

as well as increased

sustainability development,

renewable, rational,

optimal & efficient, a result

of recovery, rehabilitation

& provisioning

6 The effectiveness of

Natural Resources

utilization, balance of

economic,

environmental aspects

and social

Utilization of renewable

Natural Resources should

be efficient and

competitive as supported

by national and regional

policies.

Utilization of renewable

natural resources, which

have the potential to be

developed, needs support

of policies (National and

Regional)

119


development and

utilization of

renewable natural

resources, restoration

and rehabilitation of

critical condition

7 Balance between the

utilization of land and

sea, increase in

Human Resource

capacity

Utilization of non-

renewable natural

resources must be

reclaimed and seeking

renewable alternative

sources.

Utilization of non-

renewable Natural

Resources substituted by

the ones which are

environmentally friendly

8 Water resource

management is

directed to integrated

watershed

management

Improving efforts of forest

rehabilitation and critical

land reforestation in forest

area to achieve a

coverage area of 30%, in

addition to efforts to

improve forest and

watershed management

systems in an integrated

manner

Improving rehabilitation

and critical land

reforestation in forest area

120


9 Improve the

performance of the

controlling institution

and create RTH

utilization and

conservation of

watershed areas

Improve the performance

of controlling institution for

the utilization of space, to

create urban green

opened spaces as much

as 30% and conservation

of watershed areas at

least of 30% by improving

the quality of the forests

for at least 30%.

Monitoring & enforcement

of Law, RTH Municipality

for 30% watershed

conservation as much as

30% forest

10 Direction of

development policies

to overcome the

dangers of coastal

sea water intrusion

Coastal development

policy directions pursued

to overcome the danger of

seawater intrusion by

reducing and controlling

ground water exploitation

at the beach, and applying

the appropriate regulations

of coastal border

consistently

Preventing seawater

intrusion

11 Policy for utilization of

irrigation water

Farmer who is water user

(subak) placed as the

Subak as the main actors

of irrigation management

121


main actors and decision

makers in each irrigation

management activities.

together with government,

Local government &

Community

12 Water resources

policies governed by

the concept of one

island, one plan, one

management

Management of water

resources based on the

concept of one island, one

plan, one management by

taking into account the

interests of people across

the watershed, while the

utilization of Ground Water

is managed by considering

the carrying capacity and

conducting law

enforcement.

Planning & Management

of water resources in an

integrated manner,

balance of interests

between sectors,

institutions, the

Regency/Munipality areas,

& the river area, utilization

of ABT considering the

carrying capacity & law

enforcement

13 Conserve water

catchment areas,

lower sedimentation

rate and stability of

river water flow

Development of rivers

areas, lakes and

watersheds is conducted

by lowering the level of

sedimentation, stabilizing

the drainage capacity of

river water and building

flood control, reducing the

Development lakes, rivers

& watersheds areas, water

balancing function as

social and economic

goods

122


difference in seasonal

water flow, maintaining

and stabilizing the quality

and quantity of water,

conserving water

catchment areas,

providing the building

controlling the sediment,

providing dams and small

reservoirs in areas prone

to drought.

14 Preserving and

maintaining the

development of clean

water built, optimizing

the use of surface

water for drinking

water needs

Development of water

resources to meet the

needs of at least 50% of

the community who have

not served drinking water

up to year 2025 through

the development of

regional unprocessed

water supply.

Increase coverage of

drinking water, preserve &

maintain clean water,

increase the availability of

unprocessed water,

Balance of services,

regional cooperation is

often the budget,

cooperation in solving

drinking water problems

15 Handling waste with Handling waste in Bali is Handling garbage with the

123


landfill sanitary

system can reduce

environmental

pollution

directed to the pattern of

regional cooperation, by

using landfill sanitary

system, by involving the

community and private.

same regional cooperation

Patterns & fostering

sustainable pattern tp the

community with 3R pattern

16 Waste water

management in areas

which are not

reachable to be

conducted with the

system of communal

(local)

Waste water management

which is not serviced with

centralized (offsite)system

as directed by using the

local system (on site)-

based community.

Management of

wastewater directed by On

Site system, Communal

IPAL through SANIMAS &

DSDP

17 Handling of water

pollution as directed to

the increase of public

awareness, and law

enforcement

Handling of water, soil and

air pollution, is directed at

efforts to increase public

awareness and law

enforcement

Handling Water pollution,

Land, Air with law

enforcement effort

18 Maintaining water

catchment area

(catchment area),

Construction of drainage is

directed to minimize the

occurrence of flood and

Drainage development to

minimize the occurrence of

flood, protection to

124


drainage construction

to minimize the

potential occurrence

of floods, protection of

unprocessed water

resources from solid

and liquid waste

pollution

inundation, maintaining

and protecting its sources

of unprocesed water from

the solid and liquid waste

pollution and minimize

infiltration of toxins into the

soil

unprocessed water,

improvement of ecological

functions in the upstream

region, maintaining

catchment areas

19 Adaptation and

mitigation policies

concerning climate

change

Policy direction to the

phenomenon of global

climate change carried out

by increasing the

awareness and community

participation for adaptation

and mitigation to climate

change and revitalization

of environmental wisdom.

Increased awareness &

community's role in climate

change adaptation

&mitigation

20 Early warning systems

against natural

disasters (tsunami)

Disaster mitigation is

directed to infrastructure

development for early

detection and emergency

response

Infrastructure development

for early detection of

disaster and emergency

response of disaster THP

125


21 Sustainable energy

development by

building PLTA

De

Development of energy is

directed to the provision

and utilization of energy

resources, the increase in

institutional function,

namely quality of HR &

mastery of technology, the

role of society,

diversification and

conservation of energy

22 Development in the

electricity sector is

directed towards a

reliable and

professional workforce

Construction of electricity

for the whole level of

society by rehabilitating &

repawery 2 GW of electric

power supply pd 2025

23 Development of

transportation is started

from additional road

connecting channel,

construction, &

126


rearrangement of

transportasi nodes

24

Development of integrated

transportation’s facilities

and infrastructure between

regions as a unity of

transportation service

network

25

Increase in traffic discipline

with socialization of

regulatory and law

enforcement

26 Development of telematics

within the global

competition, namely

broadcast industry, the

concept of responsive

technology, increased

knowledge on technology

based information

127

1.2. Synergy of RPJP, RTRW, Bali Clean & Green And Agricultural

Institution

Group II discussing synergy between RPJP, RTRW, program in Agricultural

Institution and Bali province to get results, such as the green in Table 23

below. In terms of the synergized RTRW by Bali Provincial Regulation No. 16

Year 2009 concerning Spatial Planning of Bali Province Year 2009-2029, in

particular the Policy and Strategy Development of Space Structures (Article

9), the Policy and Strategy Development of Protected Areas (Article 11) , the

Policy and Strategy for Aquaculture Development Zone (Article 12) and the

Policy and Strategy Development Strategic Areas (Article 13).

Table 23.

Synergy between RPJP, RTRW, agricultural instituonal program and Bali

green province

Number

RPJP Keyword of RPJP

Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

A - Development of SDA &

ENVIRONMENT,

- Unity of Island

Ecosystem,

- Empowerment &

Partisipation of Local

Community

B - Increase in education Article

128

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

and awareness

campaign,

- Human Resource

management

sustainable

ENVIRONMENT, etichs

of environment, green

bali program

13a

Article

11a

C Utilization & management

of Natural Resources

conservation principles,

local wisdom, increased

community participation,

island ecosystems

Article

13b

Article

13e

Green

culture

D Environmentally friendly

development, economic

valuation, environmental

services, sustainable

construction

Article

13c

Article

11a

Green

economy

Clean and

green

E Utilization of natural

resources is directed to

Article

13c

Clean and

green

129

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

increase added value,

preservation of natural

resources as well

sustainable development,

renewal, rational, optimal

&efficient, recovery result,

rehabilitation &reserves

Article

12a

F Utilization of renewable

natural resources, which

have the potential to be

developed, need support

of policies (National and

Regional)

Article 13

d

Clean and

green

G Utilization of non-

renewable natural

resources to substituted

with environmentally

friendly

Article

13d

Article

11b

H Enhance critical land

rehabilitation and

Article

12b

130

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

reforestation of forest area

Monitoring & enforcement

of law

Water Resources

utilization in accordance

with the carrying capacity

& Needs

I Municipality RTH for 30%

Watershed & forest

conservation 30%

Article

12c

Improved

food security

Improved

livelihoods of

farmers

Clean and

green

J Preventing sea water

intrution

Article

11b

Clean and

green

K Subak as main actor of

irrigation management

together with government,

Local Government &

Community

Improved

livelihoods of

farmers

agribusiness

Green

culture

131

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

Improved

facilities &

infrastructure

L Planning & Management of

water resources in an

integrated manner

Balance of interests

between sectors,

institution, the

Regency/City, & the river

area

ABT utilization considering

carrying capacity & law

enforcement

Article 9c

M Development lakes, rivers

& watersheds areas

Balancing the water as a

function of social goods

and economic goods

Agribisnis

Ketahanan

pangan

N Construction of road Article 9c

132

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

transportation begins with

the addition of connective

road network, development

& structuring transportation

nodes

Realizing the public

transport as the core

system of city

transportation

O integrated transportation

infrastructure development

between regions as a

single-entity transportation

service network

Article

13f

Article 9c

Article 9b

P Increased traffic discipline

with socialization of

regulatory and law

enforcement

Article 9c

Q Increase coverage of

drinking water services

Preserve & maintain clean

water

Article

11b

133

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

Increase the availability of

unprocessed water

The balance of services

Regional cooperation

often the budget

Cooperation in solving

drinking water problems

R Handling of garbage with

Patterns of regional

cooperation & sustainable

training to the community

with pattern of 3R

Article

11b

Article 9b

Article 9a

S Management of

wastewater directed to On

Site system, IPAL

Communal through

SANIMAS & DSDP

Article

11b

Article 9b

Article 9a

T Handling of water, soil and

air pollution with law

enforcement efforts

Article

11c

Article

11b

134

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

Article 9b

U Construction of drainage to

minimize the occurrence of

flood, protecting its

sources of unprocesed

water, improvement in

ecological function in

upstream area sustaining

the infiltration area

Article

11b

V Development of telematics

within the global

competition, namely

broadcast industry, the

concept of responsive

technology, increased

knowledge on technology

based information

W Development of energy is

directed to the provision

and utilization of energy

resources,

The increase in

Article 9c

135

Number


Articles

RTRW Agricultural

Green

Province

institutional function,

namely quality of HR &

mastery of technology, the

role of society

Diversification and

conservation of energy

X Construction of electricity

for the whole level of

society by rehabilitating &

repawery

Provision of 2 GW of

electric power supply in

2025

Article

13d

Article 9c

Y Improvement of public

awareness & roles in

adaptation to & mitigation

of the climate change

Z Development of

infrastructure for early

detection of disasters and

emergency response to

disasters

Article

11d

136

1.3. Several Relationship Between RPJP, RTRW and Priority Strategic

Issues

Several priority strategic issues discussed in group III, indicate the

relationship between RPJPD and RTRW. Furthermore, KRP alternatives

have been sought for (Activities, Plan and Program) in order to strengthen the

achievement of sub-objective in any strategic issues discussed. In this matter,

out of 13 strategic issues agreed upon, the ones discussed only three issues

with the outcome which is presented accordingly in Table 24.

137

Table 24.

Relationship between RPJPD, RTRW and priority strategic issues

No.

PRIORITY

STRATEGIC

ISSUES

SUB-

OBJECTIVE RPJP/RTRW

ALTERNATIVES

OF KRP

1 Decline in

surface water

quality due to

pollution

(solid waste

and liquid

waste)

Keep and

increase

water quality

sustainably

through law

enforcement

efforts,

arrangement

of industrial

area and

environment

sanitation in

order to

increase

water

efficiency

Waste water

management is

directed to use

communal IPAL

system and

sewerage system

(s)

Handling of waste is

directed to the

regional cooperation

between the

regency/municipality

on a sanitary landfill

and pattern 3 R ®

Waste water

management is

directed to use

communal IPAL

system and

sewerage system

which is supported

by local regulations

concerning liquid

waste

Handling of waste is

directed to the

regional cooperation

between the


to the use of waste

as a source of

energy, fertilizer and

recycled products

138

No.

PRIORITY

STRATEGIC

ISSUES

SUB-

OBJECTIVE RPJP/RTRW

ALTERNATIVES

OF KRP

2 High rate of

lan d

function from

agricultural

to non-

agriculturan

Control of

land use to

keep Water

Resource

conservation

and

catchment

areas so as

to prevent

natural

disasters,

erosion and

can maintain

the balance

of

biodiversity

that will

improve

food security

through the

enforcement

Utilization of space

cultivated area in

accordance with the

spatial planning.

(RPJP)

Policy cultivated

area covers a.

embodiment of

harmony and the

linkages between

culture b. control of

farming activities in

order not to exceed

the carrying

capacity and

carrying capacity

(RTRW)

Utilization of space

cultivated area in

accordance with the

spatial planning

through

increased law

enforcement

Cultivation area of

policy that

reaffirmed the

determination of

zoning area in each


139

No.

PRIORITY

STRATEGIC

ISSUES

SUB-

OBJECTIVE RPJP/RTRW

ALTERNATIVES

OF KRP

of existing

spatial

3 High rate of

population

growth in

Bali causing

the decline in

Water

Resource

carrying

capacity,

infrastructure

and facility

Emphazied

on

urbanization

by creating

jobs,

independent

business,

farm /

agricultural

commodities

that have

high

economic

value in

accordance

with the

conditions of

rural land

Improve water

resources

management with

integrated river

basin management

and water resource

use in accordance

with the carrying

capacity (tamping)

Tightening

residence permit for

new settlers in the

area exceeded the

carrying capacity of

water

140

141

CHAPTER VII

DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES

7.1. Grouping of Development Priorities into Clusters

Development priorities Summarized in the results of the workshop II, pages

53-66 are presented in a fairly detailed manner and include many types, so it

is necessary to group them into clusters. In this case, the grouping is

conducted by putting them in sub-clusters under one cluster. With those

clusters, the types of activities will be more easily managed. The program,

itself, can be further simplified although the coverage is varied. However, it

will be more focused on achieving the sub-objectives contained in the priority

strategic issues. Whereas the clusters are presented in the following

description

A.1 The issue of declining flowrate of surface water has a cluster and eight

subclusters in the development priorities, namely:

Water resources conservation

1. Forest and critical land rehabilitation

2. Conservation of water resources and soil

3. Supervision and Control of land use in the upstream

4. Community empowerment and local wisdom in the management of

water resources

5. Intensification of land for plantations

6. Research and Development of Water Resources

142

7. Legislation Water Resources Management

8. Efficiency of water utilization

A.2 The issue of declining surface water quality due to pollution (solid and

liquid waste) have three clusters and each of them has two to three

subclusters in its development priorities, namely:

Improved management of wastewater and garbage

1. Controlling water pollution by waste water, waste and B3

2. Revitalization of existing landfill facilities and infrastructure

Empowerment of communities and law enforcement in the management

of waste water and garbage

1. Increased awareness and public participation

2. Increased law enforcement

3. Legislation of waste management

Integration of solid and liquid waste management through

rearrangement

1. Development of water front city

2. Development of a regional landfill

A.3 The issue of high land conversion from agriculture to non agriculture

have three clusters, each with two to three subclusters in its

development priorities, namely:

143

Conservation of agricultural land

1. Incentives for agricultural ventures

2. Legislation on agricultural land Conservation

Control of space utilization

1. Control of green belt

2. Control of areas constructed on agricultural land

Development agropolitan

1. Development of rural infrastructure which supports agriculture

2. Intensification of agriculture to commodity

3. Facilities and infrastructure subsidies of agricultural production

A.4 The issue of excessive exploitation of groundwater has one cluster and

three subclusters in the development priorities, namely:

Control of ground water Utilization in an integrated manner

1. Improvement of public water service facilities and infrastructure (piping)

2. Groundwater utilization control

3. Improvement of the raw water production capacity

A.5 The issue of sea water intrusion in some areas in Bali has two clusters

and each of them has three sub-clusters in its development priorities,

namely:

144

Integrated coastal management

1. Coastal area rehabilitation

2. Handling of coast guard

3. Control of beach material mining activities

Control of ground water utilization in an integrated manner

1. Control and efficiency of utilization of ground water

2. Increased green opened spaces

3. Conservation of water resources and soil

B.1 The issue of the high destruction/disturbance of forests has one cluster

and three subclusters in its development priorities, among other things:

Protection and maintenance of forests

1. Forest and critical land rehabilitation

2. Community forestry development

3. Improvement of surveillance and law enforcement

B.2 The issue of declining biodiversity has one cluster and six subclusters

in the development priorities, namely:

Biodiversity conservation

1. Control over the use of fertilizers and pesticides

2. Breeding of species and the protection of germplasm

3. Supervision and law enforcement over the use and distribution of

protected biodiversity

145

4. Development of biodiversity database

5. Improvement of food diversification

6. Improvement of organic farming

C.1 The issue of law enforcement is still weak in water resources

management and protection of subak in a broad sense, has one cluster

and four subclusters in the development priorities namely:

Law enforcement in an integrated manner

1. Increased institutional capacity of law enforcement

2. Compliance with the implementation of spatial

3. Increased awareness and empowerment

4. The application of sanctions law firm and consistency

C.2 The issue of uneven distribution and access to water resources has

one cluster and seven subclusters in the development priorities,

namely:

Improvement of public water services

1. Improvement of public water services facilities and infrastructure

(piping)

2. Improvement of raw water production capacity

3. Improvement of minimal water public service

4. Restructuring PDAM

5. Development of Cooperation with Private Parties (PPP)

146


water resources

7. Efficiency in water utilization

C.3 The issue of conflicts of interests in the utilization of water resources

has one cluster and four subclusters in the development priorities

namely:

Development of water resources management partnerships

1. Technical Development Water Needs Planning (Master Plan)

2. Pattern of Water Cooperation Utilization

3. Improvement of public water service facilities and infrastructure (piping)


water resources

C.4 The issue of high rate of population growth in Bali resulting in

decreasing carrying capacity of water resources, infrastructure and

facilities has two clusters and each has one to two subclusters in the


Empowerment of rural communities

1. Improvement of employment opportunities and rural

Improvement of population administration system

1. Improvement of population administration

2. I mprovement of family planning program

147

C.5 The issue of lack of information, communication and education about

the environment has one cluster and three subcluster in its


Development of IEC

1. Improvement of environmental socialization

2. Development of environmental information

3. The development of formal, informal environmental education, and

cultural arts

D.1 The issue of unoptimal incentives and disincentives programs for

upstream areas has one cluster and three subclusters in the


Bali as a single island ecosystem management

1. Development of cooperation on interregion water resources

management

2. Legislation on Incentives for upstream areas

3. development of Disincentive for upstream area utilization

148

CHAPTER VIII

IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION

In each cluster appearing in the response column, the impacts should be

managed and mitigated. Therefore, each cluster in the response group is

discussed as to which institution is acting as the leading sector, and what

should be conducted by each institution assuming the coordinating function

and which institutions will become the supporting institutions. The following

Table 25 describes the functions of the relevant institutions with respect to the

responses set out in the clusters and sub-clusters.

Table 25.

Relation between response and impact management and mitigation

RESPONSE IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND

MITIGATION

Cluster : water resources

conservation

Leading Institution : Public Work Service,

assigned to :

Forest and critical land rehabilitation Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and

Evaluate

Water and soil resources conservation

Supported by:

Monitoring and controlling upstream land

area utilization

Bappeda : planning and monev

Empowering the community and local

149

wisdom in managing water resources

Environment Board: Community

empowerment

Intensification of land for plantations Forestry: afforestation and reforestation

Research and Development of Water

Resources

Department of Agriculture: setting the

cropping pattern, soil conservation and

community empowerment.

Legislation of Water Resource

Management

Plantation Service: intensification of

plantation land, community

empowerment

Efficiency of water utilization Culture Service: strengthening the

application of local wisdom

Cluster: Control of utilization of

ground water in an integrated manner

Improved facilities and public water

services infrastructure (piping)

Leading Institutions : Public Works

Service of Reg/Munci, assigned to:

Control of Ground water utilization Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and

Evaluate Increase in unprocessed water

production capacity

Supported by:

Environmental Board : information,

communication and education and

education

Dispenda assisting monev

Cluster : integrated Management of Leading Institutions : Public Works

150

coastal areas Service, assigned to:

Coastal area rehabilitation Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and

Evaluate

Handling of coastal area security

maitnenance Supported by:

Control of coastal material mining



education

Cluster : control of ground water

utilization in an integrated manner

Forestry Service: coastal forest

rehabilitation and coastal area replanting

trees

Control and efficiency of utilization of

ground water

DKP : management of coastal area

ecosystem

Increased green opened spaces

Tourism Service: controlling tourism

business in coastal region

Conservation of water resources and soil

Health Service : measuring the quality of

ground water

Cluster : Increased in public water

services


Service, assigned to:



Plan, Conduct, Control, monitor and

Evaluate

Increased production capacity of

unprocessed water Supported by:

151

Increasing public minimal service water Agricultural Service : subak training

Restructuring PDAM Deperindag : industry training

Development Cooperation for Private

Party (PPP) (PKPS)

Tourism Service: managing tourism

water utilization

Community empowerment and local

wisdom in the management of water

resources

Efficiency of water utilization

Cluster : Development of water

resource management partnerships



Technical Development Water Needs

Planning (Master Plan)


Evaluate

Cooperation Pattern of Water Utilization Supported by:





Community empowerment and local

wisdom in the management of water

resources


Evaluate

Supported by:


152



Evaluate

Supported by:

Cluster : Forest protection and

preservation



Forest and critical land rehabilitation


Evaluate

Development of community forest

Supported by:

Increase in monitoring and law

enforcement

Regional Police: law enforcement



education

Rege/Municipal goverment:

empowerment of the community

surrounding the forest

BPMD : empowerment of the community

surrounding the forest

BPN : control of state land boundary

Cluster : Boidiversity Conservation Leading Institution : Forest Service,

assigned to:

153

Control the use of fertilizers and

pesticides


Evaluate

Breeding species and the protection of

germplasm Supported by :

Supervision and law enforcement use

and circulation of biodiversity protected

Agricultural Service: biological

conservation in agricultural land

Development of biodiversity data base

DKP : biodiversity in water territory

Increasing diversification of food

BLH : conservation of biodiversity,

including rare, precarious and needs

upakara

Increase in organic farming

Regency/Municipality government:

conservation of biodiversity of flora and

fauna of the region mascot

Animal Husbandary Service: livestock

biodiversity conservation (typical local

germplasm)

Cluster : Law enforcement in an

integrated manner

Leading Institution : Integrated Team

(Public Prosecutor, police, BLH)

conducting investigation impose a

sanction

Increased institutional capacity of law Supported by : BLH providing

154

enforcement socialization, prosecution, and police

conducting investigation and

examination

Compliance with the implementation of

spatial

Increased awareness and empowerment

The application of sanctions law firmly

and consistently

Cluster : Development of IEC Leading Institutions : Diskominfo in

coordinating media

Increased environmental socialization

Supported by: BLH for socialization

material, investigating curriculum issues

Development of environmental

information

The development of formal, informal

environmental education, and cultural

arts

Cluster : Bali as an island ecosystem

management

Leading Institution : Bappeda to plan and

coordinate

Development of cooperation on

interregion water resources management

Supported by: financial bureau in

coordinating incentive and disincentive

155

Incentive Legislation for upstream area

Disincentive development of upstream

area utilization

Cluster : Improved management of

wastewater and waste

Leading Institution :

BLH in conduction water quality test

Controlling water pollution by liquid

waste, waste and B3

Supported by : DKP to handle the waste,

BLH in coordinating waste

Revitalization of existing landfill facilities

and infrastructure

Cluster : Empowerment of

communities and law enforcement in

the management of waste water and

garbage

Leading Institution : BLH in coordinating

law enforcement team

1. Increased awareness and public

participation

Supported by : Satpol PP in conducting

actions

2. Increased law enforcement

3. Legislation on waste management

Cluster : Integration management of

waste and liquid water with spatial

management

Leading Institution : Bappeda in

coordinating

1. Development of water front city Supported by : PU in the context of

156

infrastructure procurement

2. Development of TPA regional

Cluster : Conservation of agricultural

land

Leading Institution : Agricultural Service

in providing extension

1. Incentives farm

Supported by : Estate service office in

providing extension

2. Conservation of agricultural

legislation

Cluster : Control of space utilization Leading Institution : Bappeda in

enforcing law

1. Control of green belt

Supported by : PU in development issue

and BLH in violation

2. Control of the built-area on

agricultural land

Cluster : Development agropolitan Leading Institution : Bappeda in planning

1. Development of rural infrastructure

which supports agriculture

Supported by : Agricultural Service office

for field extension

2. Intensification of agriculture to

157

commodity

3. Facilities and infrastructure

subsidies of agricultural production

Cluster: Empowerment of rural

communities

Leading Institution : Population Service

Office and Family Planning in providing

extension

1. Increased employment

opportunities and rural

Supported by : disperindag in providing

training, cooperation service office in

assisting capital

Cluster: Increased population

administration system

Leading Institution: Population Service

office and work force in inventory

1. Increased population administration

Supported by : Regency Municipality

government in recording

2. Increased family planning program

158

CHAPTER IX

INDICATORS AND MONITORING

To be able to know whether the sub-objectives can be achieved well, so that

the priority strategic issues are eliminated and are no longer becoming issues,

it is necessary to have clear measurement indicators and monitoring

programs. Therefore, based on the results of the monitoring on the specified

indicators further steps will be taken in order to achieve the subo-bjectives

effectively and efficiently. The indicators and monitoring are described in

Table 26 below.

Table 26.

Indicators of monitoring an evaluation

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE

SUB-Objectives MONITORING AN

EVALUATION

Lowering in surface

water’s flowrate

Preserving the catchment

area and water sources to

insufficient water needs of

the community, agriculture,

and tourism, and prevention

of flood hazard

Monitoring Indicator :

Flowrate of river water

and spring water, lake

water surface level

Period: 3 months

Continuous

measurement of rainfall

Period: every day

Evaluation:

159

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE


EVALUATION

Discharge data of river

water

Springs surface water

level of the lake and

rainfall data

(Ecological water

balance)

High level of ground

water exploitation

Control of groundwater

exploitation for prevention of

seawater intrusion, soil

degradation which later can

prevent degradation of land

surface hydrological cycle

as well as keeping in line

with efforts to improve

effesiensi water use,

increase performance and

optimize the utilization of the

PDAM water surface

Monitoring Indicators:

Measurement of

groundwater levels in test

wells

Installation of water

meters AT

Measurement of water

levels in production wells

evaluation:

Groundwater level data

and data extraction of

ground

Sea water intrusion in

several areas in Bali

Conduct planning,

controlling and monitoring


Measurement of quality

160

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE


EVALUATION

the utilization of ground

water by improving water

infrastructure development

in a fair and equitable

manner

of ground water in test

wells

Period: 1 month

Measurement of well

water quality of the

population

Period: 6 months

Ground surface elevation

measurements

Period: 1 year

evaluation:

Groundwater quality data

(an indicator of seawater

intrusion)

Elevation data of soil

surface

Inequility of distribution

and access of the

community

Against water resources

Equitable distribution and

access the SD of water to

prevent conflicts among the

people, increasing the

degree of life, the


Coverage of clean water

Period: 1 year

production of water

Period: 1 month

161

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE


EVALUATION

development of economic

enterprises, the availability

of food through the

preservation of the balance

of ecosystems is maintained

so that the subak

water needs

Period: 1 year

evaluation:

Data of coverage of

water services

Data production and

distribution

Data of needs water

Conflicts of interest

utilization of water

resources

Prevention of conflicts of

interest of Water Resources

through equitable

distribution of water,

conservation of water

resources, preservation of

facilities and infrastructure

so that the creation of

harmony among water users

in accordance with the

regulations / by-laws

applicable


The intensity of the

conflict and the

conflicting parties

Period: 6 months

evaluation:

Number of conflicts data

and conflicting parties

The high level of Improve the hydrological Monitoring Indicators:

162

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE


EVALUATION

destruction /disturbance

of forests (state forests

and community forest)

system so that more optimal

water storage and land

damage caused can be

minimized through local

wisdom, law enforcement

under the applicable Laws

violation of forest

Period: 1 month

evaluation:

Data of forests violation

Decreased levels of

biodiversity

Conserving biodiversity for

maintaining the balance of

ecosystems, conservation of

germplasm so that it can

improve the structure,

texture, soil fertility and

water quality so as to

increase agricultural

productivity, food supply,

nutrition and the need of

upakara


Population level and

biodiversity of flora and

fauna

Period: 1 year

evaluation:

Data population of flora

and fauna biodiversity

Weak law enforcement in

the management and

protection of Subak Water

Resources in a broad

Improve the protection of

water resources through

Spatial Planning, community

participation based on Tri


The occurrence of

violations in the utilization

of water for every six

163

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE


EVALUATION

sense Hita Karana and orderly in

their utilization.

months

Evaluation: Numbers of

violations

Lack of information,

communication and

education concerning the

environment

Improving dissemination to

the public through printed

media, electronic, formal

education, and utilization of

local culture (puppets,

bonders, drama gong) in

environmental conservation


The intensity of the

negative news about the

environment performed

at least every month

Evaluation: the amount

of news

program of incentives and

disincentives for

upstream area which is

not yet optimal

Coordinate (Improved

cooperation) between

upstream and downstream

area through the

determination of policy or

cross-subsidies in order to

preserve the upstream area

so that it becomes a

hydrological unity of Bali

which can be maintained


Upland community

complaints about the

incentives

Evaluation: Number of

complaints from the

community

The decline in surface Maintain and improve water Monitoring Indicators:

164

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE


EVALUATION

water quality due to

pollution (solid waste and

liquid waste)

quality in a sustainable

manner through the efforts

of law enforcement,

reforming industrial and

environmental sanitation to

improve the usability of

water

The results of test for

water quality conducted

at least every 6 months

Evaluation:

The data of surface water

quality (rivers and lakes)

Conversion of high land

from agricultural to non

agricultural

Control of land use to keep

the Water Resources

conservation and catchment

areas so as to prevent

natural disasters, erosion

and to be able to maintain

the balance of biodiversity

which will improve food

security through the

enforcement of existing

spatial


Widespread conversion

of agricultural into non-

agricultural land for every

once a year

Evaluation: Data of land

area used

The high rate of

population growth in Bali

resulted in a decreased

Emphasizing on

urbanization by creating

jobs, independent business,


Bali population growth

rate which is conducted

165

PRIORITY STRATEGIC

ISSUE


EVALUATION

carrying capacity of

natural resources,

infrastructure and

facilities

farm/agricultural

commodities having high

economic value in

accordance with the

conditions of rural land

every year

Evaluation: Population

data

166

CHAPTER X

RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to be able to preserve the existing water resources in the Province of

Bali so that their utilization can be distributed evenly to all corners of Bali

island towards the objective of Bali Green Province as well as to address the

thirteen priority strategic issues that have been agreed upon, the

recommendations conveyed are as follows:

1. In the context of overcoming the decreasing flowrate of surface water

for the fulfillment of the community’s water supply, it is necessary to

improve the conservation of water resources in an integrated and

sustainable manner.

2. Prohibiting the community from disposing solid and liquid waste to the

environment, while businessmen will be required to treat their waste

prior to disposal to the environment

3. Development of agropolitan system by establishing conservation and

space utilization

4. The high level of ground water extraction must be controlled

immediately in an integrated manner by improving public water facilities

and infrastructure , increasing raw water production capacity from

surface water as well as limiting underground water extraction which

should not be> 2 lt/sec per 1 point of extraction

5. Seawater intrusion is controlled by limiting the extraction of ground

water, which is supported by an integrated coastal management.

167

6. Due to the high level of damage/disturbance to forests, sustainable

protection and maintenance of forests as strategic areas are needed.

7. In order to preserve biological resources for maintaining the balance of

ecosystems and the preservation of germplasm, it is necessary to

improbe the efforts for biodiversity conservation in an integrated

manner.

8. Strengthening and enforcing laws in water resource management and

protection of water-control system in a broad sense of the terms

9. To ensure even distribution and access to water resources, particularly

in areas prone to water deficiency, it is necessary to search for water

sources, increase raw water production capacity and infrastructure in

areas prone to water deficiency.

10. Conflicts of interest on the utilization of water resources need to be

resolved by developing cooperation/partnership in water utilization as

well as involving community as from the beginning of the planning

process.

11. Controlling the rate of population growth through demographic

mechanism in an integrated manner

12. Improving the dissemination of environmental information through

socialization and environmental education

13. The preparation of regulations requiring the downstream areas to

provide incentives for upstream areas.

14. certification of law enforcement human resources, so law enforcement

will be conducted in accordance with the applicable regulations

168

15. Improving the participation of village Pekraman in handling

environmental issues, including improving the performance of the

government apparatus and establishing institutions which manage

environmental services in strategic areas (high valued view, having a

cultural heritage, landscape beauty, including cliffs)

16. Improving coordination among sectors, regions (regency/municipality)

as well as between government, private, and community, including

traditional institution.

17. Monitoring and evaluating the quality and quantity of water as well as

the violation of spatial layout at a minimum of once in 6 months.

18. It is necessary to have a zoning of river bodies utilization (drinking

water, irrigation, tourism, energy) and to protect water catchment areas

including the conduct of intensive reforestation.

19. Striving for at least 30% of forests in Watershed areas and 40% of

urban green open spaces

20. All components of the community should be required to make water

catchment wells and bio pores