Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 5.17: The U.S. Navy Since 2001.

Sea Power and MaritimeSea Power and Maritime Affairs Affairs

Lesson 5.17: The U.S. Navy Since 2001Lesson 5.17: The U.S. Navy Since 2001

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives• DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of

Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, 2001.2001.

• EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.Freedom.

• Know the essential elements of the document “A Know the essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).(October 2007).

• 1990-20011990-2001: Defense spending declines by $100 billion each : Defense spending declines by $100 billion each year.year.

• 1990-19941990-1994: Decline to 400 ships.: Decline to 400 ships.• 19941994: Forward…From the Sea: Forward…From the Sea

– Forward presence and power projection from sea to land.Forward presence and power projection from sea to land.

Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. NavyPre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy

““The Navy and Marine Corps Team responded to The Navy and Marine Corps Team responded to national tasking, on average, at least once every national tasking, on average, at least once every three weeks during 1998. Navy forces were called three weeks during 1998. Navy forces were called upon to demonstrate their multipurpose upon to demonstrate their multipurpose capabilities in myriad assignment, ranging from capabilities in myriad assignment, ranging from combat operations to humanitarian assistance combat operations to humanitarian assistance commitments.” - SECDEF William Cohencommitments.” - SECDEF William Cohen

““We are seeking to incite We are seeking to incite the Islamic Nation to rise the Islamic Nation to rise up to liberate its land and up to liberate its land and to conduct Jihad for the to conduct Jihad for the sake of God.” sake of God.” - Osama bin Laden - Osama bin Laden

Oct 2000 – USS COLE Oct 2000 – USS COLE attacked resulting in attacked resulting in the death of 17 the death of 17 Sailors and 39 injured.Sailors and 39 injured.

Oct 2000 – USS COLE Oct 2000 – USS COLE attacked resulting in attacked resulting in the death of 17 the death of 17 Sailors and 39 injured.Sailors and 39 injured.

Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. NavyPre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy

• Emphasis during 2000 Emphasis during 2000 presidential campaign was to presidential campaign was to modernizemodernize the U.S. military.the U.S. military.

• President Bush’s plan included:President Bush’s plan included:– Missile Defense SystemMissile Defense System– Engagement of Hostile statesEngagement of Hostile states– Dialogue with ChinaDialogue with China– Willingness to not use nuclear Willingness to not use nuclear

weaponsweapons

President Bush, 2000President Bush, 2000

September 11, 2001September 11, 2001

• 19 hijackers murdered 3,49719 hijackers murdered 3,497- 2,735 civilians in the WTC2,735 civilians in the WTC- 87 aboard AA Flight 11 87 aboard AA Flight 11 - 60 aboard United Flight 17560 aboard United Flight 175- 343 NYC firefighters and rescuers343 NYC firefighters and rescuers- 23 NYC police officers23 NYC police officers- 84 Port Authority workers 84 Port Authority workers - 36 aboard United Flight 9336 aboard United Flight 93- 64 aboard AA Flight 77 64 aboard AA Flight 77

- 125 people in the Pentagon 125 people in the Pentagon

““The calculated use of unlawful The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, that are generally political, religious, or ideological.”religious, or ideological.”

- Joint Pub 3-07.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, - Joint Pub 3-07.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Anti Terrorismand Procedures for Anti Terrorism

TerrorismTerrorism

““Premeditated, politically Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an intended to influence an audience.”audience.”

- U.S. Dept of State- U.S. Dept of State

TerrorismTerrorism

Post 9/11 ChallengesPost 9/11 Challenges

• The Bush Administration The Bush Administration had to bring firepower to had to bring firepower to an area with no immediate an area with no immediate military base support. military base support.

• Sea-based carrier warfare.Sea-based carrier warfare.• Network-centric concepts Network-centric concepts

– use a limited, precision – use a limited, precision force.force.

• Coalition forces.Coalition forces.

America’s First RespondersAmerica’s First Responders

• CNO Admiral Vern CNO Admiral Vern Clark, 2000-2005Clark, 2000-2005– Quote from page 289, Quote from page 289, In In

Peace and WarPeace and War– Carrier Strike Groups.Carrier Strike Groups.– Expeditionary Strike Expeditionary Strike

Groups.Groups.

Operation Enduring FreedomOperation Enduring FreedomOctober 7, 2001-Present DayOctober 7, 2001-Present Day

• MissionMission: Defeat the Taliban government and Al : Defeat the Taliban government and Al Qaeda terrorists.Qaeda terrorists.

• Navy CSG’sNavy CSG’s: Conducted Air/Strike/Intel/Recon : Conducted Air/Strike/Intel/Recon Warfare. Warfare. – Also served as a Special Operations Platform. Also served as a Special Operations Platform.

• Navy ESG’sNavy ESG’s: Conducted strike and ground combat : Conducted strike and ground combat operations.operations.– Marines advance 450 miles inland to seize Afghan airfield.Marines advance 450 miles inland to seize Afghan airfield.

• Longest, continual war U.S. has fought in our Longest, continual war U.S. has fought in our nation’s history.nation’s history.

Maritime WarMaritime War

• Through November, carriers Through November, carriers were the only source of were the only source of tactical air strikes.tactical air strikes.

• USS Enterprise, Carl Vinson, USS Enterprise, Carl Vinson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt, and John C. StennisJohn C. Stennis

• Naval aircraft flew ¾ of all Naval aircraft flew ¾ of all sorties, dropped 1/3 of all sorties, dropped 1/3 of all bombs.bombs.

Operation Enduring Freedom: Operation Enduring Freedom: TimelineTimeline

• October 2001October 2001: Coalition combat operations : Coalition combat operations begin.begin.

• October-December 2001October-December 2001: Coalition forces drive : Coalition forces drive out the Taliban from its strong holds in Mazar-i-out the Taliban from its strong holds in Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul, Kunduz and Kandahar.Sharif, Kabul, Kunduz and Kandahar.

• December 2001December 2001: The International Security : The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) established by the UN.Assistance Force (ISAF) established by the UN.

• 20022002: U.S. seeks out and eliminates Taliban and : U.S. seeks out and eliminates Taliban and Al Qaeda forces in the mountainous regions Al Qaeda forces in the mountainous regions (caves/guerilla warfare). (caves/guerilla warfare). – Coalition forces reach over 10,000.Coalition forces reach over 10,000.– Afghanistan has an interim governmentAfghanistan has an interim government

Operation Enduring Freedom:Operation Enduring Freedom:Timeline (continued)Timeline (continued)

• 2003-20052003-2005: Taliban forces regroup and : Taliban forces regroup and begin more offensive raids. begin more offensive raids. – Coalition forces change mission to seek out Coalition forces change mission to seek out

and attack smaller enemy tribes.and attack smaller enemy tribes.• 2006-20072006-2007: Major fighting/combat : Major fighting/combat

operations shift towards Southern operations shift towards Southern Afghanistan. Afghanistan.

• 2008-20092008-2009: Reassessment and renewed : Reassessment and renewed commitment.commitment.– Troop surge of US forces from 24,000 to Troop surge of US forces from 24,000 to

48,000 by the end 2009.48,000 by the end 2009.

Operation Iraqi FreedomOperation Iraqi FreedomMarch 2003- Sept 2010March 2003- Sept 2010

• Primary missionPrimary mission: End the regime of Saddam : End the regime of Saddam Hussein and to identify, isolate, and eliminate Hussein and to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq’s WMD.Iraq’s WMD.

• March-December 2003March-December 2003: Air/Strike Warfare : Air/Strike Warfare dominance. Ground troops push through and dominance. Ground troops push through and capture Baghdad. Saddam captured.capture Baghdad. Saddam captured.

• 2004-20052004-2005: Insurgency up rise leads to major : Insurgency up rise leads to major combat operations in Western and Northern combat operations in Western and Northern Iraq (Ramadi/Fulujah and Mosul).Iraq (Ramadi/Fulujah and Mosul).

Operation Iraqi FreedomOperation Iraqi FreedomMarch 2003-Sep 2010 (contd.)March 2003-Sep 2010 (contd.)

• 2005-2006: Iraq begins to form new government (Saddam killed) .

• 2007: Ordered Troop surge of 20,000 ground forces.

• 2008-2009: Major combat operations have severely declined. – Large military bases and patrols have been

turned over to Iraqi military and police.

OEF/OIF Change of DirectionOEF/OIF Change of Direction

• Primary Mission is still to seek out and eliminate Primary Mission is still to seek out and eliminate Taliban/Al Qaeda/Terrorist cell organizations Taliban/Al Qaeda/Terrorist cell organizations (Counter Insurgency). (Counter Insurgency).

• New Mission/Objectives:New Mission/Objectives:– Train foreign military and police forces (Small Train foreign military and police forces (Small

training teams made up of SME’s).training teams made up of SME’s).– Work with and provide aid to local governments Work with and provide aid to local governments

in order to establish a strong working democratic in order to establish a strong working democratic structure (Provincial Reconstruction Teams). structure (Provincial Reconstruction Teams).

– Plan and execute a responsible draw down and Plan and execute a responsible draw down and removal of troops. removal of troops.

““ONE OF THE SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN ONE OF THE SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN PLANNING AGAINST AMERICAN DOCTRINE IS PLANNING AGAINST AMERICAN DOCTRINE IS THAT THE AMERICANS DO NOT READ THEIR THAT THE AMERICANS DO NOT READ THEIR

MANUALS NOR DO THEY FEEL ANY MANUALS NOR DO THEY FEEL ANY OBLIGATIONS TO FOLLOW THEIR DOCTRINE.”OBLIGATIONS TO FOLLOW THEIR DOCTRINE.”

- FROM A SOVIET DOCUMENT -- FROM A SOVIET DOCUMENT -

““THE REASON THAT THE AMERICAN NAVY THE REASON THAT THE AMERICAN NAVY DOES SO WELL IN WARTIME IS THAT WAR DOES SO WELL IN WARTIME IS THAT WAR

IS CHAOS, AND THE AMERICAN NAVY IS CHAOS, AND THE AMERICAN NAVY PRACTICES CHAOS ON A DAILY BASIS.”PRACTICES CHAOS ON A DAILY BASIS.”

- A GERMAN OFFICER DURING WWII - - A GERMAN OFFICER DURING WWII -

U.S. Maritime StrategyU.S. Maritime StrategyU.S. Maritime StrategyU.S. Maritime Strategy• A Cooperative Strategy for 21A Cooperative Strategy for 21stst

Century SeapowerCentury Seapower

• Signed by the CNO, the Signed by the CNO, the Commandant of the USMC, Commandant of the USMC, and the Commandant of the and the Commandant of the USCG in Oct 2007.USCG in Oct 2007.

• ““Our challenge is to apply sea Our challenge is to apply sea power in a manner that power in a manner that protects U.S. vital interests protects U.S. vital interests even as it promotes greater even as it promotes greater collective security, stability, collective security, stability, and trust.”and trust.”

• A Cooperative Strategy for 21A Cooperative Strategy for 21stst Century SeapowerCentury Seapower

• Signed by the CNO, the Signed by the CNO, the Commandant of the USMC, Commandant of the USMC, and the Commandant of the and the Commandant of the USCG in Oct 2007.USCG in Oct 2007.

• ““Our challenge is to apply sea Our challenge is to apply sea power in a manner that power in a manner that protects U.S. vital interests protects U.S. vital interests even as it promotes greater even as it promotes greater collective security, stability, collective security, stability, and trust.”and trust.”

A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power

A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power

• Preventing war is as important as winning wars.Preventing war is as important as winning wars.

• Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global maritime security.maritime security.

• Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster Relief Relief

• Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Interagency and NGO cooperation.Interagency and NGO cooperation.

• Preventing war is as important as winning wars.Preventing war is as important as winning wars.

• Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global maritime security.maritime security.

• Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster Relief Relief

• Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Interagency and NGO cooperation.Interagency and NGO cooperation.

Core Capabilities of U.S. Maritime Power

Core Capabilities of U.S. Maritime Power

1.1. Forward PresenceForward Presence

2.2. DeterrenceDeterrence

3.3. Sea ControlSea Control

4.4. Power ProjectionPower Projection

5.5. Maritime Security Maritime Security

6.6. Humanitarian Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Assistance & Disaster ResponseResponse

1.1. Forward PresenceForward Presence

2.2. DeterrenceDeterrence

3.3. Sea ControlSea Control

4.4. Power ProjectionPower Projection

5.5. Maritime Security Maritime Security

6.6. Humanitarian Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Assistance & Disaster ResponseResponse

• Emphasizes activities that prevent war and build partnerships with our allies.• Emphasizes activities that prevent war and build partnerships with our allies.

Challenges for the U.S. NavyChallenges for the U.S. Navy

• Chinese ModernizationChinese Modernization• Iran and North KoreaIran and North Korea• Number of naval ships declined Number of naval ships declined from 592 to 283 between 1989 from 592 to 283 between 1989 and 2009.and 2009.• Navy and Marine Corps tactical Navy and Marine Corps tactical aircraft are over 15 years old.aircraft are over 15 years old.• Ticonderoga-class cruisers are Ticonderoga-class cruisers are nearly 20 years old.nearly 20 years old.• The current U.S. submarine The current U.S. submarine fleet is half the size of the 1965 fleet is half the size of the 1965 fleet (from 104-52).fleet (from 104-52).

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives• DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of

Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, 2001.2001.

• EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.Freedom.

• Know the essential elements of the document “A Know the essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).(October 2007).

Questions???Questions???

WE ARE DONE!!!WE ARE DONE!!!