Sea Cucumber Fishing and Aquaculture: Environmental Effects on Growth and Reproduction of the California Red Sea Cucumber (Parastichopus californicus) Charlotte R.-Whitefield And Sarah M. Hardy
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Sea Cucumber Fishing and Aquaculture:
Environmental Effects on Growth and Reproduction
of the California Red Sea Cucumber
(Parastichopus californicus)
Charlotte R.-Whitefield And
Sarah M. Hardy
Presentation Outline
Fishing
Commercial Products
Fisheries Concerns
Aquaculture
Sea Cucumber Ecology/Biology
Research and Implications
Global Fisheries
Over 300 Species of Sea Cucumbers
are Harvested throughout the Globe
Fisheries Regions
bunnyclark.com Steve Ringman- Seattle Times
Fishing Methods
Trawl Nets SCUBA Diving
clocktowertenants.com alibaba.com
Commercial Products
Dried Body Wall Frozen Muscle Bands
Food Herald
ficklewind.com manufacturer.com
Food Applications
tradekorea.com
Whole Sea Cucumber Entrées Dehydrated Soups
Fresh Muscle Sushi Canned Muscle and Body Wall
Pharmaceutical Applications
Polysaccharide Chondroitin Sulfate
1. Reduce Pain
2. Rebuild Cartilage
and Collagen
3. Inhibit Viruses
news.sciencemag.org
innovateus.net
humanillnesses.com
Fisheries Concerns
Modified from Anderson et al. 2011
Several Global Fisheries have Peaked and then Declined
Global Aquaculture
Sea Cucumber Aquaculture has Developed Globally
Alaska Aquaculture
Alutiiq Pride Shellfish Hatchery
Seward, AK seafoodfromnorway.com
aqilahch4pt3r. com
freerangegourmet.com
Alaska Aquaculture
Aquaculture Development
Larvae Tanks
Broodstock Tanks Juvenile Setting Tanks
Larvae Tanks
Alaskan Fisheries
In Alaska, California Red Sea Cucumbers are the only
Commercially Fished Species
The California Sea Cucumber
BASIC ECOLOGY:
• Average size of 1ft (~30cm) and 11oz. (~300g)
• Reproductive at 4 years
• Unable to age from natural populations
• Adults move less then 6ft (2M) daily
corbisimages.com afsc.noaa.gov
The California Sea Cucumber
BASIC ECOLOGY:
• Several color morphs exist throughout the habitat range
from the Aleutian Islands, AK to Baja California, Mexico
• Found at depths of 1ft (~30cm) to 350 ft (~106) in sandy to
rocky habitats
• Feed on sediment algae
Life Cycle Description
Male and Females release
gametes directly into the water
Fertilized eggs develop
into a feeding larvae
within 5 days
Larvae feed in the water column
on algae for 15-100 days
Larvae settle out onto the
bottom as juveniles
Juveniles feed on sediment
algae growing ~1mm a month
Reproductive at 4 years
then spawn annually
Population Structure
Mortality (I.E. Fishing or Disease)
Juvenile
Immigration Larvae
Emigration
Birth Rate (I.E. Egg Production)
Population
Size
“Outgoing” “Incoming”
Only by Understanding each Component can Stocks be Managed
and Aquaculture Procedures Be Formed
Aquaculture Research Objectives OVERARCHING QUESTION-
What effect does female nutrition have on early larval development?
Specifically…
Does protein and fat content in female diets affect abundance, size, and
biochemistry of spawned eggs and growth/survival rates of pre feeding larvae?
Aquaculture Research Objectives
High Protein - Low Fat
High Fat - Low Protein
Fewer Smaller
Eggs
Fewer Smaller
Larvae
More Larger
Eggs More Larger
Larvae
H1:
H2:
Research Outline
Collection and Transport Logistics
Spawning and Fecundity
Larvae Growth and Survival
Animal Collection
usd.edu
Individuals were Packaged in Water Filled Bags
During Shipment then Monitored
Upon Entering the Hatchery
Evisceration
Un-Eviscerated Eviscerated
6 Weeks
Post Eviscerated
10 Weeks
Post Eviscerated
Gonads are not Eviscerated
Time Since
Evisceration
Mean Gonad
Wet Wt.
Mean Body Wall
and
Muscle Wet Wt.
Mean Gonad
Indices
Mean Viscera
Wet Wt.
Week 0
(Uneviserated)
7.20g
(n=1)
92.70g
(n=1)
0.08g
(n=1)
12.00g
(n=1)
Week 6 2.10g ± 0.40g
(n=3)
91.90g ± 1.90g
(n=3)
0.02 ± 0.04
(n=3)
0.50g ±0.20g
(n=3)
Week 10 3.60g ± 0.40g
(n=3)
118.40g ± 2.00g
(n=3)
0.03 ± 0.02
(n=3)
3.40g ±0.40g
(n=3)
Evisceration
aquafauna.com
aquafauna.com
Feeding Study
Holding Tanks
TWO FEED TREATMENTS
Feeding Study
seaotter.com
animaladay.blogspot.com
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Protein Lipid Carbohydrates
Co
mp
on
ent
(% d
ry w
t.)
Components
AlgaMac Protein Plus
AlgaMac 3050
Completeaquarium.com
Spawning Procedure
Spawning Tanks
1) Heat Shock
2) Light
3) Live Feed
expresslightbulbs.com
aquaculturewales.com
Broodstock Tagging
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never Spawned Spawned Once Spawned Twice
Perc
en
t of
Sp
aw
ned
Bro
od
stock
Male
Female
AlgaeMac Protein Plus
(High Protein)
No Females within the High Protein Feed Treatment Spawned Twice
Broodstock Tagging AlgaeMac 3050
(High Fat)
One Female within the High Fat Feed Treatment Spawned Twice
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never Spawned Spawned Once Spawned Twice
Perc
en
t of
Sp
aw
ned
Bro
od
stock
Male
Female
(11/18)
(12/18)
(9/17) (9/17)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Spawn 1 Spawn 2
Perc
en
t of
Bro
od
stock
Sp
aw
ned
AlgaeMac Protein Plus (High Protein)
AlgaeMac 3050 (High Fat)
Broodstock Spawning
Spawning
Fewer broodstock spawned in High Fat feed treatment
during both spawning trials
Spawn Feed Tank # of Females # of Males
Spawn 1
High Protein 4 7
High Lipid 5 7
Spawn 2
High Protein 0 9
High Lipid 3 6
Broodstock Spawning
No females in High Protein treatment
spawned during spawn trial 2
Egg Fecundity
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Spawn 1 Spawn 2
Eggs
/ F
em
ale
AlgaeMac Protein Plus (High Protein)
AlgaeMac 3050 (High Fat)
Female broodstock from the High Fat feed treatment produced
fewer eggs then broodstock from High Protein feed treatment
Eggs
Quantity
Spawn Feed Tank Mean Female Weight
(wet live wt.) (± SE)
Spawn 1
High Protein 296.7g ± 1.3g
High Lipid 264.6g ± 1.5g
Spawn 2 High Lipid 303.6g ± 2.1g
Fecundity and Female Weight
There was NO statistical difference in female wet weights
between the spawn and/or feed treatments
Egg Size
(N=20) (N=14)
(N=14)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Spawn 1 Spawn 2
Mean
Egg D
iam
eter
(±S
E)
AlgaeMac Protein Plus (High Protein)
AlgaeMac 3050 (High Fat)
There was NO statistical difference in egg diameter
between the spawn and/or feed treatments
Eggs
Diameter
Egg Collection
Fertilized Eggs were filtered through a
710µm mesh followed by a 47µm mesh
Fertilization occurs
within 5 minutes
8 cell cleavage
within 10-11 hours
64 cell cleavage
within 16-17 hours
Fertilization Rates
(49/50)
(49/50)
(46/50)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Spawn 1 Spawn 2
Perc
en
t F
ert
iliz
ati
on
of
Eggs
AlgaeMac Protein Plus (High Protein)
AlgaeMac 3050 (High Fat)Fertilized
Egg
Fertilization rates were between 88-98% for
High Protein and High Fat feed treatments
Larvae Rearing
Larvae were maintained in 190L
tanks with flow through sea water
Gastrula pre-feeding
larvae within 3 days
Auricularia feeding
larvae within 4 days
Auricularia continue
to feed and grow
Spawn Feed Tank Stocking
Density
Larvae Tank
Density/ml
Spawn 1
High Protein 232,848 1.2
High Lipid 207,760 1.1
Stocking densities of ~1cell/ml have been found
in previous studies to be maximum density
before hindering growth rates
Larvae Rearing
Larvae rearing research was only conducted on spawn 1 data
Larvae Survival Rates
(N=3)
(N=3)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AlgaeMac Protein Plus
(High Protein)
AlgaeMac 3050
(High Fat)
Per
cent
Surv
ival
of
Pre
-fee
din
g L
arvae
Broodstock Feeding Treatment
Survival rates for larvae from High Protein broodstock were
SIGNIFICANTLY smaller then from High Fat broodstock
Un-Fed
Larvae
Larvae Growth Rates (N=14)
(N=25)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
AlgaeMac Protein Plus
(High Protein)
AlgaeMac 3050
(High Fat)
Mea
n L
arvae
Len
gth
(µ
m) ±
(S
E)
Broodstock Feeding Treatment
Growth rates for larvae from High Protein broodstock were
NOT Significantly smaller then from High Fat broodstock
Un-Fed
Larvae Length
Summary of Results
• During evisceration gonad is typically not expelled
• Broodstock can spawn multiple times in a season
• High Protein feeds produce more eggs
• High Lipid feeds produce elevated larvae survival rates
Steve Ringman- Seattle Times corbisimages.com
Further Research Goals
Triacylglycerols (TAG) Phospholipid (PL)
Allows us to observe chemical changes over time
that may not be noticeable through observational
research.
Biochemical Analysis:
Questions?
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