SDR 11

Examples

1

Flow Charts for Polyethylene Pipe

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 2

Design Basis

Design Basis 3

Flow Variations 5

PE100 225mm to 1200mm PN6.3 – PN10 5

Gravity Main 6

Pumped Main

Part Full Flow 8

PE100 225mm to 1200mm 8

9

Pressure Rating (PN) 11

11PE Pipe - SDR33

12PE Pipe - SDR26

13

PE Pipe - SDR17 16

PE Pipe - SDR11 16

PE Pipe - SDR9 17

PE Pipe - SDR7.4 18

EXAMPLES 6

RESISTANCE 9

7

Above Ground Unprotected STD Black

Resistance Coefficients

FLOW CHARTS 10

Small Bore Polyethylene Pipe

PE Pipe - SDR21

PE Pipe - SDR13.6

POLYETHYLENE PIPE DIMENSIONS 19

15

10

HYDRAULIC DESIGN 3

Limitation of Liability

This product catalogue has been compiled by Vinidex Pty Limited (“the Company”) to promote better understanding of the technical aspects of the Company’s products to assist users in obtaining from them the best possible performance. The product catalogue is supplied subject to acknowledgement of the following conditions:

1 The product catalogue is protected by copyright and may not be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means in whole or in part without prior consent in writing by the Company. . 2 Product specifications, usage data and advisory information may change from time to time with advances in research and field experience. The Company reserves the right to make such changes at any time without further notice. 3 Correct usage of the Company’s products involves engineering judgements, which can not be properly made without full knowledge of all the conditions pertaining to each specific installation. The Company expressly disclaims all and any liability to any person whether supplied with this publication or not in respect of anything and all of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance whether whole or part of the contents of this publication. 4 No offer to trade, nor any conditions of trading, are expressed or implied by the issue of content of this product catalogue. Nothing herein shall override the Company’s Condition of Sale, which may be obtained from the Registered Office or any Sales Office of the Company. 5 This product catalogue is and shall remain the property of the Company, and shall be surrendered on demand to the Company. 6 Information supplied in this product catalogue does not override a job specification, where such conflict arises; consult the authority supervising the job. © Copyright Vinidex Pty Limited.

VIN039 PE Flow Charts.indd 1 4/06/2009 9:30:08 AM

Examples

2


Introduction

The flow chaarts for VinidexPolyethylene (PE) pipes are suitable forpipes made to Australian Standard,AS/NZS 4130, Polyethylene (PE)pipes for pressure applications. ThisStandard includes several materialdesignations based on design stress.Because of this, pipes with the samedimensions but made from differentmaterials will have different pressureratings.

For simplicity, the large bore flowcharts are presented in terms of theStandard Dimension Ratio (SDR). TheSDR can be related to the materialdesignation and the pressure rating byreference to Table 1. The small borechart relates only to PE 80 materials andtherefore is presented in terms ofmominal size (DN) and nominalpressure class (PN).

Note: SDR Nominal ratio of outside diameter to wall thickness.PE classification Long term rupture stress at 20ºC (MPa multiplied by 10)

to which the minimum safety factor of 1.25 is applied in order to obtain the 20ºC design hoop stress.

PN Pressure rating at 20ºC (MPa multiplied by 10).

Table 1. Comparison of SDR & pressure rating for PE80 & PE100 materials

SDR 41 SDR 33 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17 SDR 13.6 SDR 11 SDR 9 SDR 7.4

PE80 PN 3.2 PN 4 - PN 6.3 PN 8 PN 10 PN 12.5 PN 16 PN20

PE100 PN 4 - PN 6.3 PN8 PN 10 PN 12.5 PN 16 PN 2 PN 25

Pipe dimensions for polyethylene pipeare presented in Table 3 on page 2.

NoteAdvisory information concerning usage of the company’sproducts is published to assist users to obtain bestperformance, and represents the best informationavailable at the time of publication. No warranty isexpressed or implied, nor will any liability be accepted bythe Company for consequences resulting directly orindirectly from the use of such information.Product data and advisory information are subject tochange at any time without notice.

charts

19.


Examples

3


Hydraulic DesignDesign Basis

Vinidex Polyethylene (PE) pipes offeradvantages to the designer due to thesmooth internal bores which aremaintained over the working lifetimeof the pipelines. The surface energycharacteristics of PE inhibit the build upof deposits on the internal pipesurfaces thereby retaining themaximum bore dimensions and flowcapacities.

The flow charts presented in thissection relate the combinations of pipediameters, flow velocities and headloss with discharge of water in PEpipelines. These charts have beendeveloped for the flow of waterthrough the pipes

Whee fluids other than water arebeing considered, the charts may notbe applicable due to the flowproperties of these different fluids. Inthese cases the advice of Vinidexengineers should be obtained.

There are a number of flow formulaein common use which have either atheoretical or empirical background.

However, only the Hazen-Williams andColebrook-White formulae areconsidered in this section.

Where fluids other than water arebeing considered, the charts may notbe applicable due to the flowproperties of these different fluids. Inthese cases the advice of Vinidexengineers should be obtained.

There are a number of flow formulaein common use which have either atheoretical or empirical background.

However, only the Hazen-Williams andColebrook-White formulae areconsidered in this section.


Examples

4


Hazen – Williams

The original Hazen-Williams formulawas published in 1920 in the form:

Where

C1 = Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient

r = hydraulic radius (ft)

s = hydraulic gradient

The variations inherent with diameterchanges are accounted for by theintroduction of the coefficient C² sothat

Adoption of a Hazen-Williamsroughness coefficient of 155 results inthe following relationship for dischargein Vinidex PE pipes

Where

Q = discharge (litres/second)

D = internal diameter (mm)

H = head loss (metres/100 metres length of pipe)

Flow charts for pipe systems using theHazen – Williams formula have been inoperation in Australia for over 30years. The charts calculate thevolumes of water transmitted throughpipelines of various materials, and havebeen proven in practical installations.

10

× −

Colebrook – White

The development from first principlesof the Darcy – Weisbach formularesults in the expression

Where

And

f = Darcy friction factor

H = head loss due to friction(m)

D = pipe internal diameter (m)

L = pipe length (metres)

v = flow velocity (m/s)

g = gravitational acceleration(9.81 m/s2)

R = Reynolds Number

This is valid for the laminar flow region(R 2000), however, as most pipeapplications are likely to operate in thetransition zone between smooth andfull turbulence, the transition functiondeveloped by Colebrook-White isnecessary to establish the relationshipbetween f and R.

Where

k = Colebrook-White roughness coefficient (m)

The appropriate value for PE pipes is:

k = 0.007 x 10 -³ m

= 0.007 mm

This value provides for the range ofpipe diameters, and water flowvelocities encountered in normalpipeline installations.

/ 1 /+


Examples

5


Head Loss in Fittings

Wherever a change to pipe crosssection, or a change in the direction offlow occurs in a pipeline, energy is lostand this must be accounted for in thehydraulic design.

Under normal circumstances involvinglong pipelines these head losses aresmall in relation to the head losses dueto pipe wall friction.

However, geometry and inlet/exitcondition head losses may besignificant in short pipe runs or incomplex installations where a largenumber of fittings are included in thedesign.

The general relationship for headlosses in fittings may be expressed as:

Where

H = head loss (m)

V = velocity of flow (m/s)

K = head loss coefficient

G = gravitational acceleration(9.81 m/s2)

The value of the head loss coefficientK is dependent on the particulargeometry of each fitting, and valuesfor specific cases are listed in Table 2.

The total head loss in the pipelinenetwork is the obtained by addingtogether the calculations performed foreach fitting in the system, the headloss in the pipes, and any other designhead losses.

Flow Variations

The flow charts presented for PE pipes are based on a number ofassumptions, and variations tothese standard conditions may require evaluation as to the effect on discharge.

Water Temperature

The charts are based on a watertemperature of 20C. A water

increase above this valueresults in a decrease in viscosity of thewater, with a corresponding increase indischarge (or reduced head loss)through the pipeline.

An allowance of approximately 1%increase in the water discharge mustbe made for each 3oC increase intemperature above 20oC. Similarly, adecrease of approximately 1% indischarge occurs for each 3oC stepbelow 20oC water temperature.

Pipe Dimensions

The flow charts presented in thissection are based on mean pipedimensions of Series 1 pipes made toAS/NZS 4130 PE pipes for Pressureapplications.

Surface Roughness

The roughness coefficients adopted forVinidex PE pipes result fromexperimental programs performed inEurope and the USA, and follow therecommendations laid down inAustralian Standard AS2200 – DesignCharts for Water Supply andSewerage.

temperature

“

“

Worked Example

What is the head loss occurring in a250mm equal tee with the flow in themain pipeline at a flow velocity of 2m/s?

Where

K = 0.35 (Table 2)

V = 2 m/s

G = 9.81 m/s

If the total system contains 15 teesunder the same conditions, then thetotal head loss in the fittings is 15 x0.07 = 1.05 metres.

2××

0.07-


Examples

6


Figure 1. Gravity Flow Example

Example 1: Gravity Main (refer Figure 1)

A flow of water of 32 litres/second isrequired to flow from a storge tanklocated on a hill 50 metres above anoutlet. The tank is located 4.5 kmaway from the outlet.

Hence the information available is:

Head available = 50 metres

Length of pipeline = 4500 metresMinimum PN rating of pipe availableto withstand the 50 m static head isPN6.3. Head loss per 100 m length ofpipe is :

Use Table 1 to select the SDR rating ofPN6.3 class pipes in both PE80, andPE100 materials.

PE80 Material Option

PE80 PN6.3 pipe is SDR 21.

Use the SDR 21 flow chart, readintersection of discharge line at 32 l/sand head loss line at 1.11m/100m ofpipe. Select the next largest pipe size.This rsults in a DN200 mm pipediameter.


Pe100 PN6.3 pipe is SDR 26.

Use the SDR26 flow chart, read theintersection of discharge line at 32 l/sand head loss line at 1.11m/100m ofpipe. Select the next largest pipe size.This results in a DN180mm pipediameter.

Hence for this application, there aretwo options available, either:

1. DN200 PE80 PN6.3 or

2. Dn 180 PE100 PN6.3

×

Flow Chart Worked Examples

(refer Figure 1)PE80 Material Option


Use the SDR 21 flow chart, readintersection of discharge line at 32 l/sand head loss line at 1.11m/100m ofpipe. Select the next largest pipe size.This results in a DN200 mm pipediameter.



Use the SDR26 flow chart, read theintersection of discharge line at 32 l/sand head loss line at 1.11m/100m ofpipe. Select the next largest pipe size.This results in a DN180mm pipediameter.

Hence for this application, there aretwo options available, either:

1. DN200 PE80 PN6.3 or

2. DN 180 PE100 PN6.3


Examples

7


Example 2: Pumped Main

(refer Figure 2)

A line is required to provide 20 litres/second of water from a dam to a highlevel storage tank located 5000 metresaway. The tank has maximum waterelevation of 100m and the minumumwater elevation in the dam is 70m.

The maximum flow velicity is requiredto be limited to 1.0 metres/second tominimise water hammer effects.

The maximum head required at thepump = static head + pipe frictionhead + fittings form loss

1. Static Head

= 100 – 70 = 30 m

2. Pipe Friction Head

Considering the data available, startwith a PN6.3 class pipe.


From Table 1, PE80 PN6.3 pipe isSDR21. Use the SDR 21 flow chart,find the intersection of the dischargeline at 20 l/s and the velocity line at 1m/s. Select the corresponding or nextlargest size of the pipe. Where thedischarge line intersects the selectedpipe size, trace across to find the headloss per 100m length of pipe.

This gives a value of 0.5m/100m.

Calculate the total friction head loss inthe pipe:

Then from the flow chart, estimate thevelocity of flow This gives 1 m/s.

3. Fittings Head Losses

From Figure 2, identify the type and number ofdifferent fittings used in the pipeline. Select theappropriate form factor value K for each fittingtype from Table 2. Then:

×

2

=

=×

Fitting Form Head loss m

factor K

Foot Valve 15.0 15 x 0.05 = 0.75

Gate Valve 0.2 2 x 0.2 x 0.05 = 0.02

Reflux Valve 2.5 2.5 x 0.05 = 0.125

Elbow 0.35 2 x 0.35 x 0.05 = 0.035

Elbow 1.10 4 x 1.1x 0.05 = 0.220= 0

Total fittings head loss = 1.2

4. Total Pumping Head

= 30 + 25 + 1.2 = 56.2m

allow 57m

Note: The example does not make any provision forsurge allowance in pressure class selection.

Figure 2. Pumped Flow Example

Square Outlet 1.0 1.0 x 0.05 = 0.050


Examples

8


From Part Full Flow graph (Figure 3)for a proportional depth of 0.44, theproportional velocity if 0.95.Refer to the Vinidex PE pipe flow chartfor the SDR 21 pipe.For a gradient of 1 in 100 full flow is39 l/s and the velocity is 1.6 m/s.

Then, for part full flow

Discharge = 0.4 x 39= 15.6 l/s

Velocity = 0.95 x 1.6= 1.52 m/s

Figure 3. Part Full Flow

Example 3: Determine flow velocityand discharge under part full flowconditions.

Given gravity conditions:

Pipe: DN 200 PE80 PN6.3

Mean pipe ID: 180mm (Refer Table 3

– PE Pipe Dimensions,

or AS/NZS 4130)

Gradient: 1 in 100

Depth of flow: 80mm

Problem: Find flow and velocity

Solution:

Part Full Flow

Non pressure pipes are designed to runfull under anticipated peak flowconditions. However, for aconsiderable period the pipes run atless than full flow conditions and in these circumstances they act asopen channels with a free fluid to airsurface.

In these instances consideration mustbe given to maintaining a minimumtransport velocity to prevent depositionof solids and blockage of the pipeline.

For pipes flowing part full, the mostusual self cleansing velocity adoptedfor sewers is 0.6 metres/second.

KepyT gnittiFGradual Enlargements

lacipyt 01 = q D/d oitaR0.9 0.020.7 0.130.5 0.290.3 0.42

Gradual Contractionslacipyt º01 = θD/d oitaR

0.9 0.030.7 0.080.5 0.120.3 0.14

Valves02.0)nepo ylluf( evlaV etaG

Reflux Valve 2.50

00.01evlaV ebolG

02.0)nepo ylluf( evlaV ylfrettuB

00.5evlaV elgnA

Foot Valve with strainer 15.00

orezsevlaV riA

01.0evlaV llaB

Pipe Exit Losses00.1teltuO erauqS

Rounded Outlet 1.00

Table 2. Resistance CoefficientsValves, Fittings and Changes in Pipe Cross-section

KepyT gnittiF

Pipe Entry Losses

05.0telnI erauqS

08.0telnI tnartne-eR

52.0telnI dednuoR ylthgilS

50.0telnI htuomlleB

Pipe Intermediate LossesElbows R/D <0.6 45o 0.35

90o 1.10

Long Radius Bends (R/D>2) 11 1/4o 0.05

22 1/2o

0.1045o 0.2090o 0.50

Tees(a) Flow in line 0.35

(b) Line to branch flow 1.00

Sudden EnlargementsRatio d/D

0.9 0.040.8 0.130.7 0.260.6 0.410.5 0.560.4 0.710.3 0.830.2 0.92<0.2 1.00

Sudden ContractionsRatio d/D

0.9 0.100.8 0.180.7 0.260.6 0.320.5 0.380.4 0.420.3 0.460.2 0.48<0.2 0.50


Examples

9


KepyT gnittiFGradual Enlargements

lacipyt 01 = q D/d oitaR0.9 0.020.7 0.130.5 0.290.3 0.42

Gradual Contractionslacipyt º01 = θD/d oitaR

0.9 0.030.7 0.080.5 0.120.3 0.14

Valves02.0)nepo ylluf( evlaV etaG

Reflux Valve 2.50

00.01evlaV ebolG

02.0)nepo ylluf( evlaV ylfrettuB

00.5evlaV elgnA

Foot Valve with strainer 15.00

orezsevlaV riA

01.0evlaV llaB

Pipe Exit Losses00.1teltuO erauqS

Rounded Outlet 1.00

Table 2. Resistance CoefficientsValves, Fittings and Changes in Pipe Cross-section

KepyT gnittiF

Pipe Entry Losses

05.0telnI erauqS

08.0telnI tnartne-eR

52.0telnI dednuoR ylthgilS

50.0telnI htuomlleB

Pipe Intermediate LossesElbows R/D <0.6 45o 0.35

90o 1.10

Long Radius Bends (R/D>2) 11 1/4o 0.05

22 1/2o

0.1045o 0.2090o 0.50

Tees(a) Flow in line 0.35

(b) Line to branch flow 1.00

Sudden EnlargementsRatio d/D

0.9 0.040.8 0.130.7 0.260.6 0.410.5 0.560.4 0.710.3 0.830.2 0.92<0.2 1.00

Sudden ContractionsRatio d/D

0.9 0.100.8 0.180.7 0.260.6 0.320.5 0.380.4 0.420.3 0.460.2 0.48<0.2 0.50


Examples

10


Flow Chart for Small Bore Polyethylene Pipe


Examples

11


Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe - SDR 41


Examples

12




Examples

13




Examples

14




Examples

15




Examples

16


Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe - SDR 13.6


Examples

17




Examples

18



Min

ing

& I

nd

ust

rial

Man

ual

48

flo

w c

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fo

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oly

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hy

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sd

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tIo

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flo

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Head Loss – Metres Head of Water per 100 meters of Pipe

Dis

char

ge

– Li

tres

per

Sec

ond (L/

s)


Examples

19


Flow Chart for Polyethylene Pipe - SDR 7.4


Examples

20


Table 3. PE Pipe Dimensions

Nom

.Si

zeD

N

16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110

125

140

160

180

200

225

250

280

315

355

400

450

500

560

630

710

800

900

1000

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.9

2.2

2.7

3.1

3.5

4.0

4.4

4.9

5.5

6.2

6.9

7.7

8.7

9.8

11.0

12.3

13.7

15.4

17.4

19.6

22.0

24.5

Min

Wal

l

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

41

Min

Wal

l

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

33

Min

Wal

l

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

26

Min

Wal

l

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

21

Min

Wal

l

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

17

Min

Wal

l

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

13.

6M

in W

all

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

11

Min

Wal

l

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

9M

in W

all

Thi

ckne

ss

(mm

)

Mea

n

I.D.

(mm

)

SDR

7.4

13 17 22 29 37 47 60 71 86 105

119

133

152

171

190

215

238

267

300

338

380

429

476

534

600

676

762

858

953

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

2.0

2.3

2.8

3.4

3.9

4.3

4.9

5.5

6.2

6.9

7.7

8.6

9.7

10.9

12.3

13.8

15.3

17.2

19.3

21.8

24.5

27.6

30.6

13

17

22

29

37

47

59

70

84

103

117

131

150

169

188

211

235

263

296

333

376

422

470

526

592

667

752

846

940

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.5

4.3

4.8

5.4

6.2

6.9

7.7

8.6

9.6

10.7

12.1

13.6

15.3

17.2

19.1

21.4

24.1

27.2

30.6

34.4

38.2

13

17

22

29

37

46

58

69

83

101

115

129

148

166

184

207

230

258

290

328

370

415

462

518

582

656

739

831

924

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.9

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.3

5.3

6.0

6.7

7.7

8.6

9.6

10.8

11.9

13.4

15.0

16.9

19.1

21.5

23.9

26.7

30.0

33.9

38.1

42.9

47.7

13

17

22

29

36

45

57

67

81

99

113

126

144

163

180

203

225

253

285

320

362

406

452

506

570

641

723

814

904

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.9

2.4

3 3.8

4.5

5.4

6.6

7.4

8.3

9.5

10.7

11.9

13.4

14.8

16.4

18.7

21.1

23.7

26.7

29.6

33.2

37.3

42.1

47.4

53.5

59.3

13

17

22

28

35

44

55

66

78

96

110

123

140

158

175

198

219

246

278

311

351

395

440

494

554

624

704

791

880

1.6

1.6

1.9

2.4

3.0

3.7

4.7

5.5

6.6

8.1

9.2

10.3

11.8

13.3

14.7

16.6

18.4

20.6

23.2

26.1

29.4

33.1

36.8

41.2

46.3

52.2

58.8

- -

13

17

21

27

34

42

53

63

76

93

106

118

136

153

170

191

212

238

268

301

340

382

424

475

535

603

679

- -

1.6

1.9

2.3

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.8

6.8

8.2

10.0

11.4

12.7

14.6

16.4

18.2

20.5

22.7

25.4

28.6

32.2

36.3

40.9

45.4

50.8

57.2

- - - -

13

16

20

26

32

40

51

61

73

89

101

114

130

145

162

183

203

228

256

289

326

366

407

455

512

- - - -

1.8

2.3

2.8

3.6

4.5

5.6

7.1

8.4

10.1

12.3

14.0

15.7

17.9

20.1

22.4

25.1

27.9

31.3

35.2

39.6

44.7

50.2

55.8

- - - - - -

12

15

19

24

31

38

48

58

69

84

96

108

123

138

154

173

192

215

242

273

307

347

348

- - - - - -

2.2

2.8

3.5

4.4

5.5

6.9

8.6

10.3

12.3

15.1

17.1

19.2

21.9

24.6

27.3

30.8

34.2

38.3

43.0

48.5

54.6

61.5

- - - - - - -

11

14

18

23

28

35

45

53

65

78

89

99

114

128

143

161

179

200

226

225

287

322

- - - - - - -

POLY

ETH

YLE

NE

PIPE

DIM

ENSI

ON

S (B

ased

on

AS/

NZS

413

0:20

03, P

olye

thyl

ene

pipe

s fo

r pr

essu

re a

pplic

atio

ns).

SDR

- N

omin

al R

atio

of

outs

ide

diam

eter

to

wal

l thi

ckne

ss.

I.D. -

Inte

rnal

Dia

met

er


SDR 11

Documents

williams roughness

total head

polyethylene

discharge

head losses

head loss

head loss

head loss