“Scythian Triad” and “Scythian World” Leonid T. Yablonsky Institute of Archaeology Moscow, Russia (page 3-8)

7/31/2019 Scythian Triad and Scythian World Leonid T. Yablonsky Institute of Archaeology Moscow, Russia (page 3-8)

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\nu{ M

Ounzmn` Nujanogfgcmjnf [aogu}


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Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco


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Nez{unj{

_zm`c h}{agfgcmrok nujanogfgcmjnf {ouhz zja nz @ghnkmj

Jmtmfmrn{mg` g`f} koz{ug}z {ao amz{gumjmzh gd nujanogfgc} n`k

n{{njaoz z|oudmjmnf dguhnfm{} {g {ao kmzjm|fmò. N z{umj{& oq(

{uohof} jn{mgz& n`k z|ojmnff} kotofg|ok n||ugnja dgu {ao

jgh|numzg` gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf kn{n n`k sum{{o` zgujoz&

agsotou& jgfk hnio nujanogfgc} hguo zjmo`{mdmj n`k& ao`jo&

hguo amz{gumjnf. [g ozjn|o dugh n o{sgui gd n`jmo`{ n`k hgk(

ou` h}{az m{ mz ojozznu} {g juon{o z|ojmdmj uocmg`nf n`k z|ojmnf

nujanogfgcmjnf uojg`z{uj{mg`z g` {ao enzmz gd coòunf {nqg(

`ghmj njamotoho`{. So ook {g {amì neg{ {ao coòunfmrn{mg`

gd uocmg`nf jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z n`k kotmzo sn}z {g eumkco {ao kmddou(

o`{ hf{mkmzjm|fm`nu} amz{gumjnf n`k zjmo`{mdmj n||ugnjaoz. M`

uonfm{} so anto g`f} {sg eumkcoz {an{ jn` eo zok {g jg`òj{

nujanogfgc} sm{a {ao nkbnjo`{ amz{gumjnf kmzjm|fmò9 {aozo gj(

ju g` n jaug`gfgcmjnf fotof n`k n cogcun|amjnf fgjz.

Io} Sgukz

Zj}{amn` Sgufk& Zj}{amn` n`k Znuhn{mn` nujanogfgc}&

jf{unf jg`{m`h n`k jf{unf agumrg`& o{a`mj jf{uo n`k

jf{uo gd {ao o{a`gz

Zj}{amn` [umnk n`k Zj}{amn` Sgufk

Fog`mk [. ]nefg`zi}

M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}

Hgzjgs& Uzzmn

M`{ugkj{mg`

[ao umjaoz{ iucn`z {an{ souo oqjntn{ok m` {ao @gu{aou` Efnji

Zon uocmg` kum`c {ao >={a jo`{u} souo |gsoudf jn{nf}z{z dgu

{ao kotofg|ho`{ gd Uzzmn` nujanogfgc}. Cgugk{zgt !>=


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nh|fo& n kmuoj{ {un`zdou gd {ao o{a`g`}h Zj}{amn` gjjuuok

sm{a uodouo`jo {g eg{a {ao kmtouzo {}|gfgcmjnf n`k jaug`gfgcm(

jnf nz|oj{z gd {ao zm{oz !Ukoìg n`k Ukoìg >=;=9 [gfz{gt

>=4>& >=4:-. N{ |uozo`{& nz snz {ao jnzo m` {ao |nz{& o{a`g(

gumo`{ok jfmjaz zja nz Zj}{amn`z n`k Zj}{agmk Jf{uo

nuo z{mff duo~o`{f}n`k nezgf{of} m`jguuoj{f}m`jgu|gun{ok m`{g

nujanogfgcmjnf |efmjn{mg`z& m`jfkm`c |g|fnu okm{mg`z !o.c.

Nfoiam` >=1=9 Igram` >=1=9 Iugjaim` >====:-. N{ {aoo`k gd {ao 5=149 Hgcmf`migt >=1=-. Sao` m{ eojnho òjozznu}

{g |ugto `m{}& Aougkg{z {oq{ snz kuns` |g` zm`jo ao jgh(

ho`{ok {an{ {ao Zj}{amn`z ank jnho dugh Nzmn9 juuo`{ h}{a(

hniouz anto oto` nkkok dugh {ao ko|{az gd Jo`{unf Nzmn. Md

m{ ank eoo` |gzzmefo {g |ugto {amz touzmg` |uozo`{ok e} {ao

Dn{aou gd Amz{gu}& nz Aougkg{z anz eoo` jnffok& uozonujaouz

z{k}m`c Oug|on` onuf} Zj}{amn` zm{oz sgfk anto uozgftok

zgho gd {aomu gs` uocmg`nf |ugefohz. Z|ojmdmjnff}& {ao oq|fg(

zmto kotofg|ho`{ gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo m` {ao Efnji Zon uo(

cmg` sgfk anto eoo` oq|fnmòk. N` `zgftok |ugefoh snz

{ao {}|gfgcmjnf& jaug`gfgcmjnf& n`k coò{mj |num{} gd {ao |uo(

Zj}{amn` |oumgk n`k Zj}{amn` |oumgk !dgu n uotmos gd {ao kn{n

uodou {g [ouo graim` >=4?9 Fozigt >=1;9 Ifgjaign`k Hurm`

>=13-. [amz |ugefoh& samja uo~muok jnuodf n`k fnegu(jg`(

zhm`c nujanogfgcmjnf uozonuja n{ n uocmg`nf fotof& sgfk anto

eoo` onzmf} uozgftok e} uojgc`mrm`c {an{ {ao Zj}{amn` |g|fn(

{mg` ank n||onuok m` {ao Efnji Zon nuon nz n jgh|fo{o n`k jgh(

|foq dguhn{mg`. Zmhmfnuf}& {ao mzzo gd {ao gumcm` gd {ao Znughn{mn`

Jf{uo m` {ao Tgfcn Umtou(_unf uocmg` sgfk anto eoo` uozgftok

nz mz juuo`{f} an||o`m`c {gkn} !Raoforjamigt >=132 >5-.

[ouo`graim` n`k {ao zjagfnuz {an{ eofg`cok {g amz zjaggf& |nu({mjfnuf} Hurm` !>=14-& z||gu{ok {ao a}|g{aozmz {an{ Jo`{unf

Nzmn snz {ao gumcm` gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo. [amz a}|g{aozmz

uo~muok {ao jguuofn{mg` gd jaug`gfgcmjnf kn{n. Nujanogfgcmjnf

zm{oz dugh {ao soz{ou` z{o||oz {an{ jg`{nmòk Zj}{amn` nu{mdnj{z&

zja nz O`kran& Eofgcunko{z& n`k Tmzgin}n Hgcmfn !Amca

Cunto- !\g|gt& >=:59 Emkrmf}n n`k ]nigtoìg& >=3;9 \gfm`&

>=13-& ank eoo` kn{ok {g {ao 3{a n`k |gzzmef} oto` {g {ao o`k

gd {ao 1{a jo`{u} EJ. Zmh|fo fgcmj& {aouodguo& kohn`kok {an{

Zj}{amn` zm{oz zm{n{ok koo| m` Nzmn zagfk eo kn{ok hja

onufmou.

N{ {ao eocm``m`c gd {ao >=3=1=31-. Hnu{m`gt !>==4- anz nfzg bgmòk {aoh m` {aouokn{m`c |ugjozz& samfo Raoforjamigt !>=13- n`k Mzhncmfgt

!>=11- anto hnm`{nmòk n jfgzo |gzm{mg` uocnukm`c {ao gumcm`

gd {ao soz{ou` z{o||o Zj}{amn`z. N{ |uozo`{ n `heou gd Uz(

zmn` nujanogfgcmz{z& agsotou& eofmoto {an{ {ao Nuran` n`{m~m(

{moz zagfk eo kn{ok {g {ao o`k gd {ao 3{a gu oto` {ao 4{a jo`{u}

EJ !Jafo`gtn >==3-.

Du{aou oto`{z njjuok fmio n` ntnfn`jao. M` gukou {g uojgc`mro

{ao Nzmn` gumcm` gd {ao Zj}{amn`z nz uojgukok m` Aougkg{z m{

snz òjozznu} {g dm`k nujanogfgcmjnf zm{oz m` {ao z{o||oz {an{

eofg`cok {g {ao Jmhhoumn`z& {ao |uojuzguz gd {ao Zj}{amn`z.

[ao kmzjzzmg` anz m`{o`zmdmok jg`jou`m`c {ao jg`òj{mg` eo({soo` jg`juo{o nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uoz n`k kmz|nun{o nujanog(

fgcmjnf zm{oz eofg`cm`c {g {ao Jmhhoumn`z sag souo ho`{mgòk

m` sum{{o` zgujoz. Hn`} zjagfnuz eofmoto m` {ao oqmz{o`jo gd n

z|ojmdmj Jmhhoumn` o{a`gz. G`f} |uo(Zj}{amn` zm{oz& n`k zm{oz

fgjn{ok m` {ao Efnji Zon nuon& anto eoo` mko`{mdmok sm{a {ao

Jmhhoumn`z ![ouo`graim` >=349 Nfoqoot o{ nf >==:-. Oug(

|on` nujanogfgcmz{z ank kmtmkok g|m`mg`z jg`jou`m`c {ao mko`(

{mdmjn{mg` gd {ao Jmhhoumn`z sm{a {ao kmtouzo |uo(Zj}{amn` n`(

{m~m{moz. Kmzjzzmg` ncnm` zucok jg`jou`m`c {ao jaug`gfgcm(

jnf n`k {}|gfgcmjnf jg`òj{mg`z eo{soo` {ao jf{uoz& n`k {aomu

|fnjo sm{am` g{aou Fn{o Eug`ro Nco jf{unf dguhn{mg`z. [ao

kmzjzzmg` mz dnu dugh gtou& n`k juuo`{f} {aozo oq|ou{z anto

jgho dff jmujfo.

\ugefohz gd {ouhm`gfgc}

Nz m{ jg`{mòk {g eo kotofg|ok& {ao uozf{z gd {ao Jo`{unf Nzmn`

a}|g{aozmz zuof} sgfk anto zu|umzok {ao {aogu}z dg`kouz.

Dugh zm`c o{}hgfgcmjnff} m`njjun{o {ouhz zja nz Amz{gum(

jnf _`m{} gd {ao Zj}{amn`(Zmeoumn` Sgufk n`k Zj}{amn`(Zm(

eoumn` Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf _`m{} {ao m``gtn{guz& sag souo

oq|ou{z m` {ao dmofk gd onz{ou` z{o||o nujanogfgc}& eocn` {g zo

oto` hguo jn|umjmgz sguk(jghem`n{mg`z zja nz Jmtmfmrn(

{mg` gd {ao Onuf} Ounzmn` @ghnkz. [ao sguiz gd Hnu{m`gt

anto hnko {ao hgz{ z{nfsnu{ n{{oh|{ {g zez{n`{mn{o {amz jg`(

jo|{. N z|ojmnf jg`douo`jo kotg{ok {g coòunf mzzoz gd Zj}{amn`

nujanogfgc} snz aofk m` >==5 n{ {ao M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}

m` Hgzjgs& n`k {ao jg`douo`jo |n|ouz souo |efmzaok !IZMN

>==:-. [ao hnm` jg`jfzmg`z gd {ao jg`douo`jo souo uofn{ok {g

mzzoz gd {ao Zj}{amn` Sgufk. Hoheouz gd {ao Zj}{amn`(

Znuhn{mn` Ko|nu{ho`{ gd {ao M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}2 N. M.

Hofigtn& H. C. Hgzaigtn& T. Z. Gfiagtzi}& T. C. \o{uoìg&

T. O. Hnzfgt& @. F. Jafo`gtn& n`k F. [. ]nefg`zi} anto eoo`

m` m`tgftok m` dmofk uozonuja n`k {aoguo{mjnf kotofg|ho`{. [ao}

anto otgftok m`ko|o`ko`{ {}|gfgcmjnf jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z n`k jaug(

`gfgcmjnf zjnfoz {an{ anto eoo` kotofg|ok g` {ao enzmz gd z|o(

jmdmj uocmg`nf hn{oumnfz. [aozo uozonujaouz anto nfzg ~oz{mgòk

{ao jaug`gfgcmjnf enzmz zok dgu {ao a}|g{aozmz {an{ {aoZj}{amn`z gumcm`n{ok m` Jo`{unf Nzmn. [ao} anto |gz{fn{ok {an{


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{ao onufmoz{ dguhn{mg` dgu eg{a {ao Zj}{amn` n`k Znin Jf{uoz

jgfk `g{ anto {nio` |fnjo eodguo {ao o`k gd {ao 1{a jo`{u}

EJ !]nefg`zi} >==1-.

[ao zjagfnuz ho`{mgòk negto sag anto sguiok {g dguhfn{o

z|ojmnf {ouhz {an{ jn` eo zok {g ko`g{o {ao kmddouo`{ onuf} Ou(

nzmn` ghnkmj jf{uoz anto eoo` oq{uohof} `zjjozzdf& oto`

dugh n fgcmjnf |gm`{ gd tmos. M` |nu{mjfnu& {ao {ouh Zj}{amn`(Zmeoumn` Sgufk mz mffgcmjnf eojnzo m{ jg`òj{z o{}hgfgcmjnff}

kmzjuo{o {ouhz9 {ao dmuz{ uodouz {g o{a`mjm{} samfo {ao zojg`k {g

cogcun|a}. M{ anz eoo` zccoz{ok {an{ {ao {ouh Zj}{amn`(Zmeo(

umn` Sgufk zagfk eo uo|fnjok sm{a Zj}{amn` Sgufk. [amz

|aunzo mz anukf} zjmo`{mdmj eojnzo m{ jg`{mòz {ao o{a`mj {ou(

hm`gfgc} Zj}{amn` {aouoe} fneofm`c |g|fn{mg`z sag jgfk

`g{ |gzzmef} anto eofg`cok {g {ao co`mò Zj}{amn`z zm`jo {aomu

coòzmz snz ùofn{ok {g {an{ gd {ao |g|fn{mg` gd {ao Efnji

Zon uocmg`.

Unotzi} !>==:- anz |gz{fn{ok {ao jg`jo|{ gd {ao jf{unf jg`(

{m`h. Dgffgsm`c amz |gm`{ gd tmos& {ao jgh|fo{o `nho gd{ao nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uoz {an{ dguhok {amz jg`{m`h hz{

eo {ouhok {ao Ounzmn` Jf{unf Jg`{m`h gd {ao Zj}{amn`

O|gja. M{ mz |gzzmefo {g ncuoo sm{a {ao zohn`{mjz gd {amz {ouh

dgu m{ oqjfkoz eg{a kn`cougz neouun{mg`z n`k o{a`mj jg`{un(

kmj{mg`z. [ao {ouh& agsotou& anz g{ eojgho oz{nefmzaok m` nu(

janogfgcmjnf fm{oun{uo eojnzo gd m{z fo`c{a n`k jgh|foqm{}. M`

n uotmos gd Fn{m` Nhoumjn` nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz& Enzamfgt

!>==:- anz zccoz{ok {ao m`jgu|gun{mg` gd {ao jg`jo|{ gd jf(

{unf agumrg`z m` jg`òj{mg` sm{a {ao Zj}{amn` Sgufk. Zmhmfnu

hn{oumnf jf{uoz n`k z|mum{nf |ao`gho`n jgfk jgtou tnumgz

{ouum{gumoz }o{ {amz {ouhm`gfgc} kgoz g{ m`jgu|gun{o {ao jg``g(

{n{mg` gd `m{}.

[ao zmh|fmz{mj kodm`m{mg` gd Zj}{amn` [umnk anz eojgho n`

o{a`mj z}hegf n`k& hguogtou& jgh|fo{of} jg`{unkmj{z zjmo`{mdmj

dnj{9 m{ nfzg kofmeoun{of} eum`cz g`(Zj}{amn` Jf{uoz n`k ofo(

ho`{z m`{g {ao Zj}{amn` Jmujfo. [umnk mz& du{aou& n` f{un(

o{a`mj jn{ocgu} zm`jo m{ uo|uozo`{z n ze(jf{unf |uoz{mcmgz

zmc` eofg`cm`c {g |og|foz gd kmddouo`{ jf{unf n`k coò{mj gum(

cm` !]nefg`zi} >====5& >==4-. M` gukou {g oq|fnm` {ao |ao(

`gho`g` gd {ao oq|fgzmto gjjuuo`jo n`k un|mk kmzzohm`n(

{mg` gd hn{oumnf jf{uo {augcag{ {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz m{ mz

òjozznu} {g jg`zmkou {ao enzmj hgkofz gd jf{unf m``gtn{mg`z.

So i`gs dugh o{a`gcun|amj kn{n {an{ m` {ao onuf} z{ncoz gd {ao

kotofg|ho`{ gd n amounujamjnf zgjmo{} ozzo`{mnf kmz{m`j{mg`zgjju eo{soo` hoheouz gd {ao fgsou n`k amcaou zgjmnf z{un{n&

|nu{mjfnuf} jg`jou`m`c um{nfz& tnfoz& n`k fmdoz{}foz. Cunk(

nff}& zgjmnf z{n{zoz eojnho om{aou jgh|fo{of} ko{njaok dugh

onja g{aou gu |gguf} m`dguhok neg{ {ao g{aou. _`kou zja jg`(

km{mg`z& hn{oumnf jf{unf nu{mdnj{z {an{ m`m{mnff} anto n `n{mg`nf

gumcm` eocn` {g fggzo {aomu gumcm`nf {mfm{numn` d`j{mg`& n`k gtou

{mho kotofg| n |uoz{mcmgz n`k z}hegfmj `n{uo.

Nz `g{ok negto& zo|nun{o zgjmnf fn}ouz gd jf{uoz jn` gjju

sm{am` {ao `m{ok o{a`gz. [ao o{a`gfgcmjnf {ouhm`gfgc} dgu {amz

|ao`gho`g` mz jf{uo gd ze(zgjmh. Jf{unf m``gtn{mg`z

jn` gjju m` om{aou gd {sg sn}z9 {augca m`to`{mg` gu eguugs(m`c. [ao hojan`mzh gd eguugsm`c& om{aou {mfm{numn` gu z}h(

egfmj& snz z{umj{f} ko|o`ko`{ |g` {ao d`j{mg` gd {un`zhm{{m`c

{ao geboj{. N` geboj{& m{zofd& jn` jnuu} o{a`mj n{{ume{oz. Kmz(

zohm`n{mg` gd m{ohz sm{a {mfm{numn` d`j{mg` mz znff} jg`(

òj{ok sm{a hnuumnco(dnhmf} m`{ouuofn{mg`z e{& òtou{aofozz&

so eofmoto {an{ {ao hnbgum{} gd {un`zhm{{ok cggkz gumcm`n{ok m`

{ao zo{{foho`{z. N`} um{nf |ao`gho`n& m`jfkm`c {ao nu{mdnj{z

zok m` dòunf um{oz& ank z}hegfmj zmc`mdmjn`jo n`k nuo znff}

dg`k m` eumnfz. [ao m``gtn{mg` hojan`mzh gd |uoz{mcmgz(zmc`|ug|ou{} anz n z|ojmnf janunj{ou. Nd{ou nuumtm`c n{ {ao |uoz{m(

cmgz ofm{o z{un{n gd {ao o{a`gz& {ao geboj{ mz eguugsok dugh gò

ze(zgjmh jf{uo {g n`g{aou {aouoe} juon{m`c n janm` uonj(

{mg`. N{ {ao eocm``m`c& g`f} ofm{o o{a`mj z{un{n souo m`tgftok m`

m`{ou(o{a`mj jg`{nj{z. M{ mz mh|gu{n`{ {g ho`{mg` {an{ hmfm{nu}

fonkouz souo {ao zgjmnf cug| hgz{ duo~o`{f} m`tgftok m` {amz

{}|o gd oqjan`co. Kn{n m`kmjn{oz {an{ jf{unf m``gtn{mg`z souo

z|uonk om{aou m` n z{unmca{ fmò gu g`f} m` n agumrg`{nf z|njo

zm`jo {ao} |oumgkmjnff} hgtok tou{mjnff} m`zmko {ao z}z{oh gd

o{a`mj zgjmnf z{un{mdmjn{mg`. [aomu z|uonk m` {ao agumrg`{nf km(

uoj{mg` snz oq{un(o{a`mj.

M eofmoto {an{ {ao Zj}{amn` [umnk m{zofd n||onuz nz n tmtmk oq(

nh|fo gd |uoz{mcmgz zmc` n{{ume{oz gd {ao hn{oumnf n`k z|mum(

{nf jf{uo z}z{ohz. M{ jg`zmz{ok gd zo|nun{o& e{ z|mum{nff}

zmc`mdmjn`{ ofoho`{z. Sao` onja gd {aozo ofoho`{z nuo {nio`

zo|nun{of} {ao} sgfk anto g`f} ank n {mfm{numn` ugfo& e{ sao`

{ao} nuo `m{ok m` {ao [umnk& {ao} nj~muok z}hegfmjnf n`k

uofmcmgz |uoz{mco& m` nkkm{mg` {g antm`c hncmjnf d`j{mg`z.

Eguugsm`c uofmcmg(hncmjnf n{{ume{oz snz dnjmfm{n{ok sao` {ao

`mtouznf janunj{ou gd zgho h}{agfgcmjnf jg`jo|{z |ouhm{{ok

|oujomtm`c n`g{aou nz zohn`{mjnff} mko`{mjnf {g gu. Sao`

eguugsm`c {ao {oja`gfgcmjnf z}z{oh& agsotou& hn`} geboj{mto

jmujhz{n`joz souo uo~muok& zja nz n` n||ug|umn{o ojgfgcm(

jnf jfmhn{o {an{ nfzg m`jfkoz n zm{nefo zgjmnf n`k |z}jagfgcm(

jnf n{hgz|aouo. Oto` `kou n||ug|umn{o jg`km{mg`z& {ao fotof

gd kotofg|ho`{ nz soff nz n zmhmfnu ojg`ghmj(jf{unf gumo`{n(

{mg` hz{ eo m` |fnjo dgu z|ojmdmj jf{unf ofoho`{z {g eo nz(

zmhmfn{ok. M{ mz `g{ jnznff} |ugto`& {aouodguo& {an{ {}|gfgcmjnf

n`k {oja`gfgcmjnf n`nf}zoz gd onja ofoho`{ jgh|gzm`c {ao

Zj}{amn` [umnk m` {ao kmddouo`{ uocmg`z gd {ao z{o||oz& koh(

g`z{un{o {unkm{mg`nf z|ojmdmjm{} m` {ao oqoj{mg` gd {ao zm`cfnu

ofoho`{z gd {ao [umnk.[amz mz {uo sao{aou m{ eo {}|oz gd nuhn(

ho`{ gu {ao z{}fmz{mj ofoho`{z gd {ao N`mhnf Z{}fo. San{ mz uo(

~muok mz n` otnfn{mg` gd uocmg`nf don{uoz& zja nz n`mhnf z{}fo

mhncoz& {}|oz gd nuugsaonkz& n`k aguzo anuòzz dnz{oòuz nz

soff nz {ao {oja`gfgcmoz m`tgftok m` {aomu hn`dnj{uo.

[ao jg`jo|{ gd jf{unf agumrg`& {an{ uo|fnjoz {ao fozz n||ug(

|umn{o jg``g{n{mg` gd jghh`m{} n`k `m{}& sguiz soff nfzg

sao` so jg`zmkou {ao nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz jg`jouòk sm{a

{ao mzzoz gd {ao dguhn{mg` gd {ao Znughn{mn` Jf{uo.

Jg`jfzmg`z

Onja z{o||o uocmg` uotonfz jf{unf n`k n`{aug|gfgcmjnf z|ojm(

dmjm{} sm{am` {ao coòunf amz{gumjnf(z{nkmh|ao`gho`n. [ao

{un`zm{mg` {g {ao jg`jo|{ gd jf{unf agumrg`z gu jg`{m`h

nfzg dgujoz z {g zonuja dgu òs ho{agkgfgcmjnf n||ugnjaoz

sao` sguim`c sm{a nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz. M` {amz jg`{oq{so zagfk jg`zmkou {sg {aohoz9 {ao dmuz{ jg`jou`z {ao |ugefoh

Zj}{amn` [umnk n`k Zj}{amn` Sgufk


6/30

4


Uodouo`jozNimzaot& I.N. n`k Nimzaot& N. I. >=31. \ugefohm iaug`gfgcmmunòcg o{n|nznizigm if{um& ||. :=(4: m` Nimzaot& I. !ok.-&

Nuiaogfgcmjaozimo |nh}n{`mim Inrnaz{n`n. Nfhn(N{n2 @nin!Jaug`gfgcmjnf \ugefohz m` {ao Onuf} Z{nco gd {ao Znin Jf({uo. Nujanogfgcmjnf Hg`ho`{z gd Inrniaz{n`-.

Nfoqoot& N. _.& Injanfgtn& @. I. n`k [ga{nzmot& J. \. >==:.Imhhoumm{zm2 o{`gif{u`n}n |um`nkfora`gz{. Zn`j{(\o{oueuc2Ouhnigt !Jmhhoumn`z2 O{a`g(Jf{unf Nddmfmn{mg`-.

Nfoiam`& B. \. >=1=. I tg|ugz if{u`g(o{`mjaozima zt}nrom&zg{zmnf`gm gucn`mrn{zmm m mkogfgcmm gzm{ofo} egfzaouojao`zigm if{um&||. :4(3 m` Hnu{m`gt&N. M. !ok.-& \ugefohm nuiaogfgcmm zimdg(

zmemuzigcg hmun. Iohougtg2 IC_ !G` {ao ~oz{mg` gd {ao jf({unf(o{a`mj jg`òj{mg`& zgjmnf gucn`mzn{mg` n`k mkogfgc} gd {ao

gd n |num{} eo{soo` o{a`mj jf{uo n`k jf{uo gd {ao o{a`gz&

jg`jo|{z {an{ nuo g{ o~nf. [ao zojg`k {aoho mz uofn{ok {g {ao

|ugefoh gd jf{unf agumrg` egukouz {an{ hn} anto jgm`jmko`jo&

gu fnji gd jgm`jmko`jo& m` {mho n`k z|njo. M` {ao dmuz{ |fnjo& {ao

{ouhm`gfgc} jg`{m`h n`k agumrg` nzzho n jg`{m`gz

cogcun|amj kmz{ume{mg` gd jou{nm` jf{unf n{{ume{oz. [aozo n{(

{ume{oz hguo gd{o` uodfoj{ {ao jf{uo gd {ao o{a`gz nz g||gzok

{g {ao o{a`mj jf{uo.

O{a`gfgcmz{z jg`zmkou {ao {ouh jf{uo gd o{a`gz {g uo|uozo`{

{ao o`{muo jgh|foq gd jf{unf |ug|ou{} eofg`cm`c {g n cmto`

o{a`gz& n` `kouz{n`km`c {an{ mz m`ko|o`ko`{ gd sao{aou gu g{

tnumgz ofoho`{z gd jf{uo anto o{a`mj jgfgum`c& gu nuo o{a`m(

jnff} ò{unf. M` |um`jm|fo& {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo gd kmddouo`{

o{a`gzoz jn` m`jfko hguo gu fozz zmhmfnu nu{mdnj{z ko {g {aomu

z|ojmnfmrok d`j{mg`z. [amz sgfk eo {uo& dgu oqnh|fo& gd nu{m(

dnj{z {an{ eofg`cok {g jf{uoz sm{a {ao znho {}|o gd ojg`gh}.

[ao {ouh o{a`mj jf{uo mz kodmòk nz {ao {g{nfm{} g`f} gd {agzo

ofoho`{z n`k z{uj{uoz gd {ao o{a`gz jf{uo {an{ nj{nff} anto

o{a`mj z|ojmdmjm{}& n`k {an{ |oudguh n` o{a`mj |nu{m{mg` m` g||g(zm{mg` {g so n`k {ao} !Igrfgt >=3=-. N`} o{a`gz& n`k |ao(

`gho`n {an{ {ao o{a`gz m`jfkoz& jn` eo |uozo`{ok nz n zgfmkm(

dmok jg`z{n`{f} {an{ z||gu{z {ao dfgs gd z}`jaug`gz n`k

kmnjaug`mj m`dguhn{mg` {an{ f{mhn{of} o`zuoz {ao jf{unf nk(

n|{n{mg` hojan`mzhz dgu onja jghh`m{}. Hguo gd{o` {ao z|o(

jmdmj n{{ume{oz gd n` o{a`mj jf{uo nuo {ao uozf{ gd {ao z}`(

jaug`gz dfgs gd m`dguhn{mg` {an{ juon{oz {ao g|{mhh jg`km(

{mg`z dgu m``gtn{mg`. [ao n{{ume{oz gd {ao o{a`mj jf{uo nuo

z||gu{ok e} {ao kmnjaug`mj hgtoho`{ gd `dguhn{mg` n`k juo(

n{o {ao {unkm{mg`nf jghh`m{} enzo. [ao z}`jaug`gz m`dguhn(

{mg` dfgs |ugtmkoz {ao tnumn`{z gd m`{ou(o{a`mj kmnfgco& samfo

{ao kmnjaug`mj dfgs |ugtmkoz jghh`mjn{mg` sm{am` coòun(

{mg`z {an{ nuo {ao fmhm{z gd n cmto` o{a`gz& m.o. {agzo {unkm{mg`z

{an{ z{nemfmro n` o{a`gz gtou {mho !Nu{}`gt >=1=-. Zojg`kf}&

z{umj{f} g{fmòk egukouz gd {ao kmz{ume{mg` gd jf{unf zmc`znuo

`n{unff} nezo`{. [ao euonk{a gd {ao agumrg`{nf uotmos nfsn}z

ko|o`kz |g` {ao {nqg`ghmj fotof {an{ so zo m` gu jfnzzmdm(

jn{mg`. [ao zmh|fmdmok `kouz{n`km`c gd {ao hgkofz zok m` {ao

amz{gumjnf |ugjozzoz nuo uodfoj{ok m` {ao mkon gd amz{gumjnf `m{}.

[g jg`òj{ `jg`òj{ok |ao`gho`n uozf{z m` {ao kotofg|ho`{

gd nu{mdmjmnf n`k dnu(do{jaok {aogumoz {an{& otou{aofozz& uo~muo

zmc`mdmjn`{ oddgu{ {g |ugto {ao} kg `g{ oqmz{.

M` h} g|m`mg` {ao hnm` {nziz gd Zj}{amn` n`k Znuhn{mn` nu(

janogfgc} nuo nz dgffgsz2

[g kotofg| z|ojmnf nujanogfgcmjnf {ouhm`gfgc}& {an{

mz duoo dugh hojan`mjnf n`k gd{o` hon`m`cfozz o{amj({ouhm(

`gfgcmjnf eguugsm`cz& m.o. amz{gumjnf `m{} n`k amz{gumjnf(

jf{unf jghh`m{}& n`k uo|fnjo {aoh sm{a n z}z{oh gd

jg`jo|{z {an{ anto nujanogfgcmjnf n`k cogcun|amjnf zohn`(

{mjz& m.o. jf{unf agumrg`& jf{unf jg`{m`h& jf{unf

uocmg`& n`k jf{unf kmz{umj{& o{j.

[g uodzo {g zo n`jmo { {oq{nf zgujoz {g |ugto nu(

janogfgcmjnf jg`jo|{z. M{ smff eo n |z}jagfgcmjnff} kmddmjf{

z{o| {g hnio {aozo jan`coz& e{ g`f} e} kgm`c zg hmca{ so

kodo`k Zj}{agfgc} n`k Znuhn{gfgc} dugh ho{agkgfgcmjnfzofd(koz{uj{mg`. M{ mz mh|gzzmefo {g z{n{o {amz hguo n||ug|um(

n{of} {an` Mtn`jami !>==4-& n` oq|ou{ m` {ao z{k} gd n`jmo`{

{oq{z& sag sug{o {an{ m{ snz |uohn{uo {g uo|uozo`{ {ao mko`(

{m{} gd {ao Jmhhoumn`z sm{a n`} nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uo eo(

dguo {ao} nuo mko`{mdmok m` {ao sum{{o` zgujoz. Ozzo`{mnff}

{ao {ouh Jmhhoumn` Jf{uo nz dg`k m` {ao nujanogfgcm(

jnf fm{oun{uo& mz hguo n jg`km{mg`nf kozmc`n{mg` gd {ao |uo(

Zj}{amn` Jf{uo gd {ao @gu{aou` Efnji Zon uocmg`. [amz {ouh

mz {ao uozf{ gd {ao `jum{mjnf nkaouo`jo {g {ao sum{m`cz gdAougkg{z. [ao uofmnemfm{} gd {amz z{gu}& agsotou& mz g{ n{ nff

getmgz. Nujanogfgcmjnf fm{oun{uo anz `g tnfo m` n amz{gum(

jnf z{k} nz& dgu oqnh|fo& m` {ao hn{{ou gd {ao Jmhhoumn`

|ugefoh. [ao uozonuja gd amz{gumjnf {oq{z zagfk |uojoko o{a(

`mj mko`{mdmjn{mg` gd nujanogfgcmjnf zm{oz n`k jf{uoz.G{a(

ousmzo {ao Jmhhoumn` Jf{uo anz g`f} n jg`km{mg`nf janu(

nj{ou n`k m{z {uo jg`òj{mg` sm{a amz{gumjnf uonfm{} uohnm`z

`jfonu.

_zm`c h}{agfgcmrok nujanogfgcmjnf {ouhz zja nz

@ghnkmj Jmtmfmrn{mg`& g`f} koz{ug}z {ao amz{gumjmzh gd nu(

janogfgc} n`k n{{njaoz z|oudmjmnf dguhnfm{} {g {ao kmzjm|fmò.N z{umj{& oq{uohof} jn{mgz& n`k z|ojmnff} kotofg|ok n|(

|ugnja dgu {ao jgh|numzg` gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf kn{n n`k

sum{{o` zgujoz& agsotou& jgfk hnio nujanogfgc} hguo zjm(

o`{mdmj n`k& ao`jo& hguo amz{gumjnf.

[g ozjn|o dugh n ò{sgui gd n`jmo`{ n`k hgkou

h}{az m{ mz òjozznu} {g juon{o z|ojmdmj uocmg`nf n`k z|ojmnf

nujanogfgcmjnf uojg`z{uj{mg`z g` {ao enzmz gd coòunf {nqg(

`ghmj njamotoho`{. So anto {g kotofg| z{umj{& {nqg`ghm(

jnff} toumdmok& zjmo`{mdmj jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z zm`jo {aouo mz `g |fnjo

dgu zm`cfo(fotof {nqg`z zja nz {ao N`kug`gtg Jf{uo&

{ao Nfnif Jf{uo& {ao N`kug`gtg Jghh`m{}& {ao

Znuhn{mn` Jf{uo& {ao \ugagugtg Jf{uo& n`k {ao

Znughn{mn`(Znuhn{mn` Amz{gumjnf Jghh`m{}.

So òok {g {amì neg{ {ao coòunfmrn{mg` gd uocmg`nf jfnzzmdm(

jn{mg`z n`k kotmzo sn}z {g eumkco {ao kmddouo`{ hf{mkmzjm|fm`nu}

amz{gumjnf n`k zjmo`{mdmj n||ugnjaoz. M` uonfm{} so anto g`f}

{sg eumkcoz {an{ jn` eo zok {g jg`òj{ nujanogfgc} sm{a {ao

nkbnjo`{ amz{gumjnf kmzjm|fmò9 {aozo gjju g` n jaug`gfgcmjnf

fotof n`k n cogcun|amjnf fgjz.


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3

UN@ !Jmhhoumn`z. Onuf} Onz{ou` Jmtmfmrn{mg` n`k Z{o||o @g(hnkz gd {ao 1{a(3{a jo`{umoz EJ-.

Ifgjaig& T. M. n`k Hurm`& T. B. >=13. G kn{mugtio jaou(`gcgugtzima m `gtgja{uinzzima |nh}n{`migt& ||. 5?4 m` Hurm`T.B. !ok-& Imhhoum}{zm m Zimdm. Imot2 @nigtn khin !G` {aoJaug`gfgcmjnf Kn{n gd {ao Jaou`gcgugtjin}n n`k @gtg(

jaouinzzin}n Zm{oz. Jmhhoumn`z n`k Zj}{amn`z-.

Igram`& \. H. >=1=. \uok|gzmfim dguhmugen`mn zimdg(zmemuzimajf{u& ||.>4= m` Kgera`zi}& T. M. !ok.-& Zimdg(Zmemuzimm hmu.Iohougtg2 @nin !N \uohmzo dgu {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Jf{unfDguhn{mg`. Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk-.

Igrfgt& T. M. >=3=. O{`gz m if{un. Zgto{zin}n O{`gcundmn:& 3;14 !O{a`gz n`k Jf{uo. Zgtmo{ O{a`gcun|a}-.

IZMN. >==:. Iun{imo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm!Eumod Uo(|gu{z gd {ao Hgzjgs M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}-.

Iugjaim`& C. @. >==4 ![ao Cgfk Iucn` gd {ao Zmeoumn` Zj}{amn`z. @n({uo-.

Iugjaim`& C. @. >==:. Egcn{mo iucn`m zimdzigm r`n{m an co Zmemum.Znì{(\o{oueuc2 \o{oueucighz{n{ ![ao Umja Iucn`z gd {aoZj}{amn` Numz{gjunj} m` Zg{aou` Zmeoumn-.

Fozigt& N. H. >=1;. Jaug`gfgcmjaozigh zgg{`gzao`mm|nh}n{`migt njanfn un`òcg raofor`gcg toin n co otug|om}zigmjanz{m ZZZU& ||. >;3(?5 m` Hofigtn& N. M.& Hgzaigtn& H. C.n`k \o{uoìg& T. C. !okz.-& Kuot`gz{m Otunrmm t Zimdg(Znuhn{zigotuoh}n. Hgzitn2 @nin ![ao jaug`gfgcmjnf jguuofn{mg` eo{soo`

zm{oz gd {ao eocm``m`c gd {ao Onuf} Mug` Nco m` {ao zg{aou` |nu{ gd{ao _ZZU. Ounzmn` N`{m~m{moz gd {ao Zj}{ag(Znuhn{mn` \oumgk-.

Hnu{m`gt& N. M. !ok.-. >=1==4.Nuiaogfgcmn. Hgzitn2 Tmzzan}n zaigfn!Nujanogfgc}-.

Hnu{m`gt& N. M. n`k Nfoqoot& T. \. >=14.Mz{gumn m |nfogn`{ug|gfgcmnzimdg(zmemuzigcg hmun. Iohougtg2 Iohougtg Z{n{o _`mtouzm{} !Amz({gu} n`k \nfogn`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk-.

Hgcmf`migt& T. N. >=1=. @oig{gumo |ugefohm coòrmzn m o{`mjaozigm|um`nkfora`gz{m if{u un`òcg raofor`gcg toin fozgz{o|m Rn|n`gmZmemum& ||. 45(33 m` Igznuot& H. D. !ok.-&Rn|nk g(Zmemuzin}n fozgz{o|`n ueorao eug`rgtgcg m raofor`gcg toigt. [ho`2 _`mtouzm{} gd[ho` !Zgho \ugefohz gd Coòzmz n`k O{a`mjm{} |ou{nm`m`c {g{ao Onuf} Mug` Nco Dguoz{(Z{o||o Jf{uoz gd Soz{ou` Zmeoumn.[ao Soz{ou` Zmeoumn` Dguoz{(Z{o||o n{ {ao Eg`knu} gd {ao Eug`ron`k Mug` Ncoz-.

Hgzaigtn& H. C. >=11. \g`}n{mo nuiaogfgcmjaozin}nif{un m zntughn{g znuhn{zin}n if{u`g(mz{gumjaozin}ngeza`gz{& ||. 1=(>=1=.@nugkm m if{um. Unrtm{mo m trnmhgko}z{tmo. Hgzitn2@nin !\og|foz n`k Jf{uoz. Kotofg|ho { n`k M {ounj{mg`-.

Enzamfgt& T. N. >==:. Hgra`g fm zjam{n{ zimdg(zmemuzimm hmu

{zmtmfmrn{zmom igjaot`migt7 Iun{fmo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm5=3;. Imhhoummzimo |gcuoeo`m}nTmzgigm Hgcmfm. Zgto{zin}n Nuiaogfgcmn>& >??3 !Jmhhoumn` Eumnfzm` {ao Tmzgin}n Joho{oumoz. Zgtmo{ Nujanogfgc}-.

Jafo`gtn& @. F. >==3.[zo`{unf`n}n Nrmn m zimdm. Kn{n iucn`n Nuran`m ocg hoz{g t zmz{oho if{u zimnzigcg hmun. Hgzitn !Jo`{unf Nzmnn`k {ao Zj}{amn`z. Jaug`gfgcmjnf kn{n gd {ao Nuran` Iucn` n`k m{z\fnjo m` {ao Jf{unf Z}z{oh gd {ao Zj}{amn` Sgufk-.

Koeo{z& C. D. >=;1.\nfogn`{ug|gfgcmn ZZZU ![ukm M`z{m{{nO{`gcundmm. @gtn}n zoumo MT-. Hgzitn(Fo`m`cunk2 @nin!\nfogn`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao _ZZU. Uozonuja gd {ao M`z{m{{o gdO{a`gcun|a}-.

Cgugk{zgt& T. N. >=


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1


Jg`jo|{ gd Nujanogfgcmjnf Jf{uo n`k {ao Znughn{mn`(Znuhn{mn` Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf Jghh`m{}. \ugefohz gdZnuhn{mn` Nujanogfgc} n`k Amz{gu}-.

Hgzaigtn& H. C. >=1=.\{m m gzgeo``gz{m unrtm{mn `nzofo`mnzntughn{g(znuhn{zigm if{u`g(mz{gumjaozigm gefnz{m. Hgzitn ![aoSn}z n`k Z|ojmdmjm{} gd {ao Kotofg|ho`{ gd {ao Znughn{mn`(

Znuhn{mn` Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf Nuon-.

Hgzaigtn& H. C. >==>. Gz`gt`mo |ugefohm znuhn{zigmnuiaogfgcmm. Iun{imozggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm5=14. @oig{gumo kmzizzmg``mo tg|ugzmzgtuoho``gcg zimdgtoko`mn !Nujanogfgc} gd {ao _iun`mn`ZZU 5-. Imot2 @nigtn khin !Zgho Kmzjzzmg`z g` {aoôz{mg`z gd Juuo`{ Zj}{agfgc}. Nujanogfgc} gd {ao_iunmò ZJU-.

\gfm`& Z. T. >=13. Iug`gfgcmn un`òzimdzima |nh}{`migtZotou`gcg \umjaou`ghgun& |. >3; m` Hn{zaoìg& T. M. !ok.-&Mz{gumjaozimo ja{o`mn |nh}n{m Hmanmfn \o{ugtmjan Cu}nr`gtn.[ormzm kgjfnkgt gefnz{`gm ig`douo`{zmm. Ghzi ![ao jaug`gf(gc} gd {ao Onuf} Zj}{amn` zm{oz m` {ao `gu{aou` Efnji Zon nuon.Amz{gumjnf uonkm`cz kotg{ok {g {ao hohgu} gd Hmianmf\o{ugtmja Cu}nr`gt. Nez{unj{z gd Uocmg`nf Jg`douo`jo-.

\g|gt& U. >=:5. Hgcmf>`m{m cugegtm |um z. O`kran !Mrtoz{mn nEfcnuzimn Nuiaogfgcmjaozim M`z{m{{-. Zgdmn2 Efcnumn` Nujanog(fgcmjnf M`z{m{{o ![ao Joho{oumoz n{ {ao O`krn Zo{{foho`{.\ugjookm`cz gd {ao Efcnumn` Nujangfgcmjnf M`z{m{{o-.

Unotzi}& K. Z. >==:. If{u`g(Mz{gumjaozigo okm`z{tg mfmif{u`mm ig`{m`t. Iun{imo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm5=>1n. Offm`z{tg m mun`z{tg `n co Ugzzmm.\o{ugcunk2 Gc`m !Cuooiz n`k Mun`mn`z m` Zg{a Uzzmn-.

Ugz{gt{zot& H. M. >=>1e. Iucn``mo `nagkim Guoèuczigm

gefnz{m o|gam un`òcg m |grkòcg offm`mrhn. \o{ugcunk2 Gc`m!Iucn` Dm`kz m` {ao Guoèuc Kmz{umj{ gd {ao Onuf} n`kFn{o Offm`mrh O|gja-.

Ukoìg& Z. M. >=?:.If{un `nzofo`mn cgu`gcg Nf{n}n t zimdzigotuoh}n. Hgzitn ( Fo`m`cunk2 N@ ZZZU ![ao Jf{uo gd {ao Nf{nmHg`{nm` \g|fn{mg` kum`c {ao Zj}{amn` \oumgk-.

Ukoìg& Z. M. >=4=;=.Mzizz{tg zimdgt Nf{n}n.

Hgzitn2 N@ ZZZU. !Nf{nm Zj}{amn` Nu{-.

[ouo`graim`& N. M. >=4?. Gz`gtm iaug`gfgcmm |uokzimdzigcg|oumgkn. Zgto{zin}nNuiaogfgcmn5& 4=(35 !\um`jm|nfz gd Jaug`gf(gc} gd {ao \uo(Zj}{amn` \oumgk. Zgtmo{ Nujanogfgc}-.

[ouo`graim`& N. M. >=34. Imhhoum}{zm. Imot2 @nigtn khin![ao Jmhhoumn`z-.

[gfz{gt& Z. \. >=4>. \umnunfzimo zimdm m Iaguorh2 I mz{gumm gztgo`mnm rnzofo`mn kuotòm kof{m Z}uknum. Zgto{zin}n O{`gcundmn;&>>3(;:![ao Zj}{amn`z gd {ao Nunf Zon Uocmg` n`k Jaguozhmn2 [ao Amz({gu} gd Nzzmhmfn{mg` n`k Zo{{foho`{ gd {ao N`jmo`{ Z}u(Knu}nKof{n. Zgtmo{ O{a`gcun|a}-.

[gfz{gt& Z. \. >=4:. Zuokònrmn{zimo zimdm t zto{o `gtomzamanuiaogfgcmjaozima g{ium{mm. Toz{`mi Kuotòm mz{gumm5& :?(;< !Jo`({unf Nzmn` Zj}{amn`z m` {ao Fmca{ gd Uojo`{ Nujanogfgcmjnf Kmz(jgtoumoz. Effo{m` gd N`jmo`{ Amz{gu}-.

]nef g`zi}& F. [. >= =< . Zimdzin}n [umnkn m |ugefohno{`mja`gz{m nuiaogfgcmjaozima |umr`nigt& ||. >;(4 m`

Jam`km`n& F. N. !ok.-& \ugefohm mz{gumjaozigmm`{ou|uo{n{zmmnuiaogfgcmjaozima m o{`g(cun|amjaozima mz{gja`migt Rn|nk`gmZmemum. [ghzi2 Z{n{o _`mtouz m{} gd [ghzi ! Zj}{amn` [umnkn`k {ao \ugefoh gd Nujanog fgc mjn f M`k mjn { mg`z g d O{a`mjm{}. \ugefohz gd {ao Amz{gumjnf M`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd{ao Nujanogfgcmjnf n`k O{a`gcun|amjnf zgujoz gd Soz{(ou` Zmeoumn-.

]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==5. Zimdg(znizin}n ig`{ni{`n}n rg`n2|ugefohn {m|gfgcmrn{zmm o{`gcoò{mjaozima |ug{zozzgt& ||. >3(5;m` Dokgugt(Kntmkgt& C. N.& Iguoòtzi}& Z. @. n`k Ktgu`mjaoìg&T. T. !okz.-& If{u`g(mz{gumjaozigo okm`z{tg Otunrmm m TofmimmZaofigtmm

|{. Hgzitn2 Jo`{u Zaofigtmm |{ ![ao Zj}{ag(Znin Jg`{nj{

Rgò2 [ao \ugefoh gd {ao [}|gfgcmjnf Kotofg|ho`{ gdO{a`gcoò{mjnf \ugjozzoz. [ao Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf _`m{} gdOunzmn n`k {ao Cuon{ Zmfi Ugnk-.

]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==4. Znim _ra`gcg \umnunf}n !nuiaogfgcmn mn`{ug|gfgcmn hgcmf`migt-. Hgzitn2 [MHU. !Znin gd {ao Zg{a NunfZon Nuon YNujanogfgc} n`k N`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao Joho{oumozX-.

]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==1. Rtoum`mm z{mf un``ma zig{gtgkgt \umnunf}nt aug`gfgcmjaozigh nz|oi{o& ||. 3:(3 m` Tmmfmèniagt& C. T. n`kZ{gf}nu& N. K.!okz.-& Zimdm& Ianrnum& Zfnt}nò& Kuot`}n Uz. Znì{(\o{oueuc2 Cgz. Aouhm{nco ![ao N`mhnf Z{}fo gd {ao Onuf} Jn{{fo(euookouz gd {ao Zg{aou` Nunf Zon Nuon dugh n Jaug`gfgcmjnf \gm`{

gd Tmos. Zj}{amn`z& Anrnuz& Zfntz n`k {ao N`jmo`{ Uz-.

Raoforjamigt& E. D. >=13. I |ugefoho |ugmzagrako`mn jf{uz{o|`ma igjaot`migt t TMM ( TM tt. kg .o.& ||. >;(? m` Imhhoum}{zmm zimdm. Imugtgcunk2 Amz{gumjnf hzoh ![ao \ugefoh gd {ao Jf({unf Gumcm` gd {ao Z{o||o @ghnkz gd {ao 3{a ( 4{a jo`{umozEJ. Jmhhoumn`z n`k Zj}{amn`z-.

Raoforjamigt& E. D. n`k \zao`mjaì& N. A. >==;. \foho`n_ra`gcg \umunf}n t TM(MMM tt. kg .o.& ||. 54(:> m` Zium|im & N.Z. !ok.-& \ugefohm mz{gumm m if{umznuhn{gt. Tgfcgcunk2 Z{n{o _`m(touzm{} gd Tgfcgcunk ![ao Zg{aou` _unf [umeoz gd {ao 4{a ( :{ajo`{umoz EJ. \ugefohz gd {ao Jf{uo n`k Amz{gu} gd {ao

Znuhn{mn`z-.


9/30

=

Nez{unj{

Jounhmjz& geboj{z gd otou}kn} zo& hgu{nu} |unj{mjoz& n`k g{aou

m`kmjn{guz gd o{a`mj n`k jf{unf zmhmfnum{} souo zmc`mdmjn`{f}

kmddouo`{ sm{am` {ao zgjmo{moz {an{ jgh|gzok {ao zg(jnffok

Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. [aozo nu{mdnj{z zagfk eo jg`zmkouok

nz jf{unf hnuiouz. [ao kocuoo gd nddm`m{} mz kmzjuo{o eo{soo`

{ao jf{uoz jgh|gzm`c {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. N Jf{unf

Agumrg` hz{ eo m`{ou|uo{ok& g{ nz _`m{} e{ un{aou nz n` Ou(

nzmn` jf{unf jg`{m`m{} gd {ao Zj}{amn` o|gja. @omcaegum`c

jf{uoz nuo hguo zmhmfnu sm{am`& }o{ {ao} uo{nm` gumcm`nfm{}. [amz|n|ou smff kohg`z{un{ok {an{ {ao cfgenf amz{gumjnf |ugjozz anz

coòunf uocfnum{moz {an{ jn` eo uotonfok m` {ao ahn` jghh(

`m{moz {an{ oqmz{ok m` kmddouo`{ {mhoz n`k z|njo.

Io} sgukz

Zj}{amn`z jf{uo n`k m{z gumcm`& Znin& Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk&

agumrg` hniouz

Zgho Juuo`{ \ugefohz Jg`jou`m`c {ao Amz{gu} gd Onuf} Mug`Nco Ounzmn` Z{o||o @ghnkmj Zgjmo{moz

Tfnkmhmu N. Enzamfgt n`k Fog`mk [. ]nefg`zi}

M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}Hgzjgs& Uzzmn

M`{ugkj{mg`

O`tmug`ho`{nff}& {ao Ounzmn` z{o||o rgò mz n uofn{mtof} hg(

`g{g`gz& sggkfozz fn`kzjn|o. [ao ojgfgcmjnf janunj{oumz{mjz

`m{o zja kmz{n`{ uocmg`z nz {ao {ouum{gu} gd hgkou` A`cnu}m` {ao soz{& n`k {ao |fnm`z gd Hg`cgfmn dnu {g {ao onz{. M` {ao

`gu{a {ao z{o||oz nuo kodmòk e} {unj{z gd {ao Onz{ou` Oug|on`

dguoz{z n`k {ao Zmeoumn` {nmcn& samfo m` {ao zg{asoz{ {ao Efnji

Zon jgnz{ n`k {ao Jnjnzz |ugtmko {ao eg`knumoz gd {ao z{o||o.

Du{aou onz{& {ao Jnz|mn` n`k Nunf Zonz& n`k {ao zn`kz gd {ao

cuon{ Jo`{unf Nzmn` kozou{z nz soff nz {ao \nhmu n`k Zn}n`

hg`{nm` un`coz |ugtmko {ao hguo zg{aonz{ou` egukou.

Kum`c {ao |oumgk eodguo {ao Zj}{amn` n`k Znin {umeoz n||onuok

m` {ao amz{gumjnf nuo`n& Eug`ro Nco |g|fn{mg`z gd kmtouzo co(

ò{mj gumcm`z mànem{ok {ao tnz{ z{o||o oq|n`zo. [aozo |og|foz

dgffgsok hmqok dnuhm`c(|nz{gunf ojg`ghmoz n`k souo o`cncokm` a`{m`c& cn{aoum`c& n`k umtou dmzam`c. Kghoz{mj n`mhnfz souo

euok n`k m` zgho |fnjoz |fn`{ jf{mtn{mg` snz |unj{mjok zm`c

|umhm{mto muumcn{mg` z}z{ohz& e{ òm{aou n`mhnf euookm`c `gu

ncumjf{uo snz {ao |um`jm|nf ojg`gh}. [ao zmhmfnum{moz gezoutok

nhg`c {ao hn{oumnf jf{uoz gd {aozo |g|fn{mg`z souo hgz{f}

ko {g coòunff} jgh|nunefo ojgfgcmjnf jg`km{mg`z& fotofz gd

ojg`ghmj kotofg|ho`{& n`k {ao nezo`jo gd zoumgz cogcun|amj

gez{njfoz {an{ jgfk mh|oko kmuoj{ m`{ounj{mg` eo{soo` òmca(

egum`c cug|z.

[ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk

Kum`c {ao zojg`k hmffo``mh EJ& {ao z{o||oz gd Ounzmn souo

mànem{ok e} {sg im`kuok |g|fn{mg`z {an{ nuo {gkn} uo|uozo`{ok

e} {sg hnbgu nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uoz2 {ao [mheou(Cunto Jf(

{uo !Zue`n}n- n`k {ao N`kug`gtg Jf{uo. [ao rgò gd {aomu

m`m{mnf jg`{nj{z zoohz {g anto eoo` {ao Tgfcn(_unf uocmg` n`k

{ao zohm(kozou{ nuonz zg{a gd {ao Nunf Zon. [ao dguhn{mto |ug(

jozz gd {ao M`kg(fun`mn` fn`cnco mz jg`zmkouok {g anto {nio`

|fnjo m` {amz jg`{nj{ rgò.>

Kum`c {ao Eug`ro Nco& {ao {ggfz& mh|foho`{z gd fnegu& n`k

kojgun{mto geboj{z souo hnko gd z{gò& egò& sggk& n`k eug`ro.

M` {ao fn{{ou anfd gd {ao zojg`k hmffo``mh EJ {ao z{o||o |g|(

fn{mg` hgtok dmuz{ sm{am` {aomu {unkm{mg`nf ojgfgcmjnf rgò& n`k

{ao` dnu eo}g`k {aomu gumcm`nf eg`knumoz. Jou{nm` ofoho`{z gd

{ao hn{oumnf jf{uo janunj{oumz{mj gd {ao z{o||o nuon n||onuok

m` tnumgz uocmg`z samja oq{o`kok dugh {ao Jnjnzz Hg`(

{nm`z {g {ao zg{aou` nuonz gd _reoimz{n`& [nbmimz{n`& n`k

[uiho`mz{n`. N `heou gd nujanogfgcmz{z n`k |a}zmjnf n`(

{aug|gfgcmz{z z||gu{ hmcun{mg` {aogumoz samja o`tmznco {ao

gjjuuo`jo gd n fg`c kmz{n`jo zg{asnuk hgtoho`{ gd |og|fo

dugh {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz {g Jo`{unf Nzmn& `gu{aou` M`kmn n`k

{ao Mun`mn` |fn{on kum`c {ao fn{o zojg`k hmffo``mh EJ

!Hn`kofza{nh >=44& >=439 \g{ohim`n >=139 \}nìgtn >=3;&

>=139 ]nefg`zi}& >==4-.

\nfogcogcun|amj z{kmoz |ugtmko hn{oumnf samja zccoz{z {an{

m`juonzm`c numkm{}& |nu{mjfnuf} m` {ao onz{ou` uocmg`z gd {ao

z{o||oz& snz nhg`c {ao jnzoz gd {aozo |g|fn{mg` hgtoho`{z

!Rkn`gtmja n`k Zaumeou >=11-. Fnuco |g|fn{mg` cug|z |zaok

g{snukz m` zonuja gd hguo toukn`{ |nz{uoz dgu {aomu jn{{fo.

[ao onufmoz{ dm`kz gd aguzo anuòzz ofoho`{z eofg`cm`c {g {amz

|oumgk m`kmjn{o {an{& n{ fonz{ e} {ao Fn{o Eug`ro Nco& z{o||o

ksoffouz jgfk umko aguzoz n`k souo nefo {g {untouzo jg`zmkou(

nefo kmz{n`joz.

N fmdo gd jonzofozz hgtoho`{ cunknff} jg`km{mgòk n |gu{mg`gd {ao |g|fn{mg` {g eojgho z|ojmnfmrok m` `ghnkmj fmtoz{gji

euookm`c. [amz |ugjozz snz nz}`jaug`gz gtou {ao tnz{ z{o||o

nuon& n`k m` zgho uocmg`z& oz|ojmnff} saouo umtoumò jg`km{mg`z

kmk `g{ `koucg zmc`mdmjn`{ jan`coz& {ao |uotmgz {unkm{mg`nf

jgh|foq dguh gd ojg`gh} zutmtok. E} {ao 1{a ( 3{a jo`{umoz

EJ& agsotou& z|ojmnfmrok z{gjieuookouz ank ko{ouhmòk {ao

hnm` kmuoj{mg` gd {ao un|mk o{a`gcoò{mj& |gfm{mjnf& n`k coòunf

amz{gumjnf kotofg|ho`{z gd {ao z{o||o |g|fn{mg`z. Jou{nm`

`mg`z gd z{gjieuookouz eojnho `znff} nj{mto& {ao `ghnkz

eojnho nj~nm`{ok sm{a {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz& n`k mug` mh|fo(

ho`{z eocn` {g eo zok. Oto` n{ m{z m`m{mnf z{nco& {ao Onuf} Mug`

Nco snz hnuiok e} n zanu| umzo m` {ao zgjmnf kotofg|ho`{ gd

z{gjieuookm`c jghh`m{moz {an{ f{mhn{of} juon{ok n kodmòk


10/30

>=?;-. [ao {ouh Zj}{amn` snz zok eojnzo {ao dmuz{

nu{mdnj{z gd {amz {}|o souo uojgtouok dugh cuntoz {an{ |ugenef} eo(

fg`cok {g {ao amz{gumjnf Zj}{amn`z nzkozjumeok e} Aougkg{z.

Oqjntn{mg` gd Zj}{amn` cuntoz m` {ao z{o||oz gu{a gd {ao Efnji Zon

eocn` kum`c {ao >1{a jo`{u} NK& n`k n` oq{uohof} umja tnumo{} gd

jf{unf nu{mdnj{z& m`jfkm`c `hougz eug`ro n`k cgfk |mojoz sm{a

{ao hgz{ z|fo`kmk nu{mz{mj gu`nho`{n{mg`& souo dg`k sm{am` iucn`z!eumnf hg`kz-. [ao uozf{z gd {ao oqjntn{mg`z |ugtmkok n |gsou(

df mh|o{z dgu {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd nujanogfgc} m` Uzzmn& n`k zgg`

Zj}{agfgc} eojnho n z|ojmnfmrok eun`ja gd Uzzmn` nujanogfgc}.

N`{m~m{moz kn{ok {g {ao Zj}{amn` |oumgk& samja gumcm`n{ok dugh {ao

onz{ou` [un`zunf z{o||oz& dmuz{ eojnho i`gs` m` Oug|o nz n uozf{

gd {ao okmj{ mzzok e} [rnu \o{ou {ao Cuon{ m` {ao >1{a jo`{u}. M`

jg`{unz{& fnuco zjnfo zjmo`{mdmj oqjntn{mg`z gd Onuf} Mug` Nco hg`(

ho`{z m` zg{aou` Zmeoumn n`k Jo`{unf Nzmn g`f} eocn` m` {ao >=5=:=3>-.

[amz a}|g{aozmz snz du{aou z||gu{ok e} {ao {auoo cug|z gd dnj{z2

Aougkg{z uo|gu{ok {an{ {ao Zj}{amn`z ank jgho {g uozmko m` {ao

Efnji Zon nuon dugh {ao aonu{ gd Nzmn& n`k m{ snz oz{nefmzaok

nujanogfgcmjnff} {an{ zgho anuòzz ofoho`{z !{}|mjnf Zj}{amn`({}|o

hn{oumnfz- souo onufmou m` kn{o m` {ao Nzmn{mj eumnfz {an` m` {aomu

Oug|on` jg`{ou|nu{z. M` nkkm{mg`& {ao Eug`ro Nco Oug|on` z{o||o

|g|fn{mg` kmk `g{ anto {ao rgghgu|amj ko|mj{mg`z gd {ao {}|o {an{souo fn{ou kodmòk nz {ao {}|mjnf kmnc`gz{mj Zj}{amn` N`mhnf Z{}fo

gu`nho`{n{mg`. M` {ao onz{ou` z{o||oz& dugh {ao ]o`mzom Umtou enzm`

zg{a m`{g {ao Hg`cgfmn` |fnm`z& zgho ofoho`{z gd {ao N`mhnf Z{}fo

nuo kn{ok {g {ao Fn{o Eug`ro Nco. [aozo |mojoz nuo z|ojmnf n`mhnf

ko|mj{mg`z jnutok g` z{gò z{ofo samja {gkn} nuo uodouuok {g nz {ao

gfo``m}o inh`m.

[ao {aogu} gd n` onz{ou` gumcm` gd {ao Zj}{amn`z !m`kmco`gz {aogu}-

anz eg{a z||gu{ouz n`k g||gò`{z. G||gò`{z eofmoto {an{ Zj}{amn`z

souo jf{unff} m`kmco`gz {g {ao Efnji Zon z{o||oz& n`k coò{m(

jnff} fmìok {g {ao fgjnf Fn{o Eug`ro Nco |g|fn{mg`z !Cunigt >=33-&

n`k |nfogn`{aug|gfgcmjnf kn{n kgoz `g{ jg`{unkmj{ {amz nzzou{mg`!Koeo{z >=;19 Nfoqoot >=1=31-. [un`zdgu(

hn{mg`z& uoz|g`zmefo dgu {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd {ao tnumn`{z&

gjjuuok eojnzo jg`{nj{z souo uofn{mtof} z{nefo eo{soo`

òmcaegum`c cug|z gd ghnkz& n`k {ao |um`jm|nf N`mhnf Z{}fo

{aohoz souo kotofg|ok eg{a m`ko|o`ko`{f} nz soff nz sm{am`

{ao z|aouoz gd tnumgz m`dfo`{mnf jo`{ouz. M{ snz {aouodguo

|gzzmefo dgu {ao jf{unf ofoho`{z {g eo zmc`mdmjn`{f} kmddou(

o`{ sm{am` kmtouzo z{o||o uocmg`z !Un}otzi} >==:-.

N `heou gd nu{mdnj{z kn{ok {g {ao f====4-.

[ao zmhmfnum{} gd jou{nm` jf{unf {unm{z sm{am` n tnz{ {ouum({gu} mz g{ `m~o m` {ao sgufk gd nujanogfgc}. Kum`c {ao


11/30

>>

>=;=;1-. [ao smko

kmz{ume{mg` gd jou{nm` nu{mz{mj z{}foz gu zmhmfnu ho{agkz gd |g{(

{ou} kojgun{mg` souo m`jfkok nhg`c {ao m`kmjn{guz dgu {ao kmd(

douo`{ agumrg`z. _`md}m`c ofoho`{z gd onja N`kon` agumrg` souo

uodouuok {g nz agumrg` hniouz. N||f}m`c {ao ho{agkgfgc}zok dgu {ao N`kon` jf{uoz {g {agzo gd {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz&

m{ mz jfonu {an{ {ao jg`jo|{ gd jf{unf agumrg`z mz n||fmjnefo {g

{ao |ao`gho`g` gd {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. [ao Zj}{amn`

[umnk m` nkkm{mg` {g n heou gd g{aou nu{mdnj{z hn} eo jg`zmk(

ouok {g eo agumrg` hniouz.

[ao jg`jo|{ gd Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` `m{} jg`{mòz {g uohnm` tou}

|g|fnu n`k anz n smko kmz{ume{mg` samja fonkz z {g fggi dgu

n ho{agkgfgcmjnf z}z{oh zm{nefo dgu m{z n`nf}zmz. [sg fotofz

gd m`toz{mcn{mg` hz{ eo kmddouo`{mn{ok2 {ao nujanogfgcmjnf |ao(

`gho`g` n`k m{z amz{gumjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`.

Uo{u`m`c {g Jo`{unf N`kon` nujanogfgc} du{aou z{kmoz uotonfok

{an{ m{ snz òjozznu} {g hgkmd} {ao gumcm`nf jf{unf agumrg`z.

[sg agumrg`z& enzok g` {ao zmhmfnum{} gd jounhmj kojgun{mto ho{a(

gkz& souo zgg` uoboj{ok n`k {ao} g`f} uohnmòk zmc`mdmjn`{ nz

jaug`gfgcmjnf m`kmjn{guz. [auoo g{aou agumrg`z onuf} ho{ {ao znho

dn{o. Ko{nmfok m`toz{mcn{mg` gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz uotonfok

n` m`òu ao{ougcoòm{} e{& n{ {ao znho {mho& m{ kohg`z{un{ok {an{

{ao} souo ncnm` g`f} zmc`mdmjn`{ nz jaug`gfgcmjnf hnuiouz. N{

|uozo`{& g`f} {auoo agumrg`zOnuf}& Hmkkfo n`k Fn{ooqmz{ m`

{ao |oumgkmrn{mg` gd Jo`{unf N`kon` |uoamz{gu} nz z|ojmdmj o|gjaz

m` jf{unf(amz{gumjnf kotofg|ho`{ !Ugso >=4==4-. M` nkkm{mg`& {aozo nu{mdnj{z

souo kmz{ume{ok soff eo}g`k o{a`mj eg`knumoz. [ao}

jn``g{& {aouodguo& eo jg`zmkouok {g eo zm{nefo dgu zo

nz n` m`koq gd uozohefn`jo m` ko{ouhm`n{mg` gd jf(

{unf `m{}. M` jg`{unz{& jounhmjz& geboj{z gd otou}kn}

zo& hgu{nu} |unj{mjoz& n`k g{aou m`kmjn{guz gd o{a`mj

n`k jf{unf zmhmfnum{} anto eoo` zags` {g eo zmc`mdm(

jn`{f} kmddouo`{ nhg`c {ao zgjmo{moz {an{ jgh|umzo {ao

zg(jnffok Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. Zja geboj{z zagfk&{aouodguo& eo jg`zmkouok {g eo jf{unf hnuiouz.

\ugefohz Jg`jou`m c {ao Amz{gu} gd Onuf} Mug` Nco Ounzmn` Z{o||o @ghnkmj Zgjmo{moz


12/30

>5


Uodouo`joz

Nfoqoot& T. \. >=1(5 !Kmzjzzmg`z gd {ao \uge(fohz gd @n{mto Zj}{agfgc}. \g|fn{mg` gd Nzmn n`k Ndumjn-.

Koeo{z& C. D. >=;1. \nfogn`{ug|gfgcmn ZZZU ![ukm M`z{m{{nO{`gcundmm. @gtn}n zoumo MT-. Hgzitn ( Fo`m`cunk 2 N@ ZZZU!\nfogn`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao _ZZU. Uozonuja gd {ao M`z{m{{o gdO{a`gcun|a}. @os Zoumoz-.

Cunigt& E. @. >=33. Un``mm raofor`mm toi. Hgzitn2 Hgzjgs Z{n{o_`mtouzm{} ![ao Onuf} Mug` Nco-.

Cunigt& E. @. n`k Hofigtn& N. M. >=?;. Ge o{`mjaozima mif{u`ma unrfmjam}nia t z{o|`mia m fozg(z{o|`mia gefnz{}nia

]otug|omzigm janz{m ZZZU t zimdzigo tuoh}n& |. =: m` Zaofgt& K.E. !ok.-& Tg|ugzm zimdg(znuhn{zigm nuiaogfgcmm. Hgzitn2 @nin !O{a(`mj n`k Jf{unf Kmddouo`joz m` {ao Z{o||oz n`k Dguuoz{(Z{o||oNuonz gd {ao Oug|on` \nu{ gd {ao _ZZU kum`c {ao Zj}{amn` \o(umgk. ôz{mg`z gd Zj}{ag(Znuhn{mn` Nujanogfgc}-.

Cu}nr`gt& H. \. >=31. I tg|ugz g zfgrao`mm if{u zimdg(zmemuzigcg{m|n t zt}nrm z g{ium{moh iucn`n Nuran`. Iun{imo Zggezao`mn M`z{m{{nnuiaogfgcmm>?;& =(>1 !G` {ao ôz{mg` gd {ao Dguhn{mg` gd {aoZj}{ag(Zmeoumn`({}|o Jf{uoz m` Jg`òj{mg` sm{a {ao g|o`m`c gd{ao Nuran` Iucn`. Eumod uo|gu{z gd {ao Hgzjgs M`z{m{{o gd Nu(janogfgc}-.

Cu}nr`gt& H. \. >=1=44. Igjaot`mim n |{m t M`km !Hn{oumnfmm mzzfokgtn`mn |g nuiaogfgcmm ZZZU >:4-. Hgzitn2 @nin ![ao@ghnkz gd {ao Ug{o {g M`kmn. Hn{oumnfz n`k M`toz{mcn{mg`z gd{ao Nujanogfgc} gd {ao _ZZU-.

Hn`kofza{nh& N. H. >=43. @gtmo |gcuoeo`mn zue`gcg {m|nt ]ra`gm [uiho`mm. Iun{imo Zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n nuiaogfgcmm>>5& 4>(? !@os Eumnfz gd {ao Zue`n}n Jf{uo m` Zg{a(ou` [uiho`mz{n`. Eumod uo|gu{z gd {ao Hgzjgs M`z{m{{o gdNujanogfgc}-.

Hnu{m`gt& N. M. >==4.Nuiaogfgcmn. Hgzitn2 Tmzzan}n zaigfn!Nujanogfgc}-.

Hurm`& T. B. >===13. I tg|ugz g hmcun{zmm `n }c z{o|`mia|foho` o|gam eug`rm. T rnmhgkomz{tmo igjaotmia if{u m kuot`mia{zmtmfmrn{zmm& ||.34(3. Nfhn(N{n2 Zjmo`jo !G` {ao ôz{mg` gdEug`ro Nco Z{o||o [umenf Hmcun{mg`z {g {ao Zg{a. M`{ounj{mgèo{soo` @ghnkmj Jf{uoz n`k N`jmo`{ Jmtmfmzn{mg`z-.

\}nìgtn& F. [. >=3;. Hgcmf`mi o|gam eug`rm [mcugtn}n Enfin.Zgto{zin}n nuiaogfgcmn:& >3>(1< ![ao Eug`ro Nco joho{ou} gd[mcugtn}n Enfin. Zgtmo{ Nujanogfgc}-.

\}nìgtn& F. [. >=13. I tg|ugz g zohom`mia m gezaoz{to``miag{`gzao`m}nia t o|ga |grkòm eug`rm !|g hn{oumnfnh hgcmf`migt

Tniazazigm if{um-.Hn{oumnf`n}n if{un [nkbmimz{n`n;& ;=(?>!G` {ao ôz{mg` gd Dnhmfmnf n`k \efmj Uofn{mg`zam|z kum`c{ao Eug`ro Nco !g` {ao enzmz gd nu{mdnj{z dugh joho{oumoz gd {aoTniazazin}n Jf{uo-. Hn{oumnf Jf{uo gd [nbmimz{n`-.

Un}otzi}& K. Z. >==:. If{u`g(mz{gumjaozigo okm`z{tg mfmif{u`mm ig`{m`h7 Iun{imo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n nuiaogfgcmm5=3>. Zimdzin}n if{un. \ugefohm Zimdzigmnuiaogfgcmm. Hn{oumnfm m mzzfokgtn`mn |g nuiaogfgcmm ZZZU >33.Hgzitn2 @nin !\ugefohz gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo. Hn{oumnfzn`k M`toz{mcn{mg`z gd {ao Nujanogfgc} gd {ao _ZZU-.

Smffo}& C. U. >=;1. N D`j{mg`nf N`nf}zoz gd {ao Agumrg` Z{}fom` \outmn` Nujanogfgc}& ||. =(>: m` Eo`ò{{& S. J. !ok.-&N Uo(n||unmznf gd \outon` Nujanogfgc}. !Hohgumoz gd {ao Zgjmo{} dguNhoumjn` Nujanogfgc} ;-. @os ]gui2 Zgjmo{} dgu Nhoumjn` Nu(janogfgc}.

]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==4. Znim ]r`gcg \umnunf}n !nuiaogfgcmn mn`{ug|gfmcmn hgcmf`migt-. Hgzitn2 [MHU ![ao Znin gd {ao Zg{a(ou` Nunf Zon Nuon !{ao nujanogfgc} n`k n`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao joh(o{oumoz-.

Rkn`gtmja& C. E. n`k Zaumeou& T. I. >=11. \ouoagk`mo o|gam tnuiaogfgcmm2 nz|oi{m mzzfokgtn`mn !|g hn{oumnfnh @gu{aou`(Inrniaz{n` nujanogfgcmjnf oq|okm{mg` !ZINO-( _unfmn`(Inrniaz{n`nujanogfgcmjnf oq|okm{mg` !_INO--& ||. 4(>5 m` Rkn`gtmja& C. E.!ok.-& \ugefohm nuiaogfgcmm _unfg(Ianrnz{n`zima z{o|om. Jaof}nem`zi2Jaof}nem`zi Z{n{o _`mtouzm{} ![un`zm{mg`nf O|gjaz m` Nujanogfgc}2Nz|oj{z gd {ao M toz{mcn{mg` !g` {ao enzmz gd {ao Hn{oumnfz gd ZINO( _INO-. \ugefohz gd {ao nujanogfgc} gd {ao _unf(Inrnia Z{o||oz-.

hmcun{mg`z m` zhnff cug|z sgfk |ugenef} anto nfzg jg`{ume(

{ok {g {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd {aozo jf{unf zmhmfnum{moz.

[ao kocuoo gd nddm`m{} mz kmzjuo{o eo{soo` {ao jf{uoz samja

jgh|umzo {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. N jf{unf agumrg` hz{

eo m`{ou|uo{ok& agsotou& g{ nz `m{} e{ un{aou nz Ounzmn`

jf{unf jg`{m`m{} gd Zj}{amn` o|gja !Unotzi} >==:-. @omca(

egum`c jf{uoz nuo hguo zmhmfnu sm{am`& e{ {ao} z{mff uo{nm`{aomu gumcm`nfm{}. [ao |nu{mjfnuz kmzjzzok negto zags {an{ cfg(

enf amz{gumjnf |ugjozzoz sm{a coòunf jg`dguhm{moz jn` eo uo(

tonfok m` zgjmnf jghh`m{moz n`k& m` nkkm{mg`& {an{ {ao} oqmz{ok

m` kmzjuo{o {mho n`k z|njo.

O`k`g{o>. [amz mz g`f} gò gd zotounf a}|g{aozoz neg{ {ao |fnjo n k {mho gd {ao

M`kg(Mun`mn` fn`cnco gumcm` !ok. `g{o-


13/30

>:

Nez{unj{

@ghnkmj zgjmo{moz nuo {unkm{mg`nff} uocnukok nz nz}hho{umjnff}

uo|uozo`{ok e} {aomu hn{oumnf jf{uo !geboj{z-. Hon`samfo& zgho

gd {ao nu{mdnj{ jn{ocgumoz nuo amcaf} hon`m`cdf. [ao enzmj janu(

nj{oumz{mjz gd `ghnkz nz uotonfok e} o{a`gcun|a} kg `g{ nf(

sn}z dm`k n jguuofn{mg` m` nujanogfgc}. Konfm`c hgz{f} sm{a

hn{oumnf geboj{z& nujanogfgc} jfnmhz {g mko`{md} {ao uofn{mg`(

zam|z {an{ oqmz{ eo{soo` nu{mdnj{z& zgjmnf m`{oujan`co n`k |gsou&

n`k jf{unf mko`{m{moz n`k mkogfgc}. [aozo nuo gd cuon{ mh|gu(

{n`jo dgu {ao m`toz{mcn{mg` gd `ghnkmj jf{uoz.

Io}sgukz

hn{oumnf jf{uo& nujanogfgcmjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`z& onuf} ghnkz&

iucn` uojg`z{uj{mg`

N dos sgukz neg{ jf{uo m` coòunf

[ao hn{oumnf jf{uo gd n zgjmo{} jg`z{m{{oz n zez{n`{mnf |nu{

gd {ao jf{uo n`k m{ mz gucn`mjnff} jg`òj{ok sm{a {ao g{aou

zez{uj{uoz gd n cmto` zgjmo{}& m`jfkm`c {ao `g`(hn{oumnf

gòz. N{ {ao znho {mho& hn{oumnf jf{uo mz eg{a {ao |ugkj{ gd

ahn` |u|gzo n`k }o{ m{ mz hn{oumnf dgffgsm`c {ao fnsz gd {ao

`g`(ahn` sgufk !Agkkou >==52 >>-.

M{ mz zgho{mhoz kmddmjf{ dgu z {g `kouz{n`k n jg`{oh|gunu}

jf{uo {an{ |ou{nm`z {g n kmddouo`{ jf{unf z}z{oh. [amz kmddm(

jf{} m`juonzoz mhhonzunef} sao` gò hz{ nzzozz n jf{uo

{an{ mz kmz{n`{ m` {mho e} zotounf jo`{umoz gu hmffo``mn. Tgf`(

{numf} gu `g{& so n||ugnja {amz kmz{n`{ jf{uo zm`c gu gs`

jum{oumn n`k |z}jagfgc}. [aozo ohegk} n cuon{ heou gd jg`(

jo|{z gd jf{uo {an{ uodfoj{z {ao |oujo|{mg` gd {am`cz& samja&

m{ sgfk zooh& nuo dnhmfmnu {g otou}gò. N{{oh|{m`c {g z|oni

{ao fn`cnco gd n kmddouo`{ jf{uo& so kmzjgtou& sm{a zu|umzo&{an{ tou} gd{o` so jn` òm{aou `kouz{n`k {amz jf{uo `gu gu(

zoftoz. [aozo jmujhz{n`joz nuo du{aou kohg`z{un{ok e} {sg

g||gzm`c tmos|gm`{z {an{ n{{oh|{ {g nzzozz {ao nemfm{} gd nu(

janogfgc} {g ge{nm` m`dguhn{mg` dugh n dgzzmfmrok jf{uo.[ao

nkaouo`{z gd {ao dmuz{ |gm`{ gd tmos eofmoto {ao |g{o`{mnf mz tou}

fmhm{ok eojnzo nujanogfgc} hnm`f} konfz sm{a konk {am`cz&

n`k oq{un|gfn{m`c m`dguhn{mg` dugh o{a`gcun|amj hn{oumnf {g

m`{ou|uo{ nujanogfgcmjnf m`dguhn{mg` mz m`nkhmzzmefo n`k zo`zo(

fozz eojnzo gd {ao kmddouo`joz m` {mho eo{soo` {ao |nz{ n`k

|uozo`{. [ao dgffgsouz gd {ao zojg`k |gm`{ gd tmos nuo jg`(

touzof} zuo {an{ {ao jgc`m{mto |g{o`{mnf gd nujanogfgc} mz m`dm(

`m{o. Getmgzf}& eg{a |oujo|{mg`z nuo oq{uoho n`k {ao {u{a fmozzghosaouo m` eo{soo`.

M` |um`jm|fo& {ao uozonuja gd |uoamz{gumj jf{uoz uohnm`z n` n{(

{oh|{ {g ùntof n jugzzsguk |rrfo jgh|gzok gd i`gs` sgukz

e{ zm`c ì`gs` ufoz. So hn} eo nefo {g |nu{mnff} `kou(

z{n`k9 {amz |gzzmemfm{} fmoz m` {ao coòunf `mdguhm{} gd {ao ko(

tofg|ho`{ gd ahnìm`k. Jou{nm` jghhg` |ao`gho`n oqmz{

m` hgz{ jf{uoz& m.o.& z}hegfmzh gd {ao jgfgu {umnk& sam{o(uok(

efnji ![ouòu >=1:-9 gu hncmj& {ao `heou zoto`& {ao g||gzm(

{mg` gd umca{ n`k fod{& | n`k kgs`& n`k oto` n`k gkk. Nff gd

{aozo nuo koo|f} jg`òj{ok sm{a {ao |z}jag(|a}zmgfgcmjnf nz(

|oj{ gd {ao ahn` gucn`mzh !Mtn`gt >=31-. Gò jn` nfzg kmz(

{m`cmza zgho don{uoz màouo`{ m` {ao jf{uoz gd kmzjuo{o

Sgufkz& m.o.& Aoffo`mz{mj& Jaumz{mn`& n`k Zj}{ag(Znuhn{mn`&

o{j. Zm`jo {ao jf{unf gjjuuo`joz nuo uocfn{ok uofn{mtof} soff&

m{ mz |gzzmefo {g uofn{o jou{nm` geboj{z `kou z{k} {g {ao hguo

`nuugs hf{m{ko gd zgho cmto` jfnzz gd oto`{z samja so i`gs

!Keugtezi} >=3=& n{aguz {un`zfn{mg`-.

Hn{oumnf jf{uo n`k jf{uo

M` {ao z{k} gd hn{oumnf jf{uo gò zoz zotounf ho{agkgfgcm(jnf n||ugnjaoz& eocm``m`c sm{a {ao coòunf kodm`m{mg` n`k `(

kouz{n`km`c gd n jf{uo& nz soff nz n {aoguo{mjnf gumo`{n{mg`&

m.o.& jf{unf(amz{gumjnf& |ugjozznf& |gz{(|ugjozznf& n`k g{a(

ouz. Dgu m`z{n`jo& gò jf{unf gu |ugjozznf n||ugnja |ug(

tmkok e} o{a`gfgc} gu jf{unf n`{aug|gfgc} gddouz zgho tnumn(

{mg`z gd {ao zg(jnffok z}z{ohmj {aogu} gd jf{uo& g` {ao enzmz

gd samja {ao jg`jo|{ gd ahn` nj{mtm{} !m` {ao Uzzmn` tou(

zmg`- n`k eoantmgu !{ao Soz{ou`- anz eoo` |{ dgusnuk. Hn`}

Uzzmn` nujanogfgcmz{z souo okjn{ok g` {ao kodm`m{mg` zc(

coz{ok e} Hnuinu}n` !>=35- sag sug{o {an{ ahn` nj{mtm{} mz

zgjmnff} gumo`{ok& n`k jf{uo mz n sn} gd m{z uonfmrn{mg`. M{ m`(

jfkoz nfzg {ao uozf{z gd zja n` nj{mtm{}. Nu{}`gt !>=1=- anzkmz{m`cmzaok dgu z|aouoz gd jf{uo2 \ugkj{mg` gd hn{oumnf

tnfoz& hon`z gd zezmz{o`jo !anem{n{& dggk& n`k jfg{am`c-& zg(

jmnf n`k `guhn{mto zejf{uo !fns& um{nf& n`k uofmcmg`-& n`k

ahn`m{numn` ze(jf{uo !i`gsfokco& nu{& n`k oq|oumo`jo& o{j.-.

[aozo z|aouoz jg`z{m{{o {ao {g{nfm{} gd jf{unf z{uj{uo. N

zohmg{mj n||ugnja zccoz{ok e} Uzzmn` zjagfnuz kum`c {ao

>=3=3>2 >;4-.

Nz Cgfgtòt!>==?2 5>- anz zccoz{ok& ahn` nj{mtm{} mz uonf(

mrok m` {sg enzmj z|aouoz2 @n{unf !o`tmug`ho`{- n`k zgjmnf.

Ojg`ghmj nj{mtm{} mz jg`òj{ok sm{a ahn`(`n{uo uofn{mg`(

zam|z& }o{ ahn`(zgjmo{} uofn{mg`zam|z nuo uonfmrok m` {ao

Zgho @g{oz Neg{ {ao Hn{oumnf Jf{uo gd Ounzmn` @ghnkz

Fkhmfn Igu}nigtn

M`z{m{{o gd Amz{gu} n`k Nujanogfgc}Uzzmn` Njnkoh} gd Zjmo`joz

_unf Z{n{o _`mtouzm{}

Oin{oumèuc& Uzzmn


14/30

>;


zgjmnf z|aouo. Ojgfgcmjnf n`k hn{oumnf zejf{uoz zouto nz n

hon`z gd ojg`ghmj nj{mtm{}9 zgjmnf nj{mtm{} mz n{{njaok {g `gu(

hn{mto n`k z|mum{nf zejf{uoz. Dgu {unkm{mg`nf !nujanmj- jf(

{uoz& m{ mz kmddmjf{ {g zo|nun{o {aomu hn{oumnf n`k z|mum{nf jgh(

|gò`{z. Hn{oumnf geboj{z |ouzg`mdmok |og|fo m` {aomu fmdo9 {aouo(

dguo& duo~o`{f} |og|fo souo eumok sm{a {aomu |ouzg`nf eofg`c(

m`cz. Kum`c |uoamz{gu}& {ao m`m{mnf z|mum{nf jg`{o`{ gd n`} hn(

{oumnf geboj{ snz amca& e{ {ao hn{oumnf jg`{o`{ snz tou} fgs.Fn{ou& eojnzo gd cuon{ou {oja`gfgcmjnf z|ojmnfmrn{mg`& {ao |ug(

kjou gd n` geboj{ n`k {ao jg`zhou souo du{aou zo|nun{ok.

Eodguo jund{ z|ojmnfmrn{mg` snz oz{nefmzaok& {ao hn{oumnf z|aouo

snz jfgzof} jg`òj{ok sm{a {ao ojgfgcmjnf z|aouo !Cgfgtòt

>==?2 5;(54-.

Gò hn} zn} {an{ nujanogfgcmz{z konf sm{a hn{oumnf geboj{z m`

otou}kn} |unj{mjo& om{aou {augca {aomu jfnzzmdmjn{mg`& {ao ko(

tofg|ho`{ gd ko{nmfok {}|gfgcmoz& gu n{{oh|{m`c {g zjmo`{mdm(

jnff} m`{ou|uo{ {aozo nzzohefncoz. Nujanogfgcmz{z hz{ n||f}

tnumgz zjmo`{mdmj ho{agkz dgu n` geboj{mto m`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd

hn{oumnf jf{uo. oz{mg`z jg`jou`m`c {ao uofn{mg`zam| eo{soo`fmtm`c jf{uoz nuo m`{umjn{of} uofn{ok {g nujanogfgcmjnf oq|uoz(

zmg` n`k `kouz{n`km`c. [aozo nuo& m` dnj{& {ao hnm` ~oz{mg`z

uotgftm`c nug`k nujanogfgcmjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`z n`k {ao} km(

tmko nujanogfgcmz{z m`{g tnumgz cug|z sag nzi kmddouo`{ ~oz(

{mg`z. San{ zagfk nujanogfgcmz{z kg7 Konf g`f} sm{a hn{oumnf

geboj{z n`k {aomu |uo|nun{mg` dgu d{uo amz{gumjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`

!Ifom` >=31-& zagfk so eo n`{aug|gfgcmz{z7 !Em`dguk >=45-&

gu zagfk so m`{ou|uo{ {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo hf{mtgjnff} n`k

jg`{oq{nff}7 !Zanìz n`k Agkkou >==?-.

Hn{oumnf jf{uo n`k nujanogfgc}

M{ mz {uo {an{ hn`} oq|fn`n{mg`z gd nu{mdnj{z nuo z{mff zeboj{mto.[ao nu{mdnj{z z{kmok e} nujanogfgcmz{z {off z neg{ {ao amz(

{gu} e{ `g{ m` {ao fn`cnco gd amz{gumn`z !Agkkou >==52 >>-.

Md {ao enzmz gd {ao o~n{mg` eo{soo` n hn{oumnf jf{uo jgh|foq

n`k zgjmnf cug|m`c mz nhemcgz {ao` hja gd {ao nujanog(

fgcmjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg` hz{ uohnm` zeboj{mto& oto` n{ {amz d`(

knho`{nf fotof gd g|oun{mg` !Zanìz n`k Agkkou >==?-. [ao

enzmj |um`jm|foz gd {amz n||ugnja uofmoz g` {ao z}hegfmj hon`(

m`c gd n`} nu{mdnj{. M` |nu{mjfnu& {amz n||onuz {g eo ~m{o uonfmz(

{mj sao` so z|oni neg{ {ao Ounzmn` `ghnkmj N`mhnf Z{}fo

gd nu{. Zgho gd m{z jn{ocgumoz nuo amcaf} hon`m`cdf9 {aouodguo&

{ao N`mhnf Z{}fo mz bz{f} jg`zmkouok {g eo n zohmg{mj z}z{oh

{an{ oqmz{ok sm{am` `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz !Un}otzi} >=1?-.

Konfm`c |umhnumf} sm{a hn{oumnf geboj{z& n` nujanogfgcmz{ jfnmhz

{g mko`{md} {ao jaug`gfgcmjnf jg`{oq{ gd nu{mdnj{z& n`k {g ko{ou(

hmò eo{soo` {ao nu{mdnj{z {ao zgjmnf uofn{mg`zam|z n`k |gsou&

jf{unf mko`{m{moz& n`k mkogfgc}. Nff gd {aozo nuo gd cuon{ mh(

|gu{n`jo dgu {ao m`toz{mcn{mg` gd `ghnkmj jf{uoz eojnzo gd

{aomu kmz{m`cmzam`c janunj{oumz{mjz.

Zgho jg`{ugtouzmoz sm{a {ao kodm`m{mg` gd `ghnkmzh

M` gu oddgu{z {g jg`z{uj{ n |ugdmfo gd {ao `ghnkmj hn{oumnf

jf{uo so jn``g{ oq|oj{ ~mji n`k onz} uozf{z. M` dnj{& aouk(

m`c nz n z|ojmnf im`k gd nj{mtm{} uo~muoz tmu{nff} g {ggfz !Jumee

>==>-. N{{oh|{z {g mko`{md} `ghnkmj jf{uoz e} zm`c n jou(

{nm` hn{oumnf jgh|foq anto unuof} eoo` zjjozzdf. [ao znho

jn` eo znmk neg{ {ao otgf{mg` gd ghnkmzh. O{a`gcun|a} m`(

kmjn{oz {an{ |uo ghnkmzh mz oq{uohof} unuo. Njjgukm`c {g zgho

Uzzmn` zjagfnuz& {ao z|ojmdmjz {an{ m`kmjn{o n `ghnkmj hgko

gd fmdo nuo nz dgffgsz2 N |gu{nefo agzo& n cggk znkkfo sm{a

z{muu|z& fmca{ o~m|ho`{& n`k oq{o`zmto n`mhnf euookm`c sm{a

n``nf aoukm`c. [ao enzmj |n{{ou` gd `ghnkmzh |ugtmkok e}

o{a`gcun|amj oqnh|foz& agsotou& kgoz `g{ nfsn}z dm`k n jgu(uofn{mg` sm{a nujanogfgc}. Eozmkoz& `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz& uo|uo(

zo`{ok e} {aomu hn{oumnf geboj{z nuo {unkm{mg`nff} jg`zmkouok {g

eo nz}hho{umjnf. [amz zm{n{mg anz |ugkjok n `heou gd jgh(

hg` jg`{ugtouzmoz.

[ao dmuz{ jg`{ugtouz} mz |ugkjok e} {ao kmddouo`{ kodm`m{mg`z

gd `ghnkmzh n`k |nz{gunfmzh nz soff nz {ao kmddouo`{ m`{ou|uo(

{n{mg`z gd n` nujanogfgcmjnf jgh|foq. M` {ao dmuz{ |fnjo& m{ jg`(

jou`z n` m`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd zgho jf{uoz gd {ao Ounzmn` Eug`ro

Nco m` {ouhz gd `ghnkmzh.San{ nuo {ao jghhg`f} njjo|{ok

nujanogfgcmjnf hnuiouz gd Ounzmn` |nz{gunf ghnkmzh7 [aozo

m`jfko n iucn` eumnf cug`k9 {ao uofn{mto nezo`jo gd |ouhn(ò`{ zo{{foho`{z n`k agzoz gu {ao |uozo`jo gd jnh| zm{oz9 {ao

nezo`jo gu n tou} fmhm{ok zjnfo gd dnuhm`c9 saoofok {un`z|gu{9

n`k {ao egòz gd n`mhnfz sag souo jn|nefo gd {untofm`c fg`c

kmz{n`joz n`k cunrm`c nff }onu ug`k& n`k nu{mdnj{z samja sgfk

anto eoo` zok dgu oq|fgm{n{mg` gd {aozo n`mhnfz. N`g{aou |uge(

foh mz {an{ duo~o`{f} {ao zoko`{nu} |g|fn{mg` jgfk zo hn`}

jgh|gò`{z gd {ao zg(jnffok `ghnkmj hn{oumnf jgh|foq& n`k

tmjo touzn !Jumee >==>-. Kum`c {ao Mug` Nco {ao jgh|foq gd

`ghnkmj son|g`z n`k aguzo anuòzzoz snz smkoz|uonk gtou

n tnz{ |gu{mg` gd Ounzmn& dgu oqnh|fo& m`jfkm`c {ao dguoz{(

z{o||o n`k oto` {ao dguoz{ rgòz. [ao g`f} nu{mdnj{z {an{ jn` eo

zok {g zo|nun{o {ao jf{uoz n{{njaok {g {ao kmddouo`{ fn`kzjn|oznuo |g{{ou} n`k zo{{foho`{z. Zgho gd {ao fn{{ou nuo fgjn{ok m`

hnucm`nf rgòz {an{ jgfk anto zoutok nz jghh`mjn{mg` |gm`{z&

n`k jgfk nfzg anto jgh|umzok n jg`jo`{un{mg` gd tnumgz |g|(

fn{mg`z& m`jfkm`c {agzo {an{ souo `ghnkmj.

M`toz{mcn{m`c `ghnkmj hn{oumnf jf{uo

@ghnk hn{oumnf jf{uo hn} eo o{a`gcun|amjnff} kodmòk nz

antm`c {auoo hnm` janunj{oumz{mjz2 !>- Zm{o du`m{uo !dmq{uoz gu

|gu{nefo geboj{z-& !5- kunefo gu |oumzanefo geboj{z n`k& !:-

tnfnefoz gu oq|o`knefoz !Jumee >==>-. [ao smkoz|uonk zo gd

jfn} |g{{ou} mz amcaf} janunj{oumz{mj dgu onuf} Ounzmn` ghnkz9

nfhgz{ otou} cunto aofk zgho ~n`{m{} gd an`khnko onu{ao`(snuo. M{ zagfk eo `g{ok {an{ {agzo tozzofz hnko g` n |g{{ouz

saoof souo znff} mh|gu{ok dugh {ao uocmg` gd n z{n{oaggk.

Nz uojo`{ uozonuja zagsz& ghnkz tozzofz jgfk jg`{nm` gukm(

`nu} dggkz& zja nz hmfi& hon{ eug{a& n`k inzan !jouonf gu cunm`-

!Igu}nigtn n`k Knmuo >==3-. [ao eug`ro jnfkug`z znff}

nzzgjmn{ok sm{a `m~o eumnfz jg`{nmòk n`mhnf egòz {an{

gumcm`nff} jg`zmz{ok gd hon{ samja snz |fnjok m` {ao eumnf.

[ao ne`kn`jo gd |g{{ou} m` {ao eumnf& n` m{oh {an{ jgfk onz(

mf} eo eugio` n`k snz oz|ojmnff} tfòunefo kum`c hmcun{mg`z&

|ugtgioz n dnmu ~oz{mg` neg{ m{z |fnjo sm{am` `ghnkmj hn{o(

umnf jf{uo. M`kook& so jn``g{ n`zsou {amz ~oz{mg` dff} eo(

jnzo so kg `g{ i`gs {ao jgh|fo{o jg`{o`{ gd {ao hn{oumnf

jf{uo& n`k eojnzo n zez{n`{mnf |nu{ gd {amz jgh|foq snz hnko


15/30

>?

dugh gucn`mj hn{oumnfz {an{ nuo coòunff} g{ |uozoutok. Dgu{(

`n{of}& so nuo nefo {g hnio m`douo`joz dugh {ao mkonf oqnh|foz

|ugtmkok e} {ao dugro` {ghez gd {ao Nf{nm ghnkz. M{ mz i`gs`

{an{ {aozo |og|fo |ugkjok hn`} {o`zmfz hnko gd sggk !kmzaoz&

hcz& egsfz-& emuja enui !egqoz-& n`k fon{aou !zgho {}|oz gd

bnu- !Ukoìg >=4=139 \gfgzhni >==;-. N` m`(

{ouoz{m`c ~oz{mg` {an{ anz `g{ eoo` kmzjzzok uofn{oz {g {ao

ho{agk e} samja Ounzmn` ghnkz gucn`mrok {ao hn`dnj{uogd |g{{ou} n`k m{z |uozoutn{mg` dugh euoninco kum`c{un`zhm(

cun{mg`. [ao} jgfk anto hn`dnj{uok m{ om{aou m` {ao zhhou

jnh| gu n{ {ao sm`{ou agzo& nf{agca {ao {oja`gfgc} n`k gucn(

`mrn{mg` gd |ugkj{mg` sgfk anto eoo` kmddouo`{ m` onja fg(

jnfo. Nz gu oq|oumho`{z anto kohg`z{un{ok& m{ mz `g{ kmddmjf{

{g hnio |g{{ou} m` zhhou oto` sao` {aouo mz n |njm{} gd

sggk !Igu}nigtn n`k Dokgugt >==:-. M{ {nioz n||ugqmhn{of}

>.? aguz {g hnio n |g{ n`k n` nkkm{mg`nf :>< hm`{oz {g

kojgun{o m{. Njjgukm`c {g o{a`gcun|amj n`nfgcmoz n`k oq(

|oumho`{nf nujanogfgc}& kumok n`k |uozzok k`c& ne`kn`{f}

ntnmfnefo& mz hguo {an` zddmjmo`{ dof {g dmuo jounhmjz& n`k

m{ sgfk anto eoo` òjozznu} {g zo sggk g`f} tou} hm`m(hnff}. Kumok n`k |uozzok k`c dmuoz | tou} ~mjif} n`k

hnm`{nm`z m{z {oh|oun{uo dgu n fg`c {mho. Dmum`c gjjuz

sm{ag{ dfnhoz sm{a {oh|oun{uo uonjam`c n||ugqmhn{of}

====-& n`k hn`} {mhoz {ao dguoz{

zoutok nz n |fnjo gd uodco.>

Duo~o`{f}& n`k oz|ojmnff} m` Soz{ou` |efmjn{mg`z {ao nzzh|(

{mg` mz hnko {an{ {ao N`kug`gtg n`k Zue`n}n ![mheou(Cunto-

Jf{uoz souo `ghnkmj. G` {ao jg`{unu}& {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo

jgh|foqoz gd {aozo zgjmo{moz |ugkjoz otmko`jo gd n hguo jgh(

|fmjn{ok ojg`ghmj z{uj{uo {an` {an{ samja oqmz{ok m` {ao Ou(

nzmn` z{o||oz. Kum`c {ao zojg`k anfd gd {ao zojg`k hmffo`(

`mh EJ& {ao ojg`gh}& nz zoo` m` {ao nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz

gd {ao |g|fn{mg`z& snz `g{ jf{unff} aghgcoògz& nf{agca

m{ n||onuok {g anto eoo` ~m{o zmhmfnu gtou {amz aco cogcun|am(jnf uocmg`.

Nz so anto zoo`& ghnkmj hn{oumnf jf{uo mz janunj{oumrok e}

zgho z|ojmdmjz {an{ nuo uojgc`mrnefo nz o{a`gcun|amj hgkofz.

M` {ouhz gd ojg`ghmj n`k jf{unf {}|oz& Uzzmn` o{a`gcun|aouz

anto |{ dgusnuk {ao jg`jo|{ {an{ jou{nm` tnumo{moz gu kocuooz

gd `ghnkmzh oqmz{oktncun`{& zohm(zo{{fok& zohm(`ghnkmj& n`k

`ghnkmj& o{j. Nff gd {aozo {}|oz gd ghnkmzh souo i`gs` amz(

{gumjnff}& }o{ md so fggi n{ {aoh dugh {ao |gm`{ gd tmos gd {aomu

hn{oumnf jf{uo& so smff `g{ `g{mjo n`} cuon{ kmddouo`joz eo(

{soo` {aoh. [amz mffz{un{oz {ao |um`jm|nf nujanogfgcmjnf |uge(

foh ( {ao òjozzm{} {g uojgc`mro {ao tnumo{} gd `ghnkmj {}|oz

dg`k m` {ao nujanogfgcmjnf nzzohefncoz.

Md so anto {ao uohnm`z gd fnuco zo{{foho`{z samja jg`zmz{z gd

kgro`z gd fnuco agzoz& nz mz {ao jnzo dgu {ao N`kug`gtg Jf(

{uo& ags hn} so z|oni neg{ {ao `ghnkmj janunj{ou gd {amz

jf{uo7 M` h} g|m`mg` {amz mz mh|gzzmefo& n`k m{ mz tnfmk g`f} {g

z|oni gd ghnkmj |nz{gunf {o`ko`jmoz n`k g{ neg{ n ghnkmj

hgko gd fmdo {an{ snz hguo janunj{oumz{mj dgu {ao z{o||o màne(

m{n`{z kum`c {ao Mug` Nco. [ao ~oz{mg` mz& {g san{ oq{o`{ jn`

so otnfn{o jou{nm` io} kmz{m`j{mg`z m` |ugkj{mg`& hgemfm{}&n`k zo{{foho`{ m` |uoamz{gumj |nz{gunf n`k ncug(|nz{gunf jf(

{uoz. M{ anz eoo` zccoz{ok m` {ao fm{oun{uo {an{ {ao zonuja dgu

n dff} `ghnkmj zgjmo{} zagfk eo nen`kgòk m` dntgu gd n`

n||ugnja {an{ smff uojgc`mro `ghnkmj {o`ko`jmoz {an{ souo

hn`mdoz{ok m` tnu}m`c kocuooz {augcag{ n smko un`co gd zg(

jmo{moz. M{ mz {uo {an{ `ghnkmj |nz{gunfmzh jg`zmz{z gd |nz{gunf(

mzh n`k `ghnkmzh. [ao cuon{ou {ao kocuoo gd |nz{gunfmzh& {ao

z{ug`cou {ao {o`ko`j} {gsnuk `ghnkmzh !Jumee >==>-.

[ao |nz{gunf `ghnkz gd {ao Ounzmn` z{o||o& i`gs` m` {ao fm{(

oun{uo nz {ao N`jmo`{ @ghnkz& ank n iucn` dòunf um{nf

{an{ anz eoo` kozjumeok hn`} {mhoz m` `hougz |efmjn{mg`z.

]o{& so z{mff kg g{ anto n`} kodm`m{mto oq|fn`n{mg` gd {ao um{nfz

ugfo m` `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz& gu {ao |ugjozzoz n`k jmujhz{n`joz

gd {ao hgu{nu} jg`z{uj{mg`. G`f} n dos |mojoz gd uozonuja

anto eoo` kotg{ok {g {aozo |ugefohz. [ao aco iucn`z gd {ao

Zj}{amn`z& {ao Znuhn{mn`z& n`k g{aou n`jmo`{ `ghnkz samja

jg`{nm` {ao uohnm`z gd fnuco sggko` !zgho{mhoz z{gò- dòunu}

janheouz nuo soff i`gs`. Getmgzf}& {ao ouoj{mg` gd zja jg`(

z{uj{mg`z uo~muok n fnuco fnegu m`toz{ho`{& n`k {ao zo gd n

cuon{ konf gd sggk& n` m{oh znff} g{ onzmf} njjozzmefo m` {ao

{uoofozz z{o||oz. \uotmgzf}& so anto {uon{ok zja z{uj{uoz nz

otmko`jo gd zgjmnf z{un{mdmjn{mg`. Zgho gd dnhgz Zj}{amn` d(

òunf jgh|foqoz n||onu {g anto eoo` uozok uo|on{okf} n`k

jgfk eo jg`zmkouok {g eo {ao |ouhnò`{ agzoz gd `ghnkmj|og|fo.Nz anz eoo` gezoutok m` {ao \nr}u}i Jf{uo& zgho

fgcz dugh |ouhnò`{ fmtm`c ~nu{ouz souo uozok m` {ao jg`(

z{uj{mg` gd {ao dòunu} janheou. N` ||ou jgtoum`c |fnjok

negto {ao dòunf uggh m` Iucn` > gd {ao Ni(Nfnian Joh(

o{ou}& dgu oqnh|fo& jgh|umzok {ao fgcz dugh n kohgfmzaok |g(

f}cg`nf agzo !\gfgzhni >==;2 >:-. [amz dm`km`c hn} zccoz{

{an{ {ao `ghnkz ank ~m{o zgfmk sm`{ou agzoz m` {ao fgjnfoz

saouo {ao son{aou snz |nu{mjfnuf} zotouo. Nz \gfgzhni sum{oz&

{ao _igi \fn{on snz {uoofozz& e{ {ao \nr}u}i |og|fo zok n

fnuco nhg`{ gd sggk m` {aomu dòunu} jg`z{uj{mg`z. [ao}

jgfk anto {un`z|gu{ok m{ dugh {ao ònuoz{ dguoz{ kum`c sm`{ou

e} |ffm`c m{ njugzz {ao mjo& nz anz eoo` `kou{nio` kum`c uo(jo`{ {mhoz. Ko`kugjaug`gfgcmjnf n`nf}zmz anz zags` {an{ nff gd

{ao fgcz zok dgu dòunu} janheouz souo doffok kum`c {ao sm`(

{ou !\gfgzhni >==;2 >;-. [aozo nuo nff nucho`{z {g m`kmjn{o

{an{ {ao hgz{ zg|amz{mjn{ok dòunu} jg`z{uj{mg`z jgfk anto

eoo` emf{ m` nktn`jo& e{ {an{ {amz sgfk g`f} anto eoo` |gz(

zmefo m` hguo gu fozz z{nefo ojgfgcmjnf n`k |gfm{mjnf jg`km{mg`z.

Nz mz soff i`gs`& {ao iucn` snz g{ g`f} n d`j{mg`nf hgu{(

nu} jg`z{uj{mg`& m{ snz nfzg n jgh|foq nujam{oj{unf z{uj{uo

samja uodfoj{ok {ao z|ojmdmj nu{mz{mj gu jgzhgfgcmjnf mkonz {an{

oqmz{ok sm{am` n cmto` zgjmo{}. M{ mz dgu {amz uonzg` {an{ m{ mz

|gzzmefo {g `g{o {ao {}|gfgcmjnf tnumo{} gd m`òu iucn` jg`(

z{uj{mg`z sm{am` {ao tnz{ z{o||o n`k dguoz{(z{o||o rgò



16/30

>4


!Cu}nr`gt >=4>-. Hn`} nujanogfgcmz{z dgjzm`c g` {ao Ou(

nzmn` iucn`z gd {ao Mug` Nco anto |gm`{ok g{ {an{ fnuco iucn`z

znff} gjj|mok {ao amcaoz{ |gm`{ m` {ao fn`kzjn|o& n`k nuo tmz(

mef} jg`òj{ok {g g{aou fnuco iucn`z dguhm`c n janm` {an{ jn`

z{uo{ja dgu ?>< imfgho{ouz. Zhnffou iucn`z nuo nfzg m`jfkok

sm{am` {aozo jgh|foqoz. [amz z}z{oh gd iucn` fgjn{mg`z jgfk

anto |fn}ok n ugfo nz hnuim`c |gm`{z m` ghnkmj jghh`mjn{mg`

z}z{ohz. Zm`cfo iucn` eumnfz coòunff} fgjn{ok m` sn{ouzaokz&n`kzm{n{ok m` {ao g|o` z{o||oz n{ n hguo gu fozz zmc`mdmjn`{ kmz(

{n`jo dugh n umtou& n||onu g`f} n{ {ao eocm``m`c gd {ao Mug` Nco.

[ao} kmddouok dugh {ao iucn`z gd {ao Eug`ro Nco {an{ nuo z(

nff} fgjn{ok m` cug|z nfg`c n umtou {ouunjo !Rkn`gtmja o{ nf >=1;2

;>-. Zgho uozonuja g` {ao uojg`z{uj{mg` gd iucn` z{uj{uoz

ank eoo` `kou{nio` e} zotounf cug|z gd nujanogfgcmz{z& |nu(

{mjfnuf} m` `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n` !Rkn`gtmja o{ nf >=1;- n`k m`

{ao zg{aou` _unfz ![nmugt n`k Eg{nfgt >=11-. M` {ao dmuz{ jnzo

ko{nmfok |nfogzgf n`nf}zoz |ouhm{{ok zjagfnuz {g jg`jfko {an{ fnuco

iucn`z& zja nz Inun(Gen n`k Genf} m` `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n`&

souo emf{ dugh uoj{n`cfnu efgjiz gd {g|zgmf samja dguhok eumjiz.

[ao n{aguz uojg`z{uj{ok {ao jg`z{uj{mg` zo~o`jo dgu n iucn`m` {ao dgffgsm`c hn`òu2

M`m{mnff}& n |fnjo zm{nefo dgu eumnf snz jagzo`. M{ zagfk eo

zm{n{ok ònu n |nz{uo& `g{ dnu dugh n sn{ou zgujo& n`k jou(

{nm`f} g` {ao ofotn{ok n`k dguoz{fozz z{o||o cug`k. [ao |fnjo

dgu {ao eumnf hg`k snz g{fmòk e} n zanffgs& smko km{ja& {ao

zgmf dugh samja snz |fnjok g` {ao m`òu zmko. [ao` jouohg(

`moz{ao {unjoz gd samja jgfk eo `g{ok e} {ao jan`cok janu(

nj{ou gd |nfogzgf n`k {ao uohnm`z gd gucn`mj hn{oumnfz zja nz

cunzz gu euzasggksouo |oudguhok. Nd{ou {an{ n cunto |m{ snz

kc. [ao fnuco nhg`{ gd zgmf {nio` dugh {ao |m{ snz kmz{ume(

{ok nug`k m{& n`k n zhnffou nhg`{ snz z|uonk du{aou g{

sm{am` {ao kodmòk nuon.N jmujfnu hgn{ sm{a n zhnffou kmnh(

o{ou {an` {an{ gd {ao km{ja snz jg`z{uj{ok dugh ahz fgnh}

zgmf. [ao eumnf snz jgh|fo{ok n`k |nu{ gd {ao zgmf snz uo{uòk

{g {ao |m{. [ao cug`k zudnjo sm{am` {ao |m{ snz jgtouok sm{a

euzasggk n`k dmffok sm{a zgmf. [ao {g| fotof gd {ao jg`z{uj(

{mg` snz jgtouok sm{a {ao {g|zgmf efgjiz. N`k dm`nff} {amz jg`(

z{uj{mg` snz |fnz{ouok sm{a jfn} oq{unj{ok dugh {ao km{ja

!Rkn`gtmja o{ nf >=1;2 ;:(;;-.[ao ntounco tgfho gd zgmf uo(

hgtok dugh {ao cug`k zudnjo gd {ao m`{oumgu gd {ao jg`jo`(

{umj nuon snz n||ugqmhn{of} 5>.4 h !Dmc. 5- ![nmugt n`k Eg{nfgt >=112

>>5(>>:-. [aozo {sg oqnh|foz nffgs z {g mhncmò san{ n cun`(

kmgzo mh|uozzmg` {aozo jg`z{uj{mg`z sgfk anto hnko.

Iucn`z nuo nfzg jg`zmkouok {g anto hnuiok {ao {ouum{gumnf

eg`knumoz gd jfn` gu dnhmf} fn`kz !\gfgzhni >==;2 >;-. _`{mf

uojo`{ {mhoz& {ao Inrniz n`k I}uc}r eumok {aomu kojonzok g`f}

ònu sm`{ou |nz{uoz !Ukoìg >=?52 =(>=1=11-. [ao aguzo anuòzz mz gò gd {ao {}|mjnf jaug(

`gfgcmjnf m`kmjn{guz gd n `ghnkmj jf{uo. M` jg`{unz{& kum`c

{ao Eug`ro Nco {ao duo~o`j} gd n`} geboj{ nzzgjmn{ok sm{a

aguzo {un`z|gu{ snz ~m{o fmhm{ok. Sncg`z n`k janumg{z& n`k

egò jaooi |mojoz souo& agsotou& janunj{oumz{mj dgu zgho Ou(

nzmn` z{o||o jf{uoz gd {ao Hmkkfo Eug`ro Nco. ]o{ {ao ~oz(

{mg` mz& nuo so jguuoj{ {g m`{ou|uo{ {ao dm`kz gd saoofok {un`z(

|gu{ nz otmko`jo gd n `ghnkmj hgko gd fmdo& n`k jg`zo~o`{f}

nz otmko`jo gd ojg`ghmj hmcun{mg`7

Jg`jfzmg`

[amz |n|ou anz eoo` nmhok {gsnuk n jgh|nun{mto tmos gd n

`heou gd mzzoz |ou{nm`m`c {g `ghnkmzh& n`k n kmzjzzmg` gd

zgho |nu{mjfnu nz|oj{z gd {aozo |ugefohz. Koz|m{o {ao fg`c

{unkm{mg` gd z{k}m`c {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo gd Ounzmn` `ghnkz&

n`k {ao n||nuo`{ zmh|fmjm{} gd {amz {g|mj& m{ jn``g{ eo jg`zmk(

ouok {g eo soff kotofg|ok. M{ mz tou} mh|gu{n`{ {g uo{amì gu

{aoguo{mjnf n||ugnjaoz {g {ao z{k} gd `ghnkmj hn{oumnf jf{uo&

n||ugnjaoz samja anto g{ kotofg|ok zm`jo {ao >=4=3. [amz snz nfzg toumdmok kum`c h} jg`touzn{mg` sm{a {ao Enzaimu |og|fo

gd {ao zg{aou` _unfz.

5. Kum`c {ao jguzo gd {ao oqjntn{mg` gd {ao Zin{} eumnf cug`k sojnho {g {ao znho jg`jfzmg` !Igu}nigtn n`k Knmu-.



17/30

>3


Uodouo`joz

Nu{}`gt& Z. N. >=1=.@nugk} m if{u}2 unrtm{m}o m trnmhgkomz{tm}o.Hgzjgs2 @nin !\og|foz n`k Jf{uoz2 Kotofg|ho`{ n`k M`({ounj{mg`-.

Em`dguk F.U. >=45. Nujanogfgc} nz N`{aug|gfgc}.Nhoumjn` N`({m~m{}51& .5>3(5?.

Jumee& U. >==>.@ghnkz m` Nujanogfgc}. Jnheumkco2 Jnheumkco_`mtouzm{} \uozz.

Keugtezi}& K. M. >=3=. Unzzamdugtim igkgt.Tg|ugz} dmfgzgdmm>5&13(>=1>:(= m` Cutmja& Z. H.!ok.-& Zohom`n}n geu}nk`gz{ `nugkgt Zmemum. Hgzjgs2 @nin![tm`mn`z. Kghoz{mj um{nfm{} gd {ao |og|foz gd Zmeoumn-.

Cgfgtòt& N. T. >==?. Cgtgu}nzazam}o if{u}. Oin{oumèuc2 _unfKmtmzmg` gd UNZ ![nfim`c Jf{uoz-.

Cu}nr`gt& H. >=4>. Iucn` ini nuiam{oi{u`}m |nh}n{`mi& ||.5>(? m` U}enigt& E. !ok.-& [ormz} kgifnkgt `n rnzokn`m}nia&

|gzt}nzajao``}ia m{gcnh |gfot}ia mzzfokgtn`mm t >=4< c. Hgzjgs2M`z{m{{ nuiaogfgcmm !Iucn`z nz n` nujam{oj{unf hg`ho`{.Nez{unj{z gd {ao zozzmg` g` {ao uozf{z gd dmofksgui m` >=4==5. [aogu} n`k |unj{mjo m` nujanogfgc}. Fg`kg`2Ug{fokco.

Mtn`gt& T. T. >=31.Jao{ m òjao{. Nzzho{um}n hgrcn m r`nigt}iaz}z{oh. Hgzjgs2 Zgto{zig}o unkmg !Gkk n`k Oto`. Nz}ho{u} gdn eunm` n`k zmc` z}z{ohz-.

Ifom` F.Z.& >=31.Nujaogfgcmjaozim}o mz{gja`mim. Fo`m`cunk2Fo`m`cunk _`mtouzm{} |uozz !Nujanogfgcmjnf otomko`joz-.

Igu}nigtn& F. @. >=11. Un``mm raofor`}m toi Rnufn}n m Rn|nk`gmZmemum. Ztoukfgtzi2 _unfzimm _`mtouzm{o{ !Onuf} Mug` Nco gd [un`z(_unfz n`k soz{ou` Zmeoumn-.

Igu}nigtn& F. @.& n`k Knmuo& H.(]. !okz.- >==3.[ao jf{uo gd[un`z(_unfmn` jn{{fo n`k aguzo euookouz n{ {ao {u` gd {ao oun.Oin{oumèuc2 Oin{oumèuc \uozz.

Igu}nigtn& F. @. n`k Dokgugt& U. G. >==:. Cg`janu`m}o nt}imrnunfzigcg nzofo`m}n t kuot`gz{m t un`òh raofor`gh toio& ||.34(=4 m` Igu}nigtn& F. @. !ok.-& R`n`m}n m `nt}im unfzigcg`nzofo`m}n t kuot`gz{m m zuokòtoigt}o. Oin{oumèuc2 _unfzig}og`kofo`m}o UN@ !\g{{ou} hnim`c zimffz gd [un z(_unfmn` |g|(fn{mg` m` {ao Onuf} Mug` Nco. I`gsfokco n`k zimffz gd {ao _unf|g|fn{mg` m` |uoamz{gumj n`k Hokmotnf {mhoz-.

Ienuot& T. K. >=13.Iucn`} _fn`ku}in. @gtgzmemuzi2 @nin!Iucn`z gd _fn`ku}i-.

Fg{hn`& ]. H. n`k _z|o`zi}& E. N. >=3>. G zohmg{mjaozighhoian`mrho if{u}& ||. >;;(4 m` Fg{hn`& ]. !ok.-& [uk} |gr`nigt}h z}z{ohnh Tgf. T& _jao`m}o rn|mzim {nu{zzigtg `mtouzm{o{n.[nu{2 [nu{ _`mtouzm{o{ !G` zohmg{mj hojan`mzh gd n jf{uo.

Uozonuja g` zmc` z}z{ohz-.

Hnuinu}n`& O. Z. >=35. Tg|ugz} zmz{oh`gcg mzzfokgtn`m}ngezajaoz{tn. Hgzjgs2 @nin !ôz{mg`z g` {ao z}z{ohmj m`(toz{mcn{mg` gd zgjmo{}-.

Hoktokot& N. \. >===.Un``m raofor`}m toi fozgz{o|`gcg \gkg`}n.Hgzjgs2 @nin !Onuf} Mug` Nco gd {ao dguoz{(z{o||o gd Kg` nuon-

\gfgzhni& @. T. >==;. Z{ouoczajam}o rgfg{g cum|a}. @gtgzmemuzi2@nin !Cnukm`c {ao cgfk cumddm`z-.

Un}otzi}& K. Z. >=1?.Hgkof hmun zimdzigm if{u}. Hgzjgs2 @nin!N sgufk hgkof gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo-.

Ukoìg& Z. M. >=?5.Cgu`gnf{nmzim}o `niagkim m zimd}. Hgzjgs(Fo`m`cunk2 Mrkn{ofz{tg N@ ZZZU !Zj}{amn` |oumgk kmzjgtoumoz m`{ao Nf{nm hg`{nm`z-.

Ukoìg& Z. M. >=4==?. \ugjozznf& |gz{|ugjozznf n`km`{ou|uo{mto nujanogfgcmoz& ||. :(5= m` Agkkou& M.& Zanìz& H.&Nfoqn`kum& N.& Ejam& T.& Jnuhn & B.& Fnz{& B. n`k Fjnz& C. !okz.-&M`{ou|uo{m`c Nujanogfgc}. Fg`kg`2 Ug{fokco.

[nmugt& N. K. n`k Eg{nfgt& Z. C. >=11. Iucn` zofn Tnu`n& ||.>=1; .

G|}{ mz|gfrgtn`m}n t nuiaogfgcmm |nfog|gjato``}ia ho{gkgtmzzfokgtn`m}n !iucn`} Inun(Gen m Genf} t Zotou`gh Inr(niaz{nò-. Zgto{zin}n nuiaogfgcm}n;& :?(;1 !N` oqnh|fo gd {aon||fmjn{mg` gd |nfogzgmf n`nf}zmz {g nujanogfgc} !Inun(Gen n`kGenf} iucn`z m` `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n`. Zgtmo{ nujanogfgc}-.


18/30

>1


Dmc. 5. Tnu`n !Zg{a _unfz-. N tnumn`{ gd {ao uojg`z{uj{mg`. !Nd{ou [nmugt n`k Eg{nfgt >=11& |fn{o 3.-

Dmc. >. Inun(Gen iucn`& `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n`. Uojg`z{uj{mg` gd {ao zudnjo jg`z{uj{mg`. !Nd{ou Rkn`gtmja& o{.nf.& >=1;&|fn{o ;.-


19/30

>=

Nez{unj{

[amz |n|ou zooiz {g oq|fguo {ao n`nf}{mjnf hoo{m`c |gm`{ eo(

{soo` nujanogfgcmjnf {aogu}& hgu{nu} m`{ou|uo{n{mg` n`k n zo(

umoz gd Onuf} Mug` Nco ghnkmj eumnfz dugh {ao Zg{aou` _unf

uocmg` gd Uzzmn. [ao o`zm`c kmzjzzmg` nkkuozzoz {ao jgh(

|foqm{} nzzgjmn{ok sm{a m`{ou|uo{n{mto dunhosguiz& samja n{(

{oh|{ {g dunho zgjmo{nf gucn`mzn{mg` {augca {ao n`nf}zoz gd

{ao tnumnemfm{} nzzgjmn{ok sm{a eumnf z{uj{uo |n{{ou`z n`k cuntocggkz m`jfzmg`. Zmc`mdmjn`{ zgjmg(jf{unf ofoho`{z zja nz nco&

zoq'co`kou jn{ocgumzn{mg` n`k amounujamjnf unì n`k z{n{z uo(

fn{mg`zam|z nuo kmzjzzok sm{am` {ao jg`{oq{ gd {ao hn{oumnf uo(

hnm`z dugh n cug| gd Znug(Znuhn{mn` `ghnkmj eumnfz n{

\giugtin& Jaou`n}n n`k Inuknmofgtn.

Io} Sgukz

`ghnkmj eumnfz& hgu{nu} tnumnemfm{}& zoq'co`kou jn{ocgumz(

n{mg`& fmhm`nfm{}& jg`{oq{nf nujanogfgc}

M`{ugkj{mg`

[ao Mug` Nco `ghnkmj cug|z gd {ao Ounzmn` z{o||o anto uo(jomtok n` m`juonzok nhg`{ gd Soz{ou` fm{ounu} n{{o`{mg` m` uo(

jo`{ }onuz. Zjagfnuf} m`toz{mcn{mg`z anto dgjzok |g` {ao ko(

hgcun|amj hgtoho`{z n`k zgjmo{nf gucn`mzn{mg` gd {aozo |nz{

hgemfo |nz{gunf |og|foz n`k uozf{n`{ hgkofz anto eoo` kotof(

g|ok {g njjg`{ dgu {ao amz{gumjnf zmc`mdmjn`jo gd ghnkmj |g|(

fn{mg`z sm{am` {ao |uoamz{gu} gd {ao tnz{ Ounzmn` Z{o||o uocmg`.

Agsotou& m` jg`zmkoun{mg` gd {ao kohgcun|amjz n`k zgjmo{nf

jg`jo|{z gd {ao dmuz{ hmffo``mh EJ n`k {ao {un`zm{mg` m`{g {ao

Mug` Nco |oumgk hja gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf otmko`jo {g z|(

|gu{ tnu}m`c {aoguo{mjnf |ug|gzm{mg`z anz eoo` ge{nmòk dugh

hgu{nu} jg`{oq{z& {}|mjnff} nzzgjmn{ok sm{a {ao {hfz !iucn`-dguh gd eumnf. [amz zm{n{mg` zagfk ~m{o uonzg`nef} kuns aont}

zju{m`}& oz|ojmnff} m` fmo gd uojo`{ n`nf}{mjnf {uo`kz& samja anto

|ugcuozzmtof} zgca{ {g unmzo {ao jg`jo|{nf nsnuoòzz nzzgjm(

n{ok sm{a {ao jgh|foqm{} gd eumnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`z n`k {ao {aog(

uo{mjnf dunhosguiz zuug`km`c zja n{{oh|{z. [aouodguo& {amz

|n|ou zanff nkkuozz {aozo mzzoz m` {ao jg`{oq{ gd n kmzjzzmg`

|ou{nm`m`c {g uojo`{ n||ugnjaoz jg`jou`m`c {ao n`nf}zoz gd hgu(

{nu} hn{oumnfz dugh Mug` Nco ghnkmj eumnfz fgjn{ok m` {ao zg{a(

ou` _unf uocmg` gd Uzzmn !Dmc. >-.

[ao |u|gzo gd {ao juuo`{ |n|ou smff eo {g mffhm`n{o zotounf

mh|gu{n`{ {aoguo{mjnf mzzoz n`k ~oz{mg`z samja hn} eo co`(

oun{ok e} n` oqnhm`n{mg` gd {aozo hn{oumnfz nz {ao} uofn{o {g n

hgemfo |nz{gunf hgko gd zezmz{o`jo n`k {ao zgjmg(jf{unf

k}`nhmjz nzzgjmn{ok sm{a {ao `ghnkmj dguh gd zgjmo{nf

gucn`mzn{mg`. [ao |n|ou smff jg`jfko sm{a n` oq{o`zmg` gd {ao

uofotn`j} gd {aozo mzzoz e} sn} gd n eumod kmzjzzmg` gd dòunu}

hn{oumnfz uojgtouok dugh n cug| gd Mug` Nco Znug(Znuhn{mn`

`ghnkmj eumnfz oqjntn{ok n{ {ao Inuknmofgtn n`k Jaou`n}n

zm{oz fgjn{ok m` {ao zg{aou` _unf Hg`{nm` uocmg` gd Uzzmn.

\uotmgz n||ugnjaoz {g hgu{nu} tnumnemfm{}

Hn{oumnf uohnm`z kmzjgtouok {augca hgu{nu} oqjntn{mg`z anto

eoo` {ao |umhnu} uozgujo zok e} eg{a Onz{ou` n`k Soz{ou`

zjagfnuz m` tnumgz n{{oh|{z {g uojg`z{uj{ {ao zgjmo{nf janunj(

{oumz{mjz gd |uoamz{gumj `ghnkmj cug|z. Zmc`mdmjn`{ mzzoz uo(

fn{m`c {g {aozo m`douo`joz uotgfto nug`k {ao |ugefohn{mj `n(

{uo gd eumnf tnumnemfm{} n`k m`jfko mh|gu{n`{ {aoguo{mjnf jg`(

z{uj{z zja nz {ao zgjmnf unì& z{n{z n`k ugfo gd |nz{ zgjmo{nf

hoheouz. [ao {ggfz zok m` oz{nefmzam`c {aozo n`nf}{mjnf jg`(

z{uj{z {}|mjnff} dgjz g` eumnf {}|oz& cunto cggk m`jfzmg`'

`g`(m`jfzmg` !m`jfkm`c ~nfm{} n`k ~n`{m{} gd cunto cggk

nzzohefncoz-& m`toz{ho`{ gd hn{oumnfz n`k fnegu e} {ao fmtm`c

m` dòunu} z{uj{uoz& otmko`jo gd um{nf& o{j.

M{ anz eoo` nucok {an{ zgjmo{nf janunj{oumzn{mg`z enzok |g`

{ao |uohmzo gd {amz n`nf}{mjnf dunhosgui nuo zodf m` kotofg|(

m`c n coòunf `kouz{n`km`c gd {ao k}`nhmjz gd n |nz{ jf{uo&

agsotou& {ao} kg g{ njjun{of} uo|uozo`{ gu nji`gsfokco {ao

jgh|foqm{} sm{a samja eumnf um{nf n`k zezo~o`{ tnumnemfm{}

nuo jgh|gzok. [aouodguo& m{ smff eo oh|anzmzok {augca {ao

dgffgsm`c kmzjzzmg` {an{ n cuon{ou nsnuoòzz gd {aozo jgh|g(

ò`{z eo m`{ousgto` sm{am` {ao dunhosgui gd {aoguo{mjnf hgk(

ofz samja zooi {g n||ugnja n` `kouz{n`km`c gd {ao jgh|foqm{}

zuug`km`c {ao tnumnemfm{} gd hgu{nu} uohnm`z.

Iucn` eumnfz n`k zgjmg(jf{unf jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z

N uojo`{ nu{mjfo e} Igu}nigtn !>==4- m`m{mn{ok uodouo`jo {g |nz{

n`nf}zoz n`k eugnk zjnfo janunj{oumzn{mg`z gd {ao hgu{nu} zm{oz

fgjn{ok sm{am` {ao _unf hg`{nm` Uocmg` gd Uzzmn& samja jaug(

`gfgcmjnff} dnff sm{am` {ao dmuz{ hmffo``mh EJ n`k {ao Ou(

nzmn` Mug` Nco |oumgk. [ao jn{ocgumzn{mg` gd {aozo eumnf zm{oz

nuo enzok |g` n jfnzzmdmjn{gu} n||ugnja |gzm{ok e} Cunja

!>=1=3?-. Sm{am` {amz zjaoho&

gò jn` dm`k eumnfz jfnzzmdmok m`{g dgu enzmj cug|z2 !m- Ug}nf

Eumnfz& !mm- Ofm{o Eumnfz& !mmm- Gukm`nu} \g|fn{mg` Eumnfz& n`k!mt- Ko|o`ko`{ \g|fn{mg` Eumnfz !Igu}nigtn >==42 544(43-.

Mug` Nco @ghnkmj Eumnfz gd {ao Ounzmn` Z{o||o

N Kmzjzzmg` Oq|fgum`c Eumnf Um{nf Jgh|foqm{}

Eu}n` Anìz

Ko|nu{ho`{ gd Nujanogfgc}

_`mtouzm{} gd Jnheumkco


20/30

5==42 5;=-.

Sm{am` {amz {aoguo{mjnf zjaoho& gò jn` zoo {an{ {ao n`nf}{mjnf

uonzg`m`c oh|fg}ok e} |uotmgz zjagfnuz mz |uokmjn{ok |g`

{ao m`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd eumnf hn{oumnf |n{{ou`m`c. Zgjmo{nf

gucn`mzn{mg`& n`k m`douo`joz jg`jou`m`c tou{mjnf uofn{mg`zam|z&

nuo jfonuf} kotofg|ok dugh {ao janunj{oumzn{mg` gd g{ g`f} {ao

zmro n`k jgh|foqm{} gd {ao eumnf z{uj{uo e{ nfzg {mok {g n`

n`nf}zmz gd m`jfkok cunto cggkz. Nucnef}& {aoguo{mjnf n|(

|ugnjaoz zja nz {aozo |uoz||gzo n ònuf} kmuoj{ jguuofn{mg`

eo{soo` {ao cunto hn{oumnfz |uozo`{ n`k {ao uoz|oj{mto

kojonzokz unì n`k z{n{z sm{am` {ao |uotmgz fmdo. M` g{aou

sgukz& {aozo n{{oh|{z oq|fmjm{f} zooi {g dunho tou{mjnf zgjmo{nfuofn{mg`zam|z eofmotok {g eo |uozo`{ sm{am` |nz{ zgjmo{moz.

[ao |ugefohn{mj `n{uo gd n||ugnjaoz zja nz {aozo jguuofn{oz

sm{a {ao fnji gd nsnuoòzz dgu zja mzzoz nz2 !m- {ao màouo`{

n`k amcaf} zmc`mdmjn`{ ugfo gd {ao fmtm`c zgjmo{nf hoheouz n`k

{aomu uoz|oj{mto jagmjoz sm{am` eumnf um{nf |unj{mjoz& !mm- jgh(

|foq mzzoz uofn{m`c {g zoq'co`kou n`k nco jn{ocgumoz n`k {aomu

uofn{mg`zam| {g eumnf |n{{ou`m`c& n`k !mmm- {ao mh|gu{n`jo gd {ao

|ugjozz gd um{nf sm{a uoz|oj{ {g {ao hnm`{o`n`jo n`k |ou|o{n(

{mg` gd jf{uo n`k zgjmo{}.

Eumnf |n{{ou`m`c n`k zgjmnf z{n{zN uojo`{ nu{mjfo e} Kntmz(Imhenff !>==1- anz umca{f} kuns`n{{o`{mg` {g {ao òok dgu n hguo èmnzok n{{oh|{ n{ {ao m`{ou(

|uo{n{mg` gd eumnf um{nf n`k cunto cggk n`nf}zmz. Z|ojmdmjnff}&

Kntmz(Imhenff anz nucok dgu n` m`juonzok nsnuoòzz dgu {ao

ugfo gd z{n{z uofn{m`c {g sgho` sm{am` {ao Onuf} Mug` Nco `g(

hnkmj cug|z. Nz zao anz z{n{ok& nujanogfgcmz{z gd {ao >= {a

n`k 5==12 >;5-.

Nz n uoz|g`zo enzok |g` {amz jum{mjmzh& Kntmz(Imhenff anz

kotofg|ok n ho{agkgfgc} dgu zgjmo{nf uojg`z{uj{mg` gd Znug(

Znuhn{mn` ghnkmj cug|z enzok |g` nujanogfgcmjnf oqjntn(

{mg`z `kou{nio` eo{soo` >==5 n`k >==? e} n jgffnegun{mto

Nhoumjn`(Uzzmn` |ugboj{ n{ \giugtin& Uzzmn !Dmcz. > n`k 5-.

Kntmz(Imhenffz n||ugnja mz dguhfn{ok {augca n` m`{ou|uo(

{n{mg` gd nzzgjmn{mto cunto cggk nu{mjfoz uojgtouok dugh sm{am`

iucn` eumnfz. Enzok |g` {amz hn{oumnf otmko`jo zao anz

|gz{fn{ok n jn{ocgumzok fmz{ gd z{n{zoz dgu eg{a dohnfo n`k

hnfo hoheouz gd {ao Znug(Znuhn{mn` `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz.

[ao un{mg`nfo oh|fg}ok dgu {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd z{n{zoz snz

njamotok {augca {ao zofoj{mto n`nf}zmz gd z|ojmdmj cunto

cggk m{ohz& sm{a |g{{ou}& dn`nf hn{oumnfz& n`k mug` i`mtozeom`c jgh|fo{of} oqjfkok !{amz smff eo du{aou kmzjzzok

n{ n fn{ou |gm`{- ko {g {aomu amca duo~o`j} sm{am` {ao eum(

nfz !Kntmz(Imhenff >==12 >;5-.

[g eumodf} zhhnumzo {amz n||ugnja& {ao coòunf hgkof |ug(

|gzok e} Kntmz(Imhenff !Memk. >;5- kmtmkoz zgjmo{nf z{n{zoz

nz zja2 !m- aonu{a |ouzg`& !mm- |umoz{ gu |umoz{ozz n`k !mmm- snu(

umgu !memk2.>;5-. [ao oq{o`zmg` gd {amz hgkof& jg|fok sm{a uo(

{umotok hn{oumnf nu{mjfoz dg`k sm{am` {ao jg`{oq{ gd {ao eumnfz&|ugtmkoz dgu {ao nji`gsfokcoho`{ gd {ao dgffgsm`c z{n{zoz2

Hnfoz2 !>- Snuumguz9 !5- Hnfo eumnfz sm{ag{ !gu tou} dos-

cunto nu{mjfoz9 n`k !:- Hnfoz eumok sm{a n jamfk.

Dohnfoz2 !>- Aonu{a sgho`9 5- \umoz{ozzoz9 :- Dohnfo snu(

umguz n`k9 ;- Snuumgu(\umoz{ozzoz.

Sm{am` {amz |ug|gzok {aoguo{mjnf hgkof& n z{ug`c jguuofn{mg` mz

kotofg|ok eo{soo` {ao {}|o n`k ~n`{m{} gd tnumgz cunto cggkz

!o.c. son|gù}& bosoffou}& {gmfo{u} m{ohz& |gu{nefo jnutok z{gò

gu jfn} nf{nuz& geboj{z sm{a N`mhnf Z{}fo nu{& o{j.- n`k uoz|oj(

{mto z{n{zoz. Jfonuf}& {augca {amz n`nf}{mjnf n||ugnja gò jn`

zoo {an{ {ao uofmn`jo |g` cunto cggk nzzohefncoz mz gd {hgz{

mh|gu{n`jo. M` {amz n||ugnja& {ao eumnf n`k m{z hn{oumnf jgh(

|gò`{z |ugtmko n kmuoj{ uodfoj{mg` gd {ao z{n{z gd {ao kojonzok

n{ {ao {mho gd amz'aou kon{a sm{am` {ao onuf} `ghnkmj zgjmo{}.

[ao eumnf tnumnemfm{} samja Kntmz(Imhenff o`jg`{ouok !m.o.

kmddouo`{ cunto cggk nzzohefnco |n{{ou`z-& kum`c {ao oqjntn(

{mg` n`k |gz{(oqjntn{mg` n`nf}zoz& souo zok nz {ao dg`kn{mg`

dgu {ao dguhfn{mg` gd n a}|g{ao{mjnf z{n{z kmtmzmg` !aonu{a

|ouzg`& snuumgu& o{j.- sm{am` {ao Onuf} @ghnkmj zgjmo{nf

gucn`mzn{mg`.

[aoguo{mjnff}& {amz n||ugnja jguuofn{oz ~m{o jfgzof} sm{a {aonujanogfgcmjnf n`nf}zmz e} Igu}nigtn kmzjzzok onufmou m` samja

amounujamjnf zgjmo{nf dunhosguiz jgfk eo |gzm{ok {augca {ao

jgh|numzg` gd hgu{nu} z{uj{uoz& {}|o n`k ~n`{m{} gd cunto

cggkz& o{j. Ncnm`& so nuo fok {g eofmoto {an{ {aouo mz n kmuoj{

uodfoj{mg` gd {ao kojonzok m`kmtmknfz unì n`k z{n{z sm{am`

{ao eumnf z{uj{uo jgh|gzm{mg` n`k uo|uozo`{n{mto cunto cggk

nzzohefnco. Eg{a Kntmz(Imhenffz ho{agkgfgc} n`k {ao n|(

|ugnjaoz kmzjzzok onufmou nuo |uokmjn{ok |g` n` n`nf}{mjnf

enzmz {an{ snz ~m{o dntgunefo kum`c {ao >=3=1


21/30

5>

[augca {aozo tnu}m`c n||ugnjaoz& {ao hn{oumnf otmko`jo anz

eoo` {mfmzok nz n zfmkm`c zjnfo dgu zgjmo{nf z{n{z n`k unì& n`k

mz {az {nio` nz n kmuoj{ uodfoj{mg` gd {ao |gzm{mg` m` fmdo {an{ {ao

kojonzok aofk n{ {ao {mho gd {aomu kon{a.

Gtou {ao |nz{ {auoo kojnkoz Soz{ou` zjagfnuz anto eoo` aontmf}

m`dfo`jok e} {ao onuf} sgui gd io} m`kmtmknfz kum`c {ao dgu(

hn{mto |oumgk gd {ao@os Nujanogfgc} hgtoho`{ gd {ao fn{o>=4=3=3 gd eumnf n`k {ao uofn{mg`zam| gd {amz {g mzzoz zja

nz jgh|o{m{mg` dgu uozgujoz& dunhosguiz dgu fmònf kozjo`{&

n`k {ao juon{mg` gd zo|nun{o dguhnfmzok n`k eg`kok nuonz dgu

eumnf um{nf5 !Hguumz >==>2 >;1-. Znqoz zez{n`{mnf jg`{ume(

{mg` snz fn{ou oq{o`kok e} {ao sgui gd Cgfkz{om` !>=34-& sag

n||fmok n`k eugnkoòk Znqoz gumcm`nf jg`{ume{mg` {augca {ao

zo gd n eugnk(enzok jugzz(jf{unf n

“Scythian Triad” and “Scythian World” Leonid T. Yablonsky Institute of Archaeology Moscow, Russia (page 3-8)

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