SCULPTURING THE EARTH SURFACE

A. Endogenous processes which occur beneath the surface of the Earth.

B. Exogenous processeswhich take place above the Earth’s surface.

Note: these two major are responsible in the changes of landscapes in the different regions of the world.

Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.

The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven major plates and many minor plates.

Plates is made up of thick slabs of rocks.PLATES is composed of a continental crust and an oceanic crust

is composed of a continental crust and

an oceanic crust

Pacific

North American

South American

African

Eurasian

Antarctic

Indo-Australian

STRESS a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume.

Deformation: The Breaking,

Tilting, and Folding of rocks

Prefix de = undo

Form = shape or configuration

1.Tension – pulls

on the rocks of

the crust

stretching rocks

so that it

become thinner

in the middle.Think: Divergent

2.Compression

– squeezes the

rocks of the

crust until it

folds or break. Think: Covergent

3. Shearing –pushes a mass

of rock in two

opposite

directions.

Think: transform

Movements of plates

When the plates move and interact with each other and bring about

1. DIASTROPHISM 2. VULCANISM

Earth’s crust brought by

tectonic forces or the

movements of the

plates.

1.Faulting this movement refers to the

fracturing or breaking of

rock masses or the Earth’s

crust.

this usually happens when the

rock masses are under tension

due to plate movement.

1. Normal faults occur when tensional

forces act in opposite directions and

cause one slab of the rock to be

displaced up and the other slab down.

2. Reverse faults develop when

compressional forces exist compression

causes one block to be pushed up and

over the other block.

3. Graben fault is produced when tensional

stresses result in the subsidence of a block

of rock. On a large scale these features are

known as Rift Valleys.

4. Horst fault is the development of

two reverse faults causing a block of rock

to be pushed up.

5. Strike slip or transform fault

are vertical in nature and are

produced where the stresses

are exerted parallel to each

other.

Result of displacement of structures on the earth’s crust.

2. Folding occurs when the Earth’s crust is compressed due to plate movement.(into collision)

1. Anticline – fold that forms an upward arch.

2. syncline– fold that forms a downward arch.

3. Monocline--fold involves a slight bend in otherwise parallel layers of rock.

Is another process that takes place

beneath the Earth’s crust.

This happen when molten materials

from the interior of the earth forced

into the crust and even onto the

Earth’s surface because of high

pressures with the Earth.

Is both constructive and destructive.

Magma is a molten materials that still inside the Earth.

is a hot liquid rock below the surface of the Earth

Lava--- once they are spewed out of the Earth’s surface and solidified.

--- melted rock from a volcano.

Fertile soils.

Rich in sulphur deposits.

Sources of geothermal energy.

Bring damage to man: Damage to human lives

Crops

Property

Faulting and folding

1.Weathering– this refers to the breaking up of solid rocks into fragments. It is also the process that results in the chemical decay of soli rocks in place or near the surface of the Earth.

Two kinds of Weathering1.Physical or mechanical weathering

Refers to the disintegration or breaking down of solid rocks into smaller fragments.

2. Chemical weathering

Is the breaking down of rocks and

minerals with a change in their

chemical composition.

Is also the result of chemical

reactions bet. The rock mineral and

the moisture, rain water, sea water

and organic acids produced by

plants and animals.

Oxidation

Hydration

Hydrolysis

Carbonation

solution

2. Erosion– is the movement of weathered

materials like rock fragments and particles of

soil that have been broken down and

carried by the different agents of erosion.

3. Deposition– is the process of

accumulation of soil particles and other

materials carried by the agents of erosion.

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