Scott Dudley Graphene: a US military funding perspectiveec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/pdf/graphene... · Scott Dudley Graphene: a US military funding perspective ...

Scott Dudley Graphene: a US military funding perspective Scott Dudley is the physics program manager for the U. S. Air Force

Office of Scientific Research’s London office.

He is responsible for finding and funding basic research of Air Force

interest throughout Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Africa.

He obtained a PhD in physics from Washington University, St Louis, in

1994. Since then he has taught at the U. S. Air Force Academy and

worked export control and other international issues in Washington. He

moved to London for his present position in 2007.

Graphene – A US Military F d ’ P tiFunder’s Perspective

LtCol Scott Dudley PhysicsLtCol Scott Dudley, PhysicsEuropean Office of Aerospace Research and Development (EOARD), London 

Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), Arlington, Virginia( ), g , g

Distribution A:  Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.   88 ABW/PA Case File Number 88ABW‐2011‐2317

Please allow me to introduce myselfI’m a man of wealth and taste

I’ve been around for many a long yearI ve been around for many a long yearStole many a man’s soul and faith

many a long years ago…many a long years ago…

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977Ilya Prigogine

EOARD – 1952 to presentEOARD  1952 to present1952‐70 Brussels 1970‐present London

“continuity was, in itself, an important aspect in obtaining the respect and cooperation of the Europeanobtaining the respect and cooperation of the European scientific community” (from EOARD History, 1952 – 1975)

AFOSR’s International OfficesAFOSR s International OfficesAFOSR (1951) – Air Force Office of Scientific Research

EOARD (1952 & under AFOSR since 1975) – European Office of Aerospace Research and DevelopmentAOARD (1992) – Asian Office of Research and DevelopmentAOARD (1992) – Asian Office of Research and Development

SOARD (2007, in Santiago since 2009) – South American Office of Aerospace Research and Development

“The sun never sets on AFOSR”

EOARD Area of Responsibility

AOARD

NetherlandsGermany

FranceUnited Kingdom

SwedenSpainIsrael

SwitzerlandItaly

NetherlandsDistribution of EOARD and EC FP7 

basic research projects

DenmarkHungaryAustriaFinland

BelgiumSweden

CyprusNorway

PortugalCzech Republic

GreeceDenmark

EOARD projects awarded FY05‐09 in EC Member States or FP7 Associated Countries (excludes Russia, Ukraine, etc.), 309 total.

Top 10EOARD EU FP7/ERCUK UKGermany  France

IcelandTurkeyPoland

BulgariaIrelandCyprus (e c udes uss a, U a e, e c ), 309 o a

European Research Council‐‐Starting Grants awarded in 2007 + Advanced Grants awarded in 2008, 574 total.

Ge a y a ceIsrael  GermanyItaly  NetherlandsSweden Italy France  SwitzerlandN th l d I l

SerbiaRomaniaLithuania

CroatiaSlovakia

Iceland Netherlands IsraelSpain SpainBelgium SwedenCzech Rep. Belgium

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Serbia

Percent of Total Projects

A d h d fi dAnd then one day you findTen years have got behind youTen years have got behind youNo one told you when to runNo one told you when to runYou missed the starting gun

Pink Floyd  “Time”“Time” 1973

Photo: Live 8 concertHyde Park2 July 2005 

The Starting Gun:          +            + g

Oct 22 2004 Novoselov GeimOct 22, 2004 Novoselov, Geim, et al, “Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films,” Science, 306

From “Graphene – A rising star in view of scientometrics,” Barth and Marx, http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0808/0808.3320.pdf

Graphene for Defense Applicationsp pp

• Next generationNext generation electronics ‐smaller fastersmaller, faster, better

• New applications• New applications– TerahertzN l– Novel quantum devices

Graphene – Current DoD Research Efforts• DARPA ‐ “Carbon Electronics for Radio Frequency 

Applications” (CERA), $30M over 51 months – start 2008• Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI), 

each typically $7.5M for 5 years ($1.5M/yr)• Air Force “Fundamental Graphene Material Studies• Air Force  Fundamental Graphene Material Studies 

and Device Concepts,” start 2009• Navy 3 MURIs “Tailoring Electronic Bandgap of 

Nanostructure Graphene,” start 2009• Army MURI “Novel 2‐d oxides and nitrides,” start 2011

• Other Air Force grants – further $1M in FY10• Other Air Force grants – further $1M in FY10• Other Navy grants – approximately $1M in FY10

~$15M/year near 1% of DoD’s annual basic research~$15M/year, near 1% of DoD s annual basic research

DoD Basic Research Enterprisep($ M

illions)

DoD Total FY10 Basic Research Budget = $1.8B4 Jan 10

And all the science I don’t understandAnd all the science I don t understandIt’s just my job five days a week

Elton John – “Rocket Man” 1972Elton John – Rocket Man  1972

Digression ‐ Compound Semiconductors

Bandgap Energy vs Lattice Constant for various semiconductor systemssemiconductor systems

1980s

1990s

1970s

1980s

Band Gap Engineering in Graphene

• Geometry –nanoribbons, ,constrictions, vacancy/substitution 

l ttisuperlattices• Interactions with substrate or othersubstrate or other layers, e.g SiC

• Bi‐layer grapheneGraphene‐on‐SiC FETs from DARPA CERA

Bi layer graphene• Chemical ModificationModification

• Others

“Graphane” – Hydrogenated Graphene“Graphane” – 1 hydrogen per carbon, tailoring electrical properties with hydrogenation, Geim, Novoselov et al Science 30 Jan 2009Novoselov, et al., Science, 30 Jan 2009

Hydrogen storage ?g

“Graphane” discovered 2009as of 26 Jan 2011 

472! 

With over 300 of these citing this seminal paper

Sci‐Bytes ‐ Hot Paper in Chemistry  

WEEK OF JANUARY 9, 2011

“the report now ranks as the 3rd most cited paper, excluding reviews, published in the last two years in chemistry”

Graphane ArticlesGraphane Articlespapers through 2010

papers thru 2008papers thru 2009

Citation Summaryas of 26 Jan 2011

“Graphene”  exfoliation published 2004/5, 62,500

“Graphane” first publication Jan 2009, 472with over 300 citing Geim and Novoselov’s seminal paper!

“Fluorographene” first produced mid‐2010, 18it’s really only ~4 papers, there are extra hits in Google Scholar

Timescales ‐ Idea to ProductTimescales  Idea to Product• Fluorescent lamp – 79 yearsp y• Gyrocompass – 56 years• Cotton picker – 53 yearsCotton picker  53 years• Zipper – 27 years• Jet engine 14 years• Jet engine – 14 years• Radar – 13 yearsS f t 9• Safety razor – 9 years

• Wireless telephone – 8 years Taken from E‐Bomb by Doug Beason

Historical Perspective

from Professor Nick Holonyak, University of Illinois, Urbana

Iconic “First” DevicesTransistor

Bardeen and Brattain ‐1947

Nobel Prize – 1956

Integrated CircuitKilby ‐ 1956

Nobel Prize  ‐ 2000

Graphitic DeviceGeim and Novoselov – 2004

Nobel Prize ‐ 2010

Message from Nature?Message from Nature?

ThanksSundog over Stockholm, December 8, 2010, morning of Nobel Lectures in Physics

Contact InformationLt Col Scott C. Dudley, PhDPhysics Program Manager

Get charged up …European Office of Aerospace Research 

and Development (EOARD)

From London:  07733‐01‐8892 (mobile)Address: 86 Blenheim Crescent

Ruislip, MiddlesexUnited Kingdom HA4 7HB 

From the U.S.: 011‐44‐773‐301‐8892 (mobile)From the U.S.: 011 44 773 301 8892 (mobile) Address:  Unit 4515, Box 14

APO, AE 09421‐0014

DSN: 314‐235‐6162C i l 011 44 1895 616162 (f US)Commercial: 011‐44‐1895‐616162 (from US)Email:  [email protected]

… it’s all physics!

F i k fi l i Th h di hFor stickman figure explanation, see The human discharge chain Scott C. Dudley, Bret D. Heerema, and Ryan K. Haaland, 

Am. J. Phys. 65 553 (1997)“Rounding the corner of 7th Avenue eyes on the street and bent to it again...gone” ‐Kerouac