Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment The Earth is not flat after all, and it is not the center of the universe.

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

The Earth is not flat after all, and it is not the center of the universe.

Medieval Belief

The Earth was an immovable object in which the Sun, Moon, and other planets revolved around.

This was known as the geocentric theory.

Scientific Revolution

Beginning in the mid 1500’s people began to question these theories.

This launched the Scientific Revolution.

“ [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt,The Element of fire is quite put out;The Sun is lost, and th'earth, and no man's witCan well direct him where to look for it[5]

”

Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus questioned the geocentric theory.

He went back to the Greek idea that the sun was the center of the universe.

This became known as the heliocentric theory.

He published his ideas in 1543 in the book On the Revelations of the Heavenly Bodies.

Johannes Kepler

Using his teacher, Tycho Brahe’s work Kepler determined that certain mathematical laws governed planetary movement.

One of the laws he stated was that the planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical not a circular pattern.

They also proved Copernicus’ basic ideas were true.

Galileo Galilei

Galileo created his own telescope. With this he made several startling discoveries.

He found that the Moon was actually solid, Jupiter had four moons, and along with his laws of motion his findings supported Copernicus’ ideas.

Quiz over movie

What was the date not the year Isaac Newton was born?

What field of math did he invent? How did he discover gravity?

Isaac Newton

He brought the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under one single theory of motion.

His greatest discovery was that one force affected matter on both Earth and in the heavens.

This force was gravity. He wrote down his ideas in a book called The

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

Galileo’s Problems with the Church Galileo’s ideas had offended many

members of the Catholic Church. He was warned to stop speaking about his

ideas, however he published a book that covered these ideas.

Because of this he spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

Enlightenment changes Everything Thomas Hobbes: Believed that the best

government was one in which people gave up their rights to a strong leader. In return they got law and order.

The ideal government according to Hobbes was laid out in his book Leviathan.

John Locke Disagrees with Hobbes His view on politics was more positive than

Hobbes. According to Locke all people are born free

and equal and have three basic rights: life, liberty, and property.

He said the government’s power was based on the consent of the people.

Voltaire

Voltaire published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama.

He criticized the clergy, the aristocracy, and government.

Voltaire fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech.

“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Quiz What force did Newton say controlled affected

matter on both Earth and in space? What field of math did he invent? What was name of Newton’s book? How did Thomas Hobbes say government should

be run? What was John Locke’s ideas on government? What U.S. document was heavily influenced by

Locke’s writings? Explain the quote by Voltaire.

Montesquieu

He championed the idea of separation of powers.

This means that a government has separate branches that controlled the different functions of government.

Rousseau

He was a big supporter of individual freedoms.

He believed that the best government was a direct democracy.

Famous quote: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

A Question

What country in today’s world used the ideas of the men we just discussed to form their government?

Age of Revolutions

The many fights for freedom.

Absolutism

This is where a ruler, such as a king, has complete control of their countries government, judicial system, military, and economics.

Louis XIV

Known as the “Sun King.” Louis weakened the power of the nobles by

removing them from his council. Replaced them with government agents known as

intendants. They collected taxes and administered justice. Most of the economic affairs were handled by Jean Baptiste Colbert.

Louis also kept his nobles in line by forcing them to come to his palace at Versailles.

Louis XIV Legacy

He left France as one of the major powers of Europe.

France ranked above all nations when it came to art, literature, and statesmanship.

It was the military leader of Europe. On the negative sides Louis’ many wars and

building of Versailles plunged into debt. Resentment over high taxes eventually led

to the revolution.

Tsar Peter the Great

Known in history as Peter the Great because he was one of Russia’s greatest reformers.

Peter’s great reform was the westernization of Russia using Western Europe as a model.

Peter as an Absolute Ruler

He placed the Russian Orthodox Church under his control.

Reduced the power of the landowner. He developed the army into a more modern

one. To pay for this army he levied heavy taxes.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa was the man who united Japan. He founded the Tokugawa Shogunate,

which held power until 1867. He was the shogun, who was the person

actually in control of the country. He used feudalism to control Japan.

This is why we take notes.

Define Absolutism. What was Louis XIV nickname? Describe Louis XIV legacy. How did Tsar Peter the Great reform

Russia? Who united Japan? What type of government did he use to rule

Japan?

The Revolutions

England (1689): This is known as the Glorious Revolution. It occurred when James II tried to restore Catholicism in England.

In response Parliament invited William and Mary of Orange to be King and Queen. James abdicated without a fight.

American Revolution

Causes:The spread of ideas by Enlightened thinkers; Stamp Act (Taxation Without Representation); French and Indian War (Colonists felt they had won the war and deserved freedom); “Boston Tea Party”; Boston Massacre.

Outcome: After a long five year war the American colonists gain their independence from Great Britain.

Haitian Slave Revolt

Using the slave labor on sugar and coffee plantations Haiti produced more wealth than all 13 American colonies combined.

However, the slaves suffered terribly. They had little food, they were overworked, tortured, and murdered.

The slaves revolted in 1791 against the French. However, the British and Spanish tried to invade and take control.

Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture This man would lead the people of Haiti in the

new struggle against the English and Spanish. With the help of the French he is able to defeat the

invaders. Toussaint then abolishes slavery, but is tricked

into going to France where he is put in prison and dies. His followers do eventually overthrow the French and Haiti becomes independent in 1804.

Simon Bolivar leads the Latin American Revolution Bolivar and the people of Latin America had

grown tired of Spanish rule for several reasons: 1. Only people from Spain, peninsulares, were

allowed to rule. Creoles, Spaniards born in Latin America could not.

2. Spain was unable to keep its colonies in good conditions.

3. Bolivar followed the example set by the American colonist. He wanted South America to be one democratic country.

Bolivar is both Successful and Unsuccessful Bolivar does drive the Spanish out of South

America. However, he is not able to unite the entire continent.

Today, Latin Americans still hold him in high esteem.

Viva la Revolution “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was

the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way--in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.” Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities

The Summer of Hope

During the 1770’s the social and political systems were still under the Old Regime or estate system.

The top two of these estates had certain rights, including access to high offices, tax exemptions. The Third Estate did not have these rights.

The Third Estate was made up of three groups. First group-bourgeoisie were the middle class; the second group were the workers; the third group was the peasants.

The Winter of Despair

The Third Estate felt they were getting treated unfairly.

The ideas of the Enlightenment writers began to stir up the Third Estate, and lead them toward revolution.

The economy was in trouble. The heavy burden the taxes placed on the Third Estate was almost impossible to handle.

France also, had a weak leader. King Louis XVI.

The Revolution Unfolds

Instead of dealing with the money issue early on Louis waited until he was almost broke.

He then decides to tax the nobility. The nobles then forced him to call the

Estates-General (Parliament). There all three estates met to decide on the

tax. The Third Estate wanted the new tax. The other two estates did not.

The National Assembly

They knew they were going to be outvoted, so they decided to form a National Assembly to pass laws for the people.

Three days later when the Estates-General re-assembled the National Assembly was locked out.

They then broke into a tennis court and took an oath not to leave until they had formed a constitution. This is known as the Tennis Court Oath.

The Storming of the Bastille

On July 14, 1789 the citizens of Paris stormed a political prison and destroyed it.

This became a French national holiday.

Women force the King and Queen to leave. In October 1789, thousands of women

rioted over the price of bread being raised. In response the Louis and Marie Antoinette

left Versailles. The exit signaled a change in power in

France.

Reforms of the Revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Man was formed. This said “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”

They placed the Church under the control of the state.

Louis and Marie Antoinette try to flee France.

Events leading to The Reign of Terror Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are

captured while trying to get into Austria. The Legislative Assembly was formed to

create laws and approve or reject declarations of war.

The king still had the power to enforce laws.

Factions soon began to form within the Legislative Assembly.

Jacobins Take Control and the Kings Head A debating club lead by Jean-Paul Marat

gains control of politics in France. Marat and his followers called for the death

of those who still supported the king, and the king himself.

On January 21, 1793 they got their wish and King Louis XVI was beheaded.

The Terror Comes

Soon another Jacobin comes to power. This was Maximillien Robespierre.

He becomes virtually a dictator, and leader of the Committee for Public Safety.

The next year became known as the Reign of Terror.

During this time between 17,000 and 40,000 people were beheaded by the guillotine for crimes against the people.

The Terror Ends

In July of 1794 the National Convention turned on Robespierre, and he was beheaded.

By 1795 the long and bloody revolution was over. Soon a new leader would emerge to change the course of European History.

Napoleon builds an Empire

In 1795 Napoleon comes to power. He was the hero of the hour.

Soon he would create an Empire.

The Achievements of Napoleon Bonaparte (Government) Napoleon with a sudden seizure of power

called a coup d’etat. The Napoleonic Code: Considered

Napoleon’s greatest achievement in government. This gave the country a uniformed set of laws and eliminated many injustices.

However, it did restrict certain liberties and restore slavery to the French colonies.

Napoleon Conquers Europe First the problems: Lost Haiti; sold Louisiana

Territory to United States for 15 million dollars. Napoleon then turned his attention to Europe.

Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden joined against France.

However, on land they were no match for Napoleon. His most brilliant victory was at Austerlitz. His only defeat for the first decade of the 19th century was at sea at the Battle of Trafalgar.

The Extent of Napoleon’s Empire

By 1812, the only areas free from French control were Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire.

While it was a large empire it was unstable, and would quickly fall.

Napoleon Tries to Control the Empire His greatest foe was England. He could not

defeat their navy, so he wage economic warfare.

This became known as the Continental System. This was supposed to prevent British goods into Europe, and vice-versa.

This would eventually become the major problem for Napoleon.

Napoleon’s Empire Crumbles

The Peninsular War: In 1808 Napoleon sent an invasion force through Spain to invade Portugal. Spain Rebelled.

The Spanish Rebels used guerrillia warfare to fight the French. In all the French lost 300,000 men in this war.

Invasion of Russia

This was Napoleon’s greatest mistake. The Russians did not stand and fight an open battle.

They instead let their climate do the dirty work. They also used a scorch-earth policy to deny Napoleon of supplies.

Eventually, Napoleon retreats. By the time he got back to Paris his force had fallen from 420,000 to 10,000.

The First Exile

Due to his defeat in Russia his army was left weak, and eventually this allows Prussia and Russia to invade and he is forced into exile on St. Elba Island.

However, by March 1, 1815 he is back in power in France.

He again raises an army and goes to war.

Battle of Waterloo

On June 18, 1815 Napoleon engages British forces under the Duke of Wellington near a small Belgium town of Waterloo.

This becomes a three day battle that ends in the defeat of Napoleon’s Army.

Napoleon is then exiled to St. Helena Island where he died in 1821.

Congress of Vienna

This was a series of meetings in Vienna, Austria designed to set up a system that would provide security and order in Europe.

China meets the West

China had resisted outside influence for centuries.

Because China was largely self-sufficient it had little use for trade with Westerners.

However, European merchants found the product that China would buy.

This was Opium.

Opium War

By 1839 many Chinese were addicted to Opium, so their government and people tried to prevent the trade of opium by the British.

This led to the Opium War of 1839. It was largely fought at sea, and the Chinese

were no match for the British. China would now be under the influence of westerners.

Taiping Rebellion

This was led by Hong Xiuquan. He amassed a peasant army of over 1 million. Soon they had control of much southeastern

China. In 1853 they captured Nanjing. However, this did not last long because the leaders

began feuding, and the British, French, and Qing Dynasty began attacking the Rebels. In all 20 million people died in this rebellion.

Spheres of Influence

Due to its inability to stop foreign countries from controlling its economy China was broken into spheres of influence.

This is where a country has an investment in a specific area of another country.

In China these countries included Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States of America.