Top Banner
SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS
47

SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Dec 14, 2015

Download

Documents

Martina Wright
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD&

OBSERVATIONS

Page 2: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

What is Science?Science is an organized way of gathering

and analyzing evidence about the natural world.

I want to teach you this year about the world around. Everyday,I want you to leave here with new knowledge of the world around you !!!!

Page 3: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

What are Some Topics You Would Study in Biology!!!

Page 4: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Watch this video and describe what it may have to do with

Biology.

• http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=AiLXpPTFzpxzCqWvSZXCemKbvZx4?p=giraffes+fighting&toggle=1&cop=mss&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-701

• http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=AiLXpPTFzpxzCqWvSZXCemKbvZx4?p=giraffes+fighting&toggle=1&cop=mss&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-701

Page 5: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Watch this video and desribe what it has to do with Biology.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btuxO-C2IzE

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=md2CW4qp9e8

Page 6: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Life ScienceBiology – The study of living things

1. Ecology – The study of the environment2. Zoology – The study of animals3. Doctor – Human anatomy4. Botany – The study of plants

Branches of Biology

Page 7: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Careers in Biology

Global Ecology

Marine Biologist

Herbatologist

Infectious disease

DNA and molecular Biology

Paleontologist

Doctor

Page 8: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Earth Science

Earth Science(Geology)– The study of the Earth Branches of Earth Science

1. Oceanography – Study of the Ocean2. Volcanology – Study of volcanoes3. Seismology – Study of earthquakes4. Meteorology – Study of the weather5. Astronomy – Study of space

Page 9: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Physical SciencePhysical Science – Study of both matter and energy

Branches of Physical Science

1. Chemistry – The study of all forms of matter2. Physics – The study of energy3. Astronomy – Movement of objects in space4. Oceanography – Study of the waves and tides

Page 10: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Science MethodologyScientists go about solving problems in a certain way. The methodology is always the same. It is called Scientific Method!

Page 11: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Making Good ObservationsBeing a good scientists involves making great observations and then asking questions. Several people can observe the same event but have different explanations. This happens in crime scenes all the time.

Page 12: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Describe what you observe in this picture. DO NOT discuss it with your neighbors.

Page 13: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 14: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 15: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 16: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 17: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Observations vs. Inferences

An INFERENCE is an assumption or conclusion based on an observation. It is a logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge.

An OBSERVATION the act of noticing and describing events or processes. You do it with your eyes; when we see something, we observe it. However, all five of our senses can be used to make observations: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.

Page 18: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Name 2 observations and 2 inferences

Page 19: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Name 2 observations and 2 inferences

Page 20: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 21: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Scientists use the scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature. In other words, they design an experiment so that changes to one item cause something else to change in a predictable way.

The Scientific Method

Page 22: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – a step by step way scientists solve problems.

STEP 1: Problem Statement – always written in questions form

The scientist then raises a question about what (s)he sees going on!!!

Question: How many licks does it take to get to the center ofTootsie roll pop?

•Question: Where do the flies at the butcher shop really come from? Does rotting meat turn into or produce the flies?

Page 23: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Step 2: Research – background information about the topic. You have to know what you about you topic before you can experiment.Could be notes, books, internet resources, asking an expert, etc.

Research

Page 24: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Step 3: Hypothesis – a possible answer to the problem statement.Always written as an IF > THEN statement.If I give 2 cups of water to a tomato plant, then it will grow better than plants given more or less water.

This is a tentative answer to the question: a testable explanation for what was observed. IT IS NOT ALWAYS CORRECT!

Write a hypothesis for the picture below.

Page 25: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 26: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Step 4: Procedure – a numbered step set of directions that explains the experimental setup. Includes materials list.Variable – what is being tested, what is different in the experiment (the amount of water given to the plants)•Independent Variable – The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. 

* Dependent variable – factors affected by the independent variable.•Constants – all the things you keep the same

(same # of plants in a container, same amtof sunlight, same amt of dirt, same amt of fertilizer)*Control Group: experiment without the variable to show what Happens without the variable.

Procedure

Page 27: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Controlled Experiments

Experiment where only one variable is tested at a time.Parts of a controlled experiments:1.Variable – what is being tested, what is different in the experiment (the amount of water given to the plants)• Independent Variable – The variable that is manipulated or changed. * Dependent variable – variable that changes in response to the independent variable.

Page 28: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Parts of a Controlled Experiment

2. Constants – all the factors you keep the same (same # of plants in a container, same amt of sunlight, same amt of dirt, same amt of fertilizer)

3. Control Group: experiment exposing the same conditions as the experimental group without the variable .

Page 29: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

What is the Dependent and Independent Variable?

Page 30: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 31: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Step 5: Data and Analysis – explanation of what happened in the experiment. All data collected should be displayed on a data table or on a graph.DATA:factual information gatehred in the experiment.(information or numbers from experiment)

What is some data you could collect from these pics?

Data and Analysis

Page 32: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

There is two types of data researchers can collect:

1. Qualitative data: factual description that do not use numbers. For example, describing the behavior of animals, color of eyes, how mothers react to their young, etc.

2. Quantitative data: factual information that uses number. For example, counting the number of young, measure how tall something grow, etc.

Page 33: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Qualitative or Quantitative?

Page 34: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Qualitative or Quantitative?

Page 35: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Step 6: Conclusion – the answer to the problem statement based on the data you collected. Was the hypothesis correct or not and identify any errors that might have occurred in the experiment.

Page 36: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis

Abiogenesis(spontaneous generation): People believed life came fromabiotic materials. Ariostotle believed fish came from mud and worms came from rain.

Biogenesis: Theory that states that living things can only come from Living things.

Page 37: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Francesco RediItalian Physician challenged abiogenesis

Hypothesis: If there are maggots present, then they did NOT come from rotting meat.

Variables: Open meat vs. not open meat

Conclusion: Only maggots on the open meat so maggots came from flies.

Page 38: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Redi’s Second Experiment• They argued that the flies were coming

from the air.

• He added a third set of jars that had mesh.

• This proved that the flies came from maggots.

Page 39: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

John Needham

• He believed in abiogenesis.

• Hypothesis: If you boiled broth, living organisms still grow from nonliving broth.

• Experiment: He boiled broth and bacteria still grew a few days later.

Page 40: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Lazzaro Spallanzani• Italian priest and biologist

• Hypothesis: If you boiled the broth hotter, then there would not be any bacteria.

• Experiment: He boiled the broth, sealed them. Then boiled again to make sure killed the bacteria.

• Conclusion: No spontaneous generation.

Page 41: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Louis Pasteur• French Chemist – Solved NO abiogenesis!

• Hypothesis: If the broth is exposed to air with dust, then there will be more bacteria.

• Experiment: Exposed broth to different amounts of dust.

• Conclusion: More dust ; more bacteria

Page 42: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 43: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Enzymes in Your Body• In the mouth, the first area where the food

enters, there are enzymes which emulsify and help to break down the food into a soft liquid mass which then easily slides down the esophagus and enters the stomach where further enzymes dilute the food mass and are responsible for changing the pH of the food so that it can more easily be absorbed into the cells from the intestines.

Page 44: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Enzymes• There are enzymes which are responsible for

digesting fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. All of these enzymes work in concert together to insure a smooth working and active digestive system. If the food molecules are not totally digested and broken down via these enzymes, they can sometimes pass through the intestinal barrier into the cells in large particles which then cannot be efficiently utilized by the body. This is one way that food allergies can develop.

Page 45: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.
Page 46: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

Enzymes in detergent• Enzymes provide the superior cleaning

performance needed to attack stains. Each of these enzymes is able to attack a specific type of stain or soil. Accordingly, the inclusion of multiple enzymes in a detergent allows the product to tackle a much broader profile of soil types. What's more, multiple enzymes can work in concert to remove tough stains or soils made up of a variety of substances.

Page 47: SCIENTIFIC METHOD & OBSERVATIONS. What is Science? Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. I want to.

• For example, a food stain might typically contain protein, lipid (fat) and starch, necessitating the combined actions of protease, lipase and amylase for its complete elimination.