Scientific goals of Phobos samples laboratory studies (Phobos-soil program) Eric M. Galimov, Yuri A. Kostitsyn V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI) RAS 13 October 2010
Feb 23, 2016
Scientific goals of Phobos samples laboratory studies
(Phobos-soil program)
Eric M. Galimov, Yuri A. Kostitsyn
V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI) RAS
13 October 2010
Phobos and MarsData from Phobos-2 SC, 1989
Phobos image from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter space craft, 23 March 2008
What do we know about Phobos?
27×22×19 kmmass 1.082×1014 gspec.gravity ~1.85 g/cm3
Our questions to Phobos10.04.2008
NASA
Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars?
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0 5 10 15
Primitivewater
SNC meteorites
OrdinaryChondrites
Earth
Moon
CarbonaceousChondrites
CHCMCR
CV
CO
d17 O
, ‰
d18O, ‰
Oxygen isotopic composition of Moon and Earth is the same in terms of D17O value. Moon data scatters along Terrestrial Fractionation Line (TFL) with a slope ≈0.52
Martian meteorites data (SNC) are located above TFLby 0.3‰ of D17O
CAI and carbonaceous chondrites data are scattered along line with a slope ≈1
Are Phobos and Mars identical in oxygen isotopic composition?
SIMS Cameca-1280
18O/17O/16O:1s = 0.05 ‰
for spot size ~15 m
It is very likely, that SNC-meteorites (Shergottites, Nakhlites and Shassignites) – are samples of Martian magmatic rocks
Phobos?
Sun
CI - chondrites
VenusEarth
Mars10 -15
10 -13
10 -11
10 -9
10 -7
10 -5
10 -3
10 30 50 70 90 110
Ne Ar Kr Xe
m /m1 2
a.e.m.
Yu.A.Shukoliukov, 1991Mgas/Mbody
Our questions to Phobos
Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI?
T=4.
56 G
a
Sm/Nd=0.325
147Sm 143Nd
Kostitsyn, 2004
M.Boyet, R.W.Carlson. Science. 2005. Vol.309. P.576-581.
146Sm 142Nd
Chondrites: Sm/Nd=0.325 (Jacobsen&Wasserburg, 1980)Earth: Sm/Nd=0.350 (Kostitsyn, 2004)SNC: Sm/Nd≈0.340 (Caro et al., 2008)
Phobos: Sm/Nd = ?
Our questions to Phobos
Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components?
Birc
k, 2
004
Ca Ti
Cr Ni
Isotopic anomalies in the earliest minerals – Ca-Al inclusions (CAI) of Allende chondrite
Excess of r-isotopes!
Isotopic anomalies in SiC and graphite grains of carbonaceous chondrite Murchison (CM2)
Mo Xe
Ba Nd
Birc
k, 2
004
Excess of s-isotopes!
Cameca Nano-SIMS 50L
18O/17O/16O:1s = 0.5 – 1.5 ‰For spot 10 × 10 m
Minimal spot size50 × 50 nm
Our questions to Phobos
Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’
material?
Our questions to Phobos
Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’
material? Events chronology on Phobos: Long-living (Sm-Nd,
U-Pb, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, Lu-Hf, Re-Os) and short-living isotopic systems
Short-living nuclides in the Sun system
Parent Daughter T1/2, Ma Initial ratios Source
10Be 10B 1.5 10Be/9Be=9×10−4 McKeegan et al. 2000
26Al 26Mg 0.73 26Al/27Al=5.1×10−5 Lee et al. 1977
41Ca 41K 0.1 41Ca/40Ca=1.4×10−8 Sahijpal et al. 1998
53Mn 53Cr 3.7 53Mn/55Mn=4.4×10−5 Birck and Allegre 1985
60Fe 60Ni 1.5 60Fe/56Fe≈1.5×10−6 Birck and Lugmair 1988
92Nb 92Zr 36 92Nb/93Nb≈1×10−5 Schönbächler et al. 2002
107Pd 107Ag 6.5 107Pd/108Pd=2.4×10−5 Chen and Wasserburg 1990
129I 129Xe 16 129I/127I≈1×10−4 Reynolds 1963
146Sm 142Nd 103 146Sm/144Sm≈0.005–0.015 Lugmair et al. 1983; Prinzhofer et al. 1989
182Hf 182W 9.4 182Hf/180Hf≈1×10−4 Yin et al. 2002
244Pu a,SF 81 244Pu/238U≈0.004–0.007 Rowe and Kuroda 1965
53Mn – 53Cr
Shukoliukov, Lugmair, 2004
(HED)
(SNC)
Phobos?
Our questions to Phobos
Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’
material? Events chronology on Phobos Is there organic material on Phobos?
N
CHN
C
NH2
C
C NCH
N
C
CO
C
CH
OH OH
HH H
C O P O
H
H
OH
O
P O P OH
O
OH
OH
O
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates
Main directions of Phobos samples laboratory treatment
Acceptance and storage
Physical, petrographic and mineralogical
studies
Chemical analysis Isotopic studies
Organic material studies
Physical, petrographic and mineralogical studies
Preliminary diagnostic of obtained material, assessment of its mass; physical, granulometric features, phase composition. Techniques and equipment:• Optical microscopes• X-ray difractometer • Scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive
spectroscopy detector (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction detector (EBSD)
Samples preparation to various types of analysis:thin sections, polished section, defragmentation, mineral isolation, etc. Techniques and equipment:• SelFrag-Lab - high-voltage pulses selective fragmentation
Chemical analysis
In-situ techniques (almost non-destructive)• X-ray microprobe• Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive detector • Secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS)• Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass-
spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)
Destructive techniques (application depends from quantity of obtained material)• Using powdered samples (XRF, INNA)• Using samples solutions (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS)• Using vacuum heating or crushing (gas mass-spectrometry
including noble gas analysis)
Isotopic studies Stable isotope variations H, O, C, N, S, Fe, Cr (MAT-253 with
sample preparation systems, MC-ICP-MS Neptune) Long-living decay systems: U-Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf,
Re-Pt-Os, K-Ar (Triton, Neptune, ARGUS) Short-living decay systems: 26Al-26Mg, 182Hf-182W, 53Mn-53Cr,
129I-129Xe, 244Pu-136Xe (Neptune, HELIX)
Organic matter studies Organic molecules composition and structure (HPLC/HRMS
Exactive with extraction systems) Isotopic composition of organic matter: H, O, C, N, S (MAT-
253 and sample preparation systems)
Our questions to Phobos
Is there a genetic link between Phobos and Mars? How primitive is Phobos material? Phobos=CI? Does it contain some relict components? What types of processes could alter Phobos’
material? Events chronology on Phobos Is there organic material on Phobos?
Thank you