Scientific Conference on Understanding and Managing Sweetness Scientific Conference on Understanding and Managing Sweetness Oldways Scientific Program for New Delhi, India • 17 Oldways Scientific Program for New Delhi, India • 17 September 2009 September 2009 The key role of sweetness in health-promoting diets and lifestyles Adam Drewnowski, PhD Adam Drewnowski, PhD Director, Center for Public Health Nutrition Director, Center for Public Health Nutrition Director, UW Center for Obesity Research Director, UW Center for Obesity Research School of Public Health and Community Medicine School of Public Health and Community Medicine University of Washington University of Washington Seattle, WA Seattle, WA
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Scientific Conference on Understanding and Managing Sweetness
The key role of sweetness in health-promoting diets and lifestyles. Adam Drewnowski, PhD Director, Center for Public Health Nutrition Director, UW Center for Obesity Research School of Public Health and Community Medicine University of Washington Seattle, WA. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Scientific Conference on Understanding and Managing SweetnessScientific Conference on Understanding and Managing SweetnessOldways Scientific Program for New Delhi, India • 17 September 2009Oldways Scientific Program for New Delhi, India • 17 September 2009
The key role of sweetnessin health-promoting diets and lifestyles
Adam Drewnowski, PhDAdam Drewnowski, PhDDirector, Center for Public Health NutritionDirector, Center for Public Health NutritionDirector, UW Center for Obesity ResearchDirector, UW Center for Obesity Research
School of Public Health and Community MedicineSchool of Public Health and Community MedicineUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington
Seattle, WASeattle, WA
• If the human body is healthy, then all the foods that taste the best are also the most nutritiousAldebrandin of Siena 1606
• Whatever is the most delicious is also the most nutritious
Magninus of Milan 17th C
Basic principles of gastronomy and science
Jean-Pierre Flandrin Histoire de l’Alimentation, Paris, 1996
• Sugar is the universal flavoring; its applications have an infinite variety…
• Mixed with water, sugar produces sugar water, a refreshing, healthy pleasant drink.
Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin 1825
What is more delicious than sugar? What is more delicious than sugar? France 1825France 1825
What is more nutritious than sugar? US 1948
The energy of sunshine is crystallized in Dextrose sugar
The sugar phobia: UK 1975The sugar phobia: UK 1975
An addictive destructive drug William Dufty 1975 Even fruit juices are
addictive Heller & Heller 1991
Sugar is the world’s most dangerous food additive. Sugar addiction is more common than alcoholism
Robert Atkins 1977
Consumer
Cost
Variety
FoodBehavior
How people choose foodsHow people choose foods
Pleasure Energy density
Health
Taste
Access/time
Taste
Physiology of sweet taste
• SaltySalty NaNa+ + ions enter via ions enter via ion ion channelschannels
• SourSour Acid HAcid H++ ions block K ions block K++ outflow via channels outflow via channels
• Sweet Sweet 3-4 types of sweet 3-4 types of sweet receptorsreceptors on cell on cell surface surface
• Bitter Bitter 40-60 types of bitter 40-60 types of bitter receptorsreceptors on cell on cell
surface linked to surface linked to many many transduction transduction systemssystems
• Satiety is defined as a state of fullness following a meal. Measures include:– Ratings of fullness after the meal– Ratings of hunger or desire to eat again– Food consumption at the next meal– Timing (onset) of the next meal
• Satiation is the state of fullness before the meal even ends– Size of that meal is the main measure
Next meal
time
Solid
Appetitive ratingsHunger, fullness, desire to eat, thirst
Liquid
Satiation
This meal
Satiation
Food records
Expectation: Subjects ingesting a preload will eat less at this/next meal
Variable interval: 15 min – 6h
Satiety
The satiety sequence
Research on sweetness and satiety
• Are liquids less satiating than solids?– Soft drinks vs. cookies
• Are liquid sugars not satiating?– Soft drinks vs. juices or milk
• Do intense sweeteners promote hunger?– Aspartame vs. milk
Lunch meal: 1734 kcalAdditional servings of the same foods
available from a side buffet
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
OJ Milk Cola Water
En
erg
y in
tak
e (
kJ
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
OJ Milk Cola Water
En
erg
y in
take
(kJ
)
Preload Lunch
Men Women
aa a b
c cd
Energy intakes at lunch were all the same – no compensation
Almiron-Roig Drewnowski Physiol Behav 2003;79:767
Conclusions
• Orange juice, 1% milk, and cola behaved in exactly the same way
• Calories reduced hunger more than did water; all four beverages quenched thirst
• There was no downward adjustment for energy consumed at breakfast for any of the caloric beverages tested
Final question:Final question:
Do intense sweeteners Do intense sweeteners promote hunger?promote hunger?
Sugars Study: Methods• N = 37 volunteers (19 men; 18 women), age 23y• Body mass index: 23.4 (men), 21.9 (women)• Hunger, thirst, fullness, and desire to eat measured
every 30 min (9-point scale)• Lunch foods pre-weighed by experimenters. Plate and
Perrigue et al. Presentation at Experimental Biology 2006 in San Francisco April 2006
Final question:Final question:
So what causes obesity?So what causes obesity?
Dietary fat
Sucrose
Eating in restaurants
Large meals
Fast foods
Eating too much
High GI carbs
High fructose corn syrup
Eating at home
Between-meal snacks
Vending machines
Walking too little
Liquid beverages Energy dense (solid) foods
Simple sugars Non-caloric sweeteners
Gluttony Sloth
What causes of obesity?Science has many answers
From fat… to sugar… to….
““Obesity is caused by eating too much fat, sugar, Obesity is caused by eating too much fat, sugar, starch and protein, by caloric and non-caloric starch and protein, by caloric and non-caloric
sweeteners; by meals and by snacks; by beverages sweeteners; by meals and by snacks; by beverages and by solid foods; by eating at fast foods and by solid foods; by eating at fast foods
restaurants and by eating at home”restaurants and by eating at home”