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V E M @ H H E K L O\ B @ K ] I @ V W @ A B M R O K L O M \ B @ K

]mbekme, \emdk`a`ny,okl Bkk`votb`k

bk Unoklo

O ^ @ V A L F O K C ] \ U L R

]ucdleep Fror

]oro E. Ioraey

V`fert Dowcbks

Mor`abke ]. ^onker

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^ @ V A L F O K C ] \ U L R

]mbekme, \emdk`a`ny, oklBkk`votb`k bk Unoklo

Vem`hheklotb`ks i`r W`abmy okl Omtb`k

]ucdleep Fror, ]oro E. Ioraey, V`fert Dowcbks, Mor`abke ]. onker

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67??\de Bkterkotb`koa Fokc i`r Vem`kstrumtb`k okl Levea`phekt / \de ^`ral Fokc?4?4 D ]treet K^^osdbknt`k LM 674->57-44->57-4-7-46?=-49>5-7L@B: ?7.?529/2>4-7-46?=-49>6-2

Wd`t` m`urtesy i Unoklo Kotb`koa M`ukmba k ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`ny.

Abfrory `i M`knress Motoa`nbkn-bk-Wufabmotb`k Loto dos feek requestel.

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bbb

M`ktekts

Omr`kyhs okl Offrevbotb`ks ............................................................................................... vbb

Omck`waelnhekts ....................................................................................................................bx

Exemutbve ]uhhory ..................................................................................................................xb

\dbs Vep`rts Wurp`se .............................................................................................................xv

M`kmeptuoa Irohew`rc: Okoayzbkn tde Ck`waelne Bkirostrumture .........................xvb

Okoaytbmoa Hetd`l`a`ny: \de \DBMC M`kmept `i Levea`phekt bktde Kotb`koa Bkk`votb`k ]ysteh ........................................................................... xvbb

?. ]mbekme, \emdk`a`ny, okl Bkk`votb`k ]trotenbes okl Omt`rs bk Unoklo ..................... ?

Veseormd Omt`rs .................................................................................................................... ?

\DBMC Ibklbkns okl Bssues ir`h tde Mose ]tulbes ....................................................... 6

6. W`abmy Vem`hheklotb`ks ................................................................................................... 67

\emdk`a`ny: Bkvest bk ]bx Mrbtbmoa ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`ny Oreos t` ]upp`rtNr`wtd ......................................................................................................................... 6=

Duhok Ves`urmes: \robk Woropr`iessb`koas bk Cey Ibeals .......................................... 6>

Bkstbtutb`ks okl Bkirostrumture: Mreote Mekters t` Eksure ]toklorlsokl _uoabty ................................................................................................................. 64

M`aaof`rotb`k okl M`hhukbmotb`k: Fubal @pp`rtukbtbes omr`ss ]emt`rs, ir`hOmolehbo t` Bklustry ................................................................................................62

Ck`waelne Fose: Ekdokme Loto M`aaemtb`k Mopofbabtbes okl Ekdokme tdeVenuaot`ry Irohew`rc ............................................................................................. =7

Okkex ?. ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`ny bk Unoklo ..................................................................... ==

]mbekme W`abmy okl Venuaotb`k ......................................................................................... =2

Okkex 6. Onr`bklustry: @baseel ]emt`r Mose ]tuly ..........................................................

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bv M ktekts

M`aaof`rotb`k okl M`hhukbmotb`k ................................................................................>6

Ck`waelne Fose ................................................................................................................. >5

Okkex 2

\emdk`a`ny ......................................................................................................................... 4)

rep`rt `k tde aeost levea`pel m`uktrbes tdot stotes:

Wr`messes `i temdk`a`nbmoa mdokne bk rbmd m`uktrbes, wdere rhs ore bkk`votbkn fy

pusdbkn tde ck`waelne ir`ktber iurtder, ore iuklohektoaay lb

erekt ir`h sumdpr`messes bk levea`pbkn m`uktrbes, wdere bkk`votb`k prbhorbay toces paome tdr`undekterprbses aeorkbkn t` hoster, olopt okl bhpr`ve temdk`a`nbes tdot oareoly exbst bkh`re temdk`a`nbmoaay olvokmel m`uktrbes.

Os experts sobl ot o 677> w`rcsd`p bk Hoput`, H`zohfbque, m`kvekel t` frbkn t`-

netder stoced`alers i`r m`ksuatotb`k lurbkn tde preporotb`k `i tdbs rep`rt: ^btdbk

tde Oirbmok m`ktext bt bs bhp`rtokt k`t t` a`se perspemtbve okl t` oawoys iuaay eknone

wbtd ruroa m`hhukbtbes, portbmuaoray wbtd renorl t` bkbtbotbves mekterel `k bklbnek`us

ck`waelne. \de oppr`omd hust oawoys fe bkk`votb`k fy tde m`hhukbty i`r tde m`h-

hukbty (^FB 6774).

^btd tde \DBMC irohew`rc t` nuble tde rep`rts bkqubrbes, tde outd`rs s`undt loto bkeomd semt`r of`ut reaevokt iukmtb`ks `r mopombtbes. Bktervbews were m`klumtel wbtd pe`pae

wd` were ebtder bk tde prbvote semt`r `r iohbabor ek`und wbtd bt t` leterhbke tde extekt t`

wdbmd tdese res`urmes ore ovobaofae okl usel. Wufabm servokts okl prbvote semt`r nr`ups

were oscel of`ut tde iukmtb`ks okl mopombtbes exbstbkn bk Unoklo os weaa os td`se tdot keel

t` fe strekntdekel. \dbs hetd`l`a`ny pr`vblel bksbndt bkt` wdere o semt`r wos weoc, ole-

quote, `r str`kn, wdbmd ael t` rem`hheklotb`ks i`r bkvesthekts `k smbekme okl temdk`a`ny.

\dbs rep`rt `mmurrel bk tdree ports. Ibrst, tde outd`rs revbewel tde exbstbkn abtero-

ture okl loto `k smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bkvesthekts bk Unoklo i`r tde sbx semt`rs `i

i`mus (onrbmuature, deoatd, ekerny, BM\, troksp`rt, okl a`nbstbms). ]em`kl, bktervbews were

m`klumtel wbtd ck`waelneofae fusbkesspe`pae, smbektbsts, eknbkeers, okl omolehbms.

Ibkoaay, o serbes `i w`rcsd`ps wbtd n`verkhekt, omolehbm, okl `tder experts m`kvekel

t` voablote klbkns okl expa`re p`tektboa rem`hheklotb`ks.

\de semt`rs were md`sek fosel `k tdebr bhp`rtokme t` tde em`k`hy. Bk eomd mose, ok

e rt wos hole t` uklerstokl smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bk tde semt`r, ossess tde ck`wa-

elne ovobaofae t` tde semt`r ir`h a`moa s`urmes, exohbke abkes i m`hhukbmotb`k fetweek

smbektbm `r temdkbmoa mekters okl bklustry, okl blektbiy tde abhbts paomel `k bklustry fy

smorme `r ofsekt iukmtb`ks okl mopofbabtbes. (\de okkex m`ktobks o mose stuly pr`t`m`a.)

Every res`urme `r ieoture `i tde ck`waelne systeh abstel bk tofae ? bs port `i ok bk-

irostrumture ovobaofae t` ok em`k`hy tdot ekofaes tde mreotb`k, ofs`rptb`k, `r retektb`k

`i ck`waelne. \dese res`urmes ore nekeroaay k`k-horcet iukmtb`ks pr`vblel tdr`und

bkterhelbory `rnokbzotb`ks. Iombabtbes sumd os o hetr`a`ny aof pr`vble essektboa iukm-

tb`ks, fut o pr`xbhote a`motb`k bs k`t oawoys requbrel3 hoky servbmes mok fe pr`vblel ot

o lbstokme. Bktoknbfae ossetssumd os aows okl renuaotb`ksmok fe put bk paome fut, ot

tbhes, mokk`t fe bhpaehektel femouse i weoc n`verkokme. ]`he cey iukmtb`ks, sumd os

temdkbmoa scbaas, ore ehf`lbel bk pe`pae.

Oh`kn tdese res`urmes, s`he ore reaotbveay eosy t` quoktbiy (sumd os kuhfers i aofs

`r pr`iessb`koa s`mbetbes) okl s`hetd`und ukbversoaay omck`waelnel os bhp`rtokt

ore keoray bhp`ssbfae t` heosure (sumd os bklbnek`us ck`waelne). Bk m`klumtbkn tde

bktervbews i`r tdbs rep`rt, i`mus wos paomel k blektbiybkn wdetder o res`urme wos ovoba-ofae, wdere bt wos a`motel, okl d`w bt m`ual fe ommessel. ^dek bt wos k`t p`ssbfae t`

m`aaemt sumd loto, pe`pae were oscel of`ut tde ovobaofbabty `i o ieoture `r res`urme. F`td

oppr`omdes ore restemtel bk tde okoaysbs.

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`ral Fokc ]tulyxx

\de \DBMC hetd`l`a`ny iombabtotes okoaysbs omr`ss semt`rs (n`verkhekt, prbvote, omo-

lehbm) okl exohbkes tde em`k`hy bk o ukbque woy. Bt m`hpaehekts tde voaue mdobk op-

pr`omd, wdbmd p`stuaotes tdot pr`lumts eherne ir`h bktera`mcbkn pr`lumtb`k mopombtbes

bk tde prbvote semt`r. \de voaue mdobk blektbes tde rokne `i omtbvbtbes requbrel t` frbkn o

pr`lumt r servbme ir`h m`kmeptb`k tdr`und pr`lumtb`k t` leabvery t` tde m`ksuher. \de

\DBMC hetd`l`a`ny mr`sses abkes fetweek tde pufabm, prbvote, okl omolehbm semt`rs t`

blektbiy tde m`re mopofbabtbes tdot bklustry keels t` use smbekme okl temdk`a`ny t` oppaytemdkbmoa ck`waelne.

]mbekme okl temdk`a`ny reseormd okl levea`phekt l` k`t m`ktrbfute lbremtay t` tde

voaue mdobk3 tdey ore ex`nek`us ukaess tde pr`lumt `r servbme bs smbekme `r temdk`a`ny

\ofae ?. M`hp`kekts ` i tde \DBMC Hetd`l`a`ny Usel t` ]tuly Cey

]emt`rs bk Unoklo

Ves`urme t` supp`rt bkk`votb`k Iukmtb`k requbrel i`r summessiua bhpaehektotb k

\ \emdk a ny Ves urmes

\emdk a ny bk use okl a moaay ovobaofae

\emdk a ny troksier pp rtukbtbes

Bkirostrumture supp rtbkn tde semt rs

D Duhok Ves urmes

Kuhfer i smbektbsts okl temdkbmoa w rcers

Kuhfer i eknbkeers

\emdkbmoa trobkbkn pp rtukbtbes

Kuhfers i tertbory-aevea stulekts stulybkn ]&\ sufjemt

Hokonehekt trobkbkn

Ektreprekeursdbp trobkbkn

B Bkstbtutb koa Ves urmes

Hbkbstrbes i musel k smbekme okl temdk a ny bssues

]toklorls-settbkn f lbes

Hetr a ny testbkn mekters

Elumotb koa okl trobkbkn rnokbzotb ks

Veseormd bkstbtutb ks

L k r bkstbtutb ks

Bkmufot rs okl/ r smbekme porcs

Wr lumer oss mbotb ks

Ibkokmboa bkstbtutb ks/rbsc mopbtoa

MM aaof rotb k/M`hhukbmotb k

Ves urmes

Wr iessb koa s mbetbes

Extektb k servbmes

M kierekmes okl leh kstrotb k pp rtukbtbes

Ommess t` BM\s

@k-abke temdkbmoa res urmes

C Ck waelne Ves urmes

\emdkbmoa loto okl rep rts

Veseormd iukls

\emdkbmoa levea phekt iukls

Venuaotb ks

Aows

Bklbnek us ck waelne

]`urme: M`hpbael fy outd`rs.

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo xxb

(sumd os bk fb`temdk`a`ny). ]tbaa, ck`waelne nobkel ir`h smbekme okl temdk`a`ny mok bk-

mreose tde embekmy `i lesbnk, pr`lumtb`k, pr`lumt leabvery, okl m hhukbmotb`ks oa`kn

tde mdobk. \de reseormd, m`klumtel bk aofs `itek ne`nropdbmoaay lbstokt ir`h tde p`bkt `i

oppabmotb`k, bhpr`ves pr`lumtb`k embekmbes. Bt bs usuoaay m`klumtel okl oppabel eoray

bk tde pr`mess, lurbkn tde lesbnk okl paokkbkn stones, `r lurbkn tde levea`phekt `i tdepr`lumtb`k pr`mess.

\dbs rep`rt s`undt t` blektbiy tde exbstekme r aomc i res`urmes ovobaofae t` Unoklok

bklustry, k` hoer wd` pr`vblel tdeh okl evek bi tdey mohe ir`h utsble tde m`uktry.

]bhbaoray, rem`hheklotb`ks ore `erel i`r tde systeh os o wd`ae, aeovbkn tde vorb`us

stoced`alers t` lemble wdbmd bkstbtutb`ks sd`ual pr`vble res`urmes `r servbmes.

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?

M D O W \ E V ?

]mbekme, \emdk`a`ny, oklBkk`votb`k ]trotenbes okl

Omt`rs bk Unoklo

]bkme 6777 Unoklo dos feek `ke `i ]uf-]odorok Oirbmos iostest-nr`wbkn em`k`hbes,wbtd nr`wtd overonbkn >.4 permekt o yeor. ]tbaa, per mopbto bkm`he bs just $=>7. \d`undtde m`uktry dos hole steoly pr`nress bk rem`verbkn ir`h tde em`k`hbm freocl`wk `i

tde ?2>7s, s`mboa okl em`k`hbm bklbmot`rs sd`w tdot humd rehobks t` fe l`ke. Abie ex-

pemtokmy ot fbrtd bs of`ut 57 yeors `al, okl tde =.= permekt okkuoa p`puaotb`k nr`wtd

rote bs oh`kn tde dbndest bk tde w`ralp`sbkn serb`us levea`phekt mdoaaeknes. Unok-

lo oas` dos tde w`rals y`uknest p`puaotb`k, wbtd mdbalrek ukler ?5 hocbkn up h`re

tdok doai tde p`puaotb`k. Bt oas` dos tde w`rals dbndest lepeklekmy rotb`, wbtd ?.?6

lepeklekts per w`rcer, m`hporel wbtd 7.4< bk Cekyo, 7.45 bk \okzokbo, okl 7.4> i`r

]uf-]odorok Oirbmo os o wd`ae (^`ral Fokc 6772).Unoklos smbekme okl temdk`a`ny paok bs lesbnkel t` strekntdek okl bkterm`kkemt

tde vorb`us eaehekts i bts em`k`hy t` omdbeve levea`phekt n`oas. \de Kotb`koa ]mbekme,

\emdk`a`ny, okl Bkk`votb`k Waok, bssuel fy tde Unoklo Kotb`koa M`ukmba i`r ]mbekme

okl \emdk`a`ny (UKM]\), presekts o levea`phekt vbsb`k reaotel t` spembm s`mboa keels.

\de n`verkhekts stroteny bs t` levea`p bleos of`ut d`w t` use smbekme okl temdk`a`ny

t` serve tdese keels.

Unoklok p`abmy hocers see tdese `pp`rtukbtbes febkn paoyel `ut bk tde keor terh

tdr`und reseormd bk onrbmuature, onr`pr`messbkn, bklustry, bkirostrumture, ekerny, hbkeroas,

bki`rhotb`k okl m`hhukbmotb`k temdk`a`ny (BM\), fb`temdk`a`ny, okl bkvesthekts bk kotu-

roa res`urme extromtb`k (portbmuaoray `ba okl koturoa nos). \de paoks bhpaehektotb`k pdosebkmaules expoklbkn trobkbkn okl elumotb`k t` severoa ports i tde m`uktry tdr`und tde w`rc

`i vorb`us hbkbstrbes. Iurtderh`re, os port `i tde ^`ral Fokcs Hbaaekkbuh ]mbekme Bkbtbo-

tbve Wr`jemt, tde Unoklok n`verkhekt seecs t` olvokme fosbm smbekme okl t` abkc tdbs e rt

h`re ma`seay t` temdk`a`ny. \dbs bs febkn l`ke tdr`und o serbes `i reseormd pr`jemts febkn

iuklel bk Unoklo tdot wbaa feket lberekt ports i tde m`uktrys ck`waelne systeh.

Veseormd Omt`rs

Unoklo dos dol tw` lemoles `i summess bk fubalbkn mopombty bk smbekme okl temdk`a`ny.

\de UKM]\ dos feek m``rlbkotbkn p`abmy obhel ot sd`rtekbkn tde mymae `i temdk`a`nyhostery okl ck`waelne okl ot leepekbkn temdk`a`ny. \dbs dos feek l`ke fy klbkn

woys t` bkiuse ck`waelne bkt` exbstbkn bklustrbesok oppr`omd wbleay m`ksblerel

eemtbve fy nr`ups tdot okoayze levea`phekt. Ukabce hoky Oirbmok m`uktrbes, Unoklo

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`ral Fokc ]tuly6

m`hhbts port `i tde n`verkhekt fulnetequoa t` 7.= permekt `i NLWt` speklbkn

`k reseormd okl levea`phekt. \d`und tdbs oh`ukt bs sd`rt `i tde n`verkhekts n`oa,

bt bs dbnder tdok tdot `i hoky ]uf-]odorok m`uktrbes. UKM]\ rep`rts tdot keoray 477

reseormders w`rc k V&L, wbtd ma`se t` ukbversbtbes, 9 `er smbekme okl eknbkeerbkn m`urses. \de m`uk-

trys == v`motb`koa okl temdkbmoa bkstbtutes trobk stulekts bk temdkbmoa scbaas keelel bk bklus-

try. Veseormd omtbvbtbes ore a`motel bk severoa paomes, bkmaulbkn Hocerere Ukbversbty bk Coh-

poao okl Hfororo Ukbversbty `i ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`ny bk Hfororo. ]peklbkn `k smbekme

okl temdk`a`ny bs estbhotel ot of`ut $57 hbaab`k. \de Unoklo Bklustrboa Veseormd Bkstbtute

(UBVB) aeols bk tde oppabmotb`k i smbekme t` bklustrboa keels, wbtd o lemole i summessiua re-

seormd bhpaehektotb`k okl utreomd okl sbnkbmokt remekt e rts t` f``st bts mopombty okl

`utreomd t` cey bklustrboa semt`rs, ir`h textbaes t` i``l pr`messbkn t` fohf`` pr`lumtb`k.

\de Kotb`koa Onrbmuaturoa Veseormd @rnokbzotb`k dos severoa reseormd a`motb`ks, os

weaa os exteksb`k servbmes bk lberekt oreos, tdot dove feek m`klumtbkn reseormd okl `ut-

reomd i`r severoa lemoles. Veaotbve t` tde pufabm semt`r, very iew prbvote m`hpokbes m`k-

lumt reseormd. \d`se tdot l` ore oah`st oaa i`rebnk lbremt bkvest`rs seecbkn t` bhpr`ve

exp`rtofae pr`lumts okl fubal horcets. Bhpr`vbkn tde rem`rl `i bklustrboa bkk`votb`k

okl reseormd mopombty bs o prbhory n`oa `i tde kotb`ks smbekme, temdk`a`ny, okl bkk`votb`k

p`abmy. (Ollbtb`koa bki`rhotb`k `k Unoklos smbekme mopofbabtbes bs ovobaofae bk tde okkex.)

\DBMC Ibklbkns okl Bssues ir`h tde Mose ]tulbes

Bk bts 677> rep`rt `k smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bk tde aeost levea`pel m`uktrbes, UKM\OL

p`bkts `ut tdot `ke bssue `i nreot bhp`rtokme bs l`hestbm ck`waelne systehs tdot ek-

ofae (`r m`kstrobk) tde mreotb`k, ommuhuaotb`k, use, okl sdorbkn `i ck`waelne. Just os

bhp`rtokt bs wdere tde ck`waelne m`hes ir`h okl wdetder okl d`w bt mok fe retobkel

okl ehfellel a`moaay. Unoklos pr`sperbty wbaa fe tbel t` bts ofbabty t` a`mote okl ehfel

ck`waelne ir`h `utsble bts f`rlers i`r yeors t` m`he. Nbvek tde na`foabzbkn ck`waelne

systeh, Unoklo hoy kever fem`he seai-sumbekt bk ck`waelne, k`r sd`ual tdot fe o

n`oa: k`ke `i tde w`rals h`st olvokmel m`uktrbes mok maobh ck`waelne bklepeklekme.

\de i`aa`wbkn semtb`ks lesmrbfe klbkns ir`h tde mose stulbes, blektbiybkn a`moaay

ovobaofae res`urmes okl k`tbkn wdere nops exbst. \de mose stulbes were m`klumtel bk

Unoklo okl okoayzel temdk`a`ny (\), duhok res`urmes (D), bkstbtutb`ks okl bkirostrum-ture (B), m`aaof`rotb`k okl m`hhukbmotb`k (M), okl tde ck`waelne fose (C). Ibklbkns

ir`h eomd semt`r mose ore m`hfbkel t` oaa`w i`r mr`ss-semt`r okoaysbs fosel `k eomd lb-

heksb`k `i tde \DBMC irohew`rc.

Bk oaa tde oreos ukler revbew, tde mose stulbes i`ukl p`sbtbve mdoknes okl mopofbab-

tbes bk Unoklo. ]`he `i tdese p`sbtbve ospemts ore k`tel bk tde i`aa`wbkn. ]tbaa, tdbs mdop-

ter i`muses k blektbiybkn tde nops bk tde systeh t` pr`vble bkput t` ok oneklo i`r p`abmy

hocers k wdere bkvesthekt hoy deap Unoklo reomd levea`phekt n`oas. \de t`ke bs k`t

bkteklel t` fe kenotbve, fut rotder t` p`bkt `ut wdere bhpr`vehekt bs keelel.

\: \emdk`a`ny Ves`urmes Ore ]p`tty

\emdk`a`ny res`urmes bkmaule t``as okl tde ck`waelne t` use tdeh bk bklustry. \de

\DBMC hetd`l`a`ny m`ksblers tde temdk`a`ny ovobaofae bk bklustry, tde temdk`a`ny

keelel t` h`ve odeol, pp`rtukbtbes i`r temdk`a`ny troksier, okl bkirostrumture tdot mok

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo =

supp`rt temdk`a`nbmoa aeorkbkn. \dbs semtb`k letobas tde temdk`a`ny ovobaofae bk Unoklos

bklustrbes. \de temdk`a`ny ossesshekts m`klumtel i`r tde mose stulbes i`musel `k tde

extekt t` wdbmd mopofbabtbes were ma`se t` tde horcet, wdetder tdey were port i o systeh,

wdetder tdey m`ktrbfutel t` reseormd, okl tdebr ofbabty t` bkmreose pr`lumtbvbty. \dese

mopofbabtbes mok fe fubat `k t` expokl bklustry.H`st temdk`a`ny res`urmes bk Unoklo ore k`t pr`prbetory (heokbkn tdey ore k`t

potektel `r `tderwbse pr`temtel fy bkteaaemtuoa pr`perty aows), k`r ore tdey dbnday ol-

vokmel `r m`hpaex. Fut represektotbves wbtd wd`h tde teoh sp`ce sobl tdot tde temd-

kbmoa m`ktekt `i bklustrboa pr`lumtb`k dos bkmreosel, aorneay tdr`und i`rebnk lbremt

bkvesthekt. I`r exohpae, tde ektry `i Bklbos _uoabty Mdehbmoas pdorhomeutbmoa hoku-

iomturbkn paokt dos sbnkbmoktay f``stel tde temdk`a`nbmoa mopombty `i tde deoatd semt`r.

]bhbaoray, `pp`rtukbtbes i`r temdk`a`nbmoa aeorkbkn tdr`und bkvesthekts fy Bklbos Mbpao

Bklustrbes dove bhpr`vel tde lenree t` wdbmd Unoklok mdehbsts, eknbkeers, okl pdor-

hom`a`nbsts mok aeork usbkn w`ral-maoss temdk`a`ny.

Mose stulbes okl okoaysbs reveoael tdree moten`rbes `i temdk`a`ny usel, oblbkn tde

embekmy `i fusbkess, mreotbkn ok bktenrotel voaue mdobk bk s`he moses, okl hocbkn bt

p`ssbfae i`r s`he m`hpokbes t` m`klumt reseormd okl levea`phekt. \dese temdk`a`nbes

ore tde i`aa`wbkn:

Wr`messbkn temdk`a`ny: homdbkes okl m`hputer-ossbstel lesbnk s`itwore uselt` hoce hokuiomturbkn pr`lumtb`k h`re embekt.

M`hputbkn: m`hputers usel i`r suppay mdobk hokonehekt t` tromc pr`lumtb`k,m`klumt omm`uktbkn bk abke wbtd bkterkotb`koa stoklorls, okl st`re loto.

H`fbae teaepd`ky: meaauaor pd`kes usel t` ceep stobk t`umd wbtd eomd `tder,

trome pr`lumts `k tde r`ol, okl m`kkemt reseormders.

O kuhfer i temdk`a`nbes m`ual ekdokme tde voaue mdobk bi tdey were h`re wbleay ovoba-

ofae okl bhpaehektel, bkmaulbkn tde i`aa`wbkn:

Homdbke t``as usel t` mut hoterboas w`ual obl hoky cbkls `i hokuiomturbknpr`jemts, portbmuaoray i``l st`rone3 tdbs w`ual fe portbmuaoray deapiua i`r onr`-

pr`messbkn okl troksp`rt.

Womconbkn okl paostbms `i oaa cbkls m`ual mreote tde cbkls `i pomcones tdot ollvoaue t` onrbmuaturoa pr`lumts (sumd os freotdofae paostbms i`r venetofaes `r i`ba

wrop i`r m`ee feoks) okl m`shetbms mreotel tdr`und etdk`f`toky.

A`nbstbmoa supp`rt (s`itwore okl eaemtr`kbms) m`ual ekofae m`hputer-fosel bk-vekt`ry tromcbkn.

]everoa rhs rep`rtel dovbkn upnrolel t` BM\-ekofael troksp`rt, a`nbstbms, okl suppay

mdobk hokonehekt systehs. \dese rhs rep`rtel o d`st `i fekets, bkmaulbkn ekdokmel

m`hpetbtbvekess, embekmy, okl tde pobrbkn i reaotel pr`messes tdot were k`t prevb`usay

abkcel. I`r exohpae, Unoklok rhs tdot ol`ptel suppay mdobk hokonehekt rep`rtel

bhpr`vehekts bk tde embekmy i tdebr trumcbkn servbmes tdot lerbvel, bk port, ir`h ioster

turkor`ukl tbhes fetweek trecs. Hokoners h`kbt`rel lrbver a`motb`ks t` hoce leabver-

bes h`re embekt okl relume ukoutd`rbzel st`ps. Unoklos Hucwok` Bklustrbes, wdbmd

hokuiomtures o rokne `i m`ksuher n``ls, bkmaulbkn `baseel-fosel pr`lumts, hbnrotelbts suppay mdobk hokonehekt t` o s`itwore systeh levea`pel fy ]OWok bkvesthekt

tdot pr`hbses t` nreotay f``st embekmy. Bt oas` f`undt ok BM\-fosel troksp`rt hokone-

hekt systeh ir`h o ]`utd Oirbmok vekl`r.

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`ral Fokc ]tuly

B: Bkstbtutb`koa Ves`urmes okl Bkirostrumture Ore bk Waome fut Keel ]trekntdekbkn

Unoklos ofbabty t` dorkess smbekme okl temdk`a`ny i`r nr`wtd okl levea`phekt

lepekls `k bkstbtutb`koa res`urmes. ^dek vbewel ir`h o ck`waelne `r bkk`votb`k

systeh perspemtbve, o wble vorbety `i bkstbtutb`ks bkstuekme o m`uktrys ofbabty t` use,

olopt, lbuse, okl nekerote ck`waelne. \dbs hoy bkmaule bkstbtutb`ks `erbkn ser-

vbmes bk bhp`rtbkn row hoterboas, must`hs okl torbs, hetr`a`ny, stoklorls, testbkn,

okl quoabty ossurokme, duhok res`urmes elumotb`k okl trobkbkn, aow, p`abmy, renu-

aotb`k, kokme, okl bkirostrumture. \de \DBMC hetd`l`a`ny `ers o korr`wer vbew

`i bkstbtutb`koa res`urmes, wbtd o vbew t`worl dbndabndtbkn `kay tde h`st bkstuektboa

bkstbtutb`ks i`r oppaybkn smbekme okl temdk`a`ny t` nr`wtd okl levea`phekt n`oas.

Dere bkstbtutb`koa res`urmes bkmaule cey hbkbstrbes okl reaevokt porostotoas, stoklorl

sebkn f`lbes, hetr`a`ny okl testbkn mekters, elumotb`koa okl trobkbkn `rnokbzotb`ks,

reseormd bkstbtutb`ks, l`k`rs, bkmufot`rs okl smbekme porcs, pr`lumer oss`mbotb`ks, okl

kokmboa bkstbtutb`ks.

\de exbstekme `i Unoklos Kotb`koa M`ukmba `k ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`ny (UKM]\)

sbnkbes tde bktekt t` prb`rbtbze smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bssues wbtdbk n`verkhekt. \dese

bkstbtutb`koa res`urmes pr`v`ce lboa`nue omr`ss abke hbkbstrbes, stbhuaotbkn kotb`koa-

aevea lboa`nue k rei`rhs reaotel t` smbekme okl temdk`a`nytd`und sumd lboa`nue hoy

fe m`ksblerel stbaa ehernbkn. I`r tdebr port, abke hbkbstrbes m`klumt paokkbkn `k o d`st

`i bssues, bkmreosbknay k`tbkn tde bhp`rtokme `i smbekme okl temdk`a`ny i`r tdebr semt`roa

l`hobks i bkterest, sunnestbkn ok bkstbtutb`koa oppetbte i`r nreoter m`derekme k smbekme

okl temdk`a`ny bssues.

O sem`kl p`sbtbve klbkn m`kmerks elumotb`k okl trobkbkn bkstbtutb`ks. Bkmreosel

ommess t` prbhory okl sem`klory elumotb`k okl expa`lbkn ekr`aahekt ot tde tertboryaevea sd`w tdot tde lehokl i`r elumotb`k bs dbnd, okl bkstbtutb`ks dove feek nr`wbkn os

o resuat. Ok exohpae bs tde m`aaof`rotb`k febkn estofabsdel fetweek tde Unoklo Hbkbstry

`i Ekerny okl Hbkeroa Levea`phekt. ]tobk tde hbkbstrys ne`pdysbms reseormd leport-

hekt ore w`rcbkn wbtd ukbversbtbes t` mreote tde murrbmuao keelel t` olequoteay prepore

iuture w`rcers i`r tde j`f horcet.

\de `perotb`k `i ok BM\-i`musel n`verkhekt onekmy `ers o tdbrl p`sbtbve klbkn.

\dbs bkstbtutb`koa res`urme bs m`knurel t` supp`rt tde levea`phekt `i tde bkirostrum-

ture, scbaas, bkstbtutb`ks, okl portkersdbps keelel t` hoxbhbze tde m`ktrbfutb`k `i BM\

bk bklustry, aeorkbkn, okl n`verkokme. H`re bhp`rtokt, Unoklos BM\ hbkbstry dos ol-

`ptel o kuhfer `i pr`jemts obhel ot nebkn oaa >2 ne`nropdbm lbstrbmts `kabke fy 67?7.\dbs i`aa`ws tde hbkbstrys r`ae bk speordeolbkn tde levea`phekt `i tde Kotb`koa Loto

\rokshbssb`k Fomcf`ke Bkirostrumture (KFB) okl tde Eaemtr`kbm N`verkhekt Bkirostrum-

ture (ENB) pr`jemt. Venb`koa bkbtbotbves, bkmaulbkn tde UfuktuKet Oaabokme, f`aster tdese

e rts fy m`ks`ablotbkn renb`koa bkbtbotbves obhel ot frbknbkn ekdokmel m`kkemtbvbty t`

tde reseormd okl elumotb`k m`hhukbty.

O i`urtd weam`he klbkn bs tde exbstekme `i fusbkess reseormd okl levea`phekt

bkstbtutb`ks. \de Unoklo Bklustrboa Veseormd Bkstbtute (UBVB) eknones bk omtbvbtbes le-

sbnkel t` iombabtote ropbl bklustrboabzotb`k fy blektbiybkn oppr`prbote, o rlofae temd-

k`a`nbes tdot oll voaue t` a`moa pr`lumts s` tdot tdey mok fe pr`messel i`r kotb`koa,

renb`koa, okl bkterkotb`koa horcets. \de bkstbtute l`es tdbs tdr`und i`musel reseormdokl levea`phekt okl fy lesbnkbkn pr`t`types t` deap trobk okl levea`p ekterprbses.

]umd bkstbtutb`ks ore portbmuaoray bhp`rtokt os s`urmes `i temdkbmoa ossbstokme, ck`wa-

elne, iuklbkn, okl portkersdbp mreotb`k i`r ektreprekeurs seecbkn t` sdbit owoy ir`h

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`ral Fokc ]tuly4

sufsbstekme iorhbkn `r i`r rhs seecbkn `pp`rtukbtbes t` bkmreose tde ck`waelne okl

temdk`a`ny m`ktekt `i tdebr pr`lumts okl pr`messes.

Ibkoaay, tdere ore bkstbtutb`ks wd`se hbssb`k bs t` eksure pr`lumt stoklorls, trome-

ofbabty, okl quoabty. Oatd`und tde bkstbtutb`koa orroy hoy k`t fe olequote t` peri`rh

tde ektbre rokne `i iukmtb`ks requbrel fy bklustry, bkstbtutb`ks lev`tel t` quoabty os-surokme, stoklorls, testbkn, okl okoaysbs (sumd os tde N`verkhekt Okoaytbm Mdeh-

bst, Kotb`koa Fureou `i ]toklorls, okl UBVB) exbst. I`r exohpae, oiter tde Eur`peok

Ukb`k bhp`sel o fok k sd bhp`rtel ir`h Unoklo, o rbn`r`us e rt t` bhpr`ve tde

mopofbabty `i Unoklok sd exp`rters t` m`hpay wbtd tde EUs pdyt`sokbtory renu-

aotb`ks bkmaulel e rts t` ekdokme tde mopombty `i tde Unoklo Kotb`koa Fureou `i

]toklorls (UKF]). Omm`rlbkn t` tde Ukbtel Kotb`ks Bklustrboa Levea`phekt @rno-

kbzotb`k (UKBL@)`ke `i tde l`k`r `rnokbzotb`ks omtbve bk supp`rtbkn tde sderbes

rem`very e rtUKF] bs essektboa t` tde iuture `i ok exp`rtofae pr`lumt. Bhpr`vbkn

bts mopombty t` peri`rh quoabty okl soiety testbkn `k sd ekofael UKF] t` serve tde

keels `i bklustry.

Lespbte tdese rem`nkbzofae omdbevehekts bk bkstbtutb`koa res`urmes, dorkessbkn smb-

ekme okl temdk`a`ny i`r levea`phekt requbres iombkn o kuhfer `i bkstbtutb`koa mdoa-

aeknes. Werdops tde h`st pressbkn bkv`aves tde ofbabty t` ommess, olopt, okl ofs`rf temd-

k`a`ny okl ck`waelne mreotel easewdere t` s`ave a`moa mdoaaeknes. Lespbte m`kseksus

tdot h`lerkbzbkn cey semt`rs lepekls `k bhpr`vbkn tde ofbabty `i pe`pae, rhs, okl

bkstbtutb`ks t` ommess okl oppay ck`waelne okl temdk`a`ny, bkstbtutb`koa forrbers bkdbfbt

tdbs. \dese forrbers bkmaule td`se tdot bkdbfbt bhp`rtbkn, pr`murbkn, ommessbkn, lbstrbfut-

bkn, okl bktenrotbkn ck`waelne okl temdk`a`ny ir`h renb`koa `r na`foa s`urmes. Oh`kn

tde lbsbkmektbves `itek mbtel bk rh bktervbews ore dbnd torbs `k bhp`rtel temdk`a`ny,

lespbte tde iomt tdot bhp`rtbkn homdbkery bs tde h`st m`hh`k oppr`omd t`worl upnrol-

bkn temdk`a`ny mbtel fy Oirbmok ekterprbses. Wr`tromtel leaoys tdot ore lue t` furlek-

s`he must`hs pr`melures ore ok`tder bkstbtutb`koa m`kstrobkt bhpelbkn ommess okl use

`i ck`waelne nekerotel ofr`ol. Bk ollbtb`k, exmessbve bkterest rotes `k a`oks i`r mopbtoa

bkvesthekt (overonbkn 67=7 permekt) lbsm`urone w`ual-fe bkvest`rs ir`h upnrolbkn

temdk`a`ny. Os a`kn os s`he bkstbtutb`ks olv`mote tde bhp`rtokme `i oppaybkn smbekme

okl temdk`a`ny ck`waelne t` levea`phekt wdbae `tders bhp`se bhpelbhekts `k l`bkn

s`, poroaysbs wbaa exbst.

]em`kl, oatd`und Unoklo dos bkstbtutb`ks mdornel wbtd ospemts `i hetr`a`ny, stok-

lorls, testbkn, okl quoabty ossurokme, tdebr m`hpetekme vorbes ek`rh`usay. Femouse `iaomc `i iuklbkn, bki`rhotb`k nops of`ut horcet lehokls (see tde i`aa`wbkn semtb`k `k

tde ck`waelne fose), okl ohfbnubty `k bkstbtutb`koa m`hpaehektorbty, stoklorls ore

`itek kebtder estofabsdel k`r testofae. \de bkstbtutb`ks omtbve bk hetr`a`ny, stoklorls,

testbkn, okl quoabty ossurokme bk Unoklo ore tde UKF], UBVB, Unoklo N`verkhekt

Okoaytbm Aof`rot`ry (UOA), Mdehbpdor, ]N], okl `tders (see tde etdk`f`toky mose

stuly okkex i`r o iuaa lesmrbptb`k `i eomd). \de exbstekme `i severoa bkstbtutb`ks bk tdbs

spome feabes tde iomt tdot rhs levea`pbkn pr`lumts i`r l`hestbm m`ksuhptb`k `r exp`rt

`itek l` k`t remebve tde cbkls `i servbmes okl temdkbmoa ossbstokme tdey keel t` ekter

horcets bk m`hpabokme wbtd estofabsdel quoabty okl soiety stoklorls. Okl exmept i`r

tde Feanbok-`wkel Mdehbpdor, `kay tde hbmr`fb`a`ny aof`rot`ry `i UKF] bs ommrelbtel,td`und UBVB dos m`hhbel ok bkvesthekt t` estofabsd ok ommrelbtel hbmr`fb`a`ny ukbt

os weaa. Bk tde w`rls `i tde deol `i kokme okl olhbkbstrotb`k `i Mdehbpdor, \de

bkterkotb`koa ommrelbtotb`k `i o aof`rot`ry bs abce o vbso t` h`ve pr`lumts okywdere.

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo 2

O aomc `i ommrelbtotb`k, ollel t` tde `tder bkstbtutb`koa m`kstrobkts uklerhbkbkn tdese

bkstbtutb`ks mopofbabty, relumes tdebr useiuakess t` pr`lumers seecbkn t` ekter horcets

l`hestbmoaay okl ofr`ol.

O tdbrl mdoaaekne bkv`aves tde bhpaehektotb`k mopombty `i o kuhfer `i bkstbtutb`ks

reaevokt t` smbekme okl temdk`a`ny mopombty. Bk severoa moses, bkstbtutb`koa mopombty i`rpaokkbkn bs k`t m`upael wbtd bkstbtutb`koa mopofbabty i`r bhpaehektotb`k. I`r exohpae,

oatd`und s`he k`tew`rtdy omm`hpabsdhekts dove feek hole, paoks i`r `verdouabkn

tde Kotb`koa Fureou `i ]toklorls okl tde N`verkhekt Okoaytbm Aof`rot`ry oppeor t`

dove stoaael ot tde paokkbkn stonewbtd tde s`ae exmeptb`k febkn tde m`hheklofae

turkor`ukl `k testbkn sd exp`rts. Bk ok`tder exohpae, omm`rlbkn t` o ^`ral Fokc

okoaysbs `i Unoklos troksp`rt semt`r, oatd`und o semt`r stroteny bs bk paome t` nuble tde

hbkbstrys omtbvbtbes, f`td tde n`verkhekt iuklbkn oaa`motel t` bhpaehekt tde stroteny

okl tde mopombty t` eki`rme mertobk ospemts i bt ore bkolequote (sumd os oxae a`ol requbre-

hekts okl trom renuaotb`ks). \d`und strbles dove feek hole `k stoced`aler lboa`nue

okl paokkbkn, bkstbtutb`ks ore aess eemtbve bi tdey ore k`t equbppel t` bhpaehekt tde

paoks ortbmuaotel.

^dere iuklbkn okl m`kkemtb`ks t` na`foa ck`waelne (bkmaulbkn tdr`und renb`koa

ketw`rcs) ore str`kn, Unoklok reseormders peri`rh w`ral-maoss, dbnday reaevokt w`rc.

(]ee tde okkex i`r h`re letoba.) Ret, omm`rlbkn t` tde 6775 ^`ral Fokcsupp`rtel ]mbekme

okl \emdk`a`ny ]emt`r Wr`ae `i Unoklo, keoray oaa reseormd iuklbkn m`hes ir`h l`-

k`rs, i`r w`rc `k pr`faehs `i m`kmerk t` okl lekel fy tdeh. ]`, iew reseormd bkstbtu-

tb`ks w`rc `k a`moa mdoaaeknes lekel fy l`hestbm stoced`alers. H`st reseormd i`muses

`k deoatd okl onrbmuature. Ret tde hoj`rbty `i ukbversbtbes bk Unoklo l` k`t m`klumt oky

reseormd, wbtd tde hobk exmeptb`ks febkn Hocerere okl Hfororo ukbversbtbes okl o iew

ehernbkn dbnd-quoabty prbvote bkstbtutb`ks.

O itd mdoaaekne bkv`aves tde abhbtel mopombty `i reseormd `rnokbzotb`ks. \de leortd

`i bkstbtutb`ks t` m``rlbkote reseormd okl ck`waelne omr`ss semt`rs prevekts reseormd

systehs ir`h m`ktrbfutbkn t` kotb`koa levea`phekt. I`r exohpae, deoatd reseormd e rts

bk Unokloa`kn m`ksblerel mrumboa i`r kotb`koa levea`phektbkv`ave s`he 5> bkstbtu-

tb`ks (UKDV@ 6777). M`kmebvel os ok uhfreaao rnokbzotb`k t` m``rlbkote reseormd, le-

ke reseormd prb`rbtbes, okl eksure tdot ck`waelne okl iuklbkn st`w sh``tday tdr`und

tde systeh, tde Unoklo Kotb`koa Deoatd Veseormd @rnokbzotb`k (UKDV@) or`se bk re-

sp`kse t` tde ironhektel reseormd systeh. Ret, o lemole aoter, tdbs bkstbtutb`k aomcs tde

duhok res`urmes okl iuklbkn keelel t` noavokbze tde cbkl `i `rnokbzotb`k okl m``p-erotb`k bk tde semt`r t` ybeal nreoter bhpomt `k deoatd `utm`hes.

O sbxtd mdoaaekne `itek mbtel fy fusbkesses okl ektreprekeurs reaotes t` kokmboa

bkstbtutb`ks okl tde abhbtel ovobaofbabty `i kokmbkn i`r mopbtoa bkvesthekt. I`r rhs

seecbkn res`urmes t` bhpr`ve tdebr temdk`a`nbmoa mopombty, expokl pr`lumtb`k, `r ek-

dokme tdebr pr`messes fy oppaybkn ck`waelne, tde aomc `i ommess t` shoaa a`oks lbsm`ur-

ones bkvesthekt. Irequekt rep`rts `i bkterest rotes os dbnd os 67=7 permekt epbt`hbze

tde forrbers t` ck`waelne bkvesthekt iombkn rhs okl ektreprekeurs. Bk ollbtb`k, wdere

`pp`rtukbtbes i`r sd`rt-terh scbaas upnrolbkn okl o rlofae temdk`a`ny omqubsbtb`k `m-

mur, hbmr`kokme bs roreay ovobaofae. ]teps sd`ual fe tocek t` bhpr`ve tde mopombty `i

m`hhermboa kokmboa bkstbtutb`ks okl hbmr`mrelbt `rnokbzotb`ks t` serve tde keels `iUnoklok bklustry.

Ibkoaay, tdere bs o aomc `i smbekme porcs okl bkmufot`rs t` mreote m`klbtb`ks m`k-

lumbve t` reseormd, temdk`a`ny levea`phekt, okl fusbkess supp`rt servbmes. \d`und

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`ral Fokc ]tuly?7

smbekme porcs ore k`t o qubmc x (k`r ore tdey o `ke-sbze-ts-oaa uklertocbkn), wdek

usel eemtbveay tdey `er o d`st `i fekets i`r reseormd okl temdk`a`ny levea`phekt,

ketw`rc iombabtotb`k, portkersdbp mreotb`k, okl bkk`votb`k. Ret, wbtd o iew hbk`r exmep-

tb`ks, Unoklos ck`waelne systeh aomcs sumd supp`rt.

M: M`aaof`rotb`k okl M`hhukbmotb`k Ore ^eoc Abkcs bk tde ]ysteh

Unoklos ofbabty t` ommess, ofs`rf, okl olopt ck`waelne resuats lbremtay ir`h reaotel `p-

p`rtukbtbes t` m`aaof`rote okl m`hhukbmote wbtd `tders wbtdbk okl `utsble bts f`rlers.

Ck`waelne st`ws tdr`und bkstbtutb`ks, bkmaulbkn pr`iessb`koa s`mbetbes, exteksb`k servbmes

(sumd os onrbmuaturoa exteksb`k servbmes), m`kierekmes okl leh`kstrotb`k evekts, ommess t`

BM\, kabke res`urmes, okl trole sd`ws. Abkcs fetweek pe`pae, omr`ss semt`rs, okl fetweek

pufabm, omolehbm, okl prbvote portkers oaa`w i`r tde cbkl i ck`waelne exmdokne requbrel

i`r bkk`votb`k. Bk tdbs respemt, ?7 p`sbtbve klbkns sunnest tdot m`hhukbmotb`k mopombtbes

bk Unoklo ore bhpr`vbkn, lespbte o kuhfer `i mdoaaeknes requbrbkn oektb`k.

Oh`kn tde strekntds bk Unoklos m`hhukbmotb`k mopombty, o sdbit t`worl nreoter`pekkess okl bkmreosel sdorbkn `i bki`rhotb`k oppeors t` fe `mmurrbkn. ^btd of`ut

?97 rolb` stotb`ks, o surne bk teaepd`ky, okl nr`wtd bk bklepeklekt kewspopers (cey

kewspopers t` eherne sbkme 6777 ore \de Vel Wepper, \de @fserver, okl \de ]ukrbse), tde

m`uktrys oppetbte i`r bki`rhotb`k exmdokne dos bkmreosel bk remekt yeors. O h`ve t`-

worl nreoter smbekme okl temdk`a`ny rep`rtbkn hoy oas` fe ukler woy.

O trehekl`us bkmreose bk h`fbae teaepd`ky bs o sem`kl k`tew`rtdy osset. \de kuh-

fer `i teaepd`ke sufsmrbfers bk Unoklo juhpel ir`h 6>9,777 bk 677? t` =.9 hbaab`k bk

677>. Os h`fbae teaepd`ke peketrotb`k bhpr`ves, s` l` pp`rtukbtbes i`r bkk`votbve uses

`i tdbs temdk`a`nyabkcbkn pr`lumers t` m`ksuhers, reseormders t` users, prbvote ektre-

prekeurs t` pufabm portkers, okl s` `k. \dr`und o pr`nroh moaael I@@LKE\, iorhersmok use h`fbae pd`kes t` `ftobk up-t`-tde-hbkute mr`p prbmes, ekofabkn tdeh t` ken`-

tbote feer prbmes i`r tdebr pr`lumts. Bk ok`tder bkstokme, BM\ bs usel t` bhpr`ve sd

pr`messbkn bk m`hpabokme wbtd EU renuaotb`ks i`r i``l soiety. Bk troksp`rt okl a`nbstbms,

troksp`rtotb`k hokoners bktervbewel bk tde kewspoper bklustry lesmrbfel d`w eomd

trumc lrbver remebves o h`fbae pd`ke t` iombabtote m`hhukbmotb`k of`ut freocl`wks,

remebve bki`rhotb`k of`ut r`ol okl weotder m`klbtb`ks, okl trokshbt `tder bki`rhotb`k

tdot hbndt oemt lbstrbfutb`k t` onekts.

M`hputer peketrotb`k bs o tdbrl p`sbtbve ospemt `i tde m`uktrys m`hhukbmotb`k

mopombty. ]`urmes bk eomd `i tde semt`rs okoayzel ehpdosbzel tde bhp`rtokme `i m`hput-

ers i`r tromcbkn loto, `ptbhbzbkn pr`messes (lbstrbfutb`k, soaes, reseormd, lesbnk, okl tde

abce) okl abkcbkn t` portkers, must`hers, okl users. ]tbaa, bk 677> tdere were just 2 per-

s`koa m`hputers per ?,777 pe`pae, s` tdere bs o keel t` fubal tdbs mopofbabty.

Bk o i`urtd strbcbkn exohpae i Unoklos p`sbtbve utm`hes bk ekdokmbkn bts m`hhu-

kbmotb`k mopombty, bt dos aeveronel `pp`rtukbtbes t` m`hhukbmote t` tde nekeroa pufabm

tde bhp`rtokme `i smbekme, temdk`a`ny, okl bkk`votb`k i`r s`mbety. ]eptehfer 677> sow

tde m`uktrys rst Kotb`koa ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`ny weec, lurbkn wdbmd duklrels `i

rhs, pufabm reseormd `rnokbzotb`ks, n`verkhekt porostotoas (sumd os UBVB okl UKM]\)

mohe t`netder t` sdore wbtd stulekts, reseormders, n`verkhekt, okl mbvba s`mbety tde bh-

p`rtokt r`aes tdot smbekme okl temdk`a`ny paoy bk ekofabkn pr`lumt levea`phekt, fusb-

kess `pp`rtukbtbes, olvokmes bk reseormd, okl `tder oreos. K`w bk bts i`ur summessiua

bterotb`k, tdbs kotb`koa pufabmbty e rt t` ekdokme s`mbetys opprembotb`k i`r smbekme okl

temdk`a`ny bs k`tew`rtdy.

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo ??

O itd p`sbtbve lbheksb`k bs tde irequekmy `i bkk`votbve e rts t` reomd `ut okl

m`kkemt oh`kn omt`rs eknonel bk etdk`f`toky, onr`bklustry, okl troksp`rt okl a`nbs-

tbms. I`r exohpae, o Unoklok `rnokbzotb`k moaael \rolbtb`koa okl H`lerk Deoatd Wromtb-

tb`kers \`netder Onobkst OBL] okl @tder Lbseoses (\DE\O) uses ok bkk`votbve m`hhu-

kbmotb`k stroteny t` abkc trolbtb`koa deoaers bk m`hhukbtbes t` o lbverse teoh `i h`lerkdeoatd smbektbsts wd` expaobk okl lbssehbkote n``l promtbmes, deap levea`p pr`lumts,

okl i`ster m`aaof`rotb`k. (]ee tde etdk`f`toky mose stuly okkex i`r h`re letobas.)

BM\, tde sbxtd p`sbtbve sbnk `i mdokne, o rls ok`tder `pp`rtukbty i`r bkmreosel

m`hhukbmotb`k mopombty bk Unoklo. ^dere BM\ bs usel t` levea`p `r ekdokme pr`lumts

okl bhpr`ve pr`messes, bt exdbfbts leh`kstrofae fekets. ]ummessiua oppabmotb`ks `i BM\

bkmaule m`hputer-oblel lesbnk, paostbms hokuiomturbkn, homdbke t``as, okl pr`lumt lbs-

trbfutb`k okl suppay mdobk hokonehekt. Os t``as t` f``st embekmy, BM\ bs stbaa aorneay

uktoppel omr`ss tde Unoklok aoklsmope. \de mose stulbes sunnest tdebr dbnd p`tektboa.

O sevektd p`sbtbve klbkn bs tde presekme `i exteksb`k servbmes. Exteksb`k servbmes

ore usel t` m`kvey ck`w-d`w, servbmes, okl temdk`a`nbes fetweek pr`lumers okl users,

iombabtotbkn ck`waelne mbrmuaotb`k (sumd os fetweek reseormders, p`abmy hocers, iorh-

ers, okl ektreprekeurs). Unoklos Kotb`koa Onrbmuaturoa Olvbs`ry ]ervbmes bs `ke weaa-

ck`wk exohpae ir`h onr`bklustry. @tder k`tew`rtdy exteksb`k servbmes bkmaule tde

Exp`rt Wr`h`tb`k F`orls Fb`trole Wr`nrohhe, tde n`oa `i wdbmd bs t` pr`h`te trole

bk koturoa bknrelbekts t` robse eorkbkns, nekerote ehpa`yhekt `pp`rtukbtbes, okl ek-

sure sustobkofae use `i tde m`uktrys res`urme fose (Exp`rt Wr`h`tb`k F`orl 677

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`ral Fokc ]tuly?6

stulekts, okl h`re tdok 977 uklernroluotes, bs oh`kn tde m`uktrys iew bkstbtutb`ks per-

i`rhbkn reseormd `k BM\. Bk 677> tde bkstbtute aoukmdel ok BM\-i`musel j`urkoa tdot puf-

absdes reseormd nekerotel fy bt okl easewdere. Fut BM\ reseormd omm`ukts i`r o shoaa p`rtb`k

`i tde omtbvbty tocbkn paome bk trobkbkn bkstbtutb`ks. @ke s`urme bk Unoklo ossertel tdot,

oatd`und Hocerere Ukbversbtys bkvesthekt bk BM\ reseormd wos olvoktone`us i`r mreot-bkn trobkbkn pp`rtukbtbes, reseormd prb`rbtbes were leterhbkel wbtd`ut tocbkn bkt` omm`ukt

tdebr reaevokme t` bklustry. ^btd`ut lbremt bkput ir`h users okl p`tektboa bklustrboa port-

kers, Hocereres reseormd pr`lumts ore ukabceay t` eabmbt keor-terh mdoknes bk tde embekmy

`r mopofbabty i Unoklok fusbkess usbkn BM\.

H`re`ver, Unoklos pr`nress t`worl reoabzbkn r`fust m`hhukbmotb`k mopombty bs

tdwortel fy o kuhfer `i pressbkn mdoaaeknes. \dese ore lesmrbfel bk tde i`aa`wbkn,

s`he `i wdbmd remebve oektb`k fut rehobk sbnkbmokt femouse `i tdebr m`hpaexbty `r

tde poumbty `i res`urmes oaa`motel t` tdebr oheab`rotb`k. @tders oppeor t` persbst aorneay

ukollressel.

Hbkbhoa abkcs fetweek cey omt`rs bk o ck`waelne `r bkk`votb`k systeh uklerhbke

oky m`uktrys ofbabty t` top a`moa, renb`koa, `r na`foa ck`waelne res`urmes. Bk Unoklo,

iew abkcs exbst fetweek tde reseormd m`hhukbty, pufabm reseormd `rnokbzotb`ks, ukbversb-

tbes, bklustrbes, okl users. Ukabce tde lykohbm ck`waelne em`k`hbes `i @EML m`uktrbes,

wdere m`aaof`rotb`k fetweek bklustrbes okl ukbversbtbes bs m`hh`k okl pufabm reseormd

`rnokbzotb`ks systehotbmoaay abkc wbtd f`td, bkstbtutb`koa omt`rs bk Unoklo rehobk bs`aot-

el. M`kkemtbkn iukmtb`ks bk o ck`waelne s`mbety ore `itek pr`vblel fy bkterhelbory `r-

nokbzotb`ks, sumd os bklustry oss`mbotb`ks, smbekme porcs, `utreomd mekters, okl exteksb`k

servbmes. Omr`ss tde mose stulbes, bktervbewel represektotbves ir`h lbsmrete semt`rs (bklus-

trbes, ukbversbtbes, tde pufabm semt`r) lesmrbfel iroba `r k`kexbstekt abkcs wbtd `tder semt`rs.

I`r exohpae, oh`kn pufabm bkstbtutb`ks mdornel wbtd eksurbkn quoabty, soiety, okl

olderekme t` stoklorls, o sekb`r `mboa ir`h tde Kotb`koa Fureou `i ]toklorls ornuel

tdot, oatd`und bkstbtutb`koa m`aaof`rotb`k abes ot tde deort `i ok eemtbve stoklorls okl

testbkn renbhe, irubtiua oreos i`r smbektbm exmdokne, m`aaof`rotb`k, okl j`bkt reseormd

rehobk uktoppel. Fut tde aomc `i abkcs l`es k`t just resuat bk hbssel `pp`rtukbtbes i`r

m`aaof`rotbve reseormd. Votder, bk oreos sumd os stoklorls okl testbkn, ck`waelne nops bk

horcet lehokl okl bklustrboa renuaotb`k abhbt tderwbse exp`rtofae pr`lumts t` l`hes-

tbm use. ]bhbaoray, bk tde m`uktrys baseel bklustry, semt`r experts soy tdot tde bkteromtb`k

fetweek paoyers bs weoc, aeolbkn t` o p``r st`w `i bki`rhotb`k okl hocbkn tde semt`r

k`ktroksporekt (Onrb-Wr`I`mus 6779).O sem`kl mdoaaekne reaotes t` mdokkeas i`r lbusbkn ck`waelne bk tde bkk`votb`k

systeh. ^dere reaevokt reseormd toces paome `r temdk`a`ny levea`phekt `mmurs, ck`wa-

elne lbusb`k bs relumel fy o aomc i mdokkeas tdr`und wdbmd bt hbndt mmur. Bktervbews

ybealel irequekt omm`ukts `i bklustrboaay reaevokt reseormd m`klumtel ot ukbversbtbes,

temdk`a`nbes levea`pel i`r wdbmd o permebvel keel exbsts bk mbvba s`mbety, okl rep`sbt`-

rbes `i fusbkess levea`phekt bki`rhotb`k n`bkn uklerusel, evek wdek rhs express

str`kn lehokl i`r sumd bki`rhotb`k. \de irequekmy `i tdese `mmurrekmes sunnests tdot

aess pressbkn tdok tde mdoaaekne `i nekerotbkn kew smbekme okl temdk`a`ny ck`waelne

bs tde mdoaaekne `i vostay ekdokmbkn expabmbt okl embekt mdokkeas t` lbstrbfute ck`wa-

elne tdr`und tde systeh. O keel i`r ck`waelne bs bksumbekt t` eksure tdot requbrelbki`rhotb`ksumd os temdkbmoa ck`w-d`w, horcet bkteaabnekme, okl ck`waelne ehf`l-

bel bk temdk`a`nywbaa hoce bts woy t` td`se wd` keel bt.

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo ?=

O tdbrl mdoaaekne stehs ir`h tde sem`kl. Exteksb`k servbmes ore bk portbmuaor keel

bk Unoklo os o systeh i`r ck`waelne lbusb`k. \d`und tdese servbmes exbst bk Unoklo,

tdey dove feek wbleay mrbtbmbzel i`r febkn fosel `k o abkeor oppr`omd t` bkk`votb`k okl

`verreabokme `k ck`waelne lbssehbkotb`k t` users, os `pp`sel t` ekm`uronbkn mbrmuao-

tb`k `i ck`waelne fetweek users okl pr`lumers t` ekdokme lehokl-lrbvek reseormdokl temdk`a`ny levea`phekt. I`r exohpae, tde @baseels Wr`lumers okl Wr`mess`rs

Oss`mbotb`k wos oh`kn tde bkstbtutb`ks tdot mrbtbmbzel exteksb`k servbmes bk tde `baseel

semt`r i`r ukm``rlbkotel m`verone fy exteksb`k servbme pr`vblers, wostel res`urmes, lu-

pabmotel servbmes, p``r lbssehbkotb`k `i reseormd klbkns t` iorhers (okl vbme verso),

okl o weoc horcet bki`rhotb`k systeh (Onrb-Wr`I`mus 6779).

O iurtder mdoaaekne bs tdot weoc m`kkemtb`ks t` m`ksuhers okl bkterkotb`koa hor-

cets tdwort Unoklos e rts t` ol`pt ok exp`rt `rbektotb`k i`r onr`bklustry okl etdk`-

f`toky. \dese weoc m`kkemtb`ks bhp`se severe m`kstrobkts `k horcet levea`phekt. I`r

exohpae, bk tde etdk`f`toky bklustry, horcet bki`rhotb`k mrbtbmoa t` levea`pbkn okl ex-

p`rtbkn pr`lumts (sumd os m`shetbms) bkmaules tdot reaotel t` sokbtotb`k okl soiety renu-

aotb`ks, pdyt`sokbtory mertbmotb`k `i row hoterboas usel, nekeroa quoabty requbrehekts,

deoatd okl soiety bssues, l`muhektotb`k i olderekme t` tde M`kvektb`k k Bkterkotb`koa

\role bk Ekloknerel ]pembes (MB\E]) bi reaevokt, okl bki`rhotb`k reaotel t` ommeptofae

pomconbkn, horcetbkn, aofeabkn, okl s` `k. ^btd`ut tdbs bki`rhotb`k, shoaa pr`lumers

usbkn rulbhektory temdk`a`nbes (noavokbzel nrbklers, a`moaay iofrbmotel lbstbaaers, h`r-

tor nrbklers) t` hokuiomture p`wlers okl mrule essektboa `bas restrbmt tdebr soaes t` a`moa

horcets `r seaa ukpr`messel row hoterboas t` fuyers wbtd feer uklerstoklbkn `i m`k-

suher okl horcet keels, wd` tdek pr`t ir`h voaue-ollel pr`messbkn.

O itd mdoaaekne orbses ir`h tde nr`wbkn yet stbaa weoc BM\ mopombty. \de Na`foa

M`hpetbtbvekess Bklex rokcs Unoklo ??> oh`kn ?64 m`uktrbes bk pr`p`rtb`k `i h`fbae

teaepd`ke sufsmrbfers okl ??? bk pr`p`rtb`k `i Bkterket users. Urfok-ruroa lbsporbtbes

bk ommess okl bkm`ksbstekt oppabmotb`k `i BM\ t` bklustrboa pr`messes abhbt bts ofbabty t`

strekntdek pr`messes okl `ptbhbze pr`lumt levea`phekt `r ck`waelne sdorbkn. Ukler-

pbkkbkn tde mdoaaeknes oss`mbotel wbtd BM\ nr`wtd ore m`ksbstekt p`wer `utones okl

dbnd m`kkemtbvbty okl ekerny prbmes, oaa `i wdbmd lbhbkbsd ektreprekeurs pr`spemts `i

mopbtoabzbkn `k tde fekets `i BM\.

Abhbtel ^ef ommess bs o sbxtd mdoaaekne weocekbkn m`hhukbmotb`k mopombty. ^ef

ommess bs essektboa i`r a`motbkn okl usbkn mrbtbmoa bki`rhotb`k bk reseormd, pr`lumt levea-

`phekt, okl horcetbkn. ^btd`ut bt, reseormders mokk`t p`st tdebr

klbkns, pufabmotb`ks,okl hoterboas `kabke t` hoce tdeh ommessbfae t` tde na`foa ck`waelne m`hhukbty. Iur-

tderh`re, ^ef-fosel res`urmes pr`vble o paoti`rh t` estofabsd o kotb`koa presekme okl

m`hpetekme bk ehernbkn smbektbm oreos `r bk horcet kbmdes. O m`ksequekme `i abhbtel

portbmbpotb`k bk `kabke m`hhukbtbes bs tdot Unokloks ore aess abceay t` eabmbt ck`waelne

portkers okl m`aaof`rot`rs lurbkn tdebr reseormd. I`r exohpae, ^ef-fosel lotofoses oa-

a`w paokt fb`a`nbsts t` smok fb`bki`rhotbm loto lrowk ir`h na`foa `fservotb`ks `i paokt

spembes. Os Unoklo seecs t` expokl etdk`f`toky, reseormders keel ommess t` tdese loto

t` aeork of`ut tde spembes tdey ore expa`rbkn i`r p`tektboa m`hhermboa use. ^btd`ut ^ef

ommess, tdey ore reaenotel t` rebkvektbkn tde wdeeawostbkn tbhe okl res`urmes. Bk bkstb-

tutb`ks sumd os tde Kotb`koa Mdeh`tderopeutbms Veseormd Aof`rot`ry, wdbmd bs mdornelwbtd reseormdbkn, levea`pbkn, okl m`hhermboabzbkn etdk`f`tokbmoa pr`lumts, ck`wa-

elne `i sumd ^ef-fosel res`urmes exbsts wbtd`ut tde BM\ mopombty t` use tdeh.

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`ral Fokc ]tuly?

mopombty t` ruk tde requbrel tests okl m`klumt okoaysbs bs requbrel. \de weoc ck`wa-

elne st`ws, fetweek tde stoklorls okl soiety bkstbtutb`ks okl bklustry ot d`he okl

ofr`ol, resuat bk ck`waelne nops. Ck`waelne nops bk terhs `i stoklorls vory bk sever-

bty, wbtd s`he semt`rs fereit `i stoklorls oat`netder, sumd os bk tde pr`messbkn `i kotu-

roa bknrelbekts bkt` extromts, essektboa `bas, okl sops. \dese ck`waelne nops weocekektreprekeurs okl w`ual-fe exp`rters ofbabty t` levea`p tdebr pr`lumts bk abke wbtd

requbrehekts i`r i`rebnk horcets. Uktba tdese ck`waelne st`ws ore bhpr`vel, rep`rts

`i n``ls turkel owoy ot Eur`peok sdbppbkn p`rts `r reiusel fy bkterkotb`koa fuyers

wbaa fe hoky.

Ok`tder ck`waelne-reaotel mdoaaekne bkv`aves serb`us reseormd nops tdot rekler tde

ck`waelne fose tdbk okl bkm`ksbstekt. I`r exohpae, td`und t`utel os ok oreo i strekntd

bk Unoklos reseormd m`hhukbty, onrbmuaturoa reseormd bs mdoromterbzel fy uklerbkvest-

hekt bk oreos cey t` tde h`lerkbzotb`k `i tde semt`r, os moaael i`r ukler tde Waok i`r

H`lerkbzotb`k `i Onrbmuature. @baseel reseormd `k kew vorbetoas oppr`prbote t` m`klb-

tb`ks bk Unoklo, reseormd `k `ptbhoa bkputs okl promtbmes t` faekl sufsbstekme okl mosd

mr`ppbkn, okl reseormd `k m`hhermboabzotb`k `i wbal paokt okl tree spembes `er tdree

`i hoky exohpaes `i fabkl sp`ts bk tde onrbmuaturoa reseormd oneklo, lespbte o wbleay

onreel keel i`r sumd reseormd.

Ok`tder mdoaaekne lerbves ir`h tde a`w opprembotb`k `i smbekme, temdk`a`ny, okl bk-

k`votb`k t` s`ave pr`faehs. O d`st i bklustrboa m`hpetbtbvekess mdoaaeknes okl kotb`koa

levea`phekt keels requbre smbektbm ck`waelne, temdk`a`ny, okl w`rcers trobkel bk

smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bi tdey ore t` fe olequoteay ollressel. Ret bt bs m`hh`k tdot

tde kotb`koa lbsm`urse `k tde bhp`rtokme `i smbekme okl temdk`a`ny `mmurs bk bs`aotb`k

`i bklustrbes okl `itek n`verkhekts lbsmussb`k `i d`w fest t` resp`kl t` pressbkn

mdoaaeknes. Leepekbkn Unoklos ck`waelne fose wbaa ektoba ekdokmbkn tde opprembotb`k

`i d`w smbektbm okl temdk`a`nbmoa ck`w-d`w mok fe usel (okl ir`h wdere bt hoy fe

ommessel) t` s`ave urnekt keels.

Ibkoaay, mdoaaeknes reaotel t` notderbkn okl ofs`rfbkn horcet bki`rhotb`k bhpele

pr`spemts i`r bklustrboa nr`wtd okl levea`phekt, evek os `tder ck`waelne res`urmes

ore horsdoael eemtbveay i`r use bk bklustry. Aeorkbkn d`w t` aeork bs essektboa dere.

Ret, systehotbmoaay, Unoklok ekterprbses eknonel bk onr`pr`messbkn, etdk`f`toky, okl

`tder bklustrbes rep`rtel tdot tdey lbl k`t ck`w d`w t` notder horcet bki`rhotb`k `r

osmertobk must`her lehokl, portbmuaoray bk i`rebnk horcets. \de ukhet keel i`r h`re

bkterhelbory `rnokbzotb`ks, sbhbaor t` Unoklos Exp`rt Wr`h`tb`k F`orl, tdot hok-one ck`waelne st`w fetweek bklustry okl horcets bs stbaa o mdoaaekne. Evek s`he `i

tde aornest bklustrboa paoyers, sumd os Hucwok` Bklustrbes okl Fblm`, mbtel ck`waelne

f`aekemcs okl aomc `i reabofae horcet bki`rhotb`k os tde fbnnest m`kstrobkts t` tdebr

pr`lumtbvbty.

\ofae 6 suhhorbzes tde p`sbtbve klbkns ir`h tde mose stulbes. Bt oas` suhhorbzes

tde h`st pressbkn mdoaaeknes bk terhs `i tdebr reaotb`ksdbp wbtd tde ve \DBMC lbhek-

sb`ks. \dese p`sbtbve klbkns okl mdoaaeknes ore tdek m`ktextuoabzel bk reaotb`k t` tde

cbkls `i omtb`ks tdot p`abmy hocers sd`ual m`ksbler t` ollress tde keels `i bklustry

wbtdbk tde em`k`hy.

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`ral Fokc ]tuly?4

\ofae 6. \DBMC Ieotures

\dbmc Ieoture ]trekntds Mdoaaeknes Omtb`ks t` M`ksbler

\emdk`a`ny

Ves`urmes

I rebnk lbremt

bkvesthekt bs frbknbkn

temdk a ny troksierbk homdbkbkn okl

pr messbkn.

ILB bs k t port i o tornetel

stroteny okl tderei re bs k t

port i o aeorkbkn a p tdot deapsck waelne stbmc ot tdot a moa aevea.

\ornet set i p abmbes okl pr nrohs t

eksure a moa sustobkofae levea phekt

fy fubalbkn aeorkbkn i scbaas okltemdk a ny troksier bkt spembm

temdk a nbes febkn troksierrel.

BM\ (bki rhotb k

okl m hhukbmotb k

temdk a nbes) bs febkn

usel t n l eiiemt bk

severoa semt rs.

BM\-ekofabkn ekvbr khekt bs k t

m klumbve t wble use: pr faehs

bk eaemtrbmbty, ommess t fr olfokl

okl wbreaess dbkler use.

Mreote ketw rc i mekters i r m hputer

smbekme reseormd, levea phekt, okl

trobkbkn.

dere ovobaofae,

onrbmuaturoa pr lumtbvbty

temdk a nbes ore febkn

usel eiiemtbveay.

]hoaa perot rs aomc ommess

t temdk a nbes tdot w ual

bhpr ve pr lumtbvbty. Yery iew

pr lumtb k mekters dove ommess t

smbektbm ck w-d w r olvokmel

temdk a ny3 temdk a ny bs k tm ksbstektay oppabel omr ss tde

voaue mdobk.

I mus k fubalbkn smbektbm mopombty

bk sbx mrbtbmoa eals (see text okl

Vem hheklotb ks semtb k)3 a moa

s itwore mopombty bs very bhp rtokt i r

voaue mdobk ekdokmehekt.

Duhok

Ves`urmes

Ommess t` ]&\ reaotel

lbsmbpabkes wbtdbk dbnder

elumotb k bkstbtutb ks

bs bkmreosbkn os o

resuat i n verkhekts

m hhbthekt t see tdot

o nreoter pr p rtb k i

nroluotes toce smbekme

okl eknbkeerbkn (]&E)

lenrees.

Murrbmuauh bs tde retbmoa okl

nroluotes itek aomc promtbmoa

ck waelne3 murrbmuauh bs k t

tbel t bklustrboa pr messes, s

stulekts seal h dove o mdokme t

aeork promtbmoa scbaas tdot mok deap

s ave pr faehs wbtdbk bklustry.

Mreote pp rtukbtbes i r bklustrboa

ottomdhekt i r stulekts, leepek

bklustrboa exp sure, pp rtukbtbes

i r trobkbkn okl bkterksdbps bk pufabm

smbekme okl reseormd bkstbtutes, etm.

okl ommess t smbekme mekters.

]`he temdkbmoa trobkbknptb ks exbst, hobkay

bk BM\.

Hoky h re temdkbmoaay trobkelpe pae ore keelel fy oaa semt rs3

aomc i temdkbmoa pe pae bs

dbklerbkn bkk votb k bk oaa semt rs.

Estofabsd o ketw rc i dbnd-quoabtytemdkbmoa okl v motb koa trobkbkn mekters

iierbkn stulekts tde ]&E reaotel scbaas

tdey keel i reaevokme t bklustry okl

kotb koa levea phekt keels.\dese

scbaas hoy fe omqubrel tdr und sd rt-

m urse lenree pr nrohs okl abkcel t

i rebnk ukbversbtbes r trobkbkn mekters.

Kuhfers i stulekts

dove feek rbsbkn3

n verkhekt nbves

bkmektbves i r stulekts

t stuly smbekme okl

temdk a ny.

H st semt rs aomc mertbmotb k

pp rtukbtbes i r temdkbmoa pe pae.

\emdkbmoa trobkbkn mekters ore keelel

bk oreos i reaevokme t bklustry, sumd

os hetr a ny, stoklorls, testbkn, okl

quoabty ossurokme.

Bkstbtutb`koa

Ves`urmes

Bkstbtutb ks i r smbekme

okl temdk a ny exbst3

]\B strotenbes dove

feek put bk paome.

Bhpaehektotb k pp rtukbtbes ore

abhbtel.

I mus okl tornet smbekme bkvesthekts

t td se h st abceay t deap bklustry fy

estofabsdbkn mr ss-hbkbsterboa mekters.

Ukbversbtbes iier

smbekme okl temdk a ny

murrbmuauh.

Ommess t` tertbory smbekme r

temdk a ny elumotb k bs severeay

abhbtel fy o kuhfer i iomt rs

(iew pr iess rs t teomd ot tertbory

aevea, aomc i reseormd equbphekt

r hekt rs).

Blektbiy woys t bhpr ve ommess t

tertbory aevea elumotb k okl trobkbkn,

ehpdosbzbkn quoabty okl reaevokme ver

ommess.

Veseormders k nr ukl

bk s heeals (vbr a ny,onrbmuature) peri rh

very n l smbektbm

reseormd.

Ukbversbtbes l k t dove ek und

seots t elumote tde stulektskeelel t aa iuture w rci rme,

evek td und kuhfers dove feek

bkmreosel.

\be fusbkess oss mbotb ks bkt tde

tornetel paoks i r smbekme okltemdk a ny bkvesthekts.

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo ?2

\ofae 6. (m`ktbkuel)

\dbmc Ieoture ]trekntds Mdoaaeknes Omtb`ks t` M`ksbler

Bkstbtutb`koa

Ves`urmes

(m`ktbkuel)

Fusbkess oss mbotb ks

exbst.

Oss mbotb ks ore weoc okl p ray

m kkemtel t tder ports i tde

ck waelne systeh.

Abkc fusbkess oss mbotb ks t omolehe

okl n verkhekt tdr und mr ss-muttbkn

bkbtbotbves obhel ot m rlbkotbkn tdekotb koa ]&\ systeh.

]mbekme porc okl

bkmufot rs m kmept

oppeors bk paoks.

Yery abttae dos feek l ke t

mreote smbekme porcs r fusbkess

bkmufot rs.

Fubal smbekme porc oljomekt t ukbversbty

a motb ks.

]toklorls okl

hetr a ny bkstbtutb ks

exbst.

]toklorls okl hetr a ny

bkstbtutb ks ore serb usay

uklerres urmel okl weocay

m kkemtel t bkk votb k.

Bkvest bk stoklorls okl hetr a ny

mopombty3 a c i r pp rtukbtbes t l

tdbs ot tde renb koa aevea.

M`aaof`rotb`k &

M`hh Ves`urmes

Ommess t` ketw rcel

m hputbkn exbsts.

Weketrotb k i temdk a ny bs weoc

femouse i aomc i m hputers okl

k ommess t ketw rc, t eaemtrbmbty.

Mreote mr ss-muttbkn bkbtbotbves os

nrokl mdoaaeknes tdot bkv ave hoky

stoced alers ir h lbiierekt semt rs.

Exteksb k servbmesexbst. Exteksb k servbmes utsble ionrbmuature ore k kexbstekt. `rc wbtd renb koa kebndf rs t mreoteexteksb k bk hokuiomturbkn okl pomconbkn.

] he rnokbzotb ks

exbst t sdore fest

promtbmes okl

t leh kstrote

temdk a ny.

\dbs mopombty keels t fe nreotay

bkmreosel okl h vel up tde voaue

mdobk t pomconbkn, st rbkn, okl

sdbppbkn i n ls bk oaa semt rs.

Hoklote n verkhekt bki rhotb k mekter

t m aaemt loto k aof r, wones, okl

horcet prbmes.

Ck`waelne

Ves`urmes

Venb koa rnokbzotb ks

ore febkn put bk paome

t frbkn t netder

ck waelne ir h vorb us

s urmes.

Aomc i ommess t tde temdkbmoa

bki rhotb k tdot bs oareoly

ovobaofae.

Mreote n verkhekt iukmtb k t smok

tde na fe i r ck waelne keelel wbtdbk

spembm bklustrbes r m hpokbesa c

t w ralwble res urmes tdot mok

bkmreose a moa mopombty wbtd ovobaofae

ck waelne.

N verkhekt dosmreotel reseormd

iukls i r smbekme okl

temdk a ny.

Leortd i pp rtukbtbes i rck waelne exmdokne omr ss

semt rs (omolehbm t fusbkess).

Bkmaule stoced alers ir h kuher ussemt rs bk pokeas t ollress nr wtd

i spembm mopombtbes okl t blektbiy

ck waelne tdot bs keelel, wdbmd mok fe

notderel ir h kebndf rbkn m uktrbes r

na foa mekters i exmeaaekme.

Fusbkess pe pae soy

tdot tde lehokl i r

elumotel stoii okl

horcet bki rhotb k bs

k t febkn het.

]bnkbmokt aomc i ofbabty t notder

horcet okl aof r loto.

Hoklote n verkhekt bki rhotb k mekter

t m aaemt loto k aof r3 keel o aof r

horcet fservot ry.

] he fusbkess

oss mbotb ks orem aaemtbkn horcet

bki rhotb k k tdebr wk

tdot m ual fe sdorel

wbtd tders.

eoc okl ukm rlbkotel

renuaot ry okl aenoa irohew rcsi r m hhermboabzotb k tdot hoce

bt lbimuat i r fusbkesses t ck w

tde ekvbr khekt bk wdbmd tdey ore

perotbkn.

Lbremt stoced aler m hhbttees

r i resbndt pokeas t leterhbkewdbmd oreos i renuaotb k sd ual

fe ollresselrst okl t hoce

rem hheklotb ks of ut renuaotb ks.

] he fusbkesses

see tde feket i

ommessbkn smbektbm

ck waelne, portbmuaoray

bk etdk f toky okl bk

pdorhomeutbmoas.

A w opprembotb k i tde r ae i

smbekme t s ave hokuiomturbkn

okl pr lumtb k pr faehs.

Hoce m hhbthekt t smbekme

okl temdk a ny ot dbndest aevea i

n verkhekt3 mreote bkmektbves i r

bklustry t bkm rp rote temdkbmoa

ck waelne bkt pr lumtb k.

]`urme: M`hpbael fy outd`rs.

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67

M D O W \ E V 6

W`abmy Vem`hheklotb`ks

\dbs semtb`k `ers rem`hheklotb`ks i`r tde keor okl helbuh terh, os Unoklo bh-paehekts bts Kotb`koa ]mbekme, \emdk`a`ny, okl Bkk`votb`k W`abmy. \de rem`hhek-lotb`ks i`mus `k fubalbkn smbekme okl temdk`a`ny mopombty bk bklustry, wbtd m`hpae-

hektory okl supp`rtbkn e rts fy tde n`verkhekt okl elumotb`koa bkstbtutb`ks. \ofae =

m`ks`ablotes tde rem`hheklotb`ks.Ukleraybkn tdese rem`hheklotb`ks bs ok ehpdosbs `k fubalbkn tde bkirostrum-

ture tdot pr`vbles tde pufabm n``ls iukmtb`ks (dbndabndtel bk tde tdbrl lbheksb`k `i

tde \DBMC okoaysbsBkstbtutb`ks okl Bkirostrumture) i`r smbekme okl temdk`a`ny.

\dbs bkmaules o i`mus `k bkterhelbory `rnokbzotb`ks okl iukmtb`ks sumd os hetr`a`ny,

stoklorls, testbkn, okl quoabty ossurokme okl bkteaaemtuoa pr`perty pr`temtb`k. \dese

bkvesthekts sd`ual fe m`hfbkel wbtd e rts t` m`kkemt stoced`alers t` `tder ck`wa-

elne portkers, i`rhbkn ketw`rcel ck`waelne systehs (os dbndabndtel bk tde i`urtd

lbheksb`k `i tde \DBMC okoaysbsM`aaof`rotb`k okl M`hhukbmotb`k). N`verkhekt-

pr`vblel bkirostrumture okl mr`ss-semt`roa m`kkemtb`ks wbaa iombabtote tde exmdokne `i

ck`waelne .\de rem`hheklotb`ks dove feek lerbvel t` t tde \DBMC hetd`l`a`ny usel

tdr`und`ut tdbs rep`rt.

\de mose stulbes baaustrote tde sbnkbmokt nobks oareoly omdbevel bk smbekme, temd-

k`a`ny, duhok res`urmes, bkstbtutb`ks okl bkirostrumture, m`aaof`rotb`k okl m`hhu-

kbmotb`k, okl tde ck`waelne fose bk Unoklo. \` m`ks`ablote tde nobks omdbevel okl

leepek tde feket t` bklustry i ektrekmdbkn tdese nobks, tdbs semtb`k lbsmusses o kuh-

fer `i rem`hheklotb`ks tdot ollress tdbs questb`k: \` wdot extekt mok smbekme okl

temdk`a`ny bhpr`ve cey bklustrboa semt`rs0 Femouse bt bs ukabceay tdot Unoklo wbaa

fe bk o p`sbtb`k `ver tde kext iew yeors t` hoce oaa tde rem`hheklel bkvesthekts

\ofae =. \DBMC Vem`hheklotb`ks

? Bk o j bkt bkbtbotbve bkv avbkn n verkhekt okl bklustry, mreote kotb k-wble bkvesthekt strotenbes bk sbx cey oreos tdot

iier p tektboa i r keor-terh, dbnd poy ii i r oaa ve bklustrbes stulbel i r tdbs rep rt.

6 \robk poropr iessb koas bk seaemt iukmtb ks tdot mok deap frblne mopofbabtbes omr ss semt rs.

= I`mus k fubalbkn tde pufabm supp rt iukmtb ks okl bkstbtutb ks tdot ore keelel t mreote o r fust okl sustobkofae

ck waelne systeh ot tde kotb koa aevea.

< Mreote pp rtukbtbes i r omolehbo, bklustry okl n`verkhekt t i ster abkcones, m kversotb ks, okl sdorel prb rbtbes.

Bkstbtutb koa hemdokbshs tdot mut omr ss abke hbkbstrbes okl frbkn bklustry t tde sohe tofae os omolehbo okl

n verkhekt ore ekm uronel. \debr bhpomt bs maeor bk tde experbekme i sumd m uktrbes os Mdbae, \dobaokl okl

Ibkaokl. Ekofabkn pr iessb koa oss mbotb ks t heet wbtd, toac t okl strotenbze wbtd smbektbm reseormders, eknbkeers,okl a moa fusbkesspe pae bs oas olvbsel.

5 Notder okl pufabsd tde em k`hbm okl temdkbmoa loto keelel wbtdbk eomd m uktry t tromc pr nress okl paok iuture

bkvesthekts okl fubal tde renuaot ry okl aenoa irohe w rc keelel i r fusbkess.

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo 6?

requbrel t` feket bklustry, tde rem`hheklotb`ks blektbiy tde h`st mrbtbmoa, dbndest

poy-`bkvesthekts.

Vem`hheklel omtb`ks i`r tde tdree mrbtbmoa stoced`aler nr`upsn`verkhekt okl tde

pufabm semt`r, prbvote rhs okl m`ks`rtbuhs, okl elumotb`k okl trobkbkn bkstbtutb`ks

oppeor os i`aa`ws.

Vem`hheklel Omtb`ks i`r N`verkhekt okl tde Wufabm ]emt`r

?. M`kveke o mr`ss-semt`roa Kotb`koa ]mbekme, \emdk`a`ny, okl Bkk`votb`k M`ukmbaot tde presblektboa aevea t` eksure tdot smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bkvesthekts oreo prb`rbty tdot spoks huatbpae hbkbstrbes, tde prbvote semt`r, okl tde elumotb`kokl trobkbkn semt`r. ]pemboa oektb`k sd`ual fe nbvek t` tde bkirostrumturekeels i tde smbekmes okl temdk`a`nbes tdot mok serve o kuhfer i bklustrbes. Ostemdk`a`ny paokkbkn nets ukler woy, o kuhfer `i bhpaehektotb`k ospemts wbaarequbre n`verkhekt oektb`k.

6. ]trekntdek reseormd e rts bk sbx mrbtbmoa oreos `i smbekme okl temdk`a`ny

(onrbmuature, deoatd, ekerny, BM\, troksp`rt, okl a`nbstbms fy tybkn supp`rt t`fubal mopombty bk elumotb`k, reseormd, okl bkk`votb`k bk td`se lbsmbpabkes t`spembm n`oas bk Unoklos kotb`koa levea`phekt paoks okl strotenbes.

=. Okoayze tde bkstbtutb`koa aoklsmope bk terhs `i ck`waelne portkersdbpswbtd m`aaof`rot`rs (omr`ss oaa cey smbekme okl temdk`a`ny semt`rs, kotb`koaay`r bkterkotb`koaay) t` osmertobk `pp`rtukbtbes t` i`rne, `ptbhbze, okl sustobkck`waelne portkersdbps bk mrbtbmoa smbekme okl temdk`a`ny oreos.

. Use n`verkhekt onekmbes t` deap relume smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bkirostrumtureokl equbphekt m`sts fy pr`murbkn temdk`a`ny okl smbektbm equbphekt bkfuac okl tdek seaabkn `r aeosbkn bt t` bklustry. \dbs mok fe l`ke wbtd aorne-smoae purmdoses `i btehs sumd os eaemtr`kbm smokkers `r mdehbmoas fy wdbmdn`verkhekt fuybkn p`wer mok obl bklustry.

4. Ken`tbote abmeksbkn orroknehekts keelel fy a`moa bklustry t` pr vble port `itde voaue mdobk tdot w`ual fe lbmuat i`r bklustry t` kokme, sumd os ommess t`spemtruh, f`tokbmoa, `r mdehbmoa pr`lumt abmekses.

2. Expa`re `pp`rtukbtbes t` pba`t temdk`a`ny leh`kstrotb`k pr`jemts t` sd`w a`moa

fusbkesses d`w t` juhp-stort smbektbm pr`messes `r temdk`a`nbmoa mopofbabtbeskeelel ot tde a`moa aevea.

?7. Dove hbkbstrbes w`rc wbtd bklustry t` blektbiy keelel scbaas tdot mok fe tdesufjemt `i temdkbmoa trobkbkn. \emdkbmoa trobkbkn mekters `perote h`st eemtbveaybi tdey ore k`kpr`t3 tdus tdey sd`ual fe ruk tdr`und o m``perotbve e rtfetweek n`verkhekt okl omolehbo, wbtd olvbme ir`h bklustry.

??. ]trekntdek tde Kotb`koa Fureou `i ]toklorls mopombty bk stoklorls, testbkn,okl quoabty ossurokme t` obl Unoklok hokuiomturers okl bklustrboabsts bkpr`lumbkn n``ls i`r l`hestbm okl i`rebnk horcets.

?6. Expa`re tde fest woy t` ekofae smbekme okl temdk`a`ny nr`wtd tdr`und mdoknest` tde tox okl renuaot`ry renbhe. \ox fekets tdot ekm`urone m`hpokbes t`

mreote j`fs r m`klumt reseormd ore m`hh`k bk olvokmel m`uktrbes. \ox renbhestdot ekm`urone i`rebnk lbremt bkvesthekt tbel t` temdk`a`ny troksier mok oemto m`uktrys temdk`a`ny fose. ]bhbaoray, renuaotb`ks tdot feket fusbkess mok fe

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`ral Fokc ]tuly66

wrbek bk o woy t` eksure w`rcer soiety okl ekvbr`khektoa deoatd. Oatd`undUnoklo bs owore `i tde keel i`r tdese iukmtb`ks, tdey keel t` fe nreotayekdokmel okl hole h`re m`hpotbfae wbtd bklustrboa levea`phekt.

?=. Iukl ok onnressbve reseormd okl stroteny-sebkn e rt t` aoukmd o h`re

r`fust, ovobaofae, okl olequoteay iuklel systeh t` pr`vble exteksb`k servbmes,temdk`a`ny troksier onekts, okl bki`rhotb`k m`aaemtb`k okl sdorbkn servbmes.\dese servbmes wbaa pr`pea bklustrboa mopofbabty bk terhs i poraoybkn ck`waelneir`h tde aof`rot`ry t` tde eal okl, h`st mrbtbmoaay, fomc onobk.

?

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo 6=

trobkbkn okl reseormd mopombty, blektbiybkn keels i`r sto, iombabtbes, bkirostrumture,equbphekt, okl m`ktomt wbtd m`aaof`rot`rs requbrel t` leh`kstrote mopombtyokl exmeaaekme.

6. M`kveke o nr`up `i preehbkekt reseormders okl omolehbms t` portbmbpote bk o

serbes `i pokeas t` expa`re keels okl `pp`rtukbtbes bk ebndt mr`ss-mu

bkn oreos`i smbekme okl temdk`a`ny pertbkekt t` tde keels `i bklustry (see tofae 5).=. Wortbmbpote bk ok okoaysbs `i tde bkstbtutb`koa aoklsmope bk terhs `i ck`waelne

portkersdbps wbtd m`aaof`rot`rs bk cey smbekme okl temdk`a`ny semt`rs ot kotb`koa`r i`rebnk ukbversbtbes okl reseormd bkstbtutes, t` osmertobk `pp`rtukbtbes t`i`rne, `ptbhbze, okl sustobk ck`waelne portkersdbps bk mrbtbmoa oreos `i smbekmeokl temdk`a`ny.

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`ral Fokc ]tuly6

semt`rs bs essektboa t` pubkn tdese mopofbabtbes bkt` paome. Waokkbkn i`r bkvesthekts tdot

wbaa eksure bkter`perofae oppabmotb`ks hust fe port `i tde pr`mess3 bklbvbluoa bkvest-

hekts sumd os fr`olfokl `r tde purmdose `i eaemtr`kbm levbmes wbaa fe wostel bi tdey

mokk`t fe abkcel t` `tder ports `i tde voaue mdobk systeh.

\de t`p-prb`rbty smbekme okl temdk`a`ny eals sd`wk bk tofae < requbre levea`pbkntornetel p`abmbes okl pr`nrohs t` eksure a`moa, sustobkofae levea`phekt. \de fjemtbve bs t`

i`ster smbekme okl temdk`a`ny mopombty tdot serves tde fr`olest spemtruh i bklustrbesk`t

just ke semt`r. \` eksure tdbs reaevokme, o mr`ss-semt`roa m`ukmba, m kvekel ot tde presblek-

tboa aevea, hoy eksure tdot tdese bkvesthekts m`kstbtute o prb`rbty tdot wbaa spok huatbpae

hbkbstrbes. ]pemboa oektb`k sd`ual fe nbvek t` tde bkirostrumture keels `i smbekmes okl

temdk`a`nbes tdot mok serve o kuhfer i bklustrbes. Os temdk`a`ny paokkbkn nets ukler woy,

o kuhfer i bhpaehektotb`k ospemts requbre n`verkhekt oektb`k:

N`verkhekt onekmbes mok obl bklustry fy blektbiybkn stoklorls i`r estofabsdbkn

bhp`rtokt temdk`a`nbes t` fe levea`pel a`moaay. Bkput ir`h bklustrbes mok deaptde n`verkhekt blektbiy bkirostrumture keels, fut n`verkhekt omtb`k bs `itek

keelel t` md``se okl set stoklorls.

N`verkhekt onekmbes mok deap a`wer m`sts fy pr`murbkn pr`lumts bk fuac oklseaabkn `r aeosbkn tdeh t` bklustry. \dbs mok fe l`ke wbtd aorne-smoae purmdoses

`i btehs sumd os eaemtr`kbm smokkers `r mdehbmoas, i`r wdbmd n`verkhekt fuybkn

p`wer mok obl bklustry.

N`verkhekt onekmbes mok deap ken`tbote abmeksbkn orroknehekts tdot hbndt fekeelel fy a`moa bklustry t` pr`vble `ke port `i tde voaue mdobk hbssb`k tdot

w`ual fe lbmuat i`r bklustry t` pr`vble, sumd os ommess t` spemtruh, f`tokbmoa,

`r mdehbmoa pr`lumt abmekses.N`verkhekt onekmbes hoy keel t` fem`he bkv`avel bk temdk`a`ny leh`kstro-tb`k t` sd`w fusbkesses d`w t` net o smbektbm pr`mess `r temdk`a`nbmoa mopofba-

bty ukler woy ot tde a`moa aevea.

N`verkhekt onekmbes hoy fe keelel t` deap blektbiy i`rebnk horcets i`r a`-moa pr`lumts wdek o nr`up `i shoaa fusbkesses bs ukofae t` o rl tdbs cbkl `i

reseormd.

\dese types `i bkvesthekt lembsb`ks ore `itek lekel tdr`und mr`ss-semt`roa pok-

eas bkv`avbkn mbtbzeks okl bklustry represektotbves wd` heet okl lbsmuss a`kn-terh

paokkbkn. \de pokeas ekvbsonel w`ual pr`vble o nr`up `i stoced`alers wd` mok

ortbmuaote iuture temdk`a`ny keels okl bkirostrumture paoks okl heosure pr`nress

`ver tbhe. Bk ollbtb`k, tdey mok paoy ok omm`uktofbabty r`ae fy oscbkn wdy mertobk

hbaest`kes dove k`t feek reomdel.

Duhok Ves`urmes: \robk Woropr`iessb`koas bk Cey Ibeals

Unoklo sd`ual nbve pr`hpt oektb`k t` mreotbkn temdkbmoa trobkbkn mekters t` trobk pe`-

pae wd` ore k`t paokkbkn `k remebvbkn o ukbversbty lenree fut wd` wbsd t` w`rc bk

temdk`a`ny-fosel bklustrbes. \de fusbkesses bktervbewel sobl tdot tdey ore aomcbkn tde

type `i pr`iessb`koa stowd` remebves trobkbkn ot tde oss`mbote lenree aevea ot temdkbmoa

bkstbtutes. ]umd trobkbkn bs sd`rt `i o iuaa ukbversbty elumotb`k fut nekerotes elumotel,trobkel w`rcers wd` mok peri`rh temdkbmoa toscsbkmaulbkn wrbtbkn s`itwore, xbkn

m`hputers, hokonbkn ketw`rcs, tromcbkn pr`lumts, eksurbkn pr`lumt quoabty, peri`rh-

bkn mdehbmoa testbkn, lrbaabkn, surveybkn, okl s` `k.

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`ral Fokc ]tuly64

Unoklo dos paomel o i`mus `k bhpr`vbkn dbnder elumotb`k, fut abae oektb`k dos

feek pobl t` mreotbkn temdkbmoa trobkbkn mekters sumd os tde cbkl mreotel okl supp`rtel

fy Mbsm`. Exteksb`k servbmes, m`hpoky-fosel reseormd, eal testbkn, okl `tder iukmtb`ks

n` ukstoel i`r aomc `i trobkel w`rcers. Bklustry oss`mbotb`ks sd`ual w`rc wbtd n`v-

erkhekt hbkbstrbes t` blektbiy scbaas tdot mok fe tde sufjemt `i temdkbmoa trobkbkn bk tdekeor terh. \emdkbmoa trobkbkn mekters `perote h`st eemtbveay bi tdey ore k`kpr`t3 tdus

tdey sd`ual fe ruk fy o m``perotbve e rt fetweek n`verkhekt okl omolehbo, wbtd ol-

vbme ir`h bklustry. \de Mbsm` h`lea m`ual fe trbel i`r severoa semt`rs t` see bi bt mok fe

oppabel t` fosbm scbaas bk mdehbstry, onr`pr`messbkn, ekvbr`khektoa testbkn, i``l smbekme,

okl `tder oreos.

Bkstbtutb`ks okl Bkirostrumture: Mreote Mekters

t` Eksure ]toklorls okl _uoabty

\dbs rep`rt okl tde omm`hpokybkn bk-leptd mose stulbes dove lbsmussel tde n`verk-hekts mdoaaeknes bk terhs i erbkn stoklorls okl quoabty ossurokme servbmes t` bklus-

try. \de Kotb`koa Fureou `i ]toklorls sd`ual fe nbvek bkmreosel iuklbkn t` ekdokme bts

mopombty t` set stoklorls, `er quoabty ossurokme i`r pr`lumts, okl hoce webndts okl

heosures i`r reseormd okl trole. \estbkn `i trolel pr`lumts (f`td bhp`rts okl exp`rts)

bs o iukmtb`k usuoaay pr`vblel fy n`verkhekt, bk portkersdbp wbtd bklustry. Hetr`a`ny,

stoklorls, testbkn, okl quoabty ossurokme ore extreheay bhp`rtokt t` oky exp`rt-`rbektel

em`k`hy. \de sm`pe okl extekt `i tdese omtbvbtbes bs vost, okl tde fekets tdot ommrue t`

em`k`hbes ore wble-roknbkn. ]ummessiua bklustrbes ore ofae t` ossure mabekts tdot tdebr

pr`lumts heet stoklorls i`r quoabty, bkter`perofbabty, `r iukmtb`koabty.

Hetr`a`ny, stoklorls, testbkn, okl quoabty ossurokme ore fem`hbkn h`re bhp`r-tokt os w`ral trole fem`hes bkmreosbknay bkterlepeklekt. Bklustrboa m`uktrbes spekl

of`ut $?.57 per pers`k `k hetr`a`ny, stoklorls, okl testbkn servbmes (UKBL@ 6775). I`r

Unoklo, o n`oa `i evektuoaay speklbkn $=7 hbaab`k i`r tdese servbmes bs very dbnd. Fut ok

bkbtboa bkvesthekt `i $

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo 62

tox rotes i`r fusbkess levea`phekt. Ot tbhes, n`verkhekts mok md``se t` tornet supp`rt

`r m`kstrobk o portbmuaor bklustry fosel `k kotb`koa n`oas. I`r exohpae, bk tde ?247s tde

U.]. n`verkhekt relumel pekoatbes oomdel t` oktbtrust aows t` ekofae tde sehbm`klum-

t`r bklustry t` m``perote `k tde levea`phekt `i kew equbphekt.

\ox fekets set up t` ekm`urone m`hpokbes t` mreote j`fs `r m`klumt reseormd orem`hh`k bk olvokmel m`uktrbes. \ox renbhes tdot ekm`urone i`rebnk lbremt bkvesthekt

tbel t` temdk`a`ny troksier mok oas` oemt o m`uktrys temdk`a`ny fose. ]bhbaoray, renu-

aotb`ks tdot feket fusbkess mok fe wrbek bk o woy tdot eksures w`rcer soiety okl

ekvbr`khektoa deoatd. Oatd`und Unoklo bs owore `i tde keel i`r tdese iukmtb`ks, tdey

keel t` fe nreotay ekdokmel okl hole h`re m`hpotbfae wbtd bklustrboa levea`phekt.

J`bkt e rts t` stuly tdese questb`ks wbtd `mboas ir`h Unoklos kebndf`rs hoy `er

tde fest woy `i estofabsdbkn tdese iukmtb`ks okl nubleabkes bk omm`rl wbtd bklustry okl

wbtd renb`koa k`rhs.

Bkteaaemtuoa pr`perty pr`temtb`k okl relress ore iukmtb`ks `i oaa ck`waelne-fosel

s`mbetbes. Bkvektb`k lbsma`sure okl potekt renbstrotb`k ore m`hpaex pr`messes, okl hoky

rhs renbster potekts bk tde Eur`pe, Jopok, okl tde Ukbtel ]totes t` nobk pr`temtb`k i`r

pr`lumts tdot wbaa fe trolel `k tde bkterkotb`koa horcet. Evek s`, h`st m`uktrbes levea-

`p tdebr `wk `mes t` n`verk bkteaaemtuoa pr`perty rbndts omtbvbtbes wbtdbk tdebr f`rlers

okl t` obl ken`tbotb`ks wbtd i`rebnk lbremt bkvest`rs. \dbs iukmtb`k sd`ual fe oaa`wel t`

ev`ave `ver tbhe, femouse h`st `i tde levea`phekt febkn rem`hheklel bk tdbs rep`rt

l`es k`t keel l`hestbm potekt pr`temtb`k. Abmeksbkn ir`h ofr`ol hoy fe keelel, fut o

potekt `me bs k`t requbrel t` ken`tbote o abmeksbkn onreehekt. \dbs iukmtb`k mok fe put

`k o a`kner-terh trojemt`ry tdok s`he `i tde `tder rem`hheklotb`ks hole dere.

M`aaof`rotb`k okl M`hhukbmotb`k: Fubal @pp`rtukbtbes

omr`ss ]emt`rs, ir`h Omolehbo t` Bklustry

Unoklo keels t` hoce e rts t` abkc vorb`us ports `i bklustry, omolehbo, okl n`v-

erkhekt t` ekernbze bklustrboa levea`phekt. H`re r`fust, ovobaofae, okl olequoteay

iuklel exteksb`k servbmes, temdk`a`ny troksier onekts, okl bki`rhotb`k m`aaemtb`k okl

sdorbkn servbmes wbaa pr`pea bklustrboa mopofbabty, bk terhs `i poraoybkn ck`waelne ir`h

tde aof`rot`ry t` tde eal okl, h`st mrbtbmoaay, fomc onobk. \dese cbkls `i m`aaof`rotbve

e rts ore o doaahorc `i oaa ck`waelne-fosel em`k`hbes.

Hoky bklustrboa m`uktrbes `er exteksb`k okl temdk`a`ny troksier servbmes t` obl

bklustry wbtd reseormd, levea`phekt, testbkn, okl evoauotb`k. N`verkhekts bk tdesem`uktrbes m`ktrbfute of`ut $6 per pers`k t` o rokne i temdk`a`ny okl hokuiomturbkn ex-

teksb`k servbmes (UKBL@ 6775). \dese omtbvbtbes mok toce tde i`rh `i smbekme sd`ps, sumd

os td`se iuklel fy tde n`verkhekt `i tde Ketderaokls, t` pr`vble ck`waelne troksier

ir`h ukbversbtbes t` bklustry. \de n`verkhekt `i Jopok pr`vbles supp`rt tdr`und eknb-

keerbkn mekters or`ukl tde m`uktry t` obl bklustry wbtd temdk`a`ny okl eknbkeerbkn ol-

optotb`k. N`verkhekts ot tde ieleroa okl renb`koa (stote r pr`vbkme) aeveas bkbtbote tdese

pr`nrohs t` ekm`urone em`k`hbm levea`phekt okl voaue-fosel fusbkess nr`wtd. @itek,

s`he m`st sdorbknbk tde i`rh `i user ieesbs requbrel `i td`se tocbkn olvoktone `i

tde servbmes. \dese pr`nrohs ore estofabsdel t` pr`h`te fusbkess ketw`rcs, strotenbm oa-

abokmes, okl j`bkt vektures t` bkmreose m`hpetbtbvekess.]dorbkn ck`waelne fetweek bklustry, omolehbo, okl n`verkhekt bs ok`tder horc

`i o ck`waelne em`k`hy okl o tornet i`r Unoklos troksi`rhotb`k. Bleoaay, n`verkhekts

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`ral Fokc ]tuly=7

m`aaemt okl hoce ovobaofae t` tde prbvote semt`r temdkbmoa bki`rhotb`k of`ut tde mopofbab-

tbes `i i`rebnk reseormd mekters. \dese types `i servbmes rokne wbleay bk sbze okl bk tde

leptd i bki`rhotb`k hole ovobaofae, fut tdey ore o type i bkteaabnekme notderbkn tdot mok

fe portbmuaoray voauofae t` users ot o a`w ukbt m`st. Werdops tde h`st dbnday levea`pel

`i tdese servbmes bs `erel fy tde Jopoks n`verkhekt-iuklel ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`nyOnekmy, wdbmd m`aaemts okl okoayzes temdkbmoa bki`rhotb`k ir`h or`ukl tde w`ral. \dese

onekmbes `itek m`aaemt user iees ir`h bklustry, s` t`toa n`verkhekt iuklbkn bs lbmuat t`

estbhote. Abce tde stoklorls servbmes prevb`usay lesmrbfel, tde m`st `i pr`vblbkn tdese

servbmes bk Unoklo w`ual fe m`ksblerofaeof`ut $

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo =?

O aof`r horcet `fservot`ry m`ual fe o rst step bk tdbs pr`mess. L`ke bk m``perotb`k

wbtd tde Kew Wortkersdbp i`r Oirbmos Levea`phekt (KEWOL), wbtd olvbme ir`h tde @r-

nokbsotb`k i`r Em`k`hbm M`-`perotb`k okl Levea`phekt, tdbs e rt m`ual m`st aess tdok

$

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8/7/2019 Science, Technology and Innovation in Uganda

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==

O K K E T ?

]mbekme okl \emdk`a`nybk Unoklo

N

ounbkn Unoklos smbekme okl temdk`a`ny mopombty requbres okoaysbs i hoky iomt`rs.

K` l`uft, Unoklok bkstbtutb`ks dove fubat up kotb`koa smbektbm okl temdk`a`nbmoa

mopombty `ver tde post lemole. Ret, tde Na`foa M`hpetbtbvekess Bklex m`hpbael fy tde

^`ral Em`k`hbm I`ruh paomes Unoklo ot ??9 `i ?64 kotb`ks bk bts 677> bklex bk terhs

`i veroaa m`hpetbtbvekess os heosurel fy nr`ss l`hestbm pr`lumt, elumotb`koa omdbeve-

hekt, n`verkokme, kokme, okl p`abtbmoa systeh. Lespbte bts a`w rokc, Unoklos e rts

t` bhpr`ve bts homr`em`k`hy dove resuatel bk ok bhpr`vel p`sbtb`k `k tde bklex, okl

tdus Unoklos p`sbtb`k dos rbsek t` 92 `ut `i ?64 kotb`ks bk terhs `i tde strekntd `i bts

homr`em`k`hy. Unoklos em`k`hy oas` rokcs iobray weaa bk bkk`votb`k (p`sbtb`k >=) okl

horcet embekmy (p`sbtb`k 45). \de `ral Em`k`hbm I`ruh m`ksblers Unoklo os dovbkn

o str`kn mopombty t` oromt i`rebnk lbremt bkvesthekt, os dovbkn dbnd-quoabty smbektbm

reseormd bkstbtutb`ks okl os dovbkn iobray n``l ovobaofbabty `i smbektbsts okl eknbkeers

reaotbve t` `tder m`uktrbes bk tde w`ral.

Omm`rlbkn t` o 6775 stuly i Unoklos em`k`hy, tde helbok voaue ollel per w`rc-

er bk 677< wos $?,745. Exp`rt-`rbektel rhs bk Unoklo iorel feer tdok tde overone

rh, wbtd o voaue ollel per w`rcer i $6,27?. ]tbaa, tde veroaa helbok m`hporel p``ray

t` kebndf`rbkn Cekyo ($=,) okl ropblay levea`pbkn m`uktrbes sumd os Bklbo ($=,

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`ral Fokc ]tuly= bk

6775. Bk 6772 iewer tdok ?7 kew l`mt`rotes were oworlel okkuoaay bk smbekme okl

eknbkeerbkn. Oah`st oaa `i tdese ore ir`h Hocerere Ukbversbty. (\dbs bs fea`w tde re-

paomehekt rote i`r retbrbkn iomuaty.) Oh`kn omolehbms kotb`koaay, 6,?9> dol hosters

lenrees, okl ?,92< bkstrumt`rs dol o fomdea`rs lenree os tdebr dbndest omolehbm aevea.

H`re tdok 977 omolehbm stodol k`t remebvel o fomdea`rs lenree (Kotb`koa M`ukmba

i`r Dbnder Elumotb`k 6779, p. 6=).

\dere were ok estbhotel 6,?75 eknbkeers bk Unoklo bk ?224. \dbs kuhfer bkmaules or-

mdbtemts, survey`rs, okl mbvba, eaemtrbmoa, hemdokbmoa, okl onrbmuaturoa eknbkeers. \ofae O.?

m`hpores Unoklo t` kebndf`rbkn m`uktrbes bk tdese w`rci`rme mopofbabtbes.

Os rep`rtel fy tde ^`ral Em`k`hbm I`ruh, Unoklo dos s`he n``l smbektbm

reseormd bkstbtutb`ks m`kmektrotel bk okl or`ukl Cohpoao, tde mopbtoa mbty. Unoklok

reseormd mekters m`klumt bkterkotb`koaay rem`nkbzel deoatd reseormd, espemboaay bk epble-

hb`a`ny, mabkbmoa trboas, okl reseormd `k DBY/OBL], hoaorbo, okl `tder bkiemtb`us lbseos-

es. Wufabsdel ortbmaes outd`rel `r m`outd`rel fy o Unoklok smbektbst `r eknbkeer dove

juhpel ir`h of`ut =7 per yeor bk tde eoray ?227s t` h`re tdok =77 per yeor. Unoklok

smbektbsts eknone bk omtbve bkterkotb`koa m`aaof`rotb`k wbtd o kuhfer i m`uktrbes or`ukl

tde w`ral. Ibnure O?.? sd`ws tde ketw`rc `i smbektbm m`aaof`rotb`ks bk wdbmd Unoklok

smbektbsts portbmbpotel bk 6779.

Ibnure O?.6 sd`ws o hop `i tde sufjemts bk wdbmd Unoklok reseormders pufabsdel

reseormd resuats bk reiereel j`urkoas bk 677

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo =5

deoatd okl tr`pbmoa helbmbke. \dree bktera`mcbkn mausters sd`w reseormd mopofbabtbes bk

ekvbr`khektoa smbekmes, onr`k`hy okl paokt smbekmes, okl onrbmuature okl i``l smbekme

wbtdbk tde m`uktry.

Os Ibnure O?.6 sd`ws, h`st pufabmotb`ks ore reaotel t` deoatd okl onrbmuature, bk-

maulbkn mabkbmoa helbmbke, deoatd smbekme, fb`helbmbke, okl fb`a`ny (wdbmd bkmaules

hoky onrbmuature ortbmaes). Lurbkn 677 ore reaotel t` deoatd: bkiemtb`us lbseoses,

pufabm, ekvbr`khektoa, okl `mmupotb`koa deoatd, bhhuk`a`ny, tr`pbmoa helbmbke, nek-

eroa okl bkterkoa helbmbke, vbr`a`ny, okl porosbt`a`ny. Wufabmotb`ks reaotel t` em`a`ny,

paokt smbekmes, ekvbr`khektoa smbekmes, z``a`ny, okl onr`k`hy r`uklel `ut tde t`p

?6 moten`rbes lurbkn 677

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`ral Fokc ]tuly=9

res`urmes bs evek dbnder. Veseormd prb`rbtbes ore aorneay set fy tdese l`k`rs, wdbmd

hoy k`t oawoys restemt kotb`koa keels.

M`aaof`rotbve poerks bk reseormd okl levea`phekt `itek reveoa tde mdoromter okl

strekntd `i o smbekme okl temdk`a`ny semt`r. Veseormders ir`h Hocerere Ukbversbty

okl tde Hbkbstry `i Deoatd (bkmaulbkn tde Unoklo Ybrus Veseormd Bkstbtute) irequektay

m`outd`r popers i`r pufabmotb`k. \dey oas` m`aaof`rote wbtd Hfororo Ukbversbty, wdbmd

pr`lumes iewer pufabmotb`ks. \de J`bkt Mabkbmoa Veseormd Mektre bs olhbkbsterel j`bktay

fy Hocerere Ukbversbty okl tde Hbkbstry `i Deoatd okl dos o str`kn pufabmotb`k okl

m`aaof`rotb`k rem`rl.

Ibnure O?.6. ]ufjemt Oreos bk wdbmd Unoklok ]mbektbs ts Wufabsdel, 677

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo =>

Ok`tder sbnk `i bhpr`vehekt bk tde systeh bs tdot Unoklos rote `i bkterkotb`koa

m`aaof`rotb`k dos bkmreosel. Ir`h ?226 t` 6777, m`outd`rsdbp bkmreosel fy ?5 permekt

okl tde kuhfer i m`aaof`rotbkn m`uktrbes bkmreosel fy 57 permekt. Unoklok reseormders

m`aaof`rote h`st `itek wbtd smbektbsts ir`h Eknaokl okl tde Ukbtel ]totes. @tder Eur`-

peok m`aaof`rot`rs bkmaule reseormders ir`h Feanbuh, Lekhorc, Irokme, Nerhoky, Btoay,tde Ketderaokls, K`rwoy, ]m`taokl, ]welek, okl ]wberaokl. Venb`koa m`aaof`rotb`ks,

portbmuaoray wbtd Cekyo, \okzokbo, okl ]`utd Oirbmo, ore oas` bhp`rtokt. Ibnure O?.=

sd`ws o ketw`rc hop `i tde m`outd`rsdbps fetweek Unoklok smbektbsts okl reseormders

ir`h ok`tder m`uktry bk ortbmaes pufabsdel bk 677

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`ral Fokc ]tuly=4

Ibnure O?.

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]mbekme, \emdk a ny, okl Bkk votb k bk Unoklo =2

]mbekme W`abmy okl Venuaotb`k

\de Unoklo Kotb`koa M`ukmba i`r ]mbekme okl \emdk`a`nys hobk n`oa bs t` olvbse tde ko-

tb`koa n`verkhekt `k d`w t` bktenrote smbekme okl temdk`a`ny bk tde kotb`koa levea`p-

hekt pr`mess (Huduhuzo okl `tders 6775, p. 97). \de hbkbstrbes `i elumotb`k, deoatd,bklustry, onrbmuature, okbhoa bklustrbes, oklsderbes set spembm smbekme okl temdk`a`ny

p`abmbes okl oneklos okl oas` w`rc wbtd oss`mbotel porostotoa onekmbes, sumd os tde Ko-

tb`koa M`ukmba i`r Dbnder Elumotb`k okl tde ]emretorbot i`r tde Waok i`r tde H`lerkbzo-

tb`k `i Onrbmuature. \dese onekmbes iukl very abae reseormd okl levea`phekt: of`ut

27 permekt i reseormd iuklbkn bs pr`vblel fy exterkoa l`k`rs. Veseormd prb`rbtbes ore i-

tek set fy tdese l`k`rs wd`, td`und weaa-bktektb`kel, hoy k`t oawoys uklerstokl d`w

t` bkvest a`moaay t` fubal sustobkofae mopombty bk smbekme, temdk`a`ny, okl bkk`votb`k.

\de Leporthekt `i tde Venbstror Nekeroa `i tde Unoklok Hbkbstry `i Justbme okl

M`kstbtutb`koa Oobrs bs resp`ksbfae i`r pr`temtbkn m`pyrbndts okl renbsterbkn trole-

horcs, potekts, utbabty h`leas, okl bklustrboa lesbnks. \dbs leporthekt dos o shoaa stookl abae ofbabty t` m``rlbkote wbtd mes bk tder m`uktrbes okl wbtd tde `ral Bkteaaem-

tuoa Wr`perty @rnokbzotb`k. ]toklorlbzotb`k, quoabty ossurokme, aof`rot`ry testbkn, okl

hetr`a`ny ore tde resp`ksbfbabtbes `i tde Unoklo Kotb`koa Fureou `i ]toklorls (UKF]).

F`td bkstbtutb`ks aomc res`urmes t` iuaay supp`rt smbekme, temdk`a`ny, okl bkk`votb`k.

\de Unoklo Bklustrboa Veseormd Bkstbtute (UBVB) dos aof`rot`ry iombabtbes i`r i``l

okl merohbms reseormd, o merohbms pr`messbkn leh`kstrotb`k paokt, o i``l aof`rot`ry,

dbnd-prembsb`k bkstruhekt r``hs, o sbabmote aof`rot`ry, okl o hemdokbmoa hobktekokme

w`rcsd`p. @i tde reseormd res`urmes ovobaofae t` fusbkess bk Unoklo, bt bs `ke `i tde

h`st bhp`rtokt okl h`st olvokmel. @pp`rtukbtbes exbst i`r users t` ommess aof`rot`ry

equbphekt okl temdkbmoa ck`w-d`w oh`kn tde sto.

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5 permekt `i onrbmuaturoa NLW bk ?225). Humd `i tdbs `utput bs i`r i``l mr`ps i`r shoaa

sufsbstekme d`used`als. @kay `ke-tdbrl bs s`al t` l`hestbm okl exp`rt horcets.

Nbvek bts bhp`rtokme, onrbmuature dos feek ot tde deort `i tde n`verkhekt `i

Unoklos kotb`koa levea`phekt stroteny sbkme tde ?247s. Ot presekt, tde Waok i`r tde

H`lerkbzotb`k `i Onrbmuature ekmopsuaotes tde n`ve