Science Question of the day! Would you weigh more or less on the moon than you do on earth? Write the question and the answer in your science notebook. Be sure to explain your reasoning and use complete sentences!
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Science Question of the day! Would you weigh more or less on the moon than you do on earth? Write the question and the answer in your science notebook.
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Slide 1
Science Question of the day! Would you weigh more or less on
the moon than you do on earth? Write the question and the answer in
your science notebook. Be sure to explain your reasoning and use
complete sentences!
Slide 2
Answer! The gravity on the moon is 1/6 of that of the earth;
therefore, a person will weigh 1/6 of their weight on earth on the
moon. That means I would weigh approximately 19 lbs. How much would
you weigh?
Slide 3
The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our
modes of thinking, and we thus drift toward unparalleled
catastrophe. Albert Einstein Albert Einstein.
Slide 4
An Introduction to the Atom
Slide 5
What is an atom? Matter is made up of atoms. How many atoms do
you suppose are in this one grain of salt? There are more than
2,000,000,000,000,000,000 (2 quintillion) atoms. Atoms were though
to be the smallest units of matter, and they cannot be divided.
Later, it was found that there are subatomic particles that make up
atoms. What are these subatomic particles?
Slide 6
The Structure of Atoms
Slide 7
The Nucleus The nucleus is not a subatomic particle. It is,
however, the home of subatomic particles in an atom. The nucleus is
small, but it makes up almost 99% of the mass of the atom. The
nucleus is the center of the atom, and it contains a positive
electric charge.
Slide 8
Subatomic Particles: Protons A proton is a subatomic particle
that has a positive electrical charge. Each nucleus contains at
least one proton. Protons are made of even smaller particles called
quarks. There are over 100 subatomic particles, but we will only
talk about three: protons, neutrons, and Electrons.
Slide 9
Time for a good Proton joke A proton and a neutron are walking
down the street. The proton says, "Wait, I dropped an electron help
me look for it." The neutron says "Are you sure?" The proton
replies "I'm positive. HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA! That was so funny.
Slide 10
Science Question of the day! Why do stars twinkle? Write the
question and the answer in your science notebook. Be sure to
explain your reasoning and use complete sentences!
Slide 11
Answer! Light reaches us after it is refracted through various
layers of air. As light passes through the earths atmosphere, it is
made to flicker by hot and cold ripples of air. This is what makes
it seem like it is twinkling. It would be like looking at light
through heat waves off the road in the summer. The image is
somewhat distorted because of the movement of the air.
Slide 12
Subatomic Particles: Neutrons A neutron is a subatomic particle
that has the same mass as a proton, but no electrical charge.
Neutrons are also found in the nucleus with the protons.
Slide 13
Subatomic Particles: Electrons An electron is a negatively
charged subatomic particle. They are constantly moving around the
nucleus. They are much smaller than neutrons and protons. Electrons
exist in a cloud around the nucleus. This cloud makes up the
borders of the atom.
Slide 14
Electron Behavior
Slide 15
Time for some practice For homework tonight, you will read What
Are Atoms and complete questions 1-6 for homework. We will check
this tomorrow! Remember, I care more about effort than I do about
having all the right answers.
Slide 16
Science question of the day! Why arent birds electrocuted when
they sit on power lines? Write the question and the answer in your
science notebook. Be sure to explain your reasoning and use
complete sentences!
Slide 17
Answer! He isnt a drumstick at KFC because the bird is only
touching one line. The bird would have to touch two lines in order
to create a complete circuit for the electricity to travel
through.
Slide 18
Atomic Number The number of protons in an atom is called the
atomic number. For example, any atom with only one proton is called
a hydrogen atom. Any atom with eight protons is called an oxygen
atom. Why is this important? The atomic number is important because
it tells us what family of elements the atom belongs to. This will
become more important in the next part of the chapter.
Slide 19
Ions Ions are a special kind of atom that have either more or
fewer electrons than protons. This happens both in nature and in
laboratories when atoms undergo a large amount of radiation or are
subjected to mass amounts of energy all at once. Ions are necessary
in our chemistry.
Slide 20
Isotopes Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of
protons, but a different number of neutrons. Neutrons help add to
the mass of the atom, and if an atom has more neutrons it will
weigh slightly more than an atom that has few.
Slide 21
Science question of the day! Why is the sky blue? Write the
question and the answer in your science notebook. Be sure to
explain your reasoning and use complete sentences!
Slide 22
Answer! Violet and blue light have short waves which are
scattered more than red light waves. While red light goes almost
straight through the atmosphere, blue and violet light are
scattered by particles in the atmosphere. Thus, we see a blue
sky.
Slide 23
Elements and Isotopes
Slide 24
What holds an atom together? You might initially think that
gravity holds atoms together. Electrical charges hold the atom
together. Opposites attract! Just like magnets. Like magnets, like
charges repel each other. Lets try it with magnets to see whats
going on in an atom. But wait! There is a strong nuclear force at
work here that is holding the atom together. It overcomes the
repulsion of the charges. Without it, our universe would
collapse.
Slide 25
Ions
Slide 26
Since you are so interested in nuclear reactions
Slide 27
Elements of Matter What are the properties of elements? Today,
we will do an experiment to try and classify elements. Perform the
experiment on pages E12 and E13 Use the chart to record your
observations of each substance. Classify the materials into two
separate groups: metals and nonmetals. Answer questions 1-3 on page
E13 on the back of the chart. Complete this for homework due
tomorrow!
Slide 28
Science question of the day! How does sunscreen work? Write the
question and the answer in your science notebook. Be sure to
explain your reasoning and use complete sentences!
Slide 29
Answer! Sunscreen works by combining organic and inorganic
active ingredients. Inorganic ingredients like zinc oxide or
titanium oxide reflect or scatter ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Organic ingredients like octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) or oxybenzone
absorb UV radiation, dissipating it as heat. Some sunscreens
protect us from the two types of damaging UV radiation: UV-A and
UV-B. Both UV-A and UV-B cause sunburns and damaging effects such
as skin cancer.
Slide 30
The Elements of Matter What is an element? An element is a pure
substance thats made up of only one kind of atom. Elements cannot
be broken down into different substances. There are 90 known
elements that occur in nature, and 22 have been created in a
laboratory for a total of 112 elements. Did you know that all
natural elements are born from the death of a star?
Slide 31
How Elements are Formed
Slide 32
How elements are formed As you learned from the video, only
hydrogen and small traces of other elements existed at the
beginning of the universe. Through a process called fusion,
subatomic particles join to create new elements. Most elements
exists in the solid state at room temperature, but some exist as
gases (oxygen, helium, hydrogen, etc.), and some exist as liquids
(mercury, bromine).
Slide 33
Experiment Results: Metals vs. Nonmetals 75% of elements on
earth are metals. You can determine metals from nonmetals using
specific properties. What properties do you think we use? Fun Fact:
One property we did not use in our experiment was heat conduction.
Metals are great conductors of heat and electricity. That is why
you shouldnt stand under an umbrella in a thunder storm.
Slide 34
Duh!
Slide 35
Time for a little practice For homework tonight, read What Are
Elements, and complete questions 1-6 for homework. Remember, I care
more about your effort than whether or not your answers are
correct!
Slide 36
Science question of the day! What are the northern lights?
Write the question and the answer in your science notebook. Be sure
to explain your reasoning and use complete sentences!
Slide 37
Answer!
Slide 38
The Periodic Table Lets get the bad news out of the way first
You have a quiz over the Periodic Table one week from today. But We
have a fun rap to help us
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDp9hUf_SV8&feature=related
Slide 39
Periodic Table History The periodic table did not always look
the way it does now. In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev placed elements into
a table based on their atomic masses. He noticed their properties
fell into repeating patterns, but their were gaps in the patterns.
He hypothesized that the gaps should be filled with elements that
had yet to be discovered. He was correct! The table was later
organized by atomic number rather than mass.
Slide 40
How to read the table Each square represents an element. Each
square contains the elements atomic number, chemical symbol, name,
and atomic mass. The colors identify whether the element is a solid
liquid or gas at room temperature. Open your books to pages E16 and
E17. What do the colors mean? Color also identifies natural vs.
man-made elements.
Slide 41
How to read an element - This is cobalt - What is its symbol? -
What is cobalts atomic weight/mass? - What is its atomic number? -
Pretend the color is dark yellow. What does its color tell us?
Slide 42
Time for some good jokes Anyone know any jokes about sodium? Na
Gold walks up to the basketball court and says, Hey, can I play?
Helium replies, Au! Get our of here! Making good chemistry jokes is
hard because all the good ones Argon. I crack myself up
Slide 43
Families of Elements Families of elements usually have the same
characteristics. Families are in columns. Column 1: metals that
react strongly with other elements Column 2: metals that react less
strongly but burn brightly when heated Columns 3-14: common metals
that do not react strongly at all Columns 15-17 in a stair-step:
nonmetals (react strongly with metals from column 1) Column 18:
Noble gases (hardly react at all)
Slide 44
Time for a little practice For homework tonight, read The
Periodic Table, and complete questions 1-5. Remember, I care more
about effort!
Slide 45
Changes of State Time for an experiment Perform the experiment
on pages E20 and E21. - Record the temperatures on the chart paper.
- Create a line graph showing the change in temperature - Answer
questions 1-3 on page E21. - Complete the line graph and questions
for homework tonight due tomorrow!
Slide 46
Forms of Matter We have learned that elements are only made of
one kind of atom. However, atoms can join together to form
molecules. They can be atoms of different elements, such as the
molecular formulation for water: H 2 O What do you think this
formula means? Molecules form when electrons in two or more atoms
are attracted to the nuclei of both atoms. The atoms act and move
as a single particle: a molecule.
Slide 47
States of Matter Do you know what the states of matter are?
Solid- definite shape Liquid- definite volume, but no definite
shape Gas- no definite or volume Can you think of a molecule that
can exist in all three states? Did know there is one more state of
matter? Plasma- composes nearly all the matter in the universe;
contains no electrons, so it is able to move freely; stars, like
our sun, are made of plasma! Lightning, neon signs, and fluorescent
light bulbs are also made from plasma.
Slide 48
A little more on the States of Matter
Slide 49
Physical Science: States of Matter
Slide 50
Characteristics of Matter Solids- Molecules are held tightly
together and do not have freedom of movement. They do not move from
their fixed positions. Liquids- Molecules are not held in fixed
positions. They are close together, but they have freedom of
movement. Gases- Molecules are father apart and can drift away from
one another. Gases, unlike liquids and solids, can be compressed
easily.
Slide 51
Changes of State As the chalkboard picture indicated earlier,
matter can change its state of being when energy is applied. When
energy is added (like heat) the molecules move faster and faster.
With enough energy, a solid can change to a liquid, and a liquid
can change to a gas. Lets look at my example
Slide 52
Changes in State The temperature at which matter changes varies
based on the substance. The temperature at which a substance
changes from a solid to a liquid is called its melting point. The
temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid
is called its freezing point. The temperature at which a substance
changes from a liquid to a has is called its boiling point.
Pressure can also change state. For example, if a gas is compressed
enough it can change to a liquid.
Slide 53
Science question of the day! What causes the sound of thunder?
Write the question and the answer in your science notebook. Be sure
to explain your reasoning and use complete sentences!
Slide 54
Answer!
Slide 55
Chemical Compounds A compound is a substance formed of the
atoms of two or more elements. We talked about H 2 O earlier, this
is a compound of two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule.
This is a chemical formula. The two means there are two hydrogen
molecules. There is no number after the O because there is only one
oxygen molecule. Compounds can also be made when a chemical
reaction takes place. Like rust on a nail, for example!
Slide 56
Time for a little practice For homework tonight, read What Are
Compounds, and answer questions 1-6. EFFORT!
Slide 57
Science question of the day! Why dont I fall out of a roller
coaster when it goes upside down? Dont say because of my seatbelt
or harness! Write the question and the answer in your science
notebook. Be sure to explain your reasoning and use complete
sentences!
Slide 58
Answer!
Slide 59
Acids and Bases Acids are compounds that react easily with
other substances. Bases are compounds that also react easily with
other substances. Acids and bases are on two opposite ends of a
scale known as the pH scale. The scale goes from 0-14, with acids
falling between 0-7 and bases falling between 7-14. 0 is the
strongest acid, and 14 is the strongest base. Water has a pH of 7.
It is a neutral substance as are all substances with a pH of 7. All
substances fall somewhere on the pH scale. When mixed, equally
strong acids and bases can neutralize one another.
Slide 60
Uses of Acids and Bases We have hydrochloric acid in our
stomachs to digest food. Acids are used in fertilizers. Bases are
used to create cement. Acids and bases are both used to develop
pictures.
Slide 61
Identifying Acids and Bases Time for an experiment Complete the
experiment on the handout and complete the questions that go along
with the experiment. - The results from your experiment will be due
tomorrow!