Science Primer

7/28/2019 Science Primer

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COURSE DESCRIPTION

The Science Program at the secondary level is designed to promote students awareness of

the relevance of science in life and develop critical and creative thinking as well as skills in problem

solving through the teaching of science in an outdoor environment and cooperative learning. More

than the understanding of science concepts, emphasis is given on the application of these concepts

to improve the environment and the quality of life.

In First Year, Integrated Science builds on elementary Science, and weaves together bits of

earth science, biology, chemistry and physics which flow sequentially in a more unified and

meaningful pattern of study.

In Second Year, the learners focus on Biology, which deals with the living world of human and

non-human species, human interactions and relationships with the environment, and the problems weface relative to health, reproduction and heredity, food production, resource management and

conservation.

In Third Year, the learners focus on Chemistry, which deals with the properties and chemical

behavior of matter, atomic structure, chemical changes, and technology affecting the environment

and society.

UNIT CREDIT/TIME ALLOTMENTSee DepEd Order No. 37, s. 2003, Revised Implementing Guidelines of the 2003

Secondary Education Curriculum Effective School 2003-2004

EXPECTANCIES IN SCIENCE

CHEMISTRY

At the end of the Third Year Science Program, the learner should be able to demonstrate

understanding of the science concepts in chemistry; develop skills to know the structure, composition,

properties and classification of matter and to explain different chemical processes/reactions, changes

in matter/energy and its applications to daily life and a discriminating appreciation of technology.

BIOLOGY

The learner is expected to apply scientific knowledge, skills and values in

identifying and solving problems of the environment, its conservation and in evolving

better ways and means of doing things in daily living.


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At the end of the Second YearScience Program, the learner should be able to explain the

interrelationship between the different biological processes; demonstrate scientific skill with

competence and confidence; initiate activities in the preservation and conservation of the

environment.

INTEGRATED SCIENCE

At the end of the First Year Science Program, the learner should be able to demonstrate

understanding of basic science concepts, skills and attitudes needed to explore biology, chemistry,

physics and earth science with an integrative understanding and application of these scientific

disciplines.

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Integrated ScienceFirst Year

I. Introduction

1. Local superstitions, beliefs and practices/ways related to science and technology

2. Scientific values in decision making and problem-solving

3. Desirable qualities of scientists

4. Contributions of outstanding Filipino and foreign scientists

II. Scientific Method

1. Steps in the scientific method

1.1 Definition of problem, hypothesis, experimental design, variables, observation,conclusion, theory and law

1.2 Independent/dependent variables1.3 Experimental/control groups

2. Precision and accuracy in data gathering

2.1 Qualitative and quantitative observations2.2 Measurement in scientific investigations2.3 Laboratory apparatus and equipment, their uses and precautionary measures2.4 Measuring instruments2.5 Significant figures in four fundamental operations2.6 Scientific notations

2.7 Conversion of units2.8 Masses and volumes of solids/liquids/gases2.9 Density of solids/liquids/gases

3. Analysis of Data

3.1 Making inferences3.2 Presentation of a set of Data3.3 Data Interpretation


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III. Matter and Its Properties

1. Natural phenomena in terms of properties of matter

2. Properties, classification and composition of matter

2.1 Substances and mixtures

2.2 Matter in the environment2.3 Law of Conservation of Mass2.4 Atoms and molecules

3. Physical and chemical changes

3.1 Examples of physical and chemical changes used in daily life3.2 Energy involved in changes that matter undergoes

IV. Living Things and Their Environment

1. Highly organized structure of living organisms

1.1 Important characteristics of living organisms1.2 Cell as fundamental unit of structure of living organism1.3 Basic parts of a typical plant cell and animal cell and their functions

2. Interactions between living and non-living things

2.1 Ecological system2.2 Food Chain and Food Web2.3 Flow of matter and energy in an ecosystem

3. Interrelationships among organisms and between organisms and their environment

3.1 Effect of population size/density on food, space and relationship among organisms

4. Maintenance/Restoration of the integrity/balance of an ecosystem

4.1 Importance of natural resources4.2 Conservation of soil, forest, wildlife

V. Changes in the Environment

1. Resources of the earth

1.1 Raw materials from land, air and water1.2 Processes on how raw materials become finished products

2. Hydrosphere

2.1 Density currents and upward movements of nutrients2.2 River formation and its effects on the environment2.3 Evidences of natural pollution in bodies of water

3. Atmosphere

3.1 Weather and Climate3.2 Weather changes and periodic patterns3.3 Monsoon winds3.4 Weather prediction

4. Precautionary measures in cases of typhoon, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions


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5. Lithosphere

5.1 Theories of continental drift, sea floor spreading and plate tectonics5.2 Formation of mountains5.3 Geological structure5.4 Rock formation5.5 Types of rocks

5.6 Weathering5.7 Soil transfer

VI. The Earth and Its Neighbors

1. Physical features of planet earth

2. Effects of earths motion

2.1 Different motions of the earth2.2 Day and night, seasonal changes

3. Moon-earth system

3.1 Tides and Eclipses

4. Other members of the Solar system

4.1 Composition of the solar system4.2 Size, distance and characteristics of the planets of the solar system4.3 Comets and meteors

5. Beyond the Solar system

5.1 Star map and constellations5.2 Characteristics of stars and other heavenly bodies5.3 Birth and death of a star5.4 Star clusters, galaxies and other celestial formation

VII. Force, Work and Energy

1. Interaction of matter

1.1 Conceptual meaning of force1.2 Contact and non-contact forces1.3 Gravitational, magnetic, electric and nuclear forces1.4 Effects of forces in matter1.5 Work and its operational definition1.6 Work done in different situations1.7 Different kinds of simple machines and their uses1.8 Work done using simple machines

2. Energy, its forms and transformation

2.1 Different forms of energy2.2 Transformations of energy

3. Energy resources

3.1 Sources of energy in the Philippines


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2.1 Cell part involved in producing energy2.2 Requirements of cellular respiration2.3 Stages of cellular respiration2.4 Interdependency of living things for important gases through oxygen-carbon dioxide

cycles

VII. Organ Systems

1. Interaction of cells, tissues, organ systems in maintaining the life of an organism

1.1 Coordinated functions of cells, tissues, organ systems in maintaining the life ofplants, animals and human beings

1.2 Necessity of an organized system for proper growth development and survival of theorganism

1.3 Importance of the body systems in the overall functioning of the organism

2. Anatomy and physiology of plants and animals

2.1 Parts and functions of the different organ systems

2.2 Requirements of plants for growth2.3 Absorption and transportation of materials and water in plants

3. Human anatomy and physiology

3.1 Parts and functions of the different organ systems3.2 Parts of the different organs systems in the human body3.3 Functions of the different organ systems

4. Technologies that help defective organ systems function properly

4.1 Identifying technologies that help scientific defective organ system function properly

VIII. Reproduction

1. Importance of cell division

1.1 Cell cycle1.2 Explaining mitosis and meiosis1.3 Differentiating mitosis from meiosis

2. Cellular reproduction among plants, animals and human beings

2.1 Sexual and asexual reproduction in a variety of organisms

3. Human Reproduction

3.1 Parts and functions of the human reproductive system3.2 Stages of development of the fertilized embryo and fetus

4. Problems and issues related to fertility and population growth

4.1 Analyzing some problems on fertility4.2 Ways of planning population growth

5. Ill effects of human sexually transmitted diseases

5.1 Risks of contamination to various sexually transmitted diseases specially AIDS

IX. Genetics


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II. Classifying matter

1. Identification of different chemical systems

1.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems1.2 Differences between pure substances and mixtures1.3 Types of mixtures

1.4 Differences between elements and compounds1.5 Classification of elements as metals and non-metals1.6 Classification of compounds whether acid, base or salts1.7 Classifications of compounds whether organic or inorganic substances

2. Elements and compounds in daily life

2.1 Basic elements and compounds present in daily life2.2 Elements and compounds used in industries which are vital to our national economy

3. Techniques in preparing, separating and purifying matter

3.1 Methods of separation of mixtures3.2 Preparation of useful mixtures3.3 Separation of components of a mixture3.4 Recovery of useful chemicals

III. Solutions

1. Properties of solutions

1.1 Types of solutions

1.2 How the dissolving process occurs1.3 Relationship between the dissolving process and energy changes involved in the

process1.4 Saturated, supersaturated and unsaturated solutions1.5 Factors affecting solubility1.6 Colligative properties1.7 Relationship between the mole concept and concentration of solutions1.8 Problems on concentration of solutions (% by volume, molarity, molality, normality,

mole fraction, etc.)

2. Solutions and the environment

2.1 Importance of colligative properties of solutions to daily life2.2 Water pollution in relation to solutions2.3 Importance of electrolyte balance in the body

IV. Colloids

1. Properties, preparation and uses of colloids

1.1 Classification of colloids1.2 Properties of colloids and their behavior

1.3 Methods and principles involved in purification of colloids1.4 Preparation of useful colloids

2. Importance of colloids to daily life

2.1 Colloids in technology2.2 Importance of colloids to daily life2.3 Biological and environmental impact of colloids2.4 Gas mixtures and air pollution


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V. Gases

1. Behavior of gases

1.1 Properties and behavior of gases based on Kinetic Molecular Theory1.2 Relationship among molecular interactions, boiling points, vapor pressure and

phases of matter

1.3 Diffusion of gases1.4 Relationship between rate of diffusion and the molecular mass of a substance1.5 Boyles law1.6 Charles law1.7 Relationship between concept of a mole and volume of gases1.8 Variables that describe the state of gases (P, T, V, n)

2. Problem solving using mathematical calculations

2.1 Boyles, Charles,Avogadros, and Daltons law of partial pressure

3. Gas law principles and common household technologies

3.1 Storage of gases and volatile liquids3.2 Application of gas laws in daily occurrences3.3 Technologies involved pressure cooker, refrigerators, bicycle pump, generators, etc.3.4 Properties of gases and air pollution

VI. Inside the atom

1. Scientists involved in the early development of the atomic theory

1.1 Significance of the contributions of early scientists in the development of the atomictheory

1.2 Radioactive elements in the treatment of diseases

2. The structure of the atom

2.1 Daltons atomic theory2.2 Law of chemical changes and Daltons atomic theory2.3 Cathode ray and the atom2.4 Rutherfords experiment2.5 The subatomic particles

2.6 Number of protons, number of neutrons and number of electrons present in anatom/ion

2.7 Relationship between atomic mass and isotopes2.8 Electrons in definite energy levels2.9 Properties of atoms and their valence electrons

VII. Order among elements

1. Properties of elements based on the periodic table

1.1 Chemical symbols of elements

1.2 The arrangement of elements in the periodic table1.3 Chemical behavior of elements in the periodic table1.4 Relationship of group number of the element and the valence electrons of the

elements1.5 Trends in the periodic table

2. Properties of elements and their uses in technology

2.1 Properties and uses of elements


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ORAL DISCOURSE 15%QUIZZES 15%PROJECT 10%HOMEWORK/JOURNAL WRITING 10%

TOTAL 100%

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

INTEGRATED SCIENCE

First YearSpecific Competencies

After undergoing the first year Science Program, the learner shall have developed the followingcompetencies:

I. Introduction

1. Relate how science and technology affect mans belief, practices, and

ways of thinking

1.1 Cite local superstitions, beliefs and practices/ways of thinkingthat are related to science and technology

1.2 Cite examples of how science and technology influences ourlives

1.3 Discuss the importance of scientific values in decision makingand problem-solving in daily life

2. Appreciate the contributions to science and technology of outstandingFilipino and foreign scientists

2.1 Identify the desirable qualities of scientists

2.2 Cite contributions made by outstanding Filipino and foreignscientists

II. Scientific Method

1. Apply processes of science in solving daily life problems

1.1 Discuss steps in the scientific method

1.1.1 Define: problem, hypothesis, experimental design,variables, observation, conclusion, theory and law.

1.1.2 Differentiate between independent and dependentvariables.

1.1.3 Compare and contrast experimental and control groups.


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1.2 Gather data with precision and accuracy

1.2.1 Make specific observations on particular events.1.2.2 Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative

observations.1.2.3 Cite the importance of measurement in scientific

investigations1.2.4 Enumerate some apparatus, their uses and safety

precautions in the laboratory1.2.5 Use measuring instruments such as balance, ruler,meter stick, stopwatch, graduated cylinder,thermometer, spring balance, etc. with precision andaccuracy.

1.2.6 Apply significant figures in four fundamental operations

1.2.7 Express quantities in scientific notation

1.2.8 Convert from one unit to another using factor labelmethod

1.2.9 Measure masses and volumes of solids / liquids /gases

1.2.10 Solve density of solids / liquids / gases and cite itsimplications to daily life

1.3 Analyze data to come up with a scientific conclusion

2.3.1 Make inferences from recorded observations2.3.2 Use diagrams/charts/graphs in the presentation of a set

of data2.3.3 Interpret data in a table or graph (pie, line, bar)

2. Recognize the role of scientific investigations in gathering scientificknowledge

2.1 Discuss recent scientific investigations (researches) that haveenriched our scientific knowledge.

III. Matter and Its Properties

1. Understand some natural phenomena in terms of properties of matter

1.1 Illustrate by examples the following:

diffusion of gases

capillarity

surface tension

2. Demonstrate understanding of the properties, classification andcomposition of matter

2.1 Differentiate substances from mixtures2.2 Identify matter in the environment in terms of their properties

(e.g. density, etc.)2.3 Illustrate the law of conservation of mass in different situations2.4 Infer that matter is made up of atoms and molecules2.5 Use models to describe atoms and molecules


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3. Demonstrate awareness and understanding of physical and chemicalchanges

3.1 Give examples on how physical and chemical changes are usedin daily life

3.2 Investigate how energy is involved in changes that matterundergoes

IV. Living Things And Their Environment

1. Understand the highly organized structure of living organisms

1.1 Identify important characteristics of living organisms

1.2 Discuss the cells as the fundamental unit of structure of livingorganisms

1.3 Cite basic parts of a typical plant cell and animal cell and theirfunctions

2. Understand the interactions between living and non-living things

2.1 Explain what makes and ecological system

2.2 Differentiate between food chain and food web

2.3 Illustrate the flow of matter and energy in an ecosystem

3. Show how man disturbs the interrelationship among organisms andbetween organisms and their environment

3.1 Discuss the effect of population size/density on food, space andrelationships among organisms

4. Show how man maintains/restores the integrity/balance of anecosystem

4.1 Discuss how natural resources can be used wisely4.2 Explain conservation of soil, forest, wild life, water and air

V. Changes in the Environment

1. Understand the resources of the earth (land, air, water)

1.1 Enumerate raw materials obtained from land, air and water1.2 Discuss some processes on how raw materials become finished

products1.3 Explain how technology can reduce pollution

2. Demonstrate understanding of the hydrosphere

2.1 Differentiate density currents and upward movements ofnutrients

2.2 Discuss the stages in river formation and its effects on theenvironment2.3 Cite evidences of natural pollution in bodies of water

3. Demonstrate understanding of the atmosphere

3.1 Infer that weather changes and climate are affected by changesin the environment


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3.2 Keep a record of weather changes and determine periodicpatterns

3.3 Apply the principle of convention current to explain monsoonwinds

3.4 Predict the weather based on some data patterns3.5 Show preparedness in case of typhoon and other weather

disturbances.

4. Demonstrate understanding of the changes in the lithosphere

4.1 Cite evidences supporting the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading and plate tectonics

4.2 Discuss how folding and faulting rocks form mountains4.3 Infer origin of a place, given the present geological structure4.4 Discuss rock formation4.5 Collect and identify types of rocks and the minerals found in

them4.6 Give examples of minerals found in the locality and in the

country

4.7 Trace soil formation from rocks (weathering)4.8 Discuss how soil is transferred to other places by different

means4.9 Suggest precautionary measures in cases of earthquakes,

volcanic eruptions, landslides, etc.

VI. The Earth and Its Neighbors

1. Demonstrate knowledge of the physical features of the planet earth

1.1 Discuss distance of the earth from the sun, its size, shape, age,

inclination, density and other properties

2. Understand the effects of earths motions

2.1 Demonstrate the different motions of the earth using a model2.2 Discuss the phenomena that result from the different motions of

the earth (day and night, seasonal changes)

3. Develop awareness and understanding of the different phenomenarelated to the moon-earth system

3.1 Discuss how tides and eclipses occur3.2 Cite situation/s how these affect peoples lives3.3 Discuss safety precautions in observing partial eclipses

4. Demonstrate understanding of the other members of the solar system

4.1 Describe the composition of the solar system4.2 Compare the planets as to size, distance from the sun and other

characteristics4.3 Describe the minor members of the solar system (comets and

meteors)

5. Show understanding of what lies beyond the solar system

5.1 Construct a simple star map and constellarium for findingdirection

5.2 Discuss how scientists study the characteristics of stars andother heavenly bodies

5.3 Trace the changes that happen from birth to death of a star andhow they will affect the earth


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5.4 Distinguish star clusters, galaxies and other celestial formationsand discuss their implications

VII. Force, Work and Energy

1. Understand how matter interact and affect other matter

1.1 Understand the conceptual meaning of force1.2 Distinguish between contact and non-contact force1.3 Differentiate among gravitational, magnetic, electric and nuclear

forces1.4 Identify the effects of forces on matter: change in speed and

direction1.5 Understand work and its operational definition1.6 Compute work done on different situations1.7 Identify the different kinds of simple machines and their uses.1.8 Compare work done using simple machines

2. Demonstrate understanding of energy, its forms and transformations

2.1 Differentiate the forms of energy2.2 Illustrate the transformation of energy from one form to another2.3 Analyze how energy is transferred from one system to another

3. Appreciate the fact that our country is blessed with abundant energyresources

3.1 Identify sources of energy in the Philippines3.2 Compare the significance of using conventional and non-

conventional sources of energy

4. Show awareness and understanding of energy problems

4.1 Discuss the current energy problems4.2 Present possible solutions to energy problems4.3 Investigate some local resources that may be a substitute

energy source4.4 Evaluate the energy technology appropriate in the community

given criteria

5. Appreciate the importance of using the energy wisely

5.1 Discuss/practice wise use of energy

Values Integration in Integrated Science

1. Spirit of gratitude

2. Positive attitudes/behavior

3. Resourcefulness and creativeness

4. Cooperation and patience

5. Importance of accuracy and precision

6. Intellectual honesty/respect

7. Recognition of individual differences

8. Value of sensitivity

9. Active participation in the community


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10. Restoration/Maintenance of a balanced ecosystem

11. Vigilance, awareness and open mindedness

12. Proper waste disposal/hygiene

13. Value of family solidarity

14. Moral responsibility

BIOLOGY

Second Year

Specific Competencies

After undergoing the Second Year Science & Technology Program, the learner shall havedeveloped the following competencies:

I. Introduction

1. Understand the nature of biology as a science of life

1.1 Identify the unifying ideas in biology1.2 Explain the different life processes1.3 Design simple experiments following the scientific method

2. Understand biological concepts as applied in technology

2.1 Explain biological concepts in given technology2.2 Assess the implications and responsibility of any biotechnology

3. Appreciate the contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the development of biologyand biotechnology

3.1 Describe the contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the field of biology andbiotechnology

4. Know how to operate the compound microscope

4.1 Identify the parts of the compound microscope4.2 Give uses of the compound microscope

4.3 Name the special tools in research and technology

II. Ecosystem

1. Be aware of the similarities and differences of ecosystems

1.1 Differentiate natural from man-made ecosystems1.2 Identify plant and animal life in controlled (managed) and uncontrolled (unmanaged)

ecosystems

2. Understand mans role in maintaining balance in nature

2.1 Analyze the different environmental issues relevant to the community2.2 Suggest ways of minimizing or preventing ecological problems

III. Cell Structure and Function

1. Appreciate the cell as a highly organized structure

1.1 Identify the different parts of the cell


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1.2 Differentiate plant cells from animal cells1.3 Differentiate unicellular organisms from multicellular organisms1.4 Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells

2. Understand how discoveries on cellular structures and functions have led to usefultechnologies

2.1 Point out that the activities of certain cell organelles are used to promote food

production and health3. Appreciate cellular exchange of materials with the environment

3.1 Explain how osmosis is related to diffusion3.2 Distinguish between active and passive transport3.3 Differentiate phagocytosis from exocytosis

IV. Biodiversity

1. Appreciate the existence of diverse forms of living things

1.1 Describe the distinguishing characters of the different groups of organisms1.2 Describe some common viruses and their effects on host cells

2. Be aware of the potential value of organisms

2.1 Evaluate the economic importance of organisms2.2 Propose ways to conserve economically important organisms

V. Evolution

1. Understand the theories of evolution

1.1 Explain Darwins theory of evolution1.2 Differentiate Lamarcks theory of evolution from Darwins theory

2. Discuss the direct and indirect evidences for evolution

2.1 Distinguish between direct and indirect evidence for evolution2.2 Describe some indirect evidences of shared ancestry

3. Analyze the pattern of evolution in plants, animals and human beings

3.1 Give some factors that affect the pattern of evolution in some plants, animals andhuman beings

3.2 Discuss the effects of some technologies on the evolution of organisms

VI. Life Energy

1. Understand how organisms obtain energy

1.1 Describe the cell part involved in obtaining energy1.2 Describe the energy location and function of chlorophyll pigments1.3 State the requirements of photosynthesis

1.4 Explain light and dark reactions of photosynthesis1.5 Identify the characteristics of plants that make them efficient producers1.6 Analyze the role of green plants as energy supplier to the ecosystem1.7 Give scientific explanations behind farming practices

2. Understand how organisms produce energy

2.1 Describe the cell part involved in producing energy2.2 State the requirements of cellular respiration


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IX. Genetics

1. Understand the chromosomal basis of inheritance and the role of DNA as a blue print of life

1.1 Explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance1.2 Give the importance of DNA in the transmission of traits

2. Understand the fundamental role of chromosomes and genes in hereditary variations

2.1 Discuss how chromosomes and genes are related to each other

3. Demonstrate understanding of the Mendelian Principles of heredity

3.1Analyze Mendels experiment on garden peas to illustrate Mendelian principles ofinheritance

3.2 Identify the traits that follow Mendelian patterns of heredity3.3 Solve monohybrid crosses given the phenotypes and genotypes of parents

4. Explain the Non Mendelian patterns of heredity

4.1 Infer that certain traits do not always follow the Mendelian principles of heredity

5. Understand the different chromosomal aberrations

5.1 Explain how mutation occurs

6. Cite some pressing issues concerning advanced technologies in genetics

6.1 Analyze the effects of genetic engineering6.2 Explain what Genetically Modified Organisms or Food are

6.3 Analyze some problems concerning cloning and gene splicing

7. Analyze the pattern of evolution in plants, animals and human beings

7.1 Give some factors that affect the pattern of evolution in some plants, animals andhuman beings

7.2 Discuss the effects of some technologies on the evolution of organisms

Values Integration in Biology1. Exercise traits of honesty, prudence and cooperation

2. Make correct ethical judgment or decisions

3. Demonstrate open mindedness and respect for the ideas of others

4. Realize the value of sincerity

5. Promote a sense of responsibility

6. Realize the value of patience

7. Appreciate the value of being systematic

8. Appreciate the value of curiosity and orderliness

9. Consider the value of flexibility

10. Consider moral and social implications


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3. Demonstrate simple techniques in preparing, separating and purifying matter

3.1 Discuss different methods of separating mixtures3.2 Prepare useful mixtures from easily available resources in the Community3.3 Separate the components of a mixture3.4 Recover useful chemicals/materials as a result of the separation of mixtures

III. Solutions

1. Gain understanding of solutions

1.1 Identify types of solutions1.2 Describe the changes that occur in the dissolving process substances1.3 Relate the changes that accompany this process to energy changes and molecular

interactions1.4 Enumerate and explain the difference among saturated, unsaturated and

supersaturated solutions1.5 Explain the factors affecting solubility1.6 State and explain the colligative properties of a solution

1.7 Identify the relationship of the mole concept to concentration of solutions1.8 Solve problems on solution concentrations (% by volume & molarity)

2. Appreciate solutions at work in the natural environment

2.1 Apply knowledge of the importance of colligative properties of solutions to daily living2.2 Relate solutions to water pollution caused by toxic substances dissolved in water

(heavy metals, pesticides, detergents)2.3 State the importance of electrolyte balance in the body

IV. Colloids

1. Demonstrate understanding of the properties, preparations and uses of colloids

1.1 Classify colloids1.2 Relate the properties of colloids to their behavior1.3 Discuss the methods and principles applied in purifying colloids as in dialysis1.4 Prepare useful colloids

2. Appreciate the importance of colloids to daily life

2.1 Explain how the properties of colloids are utilized in technology

2.2 Evaluate the importance of colloids to daily life2.3 Describe the biological and environmental impact of colloids like aerosols sprays,

hair gel and smoke2.4 Relate the property of gas mixtures to air pollution

V. Gases

1. Demonstrate understanding of the behavior of gases

1.1 Enumerate and explain the properties and behavior of gases based on kineticmolecular theory

1.2 State the relationship among molecular interactions and phases of matter1.3 Compare the diffusion of gases at standard pressure and temperature1.4 Infer the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the molecular mass of a

substance1.5 Derive from given data the relationship between volume and pressure

of a confined gas at constant temperature1.6 Derive from given data the relationship between volume and temperature of a

confined gas at constant pressure1.7 Relate the concept of a mole to volume of gases


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1.8 Define the variable that describe the state of a gas(V, P, T, n.)

2. Show skill in solving problems using mathematical calculations

2.1 Solve problems involving Boyles, Charles, Avogadros,Daltons law of partial pressure

3. Understand gas laws and principles involved in some technologies

3.1 Cite safety measures to be observed in storing gases and volatile quids3.2 Apply gas laws in explaining daily occurrences3.3 Enumerate and explain some technologies such as pressure cooker, bicycle

pump, etc.3.4 Relate the properties of gases to air pollution

VI. Inside the Atom

1. Appreciate the contributions of early scientists in the development of atomic theory

1.1 Recognize the significance of the contributions of early scientists in thedevelopment particularly the Laws of Conservation of mass, Definite Compositionand Multiple Proportion

1.2 Explain how radioactive elements are utilized in the diagnosis/treatment of diseases,the risks involved and the methods of protection

2. Gain understanding of the structure of the atom

2.1 Explain Daltons atomic theory2.2 Explain the law of chemical changes in terms of Daltons atomic theory2.3 Discuss what cathode rays and radioactivity reveal about the atom

2.4 Explain Rutherfords experiment to prove the existence of the nucleus2.5 Name and describe the sub atomic particles2.6 Determine the number of protons, number of neutrons and number of electrons in an

atom/ion2.7 Cite the relationship between atomic mass and the relative abundance of isotopes2.8 Explain how the emission spectra of elements provide evidence for the

existence of energy levels, and that electrons have definite energy levels2.9 Describe the reactivity of the atom in terms of its valence electrons

VII. Order Among Elements

1. Demonstrate understanding of the properties of elements based on periodic atomicproperties

1.1 Write chemical symbols of elements or name the elements given the chemicalsymbol

1.2 State the basis of the arrangement of elements in the periodic table1.3 Use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element1.4 Relate the number of valence electrons of elements to their group number in the

periodic table1.5 Infer trends in atomic sizes, ionization energy, metallic and nonmetallic properties

and electronegativity across the period and down the family

2. Appreciate the importance of knowing the properties of elements and how they are usedin technology

2.1 Enumerate and describe the properties of elements and their uses2.2 Cite the importance of knowing the properties of elements and how they are applied

particularly in modern technologies and those concerning the environment2.3 Discuss the importance of some alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition

metals in the human body


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VIII. Ties That Chemically Bind

1. Understand how atoms combine

1.1 Illustrate the formation of ionic, covalent and metallic bonds1.2 Relate the type of bond formed between two or three elements to their location in the

periodic table

1.3 Deduce which atoms have the tendency to form covalent bonds or ionic bonds giventhe electronegativity values of the elements

1.4 Write formulas of covalent and ionic compounds1.5 Distinguish between molecular and empirical formulas1.6 Compare and contrast polar and non polar covalent bonds1.7 Enumerate and explain the forces of attraction that exists between molecules

2. Demonstrate understanding of chemical bonds and how they relate to the properties anduses of compounds

2.1 Discuss the biological importance of certain ions to the human body and ions in the

environment2.2 Relate the properties of metals to the type of bond formed

IX. Changes in Matter

1. Appreciate the practical applications of phase/chemical changes

1.1 Explain the application of phase/chemical changes used at home, in the communityand industry

1.2 Recognize the importance of these applications in technologies that help improvethe quality of life

1.3 Evaluate evidences of chemical changes

2. Demonstrate understanding of the laws governing chemical changes

2.1 Convert number of moles to mass or vice versa and to the number of particles(atoms, ions, molecules) or vice versa

2.2 Derive the chemical formula of a compound, given the mass ratio and the atomicmasses of the elements present

2.3 State and explain the law of Conservation of Mass2.4 Determine the percentage composition of a compound

3. Demonstrate the ability to use symbols, formulas and chemical equations in explainingchemical equations

3.1 Identify and give examples of the four general types of chemical reactions3.2 Explain the implied information derived from a balanced equation3.3 Classify chemical reactions given balanced chemical equation3.4 Identify chemical equations involved in chemical processes as in soap making and

car batteries

X. Change, Energy and Time

1. Demonstrate understanding of how chemical reactions occur

1.1 Differentiate exothermic from endothermic reactions1.2 Enumerate and explain the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions1.3 Describe chemical reactions taking place in the decay of foods, growth of plants,

digestion of foods, etc.

2. Appreciate the importance of controlling rates of reactions in technology


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2.1 Cite and explain the application of Heats of Reactions to commercial and industrialprocesses

2.2 State and explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions are applied infood preservation, control of fire, pollution, corrosion and materials production

Values for Integration in Chemistry

1. Role of an individual in the promotion of conservation of the environment

2. Use ofscientific method in solving problems in daily life

3. The value of patience and understanding

4. Correct decision making

5. The value of honesty and openmindedness

6. Socialization and understanding the basic trait/character of people

7. The value ofinner/spiritual peace

8. Honesty and responsibility

9. Responsibilities of a member of the community

10. The value of ones duties and responsibilities as a member of a society

11. Truthfulness

12. Duties and responsibilities for the preservation of the environment

13. Correct attitude towards the feelings of other people

14. Awareness of existing energy problems and its solutions

15. Moral obligations and accompanying privileges

Prototype Lesson Plans

Lesson Plan in Integrated Science

I. Target:

At the end of the activities, the students should be able to:

1. Define molecule.2. Cite evidences that molecules of a material are in constant motion.3. Prove that there are spaces between molecules.4. Describe diffusion

5. Explain diffusion in terms of the kinetic molecular model of matter.6. Practice proper waste disposal and observe proper hygiene.

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic:

1. What is Matter made of?Molecules


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Molecular theory

B. Reference:

1. Science and Technology I by Gutierrez Textbook pp. 116-119 Teacher's Manual pp.106-109

2. Science and Technology I by Rabago Textbook pp. 84-86 Teacher's Manual pp.47-49

C. Materials:

For the student:

1 jelly ace (white) glass of wateralcohol/perfume watch with second handink or any colored liquid extract sticka pinch of potassium permanganate

For the teacher:

Visual Aids Manila Paper

III. Learning Tasks:

A. Recall

Filipino Scientists and their achievement/contributions

B. Motivation

Have you experienced identifying the food your neighbors are cooking? Surely you cansmell the difference between kaldereta and fried tuyo.

Similarly, if you put a few drops of kalamansi juice into a glass of water, the whole glassof water will taste sour almost immediately. What will happen to the taste of water if youadd a pinch of salt or sugar?

C. Lesson Proper

1. Pre-lab DiscussionInstruction (See activity on diffusion)

2. Lab Proper

- Performance of the activity on diffusion.3. Post-lab Discussion

Guide Questions:

A. 1. What happen to the crystals of potassium permanganate? Did you observeany change? Describe the change.

2. Did you see any change in color of the gelatin?3. If so, what causes this change in color of the gelatin?4. Did your observations show that the potassium ermanganate crystals spread in

the gelatin?5. How long did it take the potassium permanganate crystals to spread to down this

far?

B. 6. What happened to the drops of soy sauce as they fall into the glass of water?7. What happened to the soy sauce and water after 2 minutes?8. How long did it take soy sauce to spread completely?

C. 9. What happened when the bottle is uncovered?10. How long did it take for the odor to reach you?11. Did you smell the odor of the substance in the bottle?


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12. Was the odor a solid, a liquid or a gas?13. How did the odor reach you?14. How long did it take for the odor to reach you?15. Give examples of diffusion in liquid; in gas.

4. Generalization:

1. What are molecules?

2. Define diffusion. How is this phenomenon explained?3. Where is the motion of molecules fastest? slowest?4. Where are intermolecular spaces widest? smallest

Why can gases be compressed?5. State the molecular theory of matter.6. Illustrate examples of diffusion in daily life instances.

Concept:

1. Molecule is particle of matter with more than one atom. It is the smallest particle ofmatter.

2. Diffusion is the spreading of one substance into another3. Molecular theory states that:

a. Matter is made up of moleculesb. There are spaces between moleculesc. Molecules are constantly movingd. Molecules attract one another

4. Comparison of the phases of matter

Basis of Comparison Solid LiquidGas

a. Intermolecular space smallest bigger biggestb. Molecular attractions back and forth slip and slide moves freelyc. Molecular motion slowest fast fastest

5. Citing examples of diffusion in solid diffusion in gas and in liquid.

5. Valuing

In selecting your perfume or lotions, how do you decide getting one?

What should be done with your open esteros or garbage dumped which arecontinuously giving off stinking odor?

Application:

a. Local drinks are improved in appearance by adding food colorsb. Adding potassium permanganate to the water as mouth wash.

6. Evaluation

Answer briefly:

1. Why can you smell the odor of the food your mother is cooking in the kitchen?

2. Why does water flow?

3. Draw the arrangement of molecules in solids, liquid and gases.

IV. Agreement


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Answer Briefly

1. Why should you cover your nose when someone in the room is smoking?

2. Many people from far away provinces opposed the operation of the Bataan Nuclear PowerPlant because an accident in this plant would affect them. Do you think it is true? Why orwhy not?

ActivityDiffusion

Materials:

1 jelly ace (white) bottle of bagoonga pinch of potassium permanganate watch with second handsoy sauceglass of water

Procedure:

A. Place a cube of jelly ace in the plate. Sprinkle a few grains of potassiumpermanganate on the surface of the gelatin. Record the time when you did this. Setcube aside for 5 or more minutes. Observe how long it will take for the potassiumpermanganate to penetrate in the gelatin. While waiting for the results, go to step B.

B. Place a drop of soy sauce into a half glass of water. Record the time you droppedthe soy sauce into the water. Watch the water for 2 minutes without moving theglass. Observe.

C. Place a small bottle of bagoong in a box. Open it in front of your classmate. Askthem to record the time when you opened the bottle and when they smelled thescent.

Lesson Plan in Integrated Science

I. Target


1. Show how the molecular theory explains surface tension and capillarity.2. Illustrate capillarity and surface tension by examples3. Differentiate adhesion from cohesion.4. Appreciate the value of sensitivity in solving problems.

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic:

1. Intermolecular attraction

2. Capillarity

a. Adhesion b. Cohesion

B. References:

1. Science and Technology I by Rabago Textbook pp. 86-88 Teachers Manual pp. 48-492. Science and Technology I by Gutierrez Textbook pp. 120-122 Teachers Manual

pp.111-112


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3. Science and Technology I by Lianko Textbook pp.

C. Materials:

For the teacher:Illustrations

Attraction between molecules within the surface of a liquidPicture of any insect striding on the surface of the water

Materials:

Spring of a ball point pen and basin of the water

For the students:

Glass of Water 3 plastic straws with differentNeedle diameter but with the same length

Detergent A clean bowl

III Learning Tasks:

A. Recall

Remember the molecular theory of matter. Who can give some ideas about the theory?Illustrate molecular motion using the concept of diffusion.What are intermolecular spaces? Cite examples.

B. Motivation

Demonstration:

Gently lay on top of the basin of water, a spring out of a ball point pen. If done properlyspring floats. Why?

Turn the ball point pen spring on end and touch it in the surface, and pull the springupward. What happens? What force is it that allows the water to pulled up against gravity?

C. Lesson Proper

1. Pre-lab DiscussionDiscussion of Activity

2. Lab Activity

A. Surface Tension

Materials:

A glass of Water a needle a clean bowl detergent

Procedure:

1) First, carefully pour water into a clean bowl. Then, gently place a dry needlehorizontally on the surface of the water.

2) Next, place the needle into the water vertically.3) Repeat procedure A. Then, drop a small amount of detergent on one corner of

the water. Observe.

B. Capillarity


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Materials:

3 colorless plastic straws with different diameter but with the same length a glassof colored water

Procedure:

Dip the 3 pieces of plastic straw into a glass of colored water. Observe theamount that enters in the straw.

3. Post-lab Discussion

A. Surface tension

1. In procedure A, did the needle float or sink?2. In the procedure B, did the needle float or sink? Explain.

3. Have you watched insects called striders play on the surface of a pond? Whathave you observed?

4. In procedure C, after dropping a small amount of detergent, what happens to theneedle?

B. Capillarity

5. In which straw did the water rise the highest the one with the smallest diameteror one with the biggest diameter.

4. Generalization

1. Explain the following phenomenaa. Surface tensionb. Capillarity

2. Explain the rising of liquid inside the fine tubes?

3. Differentiate:a. Adhesionb. Cohesion

Concepts:

1. Intermolecular attraction attraction between molecules which is greatest in solidsand weakest in gases.a. Surface Tension the condition which causes the water molecules at the surface

to behave as though they were being stretched.b. Capillarity the rising of a liquid inside very fine tubes.

a. Adhesion the attraction between two different kinds ofmolecules. (attraction between the molecules of the tube andthose of water).

b. Cohesion attraction between the same kind (attraction between

the molecules of water).

5. Valuing

There should be solidarity or cohesion among the members of the family,especially when there are problems, or terrible needs. Togetherness or oneness willhelp solve the difficulties much easier. It will lighten the burden of the problem.Everyone in the family must adhere to the principles of the parents in focusing/solvinglifes trials.


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Application:

If water striders and other insects can walk on the surface of water, can humansdo the same?

In the critically-acclaimed movie Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon, there was ascene when actors run on the surface of water. Is it possible?

Why do liquids rise in the strain as you drink your soda/softdrink?

While enjoying your softdrink (Coke), how do you account for the rise of the liquidin the straw to your mouth?

Can you compare yourself to the water striders while playing near the pond?Give your reasons for your answer.

6. Evaluation

Choose the best answer:

1. The rise of water from the roots to all parts of the plants is called:

a. Capillarity c. Gravitational forceb. Cohesion and Adhesion d. Surface tension

2. Iron filings do not sink when placed slowly on the surface of the water because of:

a. Adhesion c. Cohesionb. Capillarity d. Surface Tension

3. Intermolecular attraction is greatest in:

a. Gases c. Plasmab. Liquids d. Solids

Identify the following:

4. Attraction between the same kind of molecules.5. Rising of liquid inside fine tubes

IV. Agreement

1. Give other examples of natural phenomena in matter.2. Define the following terms:

mass density regular solidsweight volume irregular solids

References:

Science and Technology I pp.69-80.

Lesson Plan in Biology

I. Target

At the end of the activities, students should be able to:

1. Classify technologies based on their nature and use.


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Factors to consider in determining what technologies are appropriate for use are (1)maintenance cost (2) availability of raw materials and manpower, (3) effect to ecosystemand (4) necessity.

E. Application:

You have discovered a medicine that could help cure AIDS but you do not have enoughmoney to continue your research. What are you going to do?

F. Evaluation:

Classify the following technologies whether gadget, products or processes.

1. Scanning microscope2. Laser device3. Safeguard

4. Cosmetics5. Human Organ Transplant

IV. Agreement:

Have an interview with doctors, farmers or veterinarians about the common diseases ofplants, animals and man in your community. You may include also the causes, effects and theways of controlling or treating the disease.

Lesson Plan in Biology

I. Target

At the end of the activities, students should be able to:

1. Name some common diseases among plants, animals and man in the community2. Discuss its causes and effects.3. Suggest new techniques in disease control.4. Discuss the value of health.

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic: Biotechnology

B. Subtopics: New Techniques in Disease Control

C. Materials: results of survey, illustration of macrophage trapping bacteria

D. References: Science and Technology II, SEDP SeriesLaboratory Activities in Science and Technology II

by Gatapia and Bernardo


A. Recall:


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Put the sample illustrations of types of technologies in the proper column. (shampoo,pen, lipstick, dialysis machine, fermenting wine)

Gadget Product Process

B. Motivation

Man goes through several stages of mental development and physical growth. AFilipinos average life span is around 65 years old. The bodys ability to resist diseasedeclines with age. Many diseases can befall man during his lifetime. There are many waysof preventing disease. Even the human body has barriers designed to prevent entry ofdisease-causing organisms. An illustration of a macrophage trapping bacteria will be shownto the class.

C. Lesson Proper: Small Group Discussion

1. Group yourselves according to the barangay or community you belong.2. Discuss within your group the results of the survey conducted.

Reporting Back

1. What animal, man or plant diseases are common in your community?2. What are the cause of the diseases ?3. How do plant and animal diseases affect crop and livestock production?

4. What are the techniques in preventing diseases ?

D. Generalization:

There are common diseases of plants, animals and man in a community.Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses and fungi cause diseases. Diseases can beprevented through vaccination, proper hygiene and eating a balanced diet. There are newtechniques in controlling diseases, such as cell fusion, use of antibiotics and use ofmonoclonal antibodies.

E. Application/ Valuing

Do you believe in the saying Health is Wealth? Explain your answer.

F. Evaluation:

Write the letter of the correct answer:

________1. A new technique in controlling diseases whereintwo cells combine into one is called

a) cell fusion c) MCAb) hybrid d) Vaccination

________2. Diseases can be prevented througha) vaccination c) eating a balanced dietb) proper hygiene d) all of the above

________3. Which of the following diseases are caused byvirusa) AIDS c) TBb) fever d) cough


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________4. Bacterial diseases can be treated witha) herbal plants c) hybridomasb) antibiotics d) cell fusion

________5. Researches on the preparation of drugs using herbal/ medicinal plants aregoing on. Which among the following plants are sources of drugs.

a) Lagundi c) Yerba Buenab) Tsaang Gubat d) all of the above

IV. Agreement:

1. What are the different techniques in improving the growth of crops and livestock?

Lesson Plan in Chemistry

I. Targets


1. Enumerate the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions;2. Explain how each factor affects the rate of chemical reactions; and3. Relate the value of working for our goals in life to the lesson.

II. Subject Matter

A. Topic

Factors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

B. References

Chemistry by Merrill pp. 448-452Chemistry by Addison Wesley pp. 492-494

III. Learning Tasks

A. Recall

We learned from the past lesson that chemical system a chemical system either release or

absorb energy. When do we say energy is released/absorbed in a chemical system?

B. Motivation

How fast can a reaction go? We say some are very fast, others are very slow. There aremany reasons that may affect rates of reaction. Can you name some?

C. Lesson Proper

1. Activity

1.1 Effect of temperature

Measure two 1 gram sample of rock salt. Put each gram separately in smallbeaker. Pour 10 mL of tap water in one beaker and add 10 mL of hot water in theother. Observe the time it takes to dissolve each sample of salt.

1.2 Effect of Particle size


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Measure one gram of rock salt. Put this on a small beaker. Measure one gram ofgranulated salt. Put this also in another small beaker. Pour 10 mL of tap waterinto each beaker. Compare the rate of dissolving of solids in the beaker.

1.3 Effect of concentration

Measure 10 mL of 3 M HCl and put this into a small beaker. Measure the sameamount of 6 M HCl and put it in a different beaker. Measure 2 inches of Mg ribbonand roll this to make it compact. Add the 2 inch rolled Mg ribbon into each of thebeakers simultaneously. Observe the reaction.

1.4 Effect of catalyst (DEMO only)

Measure 20 mL of Hydrogen Peroxide. Put this in a small beaker. Put a verysmall amount of Manganese dioxide in a spatula. Using a spoon with a longhandle, (deflagrating spoon) drop the Mg ribbon to the beaker with HydrogenPeroxide. Observe how fast the reaction occurs.

Caution: Use goggles. Move as far back as possible from the reaction set upbefore mixing the reactants.

1.5 Nature of Reactants

Get 0.5 grams of NaCl. Stir this in a small beaker with 20 mL of water. Getanother 0.5 grams of the salt and stir this in 20 mL of Ethyl Alcohol. Compare theresults.

2. Post lab activity

Reaction rate is defined in terms of the disappearance of one of the reactants or itmay be defined as the rate of appearance of one of the products.

In our activity, we have observed that rate of reactions vary. Let us discuss the variousfactors

2.1 Effect of temperature

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, the kinetic energy of moleculesincreases as the temperature increases. Increased kinetic energy increases the

speed of particles, thus increased molecular collision takes place. Increasedmolecular action results in increased molecular activation energy, thus loweringactivation energy level.

2.2 Effect particle size

Smaller particles are more reactive. They are more energetic. Small particles havegreater surface area exposed to reaction, thus increasing the frequency at whichparticles collide.

2.3 Effect of concentration

The greater the number of reacting substances increases the rate of reaction.Crowded particles in a fixed volume increase the frequency of collision.

2.4 Effect of catalyst


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A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without itself beingused in the process. Catalysts act in one or more steps of reactions by loweringthe reaction energy level. With lower activation energy level more collision willhave sufficient energy to pass over the energy barrier. Thus, greater fraction ofcollision is effective at any given point.

2.5 Nature of reactant

Ionic reactions occur almost instaneously. NaCl is highly soluble in another polarsubstance like water. This system demonstrate the like dissolves like reaction. Inthis system the oppositely charge collide, more often, thus causing effectivereaction.

3. Generalization

There are 5 general factors affecting the rate of reaction; temperature, concentration,particles size, potency of catalyst and nature reactants. The rate of reaction dependsupon the rate of effective collision, which are dependent upon the energy reactant

particles and the barriers of the reaction. Therefore, reactions rate is made faster by:increasing temperature, increasing concentration, reducing the number of reactants orof similar nature e.g. polar to polar or non-polar to non-polar.

4. Valuing/Application

All of us have goals in life. We would wish to achieve these goals as best we can and atthe soonest. To be successful, we look for ways we can overcome possible obstacle.Sometimes, we need the influences of other people. When we do ask for other peopleshelp, we see to it that they understand our situation in life.

5. Evaluation

1. How are each of the following concepts relate with the rate of reaction?

a. frequency of collisionsb. kinetic energy of collisionsc. orientation of colliding particles

2. How is the activation energy affected by the presence of catalyst

IV. Agreement

In the past lessons, we determined the various factors that effect reaction rates. In our nextlesson, we shall try see how these learnings are applied in common things we do in life. Forexample:

1. How do we preserve or prolong the life of food?2. What happens during digestion?

Sample Lesson Plan in ChemistryInterfaced with

Technology and Home Economics(Refrigeration and Air Conditioning)

I. Targets:

Given the necessary equipment and materials, 85% of the students are expected to:


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1. Describe phase changes according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of Matter;

2. Explain refrigeration cycle in relation to phase changes, properties of fluids and KineticMolecular Theory of Matter; and

3. Appreciate the importance of phase changes in the environment.

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic: Phase Changes According to theKinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

B. References:

1.) Magno, Marcelita C.,Tan, Merle C.,Punzalan, Amelia E.Science and Technology for a Better Life

Second Edition, pp. 41- 60

2.) Althouse, Andew D., Bracciano, Alfred F., Turnguist, Carl H.,Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditionin , pp. 75- 101

3.)Johnson, William M., Whitman, William C.,Refrigeration and Air Conditioning TechnologySecond Edition, pp. 233- 235

4.) Keenan & Wood, Modern Chemistry, 4th Edition, pp. 300-350


A. Recall

PowerPoint presentation of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter and the Propertiesof Gases.

B. Motivation

What do you think will happen to this black solid if we apply heat to its container ?Lets find out in todays activities

C. Lesson Proper

1. Pre lab Activity: Learning Stations

Station 1: Arrange the set-up for sublimation process and explain how it occursaccording to KMT.

Station 2: Assuming that each circle is a molecule of water, arrange them to illustratefreezing of water. Be able to explain how water freezes according to KMT.

Station 3: Assuming that the big square is a block of ice, illustrate and explain themelting process according to KMT.

Station 4: Arrange the set-up for boiling process and explain how boiling occursaccording to KMT.

Station 5: a.) Pour 10 ml of alcohol on your hand and observe what happens.

b) Arrange the evaporation set-up and apply heat to 15 ml of water.

c.) Explain how evaporation occurs according to KMT.


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Station 6: a.) Place chunks of ice in a drinking glass. Observe what happens after 10to 15 minutes.

b.) Be able to explain this phenomenon according to KMT.

2. Post lab Activity:

Brainstorming among group members follows after the activity. After 15 minutes,

a representative from each group explains in front of the class the results of the activityperformed in each station.

3. Technological Applications:

Phase Changes in Refrigeration Cycle

Science Concepts Technology Concepts

Evaporation is the process of changing

a liquid into gas by increasing thetemperature.

The molecules of liquids with higherenergies evaporate first leaving behindthose molecules with lower energies.

The liquid refrigerant circulates inside

the refrigerator absorbing heat fromthe foods, drinks, and air inside it.

The evaporator increases thetemperature of the refrigerant thusconverting it into its gaseous phase.

The pressure of a gas is directlyproportional to its temperature.

Temperature and pressure increaseinside the compressor.

Condensation is the process of

changing a gas to liquid.

Removing heat from a sample slowsdown the movement of the molecules.

The condenser changes the vaporized

refrigerant into its liquid phase byremoving heat from it and releasingsuch heat outside the refrigerator.

Lowering the temperature of a liquidslows down the movement of themolecules thus decreasing thepressure

After the liquid refrigerant passes throughthe expansion valve, the pressuredecreases with simultaneously decrease intemperature

4. Generalization:

a. According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter, the phase of a given sample ofmatter is determined by existing temperature and pressure.

b. Refrigeration cycle is a continuous change of phase/ state, temperature, andpressure inside the major components of the refrigerator.

5. Valuing:

Phase changes continuously occur in the environment. The water cycle consists

of phase changes like evaporation that helps in maintaining a fairly comfortabletemperature range in the atmosphere and condensation, which produces rain thatwashes the atmosphere of gaseous pollutants. Life sprouts from the interaction of thesoil, air, and water in the environment.

6. Evaluation:

FORMATIVE TEST (QUIZ: SELECTION TYPE)


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A. Direction: From the choices listed below, encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which property of gas proves that the molecules are in constant motion?a. It is light. c. It is compressible.b. It is usually visible. d. It leaks out of a container.

2. Which of the following releases heat?a. Evaporation of water. c. Condensation of water in the atmosphere

b. Sublimation of naphthalene d. expansion of a gas at constant pressure

3. Which of the following properties of a given quantity of substance changes when it changesfrom liquid to gas?

a. Its mass c. Its densityb. Its kind d. The particles it is made of.

4. What is the condition of temperature and pressure of the refrigerant in the evaporator?a) Low temperature and low pressureb) High temperature and high pressurec) High temperature and low pressure

d) Low temperature and high pressure.

5. What is the phase change that occurs in the evaporator?a) Liquid to gasb) Gas to liquidc) Both a & bd) All of the above

IV. Agreement:

Directions: Answer the following questions:

.1. Give the difference between physical and chemical changes in matter.2. Be able to give 5 examples for each kind of change.

Science Primer

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