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Science-Policy Interfaces and ecosystem services: tools for the implementation of the ecosystem approach in the Natura 2000 sites
Grupo de investigación
Ecología de Zonas Áridas,
RNM 174
Javier Cabello
[email protected] Dept. Biology and Geology
Andalusian Center for the Evaluation and Monitoring Global Change (CAESCG) University of Almería
Spain
Prespa, May 29-30th, 2015
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GUIDELINE:
• Challenges for the Natura 2000 implementation and EU 2020
Biodiversity Strategy
• The (socio)ecosystem approach
• How to implement a (socio)ecosystem approach in Natura 2000
sites?
• The ecosystem services: a new conservation objective that can
facilitate joint efforts of conservation
• The Science-Policy interfaces as a social processes to implement
ecosystem approach
• Conclusions
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Challenges for the Natura 2000 implementation
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Challenges for the Natura 2000 Policy
• Evaluate and minimise the effects of global change drivers (land-use changes,
climate change, biological invasiones, pollution, ..) on habitats.
• Strengthen common understanding of what it means to achive favourable
conservation status for habitats types and species.
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• Management of protected areas reflects the conflict in the relationship between
society and protection (prohibition of activities).
• The application of the Network Natura 2000 was delayed due to political issues
and acceptance from local population.
• Stakeholders participation exists on paper whereas community participation is
absent in pratice.
• Stakeholder engagement takes place through administrational documentation
and by personal contacts and initiatives.
However, …. which are the real-world challenges for the Natura 2000
implementation
Apostolopoulou et al. 2012
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Stakeholders´perceptions of the effectiveness of current
participation practices in Natura 2000 network in Greece
Apastolopoulu et al. 2012
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Challenges for the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy
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Challenges for the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy
• Halting the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services.
• Reduce the EU´s ecological footprint.
• Ecosystem based approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
• Maintain the ecosystem and the services they provide.
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The ecosystem approach
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Conceptual framework for EU wide ecosystem assessment
http://biodiversity.europa.eu/maes
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What is an ecosystem approach?
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Basic “guiding principles” of Ecosystem Approach (IUCN-CBD)
• Ecosystems are not isolated.
• It is never enough to consider only protected areas when planning conservation.
• Human beings are ecosystem components.
• Adaptive management is essential.
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Ecosystem approach
From species, sectors, economic activities or concerns to the socio-ecosystem
Concept associated with management based on better understanding of the
interactions and ecological processes necessary to maintain the structure and
function of ecosystems. CBD 2000
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Evolution of the protected-area concept: from islands to socioecosystems
Palomo et al. 2014
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What is a socio-ecosystem?
Biogeophysical units and their stakeholders
and partner institutions.
They are complex and adaptive and can be
identified by the spatial and functional limits
of the ecosystems and their environmental
problems context.
Glaser et al. 2008
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How to implement a (socio)ecosystem approach?
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Domains involved in managing ecological resources differ in their degree of
knowledge codification and practical application
Roux et al. 2006
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Science to face the challenges between natural capital and society.
Decision making must be based on the best scientific information.
Management actions must be socialized.
Challenges to enhance the interaction between science-managment-
society
Barries for the (socio)ecosystem approach
Science-Policy-Society chasm.
The conservation philosophy we usually adopt.
We are in the Anthropocene: humans are essential components of the
ecosystems.
We need to develop tools for communication between actors.
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19 From Godfrey et al. 2010
The Science-Policy chasm
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Two conservation philosophies
Thermodynamic Ecology
Continuous
Aggregation and Rates (e.g.NPP)
Function
Species populations
Biotic communities
Ecosystem
System behavior
(e.g. trophic dynamics)
Theoretical framework
Variables
Criteria
Components
Individuals
Processes and
Functions
Evolutionary Ecology
Discrete
Biodiversity entities
Composition and structure
Biotic and Abiotic
componentsFluxes of energy
and matter
Complementarity between
structure and function
Biosphere
Contemporary
Conservation Biology
COMPOSITIONALISM FUNCTIONALISM
Preservation of biological diversity & Biological integrity, Restoration ecology
Ecosystem health, Ecosystem services, Adaptive management, Ecosystem management, Sustainable development, Ecological sustainability
NORMATIVE CONCEPTS RELATED
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The views of the stakeholders can provide good information for solving
problems and to increase the effectiveness of the measures
National Park
of Dadia
National Park of
Evros Delta Andrea et al. 2014
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Views of the stakeholders of the Dadia National Park (Grecee)
Inhabitants
Visitors
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For managers the greatest threat of the area was the problem with the floods
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What we need to implement a (socio)ecosystem approach to
Natura 2000 sites?
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We need a model to analyze the socioecosystem
World Resources Institute 2010
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Management
Science Society
Domains of knowledge
Collaborative knowledge
We need real participatory processes that involve scientiss, managers
and stakeholders
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The ecosystem services: a new conservation objective that can facilitate joint
efforts of conservation
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The cascade of ecosystem services
(Adaptado de Haines-Young and Potschin 2007)
Biodiversity and
ecological
processes
(e.g. Net primary
production) Functions (e.g.
Water flux,
biomass, carbon
gains )
Services (e.g.
Freshwater, wood,
carbon sequestration)
Benefits – values
(e.g. Recreation,
climare change
mitigation)
The “production chain” that link the
biodiversity and ecological processes to
human wel-being
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Do protected areas networks ensure the supply of ecosystem services?
Spatial patterns of two nature reserve systems in semi-arid Spain
Castro et al. 2015
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Methodological approach
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Methodological approach
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Natura 200 sites were very important providing water flow maintenance
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The Science-Policy interfaces as a social processes to
implement ecosystem approach
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COLECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
Scientists Managers Society
Aligned research to socioecological
context
Decisions based on scientific evidence
Participation in maintenance of
ecosystem services
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Science-Policy interface at international level
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Developing a tool for communication
López et al. 2015
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Graphical tool for the diagnoses for the environmental problems
López et al. 2015
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Science-Policy interface at the Huascarán National Park (Perú)
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Other science-Policy interfaces at local level
SPI Study
area Goal Main results
CAMP
Levante de
Almería
Coastal areas
from SE Spain
To develop a
sustainability framework
based on Integrated
coastal zone
management principles
▪ Action plan for sustainability in coastal areas with:
▪ ▫ 4 strategic objectives
▫ 10 programs of measures
▫ 35 prioritized management actions
▫ 114 indicators form monitoring actions
POCTEFEX
ALBORÁN Alboran Basin
To identify common
indicators between Spain
and Morocco for
monitoring Alboran
Marine Basin
▪ Drivers of global change at regional level
▪ Ecosystem services assessment
▪ 29 indicators for monitoring global change both in Spain and Morocco
GLOCHARID
Arid
ecosystems
from SE Spain
To strengh the
collaborative work
bewteen scientists and
managers
▪12 prioritized environmental problems ▪ 5 collaborative strategies of adaptive
management implemented.
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CONCLUSIONS
• (Particularly) In a human dominated world we have to implementation of
an ecosystem approach to manage Natura 2000 sites.
• Ecosystem services represent and added value to promote conservation
Natura 2000 sites.
• We need to construct collaborative knowledge to face environmental
problems considering the particular role:
• Scientists: aligned science,
• Managers: decisions based on the best scientific knowledge
• Stakeholders: participating in the maintenance of ecosystem
services.
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Recommendations for the improvement of stakeholders’ participation
Apostolopoulou et al. 2012
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1 boundary entity
3 órganos de participación y
coordinación institucional
6 proyectos singulares asesorados por
expertos
1 Comunidad de práctica
1103 participantes
(científicos, gestores y agentes sociales)
1 modelo para la proyección de
escenarios futuros
4 objetivos estratégicos consensuados
10 programas de medidas
35 medidas de gestión priorizadas
114 acciones de gestión priorizadas con
indicadores de consecución y
seguimiento
Interfaz ciencia-gestión-sociedad en CAMP Levante de Almería
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1 boundary entity
1 Comunidad de práctica transfronteriza
(España y Marruecos)
103 participantes
(científicos, gestores y agentes sociales)
3 Talleres
1 modelo analítico para la práctica del
enfoque ecosistémico
8 impulsores regionales de cambio
global identificados
1 caracterización de los servicios
ecosistémicos más alterados en la
cuenca marina de Alborán
29 indicadores comunes identificados
para el seguimiento del cambio global
en ambas orillas de la cuenca
Interfaz ciencia-gestión-sociedad en POCTEFEX ALBORÁN
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1 boundary entity
2 Comunidades de práctica
(Agua y Biodiversidad)
70 participantes (científicos y gestores)
6 Talleres
12 Problemas ambientales priorizados
1 metalenguaje para representar
problemas
5 estrategias de gestión adaptativa
formalizadas e implementadas
Interfaz ciencia-gestión en el proyecto GLOCHARID