8/3/2019 Science Melody
1/7
3 Applications of
Boyles, Charles andGay-Lussacs Law
Boyles Law Uses/Application
1) A practical application illustrating Boyles Law would be the action of a
syringe. When we draw fluids into a syringe, we increase the volume inside the
syringe, this correspondingly decreases the pressure on the inside where the
pressure on the outside of the syringe is greater and forces fluid into the syringe.
If we reverse the actin and push the plunger in on the syringe we are decreasing
the volume on the inside which will increase the pressure inside making the
pressure greater than on the outside and fluids are forced out.
A more life dependent example of Boyles Law is the ction of the diaphragm ofour body. This is a muscle that is located just below the lungs. When we inhale the
diaphragm moves downward allowing the lungs an increased volume. This
decreases the pressure inside the lungs so that the pressure is less than the outer
pressure. This results in forcing air into the lungs. When we exhale the diaphragm
moves upward and decreases the volume of the lungs. This increases the pressure
inside the lungs above the pressure on the outside of the lungs so that gases are
forced out of the lungs. Of course, all of this is totally automatic and we take this
important cycle which is performed hundreds of times a day for granted until we
receive a sharp blow to that region that briefly paralyzes the diaphragm muscle.
We say the wind was knocked out of us, but Boyles Law was not allowed tofunction.
2)
Suppose that you buy a bag of chips at the top of amountain, once you hit the
bottom of the mountain,the bag explodes, causing chips to fly everywhere. This is
because theair contained in the bag expanded as the pressure inside of the
bagincreased.
8/3/2019 Science Melody
2/7
3)
The mechanics of a bicycle pump isgoverned by Boyles Law. The washerin a
bicycle pump allows air enters the barrel fromoutside during the upstroke, but
during the downstroke, this air can no longer escape to the outsideand is
compressed in the barrel. As the volumedecreases, the pressure increases, but atfirst, theair cannot escape because the valve in the bicycleinner tube prevents it
from entering that tube. Thisvalve is closed because the pressure of the airalready
in the tube prevents the entry of furthergas. Only when the pressure of the air in
the pumpis greater than that in the inner tube will the valveopen and allow more
air into the tube, furtherincreasing the pressure. This means that, at the next
stroke of thepump, the air will have to be compressed even more.As the pressure
in the tube increases, it gets harderand harder to depress the pump.
Charles Law1)
When flying hot-air balloons, balloonists apply the principle of Charless Law. As
the air inside the balloon is heated, its volume increases. The density of the air
decreases as the air inside the balloon is heated; it expands, resulting in an
increase in density of the air inside the balloon. The density of hot air is less than
of cold air. The difference in density between the air inside and outside the
balloon makes the hot-air balloon rise.
2)
Weather balloons are launched daily from weatherstations across the country.
The balloon begins at theearth at a certain P, T, and V and upon its accent
allthree of these variables change in response to thesurroundings.
3)
A rubber raft swells up when left in the sun on a hotday, providing the raft is not
completely inflated (if itcompletely inflated, it will rupture). Remember this if you
are ever stranded in tropical waters!5) The plunger in a turkey thermometer pops
outwhen the turkey is done. The higher temperature of the turkey causes thevolume of the air trapped underthe plunger to increase, which forces the plunger
tomove.
8/3/2019 Science Melody
3/7
Gay Lussac's Law
Applications of gay lussac's law on scuba diving?
In filling a scuba tank, you want to ideally fill at a rate of 200psi per min (dry)
and 400psi per min (wet).
The faster the gas molecules move, the more heat is generated. Fill the tank fast to
3000psi and it will be hot, when it cools it may only have 2600psi.
Sources of Air Pollution
Sources If we are focusing on specific pollutant,then we can narrow down the listof
sources. Otherwise, air pollution sources include anything that releases anything to
the air. Power plants electricity production Factories, refineries Painting Cars and
trucks All buildings cleaning products, heating, cooking, All people This is no help
at all! So lets look at some ofthe prominent pollutant species.
Airpollution comes from many different sources. Natural processes that affect air
quality include volcanoes, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.
Wildfires produce smoke and carbon monoxide. Cattle and otheranimals emit methane
as part of theirdigestive process. Even pine trees emit volatile organic compounds
(VOCs).
8/3/2019 Science Melody
4/7
Many forms of airpollution are human-made. Industrial plants, powerplants and
vehicles with internal combustion engines produce nitrogen oxides, VOCs, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfurdioxide and particulates. In most megacities, such as
Mexico City and Los Angeles, cars are the main source of these pollutants. Stoves,
incinerators, and farmers burning theircrop waste produce carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, as well as particulates. Otherhuman-made sources include aerosol sprays and
leaky refrigerators, as well as fumes from paint, varnish, and othersolvents.
One important thing to rememberabout airpollution is that it doesnt say in one place.
Winds and weatherplay an important part in transport of pollution locally, regionally,
and even around the world, where it affects everythingit comes in contact with.
Effects of air pollution
Airpollution is responsible formajorhealth effects. Every year, the health of
countless people is ruined orendangered by airpollution.
Many different chemicals in the airaffect the human body in negative ways. Just how
sick people will get depends on what chemicals they are exposed to, in what
concentrations, and forhow long.
Studies have estimated that the numberof people killed annually in the US alone could
be over50,000.
Olderpeople are highly vulnerable to diseases induced by airpollution. Those with
heart or lung disorders are underadditional risk. Children and infants are also at
serious risk.
Because people are exposed to so many potentially dangerous pollutants, it is often
hard to know exactly which pollutants are responsible forcausing sickness. Also,
because a mixture of different pollutants can intensify sickness, it is often difficult to
isolate those pollutants that are at fault.
Many diseases could be caused by airpollution without theirbecoming apparent fora
long time. Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease may all
eventually appearin people exposed to airpollution.
Airpollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfurdioxide also have harmful
effects on natural ecosystems. They can kill plants and trees by destroying their
leaves, and can kill animals, especially fish in highly polluted rivers.
8/3/2019 Science Melody
5/7
Effects of air pollution in humans
The effects of airpollution on humans are fatal and life-threatening. WHO statistics
report that over2 million people succumb to the fatalities attributed to airpollution.
Consistent exposure to the pollutants leads to the development of:
y Cardiopulmonary diseasey Pneumoniay Premature mortalityy Heart attacky Asthmay Difficulty inbreathingy Wheezing and coughingy Acute vasculardysfunctiony Thrombus formationy Cystic fibrosisy Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasey Chronic bronchitisy Emphysema
How to minimize air pollution
Airpollution is one of the immense problems that humanity is suffering from. The air
we breathe is no longerfresh instead what we usually inhale are harmful airpollutants.Whetherwe are inside ourhome oroffice oroutside the house we are surrounded by
airpollutants that come from different sources. At home, some of the sources of air
pollutants are the household products we use (like pesticide, paint), molds, pollen and
cigarette smoke. The airpollutants are hazardous to ourbody and sometimes we
experience shortness ofbreath and cough. Radon 22 is one of the majorindoor
pollutants known to be the second majorcause of lung cancer.
Outside ourhomes, the majorairpollutants are carbon dioxide and nitrogen monoxide
which comes mostly from transportation vehicles and industrial plants. Burning fossil
fuel and deforestation can result to increase in production of carbon monoxide andaside from imposing harmful effects to us humans, carbon monoxide also contributes
to global warming which means the temperature of Earth increases and may result to
adverse effects to this world we live in.
Airpollution canbe minimized if all of us will find and follow ways on how to
minimize this problem and make the airwe breathe clean and fresh. We can start
minimizing airpollution right within ourhomes. Below are several tips we should start
to practice and follow to reduce airpollution and keep ourbody away from diseases
causedby unclean air.
8/3/2019 Science Melody
6/7
1.) Avoid using cardaily
Instead of using yourcar, you can travel by public transit to avoid more harmful
emissions that come from vehicles. If you are working, suggest carpool to yourco-
workers orride with a co-workerthat lives nearyou.
2.) Don't smoke
Smoking can cause airpollution and canbe very dangerous to ourhealth. It does not
only endangerthe person smokingbut also the people around him. Smoke from
cigarettes release thousands of pollutants in the form of small particles which is called
particulate matter. Furthermore, studies show that airpollution producedby cigarettes
ortobacco is 10 times greaterthan the emissions by diesel cars.
3.) Learn to recycle
Recycling can help a lot in minimizing airpollution because when we recycle and
reuse the things we have, lesserthings need to be produced by factories and this helps
lessen airpollution.
4.) Plant trees
Planting trees even in yourbackyard can help clean the airwe breathe because trees
produce oxygen we need.
5.) Save energy
Save energy at home orin the office by turning appliances and light off when not in
use can help lessen airpollution. You can also save money by cutting off electricity
consumption.
6.) Clean yourhome as often as possibleCleaning yourhome can remove dust and airpollutants and make yourhome saferand
healthierforyourfamily to stay.
7.) Select the products youbuy
Buy products that are reusable and eco-friendly. When shopping, you can use a canvas
baginstead of a plastic bag.
There are many otherthings that we can do to minimize airpollution. We should start
finding ways to clean ourairnowbefore more calamities will happen and might
imperil the health of ourchildren and those of the next generation. Let's act now insaving ourworld and makingit a betterplace to live.
8/3/2019 Science Melody
7/7