Science-industry Links and IPR Mechanisms: evidence for 4 Latin American Countries Seminario Internacional sobre el uso Estratégico de la Propiedad Intelectual.

Science-industry Links and IPR Mechanisms: evidence for 4 Latin American Countries

Seminario Internacional sobre el uso Estratégico de la Propiedad Intelectual para el Desarrollo Económico y Social

Rio de Janeiro, 21 a 25 de mayo, 2007

Mario Cimoli

Scant cooperation in Latin American countries

Industry-Science Links Innovative Non-Innovative

 Cooperation (%) (% of innoative firms

that coop)

(% of non-innoative firms that coop)

France 18        

Germany 13        

Spain 12        

U.K 16        

Argentina* 11.9 24 3.2    

Brazil 1.2 2.7 0.05    

Colombia 1.5 2.4 1.1    

Uruguay 3.7 6.8 0.7    

Souce: CIS3 and National Innovation Surveys of LAC      

* Since there is no direct question regarding R&D science-industry link, we considere the firm is engage in R&D cooperation project with universities and research labs if the firm declared to spend in R&D and to be engaged in cooperation with unviersities, research labs or public innovation netowrk

Cooperative distribution according to Size and Origin of capital

  Argentina Brazil Colombia Uruguay

Size        

Small 2.90 0.33 1.15 2.75

Small-medium 9.09 0.35 1.87 4.38

medium 16.71 0.86 2.28 6.32

medium-large 19.30 1.59 2.81 3.45

Large 19.54 12.10 0.82 12.50

Origin of Capital        

Domestic 11.10 1.49 1.68 3.39

Foreign 17.49 7.59 0.45 6.85

Source: National Innovation Survey of LAC

ARGENTINA

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Soruce: Primi-Rovira 2007

An overview of Intellectual Property Rights in LA: the case of Brazil

Utilization of IPR by sectors

Appropriability Mechanisms Distribution by Sectors

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Main IPR mechanisms according to sectors

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Different IPR Mechanisms (alternatives or complementarities)

Source: Own elaboration based on Brazilian Innovation Survey

A taxonomy of contemporary markets for knowledge Markets for knowledge

Markets for Technologies Markets for Science Secondary Markets for S&T

The rationale of the market

Specificity of technologies, asymmetries in routines and competences of agents, complementarities between technologies

Increasing “demand” for science due to new technological paradigms and changes in regulatory framework

Increasing cumulativeness and uncertainty in the nature of technological change (new tech. paradigms) and re-shaping of IP systems

Patent to protect, commercialize and diffuse

Patent to protect, commercialize and diffuse

Strategic, defensive, blocking and sleeping patenting.

Prevailing patenting behavior

The value of patents is related to the subjacent technology (present or future incorporation in production)

The value of patents is related to the subjacent technology (relevance for further research or present or future incorporation in production

- Patents acquire a value “per-se”, independently from that of the subjacent technology.

- The value of patents is, to a major extent, a function of expectations regarding future non-deterministically foreseeable technological scenarios.

- Patents enter into the asset portfolio of organizations as signal of (technological) reputation.

Technology transfer through licensing.

Technology transfer through licensing

Cross-licensing, M&A, patent pools, (Liquid market for knowledge)

Sleeping, blocking, defensive patenting. (Derivative market for knowledge)

Barriers to entry

Technological and production capacities (structural)

Scientific capabilities and technological capacities (structural)

Size of incumbents, risk-propensity, plus scientific, technological and production capacities

Implications for development (1)

i. technological capabilities of agents

ii. production capacities, which concern the stocks of resources, the nature of capital‑embodied technologies, labor skills, product and input specification and the organizational routines

iii. the sectoral specificities of the technology in question

iv. path-depended trajectories of firms (or countries), which shape the collective knowledge shared by agents in each socio-economic system and that define the entourage where firms (or countries) are likely to move in their search for innovation

v. the (non-rational) perception of innovative opportunities, irrespectively of whether relative prices change or not, which might lead to the discovery of intended and unintended new techniques.

Different factors shape the rate and direction of innovative and imitative search

Legal appropriability mechanisms, i.e. prevailing intellectual property norms, classify as second order effect factors in shaping innovative and imitative conducts in countries that still have to catch up in terms of production capacities and technological capabilities embodied in socio-institutional systems.

Implications for development (2)

• Behavioral microfoundations of innovative conducts and the role of IP rights

• Asymmetry in countries’ scientific, technological and production capacities

• Participation and exclusion in contemporary markets for knowledge