Science Forum Day 2 - Diaa Al Kenawy - Integrated agric-aquaculture, science week july 2011

Integration of Agriculture and Aquaculture as Means for Enhancing Water Productivity

Diaa Al-KenawyWorldFish

C E N T E R

Abbassa, Egypt

water issues• planet is becoming increasingly water stressed –

10% increase in demand 2000-2010

– e.g. Egypt

– population growth 1.6% p a

– increasing wealth (GDP 7% pa)

– increasing upstream intervention

– increasing pollution

– climate change

• how to best use water for human well-being without unacceptable adverse impacts on the environment?

Increasing demand for water

decreasing supplies of water/ declining water quality

human wellbeing – poor producers?

• can poor producers adopt more water productive aquaculture technologies?

– re-cycle systems

– assets (cash; education) costs of connecting to markets

– MUS – multiple water use systems

• … or must the poor only engage in other parts of the aquaculture value chain?

producer retailerseedproducer

consumerseedtrader X

recycle system, Kafr el Sheikh, Egypt

Poverty Impacts of Aquaculture Development in the Nile Delta

• Aquaculture boom has generated employment in fish farming areas.

•Tens of thousands of people are now employed in aquaculture and supporting industries,

•Kafr El-Sheikh governorate

•Unemployment: 11.2% in 1993 to 7% in 2006 (UNDP 1995 & 2008).

•Poverty: 25.5% poor in 1991 to 13.2% in 2005/2006 14.5% ultra poor to 0.9% in 2005/2006 (UNDP, 1995 &

2008).

a drop of 48% and 94% respectively

Water accounting in the Nile Water accounting in the Nile DeltaDelta

Water Productivity of Aquaculture Water Productivity of Aquaculture Systems in the Nile Delta, EgyptSystems in the Nile Delta, Egypt

Water Productivity of Aquaculture Water Productivity of Aquaculture Systems in the Nile Delta, EgyptSystems in the Nile Delta, Egypt

objectives

• to estimate quantities of water used per unit biomass of fish produced in ponds in the Nile Delta

• to prepare water budgets for earthen pond aquaculture to help guide future water allocation policies

• to assess the water productivity benefits of different aquaculture technologies and incorporating aquaculture with agriculture

– production and incomes

– poverty

2 sites in Nile delta

Abbassa

Kafr El-Sheikh

Estimate net water use in pond aquaculture throughout production season at two sites in the Nile Delta

Estimate water loss through different routes (seepage, evaporation, drainage etc…).

Estimate water consumption rates (m3) per kg fish production

Site 1 (Abbassa ponds)

• 5 ponds, stocked in June 2008

Site 2 (Kafr El Sheikh)

• Four ponds for the determination of water loss (evaporation and seepage). Two standing pipes in each pond.

• Two ponds for the determination of water loss via seepage only (1 pipe)

conclusions/outputs

• two water budgets

– range; sources of variability

– scope out further research

Water Budget for fish production

Daily water loss

Daily seepage rate

Daily Evaporation

Consumptive water used

Fish yieldWater

consumption

m3/ha/day m3/ha m3/ha m3/ha kg/ha m3/kg fish

Site (1)Mean ± STER(semi intensive)

54.11

± 1.06

6.267

±0.40

47.84

± 1.11

10806

± 539

2986

± 67

3.61

± 0.12

Site (2)Mean ±STER(intensive)

46.35

±7.05

1.03

±7.04

45.32

±0.10

9284

± 1412.3

8333

±252.3

1.12

± 0.19

Crop Average water use m3/ha/crop

Productiontonne/ha

Water use rate m3/ kg

Product value (USD $ /m3)

Rice 14476 9.685 1.27 0.05 – 0.18

Fruits 11343 year 11.667 0.74 : 0.97 0.80 - 4.0

Cottons 6719 2.349 2.86

Maize 6271 6.998 0.89 0.03 – 0.22

Soy bean 6326 2.875 2.2

Fish literature review

20000:45000 5.0 4 - 9 0.07 – 1.35

Fishcurrent study

3.0 : 8.3 3.61 : 1.13 0.31 : 1.05

source: National Water Resource Statistics (2005), FAO (2004)

Water use by different crops

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Future work – water quality

• seepage and discharge water from ponds has higher levels of nutrients than pond inflows

– how does nutrient enriched seepage and discharge water impact on the provision of ecosystem services and poverty?

fishpond discharge, fish farm, Kafr el Sheikh

New multiple water use technologies

Integration & the Environment

• Better utilization of Nutrient dynamics in fish ponds.

Rice–fish–wheat systems, Nile Delta

rice

fish

• drivers

– low aquaculture productivity in Nile Delta

• low temperatures

• water availability

• three systems

– rice+fish

– rice+fish wheat

– fish wheat

Rice–fish–wheat systems, Nile Delta

Common Fish Ponds

Rice + Fish Ponds

Wheat Fish Ponds

Rice Area

Fish AreaFish Area

• Rice in Fish Ponds

Wheat

Rice–fish–wheat systems, Nile Delta

fish

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Rice production and water consumptionData of rice and wheat production in fish ponds

productionkg/ha

Water consumption for irrigationm3/ha

Water consumption m3/kg

Rice 5800 16804 2.99

Wheat 5400(5975) Year

2011

0 0

Average fish yield of the two systems and traditional fish production system.

Fish Kg/ha

Rice/Fish systemKg/ha

Wheat/Fish systemKg/ha

Tilapia 1238.5 400.4 2331.5

Others 455. 6 2.4 365.2

Fingerlings 396 317.5 113

Total 2090.1 720.3 2809.7

Water use in Agric-Aqua Integration2010 work

Ground water Surface water

Crops and fruit trees

Intensive fish farm

Effluent from fish tanks

Irrigation canal

Reservoir

Crops and fruit trees

Agriculture-Aquaculture Integration

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Nutrients (N P K) levels due to use of water for fish farming and mean quantities of nutrients added daily to the effluents.

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Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4

TN Av P K TN Av P K TN Av P K TN Av P K Mean Nutrient in Source (mg/l)

0.45 0.08 5.25 2.515 0.07 6.5 2.774 0.09 8.03 0.887 0 9.87

Mean Nutrient in effluent (mg/l)

2.482 0.082 8.765 4.425 0.123 8.898 2.747 0.056 6.324 1.642 0.117 10.33

Nutrient increase in effluent water as result of fish farming (mg/l)

2.032 0.002 3.515 1.91 0.053 2.398 -0.027 -0.034 - 1.706 0.755 0.117 0.46

Average quantity of water exchange (m3/ day)

1070 320 5104 7390

Mean quantity of nutrients released (Kg/day)

2.17 0.002 3.76 0.61 0.02 0.77 -0.14 -0.17 -8.71 5.58 0.86 3.40

It is possible to increase water use efficiency through integrating agriculture and aquaculture, thereby reducing use of chemical fertilizers and increasing farm income through increasing productivity per unit of water

Presented here

04/09/23 27

Thank You

WorldFish Center Science Week, July 2011

Thanks to:Malcolm Beveridge,

Gamal El-Naggar,

Ahmad Nasr-Allah,

and all Abbassa team

routine measurements

• pond water levels determined weekly using fixed graduated tubes at three locations per pond

• water levels determined before and after water was added to compensate for losses

• fish sampled monthly to determine growth

• water samples taken to determine DO, pH, Secchi disc, N and P

• monthly analysis of phytoplankton

tube to measure pond water column height

estimating water use

i.e. water consumption per pond = Ii – (E + S + Q ± ∆S)

waterfeed + inflow = outflow + ∆S + waterfish

modified from Nath & Bolte (1998)

excluding rain, surface runoff, waterfeed, and infiltration, inflow can be regarded as water added

excluding overflow and waterfish outflow can be regarded as change in pond storage plus seepage and evaporation

i.e. water consumption per kg fish production = kg fish pond-1/Ii – (E + S + Q ± ∆S)

Water in feed

Fluctuation of evaporation loss against water temperature. (site 1)

0

10

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Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecMonth

Wa

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los

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m 3/h

a/d

ay

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Te

mp

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Daily Seepage (m3/ha) Daily Evaportation m3/ha

mean water temperature (6.30 am)