Science and Medicine Scientists got a good look at cells and discovered they were made up of smaller organelles. Gregor Mendel, a monk, worked with pea.

Science and Medicine

• Scientists got a good look at cells and discovered they were made up of smaller organelles.

• Gregor Mendel, a monk, worked with pea plants and discovered dominant and recessive traits.– Beginning of study of genetics.

Gregor Mendel

• Edward Jenner invented vaccinations.– Dosing someone with weak or dead strains of

a disease, so antibodies are created.

• Jenner noticed milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox.

• Created the Smallpox Vaccine, virtually wiping smallpox out.

Edward Jenner

• Louis Pasteur learned that heating, then cooling liquids will kill any bacteria.– Called Pasteurization.

• Anesthetics began to be used in surgery.– Chloroform, laudanum, ether.

• Joseph Lister began working on sterilizing hospitals and medical equipment to prevent infection.– Used a spray of carbolic acid.

Joseph Lister

Social Sciences

• Study of human behavior and interaction.

• Anthropology – Study of different cultures, both past and present.

• Sociology – Study of people’s interactions in society.

• Psychology – Study of the mind and human behavior.– Two major pioneers in psychology:

• Ivan Pavlov.

• Studied “conditioned response.”– Train someone to behave a certain way to

stimulus.

• Studied “positive and negative reinforcement.”– Modify behavior through rewards and

punishments.

• Sigmund Freud.

• Founded Psychiatry, or the study and treatment of mental illness.

• Believed that events subconsciously affected behavior.

• Divided brain into 3 sections:– Id – Crocodile brain.– Ego – Conscious brain.– Superego – Unconscious brain.

Literature

• New movement in literature – Romanticism.– View of life as it should be, not how it is.

• James Fenimore Cooper – “Last of the Mohicans.”– American Indians were “noble savages.”

• Brothers Grimm – Collected German fairy tales.– Little Red Riding Hood – Wolf ate part of

Grandma, chopped up the rest and served it to Red, bottled Grandma’s blood and served it as wine.

– Hansel and Gretel – Wolf eats breadcrumbs, kids get lost; Dad finds them; Witch kills Dad; Witch eats Hansel; Gretel gets away, comes back and kills Witch.

• Mary Shelley – Frankenstein.– Scary monster story, monster is

“misunderstood”.

• Bram Stoker – Dracula.– Scary monster story.

• Sir Walter Scott – Ivanhoe.– Noble, glorious knights.

• Goethe – Faust.– Man makes deal with the Devil.

Music• Ludwig van Beethoven.

• Franz Schubert.

• Frederick Chopin.– All had powerful, passionate music.

• Pyotr Tchaikovsky – Russian.– Wrote 1812 Overture to celebrate Napoleon’s

defeat at Waterloo.

• Richard Wagner – German.– Ride of the Valkyries.– Hitler’s favorite composer.

Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Schubert

Frederick Chopin Pyotr Tchaikovsky

Richard Wagner

Valkyrie

Art• New art movement – Realism.

– Show things as they are, not as they ought to be.