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  1. 1. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2010 National Science Board NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SCIENCEANDENGINEERINGINDICATORS2010 NSB 1001
  2. 2. STEVEN C. BEERING Chair, President Emeritus, Purdue University PATRICIA D. GALLOWAY Vice Chair, Chief Executive Officer, Pegasus Global Holdings, Inc., Cle Elum, Washington MARK R. ABBOTT Dean and Professor, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University DAN E. ARVIZU Director and Chief Executive, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado BARRY C. BARISH Board Consultant, Director, Global Design Effort for International Linear Collider, Linde Professor of Physics, Emeritus, California Institute of Technology CAMILLA P. BENBOW Patricia and Rodes Hart Dean of Education and Human Development, Peabody College of Education and Human Development, Vanderbilt University RAY M. BOWEN President Emeritus, Texas A&M University JOHN T. BRUER President, The James S. McDonnell Foundation, St. Louis G. WAYNE CLOUGH Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC FRANCE A. CRDOVA President, Purdue University KELVIN K. DROEGEMEIER Associate Vice President for Research, Regents Professor of Meteorology and Weathernews Chair Emeritus, University of Oklahoma JOS-MARIE GRIFFITHS Deputy Director (Biomedical Informatics), TraCS Institute, and Professor, School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ESIN GULARI Dean of Engineering and Science, Clemson University ELIZABETH HOFFMAN Board Consultant, Executive Vice President and Provost, Iowa State University National Science Board LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI Distinguished Research Professor of Physics, Center for Solar- Terrestrial Research, Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology ALAN I. LESHNER Chief Executive Officer, Executive Publisher, Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC G. P. BUD PETERSON President, Georgia Institute of Technology DOUGLAS D. RANDALL Professor and Thomas Jefferson Fellow, University of Missouri ARTHUR K. REILLY Senior Director, Strategic Technology Policy, Cisco Systems, Inc., Ocean, New Jersey DIANE L. SOUVAINE Professor and Chair, Department of Computer Science, Tufts University JON C. STRAUSS Interim Dean, Edward E. Whitacre Jr. College of Engineering, Texas Tech University KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN Director, Battelle Center for Mathematics and Science Education Policy, John Glenn School of Public Affairs, Ohio State University THOMAS N. TAYLOR Roy A. Roberts Distinguished Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Curator of Paleobotany in the Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, The University of Kansas RICHARD F. THOMPSON Keck Professor of Psychology and Biological Sciences, University of Southern California ARDEN L. BEMENT, JR. Member ex officio, Director, National Science Foundation CRAIG R. ROBINSON Acting Executive Officer, National Science Board, and Director, National Science Board Office National Science Board Committee on Science and Engineering Indicators Louis J. Lanzerotti, Chair Camilla P. Benbow John T. Bruer G. Wayne Clough France A. Crdova Jos-Marie Griffiths G. P. Bud Peterson Arthur K. Reilly Jon C. Strauss Richard F. Thompson Rolf F.Lehming Robert Bell Executive Secretaries Jean M. Pomeroy NSB Staff Liaison The complete Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 report, appendix tables, and related resources are available on the Web at www.nsf.gov/statistics/indicators/. To obtain printed copies of Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 (NSB 10-01), use NSFs online publication request form, http://www.nsf.gov/publications/orderpub.jsp, or call (703) 292-7827. www.nsf.gov/statistics/indicators/
  3. 3. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2010
  4. 4. Cover Image The cover design for Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 is based on a computer- simulated visualization of Mach 1 homogeneous turbulence. The white regions in the image show where the earlier passage of strong shock fronts heated the gas in this turbulent ow. Blue regions have the weakest vorticity, and as the vorticity increases in strength, the color goes through red to yellow and nally to white. The dynamic visualization was created at the Laboratory for Computational Science & Engineering (LCSE), a facility within the University of Minnesotas Digital Technology Center where innovative hardware and system software solutions to problems in computational science and engineering can be tested and applied. Work in the LCSE has been supported by a series of National Science Foundation equipment grants (the most recent is CNS 07-08822). (Credit: Paul Woodward, Laboratory for Computational Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota.) Recommended Citation National Science Board. 2010. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation (NSB 10-01).
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  6. 6. The National Science Board (NSB) extends its appreciation to the staff of the National Science Foundation and to the many others, too numerous to list individually, who contributed to the preparation of this report. Primary responsibility for the production of the volume was assigned to Rolf F. Lehming, Director of the Science and Engineering Indicators Program of the Division of Science Resources Statistics (SRS) in the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences: Lynda T. Carlson, Division Director; Mary J. Frase, Deputy Division Director; Myron P. Gutmann, Assistant Director; Judith S. Sunley, Deputy Assistant Director; and David W. Lightfoot, former Assistant Director. The authors of the manuscript were: Overview. Rolf F. Lehming, SRS Chapter 1. Martha Naomi Alt, Xianglei Chen, Leslie Hall, MPR Associates; Lawrence Burton, SRS Chapter 2. Joan S. Burrelli, SRS Chapter 3. Nirmala Kannankutty, Steven Proudfoot, Mark C. Regets, SRS Chapter 4. Mark Boroush, Francisco A. Moris, Raymond M. Wolfe, SRS Chapter 5. Ronda Britt, Joan S. Burrelli, Lawrence Burton, Leslie Christovich, SRS Chapter 6. Derek Hill, SRS Chapter 7. Jaquelina C. Falkenheim, SRS Chapter 8. Paula C. Dunnigan, Taratec Corporation Acknowledgments The volume beneted from extensive contributions from SRS staff. The divisions senior staff and survey managers assured availability of data under often stringent deadlines: Richard J. Bennof, Mark K. Fiegener, Susan T. Hill, John E. Jankowski, Kelly H. Kang, Nancy Leach, Julia Oliver, and Michael Yamaner. Jacqueline Durham assisted in acquir- ing data from outside sources. Stephen Cohen, Jock Black, John E. Jankowski, Jeri M. Mulrow, Emilda B. Rivers, and Fan Zhang provided advice with statistical or data presenta- tion issues. Robert Bell and Rolf F. Lehming worked closely with authors to develop and to implement plans for several chapters in the volume. John R. Gawalt directed the overall production of the volume. Rolfe W. Larson was responsible for editorial and printing services. Robin Pentola provided Web direction and support. Tanya Gore assisted with the nal review of the appendix tables, and Rajinder Raut prepared les for review and pro- vided a technical review of the Web site. Web design and programming were performed by De Vo, Bridget Tuthill, Jason Shaffer, Moe Than, Makiko Fisher, Micah Horvat, and Richard Ashley of Compuware Corporation. Overall editing of the report was performed by David B. Fialkoff, Janet M. McNaughton, and the staff of Lockheed Martin Business Process Solutions. The staff of OmniStudio provided com- position and production services for the print and electronic materials. Many others provided much appreciated advice and assistance and are listed under Contributors and Reviewers. Overall management of the volume was provided by Rolf F. Lehming, Robert Bell, John R. Gawalt and Lynda T. Carlson. The National Science Board Ofce provided vital coordina- tion throughout the project. The National Science Board is especially grateful to Kyscha Slater for providing operations support, Jennifer Lynn Richards for assistance to the S&E Indicators Committee, and Jean M. Pomeroy for serving as Liaison to the Committee. Robert Bell and Rolf F. Lehming were the Executive Secretaries. iv Dr. Steven C. Beering Chairman, National Science Board Dr. Louis J. Lanzerotti Chairman, Committee on Science and Engineering Indicators
  7. 7. v The following persons contributed to the report by reviewing chapters or otherwise assisting in its preparation. Their help is greatly appreciated. Craig Abbey, SUNY James D. Adams, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute David Aldrich, Booz Allen Hamilton Nick Allum, University of Essex Bernice T. Anderson, National Science Foundation Anthony Arundel, UNU-MERIT Cheikhou Athie, Taratec Corporation Robert D. Atkinson, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation Laudeline Auriol, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Eleanor Babco, Council of Graduate Schools Roland Bardon, SRI International Kristina Bartsch, Bureau of Labor Statistics William Beckett, Higher Education Statistics Agency, Ltd., England Nathan Bell, Council of Graduate Schools John Benskin, SRI International Richard E. Bissell, National Academy of Sciences Maria Borga, Bureau of Economic Analysis Prudy Brown, SRI International Patrick Callan, National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education Patricia B. Campbell, Campbell-Kibler Associates, Inc. Jill Cape, Taratec Corporation Ann B. Carlson, National Science Foundation C. Michael Carolina, Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology Nevin P. Carr, Jr., Office of Naval Research Susan Choy, MPR Associates George DeBoer, American Association for the Advancement of Science Connie K. Della-Piana, National Science Foundation Douglas E. Devereaux, National Institute of Standards and Technology James J. Duderstadt, University of Michigan Jules Duga, Battelle Janice M. Earle, National Science Foundation Ronald Ehrenberg, Cornell University John H. Falk, Oregon State University Kaye Husbands Fealing, University of Minnesota Noah Feinstein, University of Wisconsin at Madison Michael Finn, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Barbara Fraumeni, University of Southern Maine Ron Freedman, The Impact Group, Toronto Carolyn L. Funk, Virginia Commonwealth University Patrick Gallagher, National Institute of Standards and Technology Myk Garn, Southern Regional Education Board Howard Garrison, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Fred Gault, UNU-MERIT Donna K. Ginther, University of Kansas Wolfgang Glnzel, University of Leuven, Belgium Leonid Gokhberg, Higher School of Economics, Russia Kerry Gruber, National Center for Education Statistics Gary Guenther, Congressional Research Service Jong-on Hahm, National Science Foundation Bronwyn Hall, University of California at Berkeley Keith Hall, Bureau of Labor Statistics Kimberly Hamilton, The Patent Board David Hart, George Mason University Christopher Hayter, National Governors Association Robin Henke, MPR Associates Christopher Hill, George Mason University Jim Hirabayashi, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office James Hoehn, EPSCoR/IDeA Foundation Ned Howenstine, Bureau of Economic Analysis Robert Ibarra, University of New Mexico Harold Javitz, SRI International Jolene Jesse, National Science Foundation Mark Jones, Higher Education Statistics Agency, Ltd., England Scott Keeter, Pew Research Center Stuart Kerachsky, National Center for Education Statistics Cheryl Kerr, Bureau of Labor Statistics Hoon Kim, Korea Foundation for the Advancement of Science & Creativity Kei Koizumi, Office of Science and Technology Policy Roslyn Korb, National Center for Education Statistics Alan B. Kreuger, Department of the Treasury Jon A. Krosnick, Stanford University Paris Kucharski, The Patent Board Jessica Lacasse, Statistics Canada J. Steven Landefeld, Bureau of Economic Analysis Julia Lane, National Science Foundation Charles F. Larson, Innovation Research International Cheryl Lloyd, ICF Macro Susan Carol Losh, Florida State University Carol Lynch, Council of Graduate Schools Jacques Maquet, Fundacion BBVA Ray Mataloni, Bureau of Economic Analysis Jacqueline Meszaros, National Science Foundation Mala Mistry, Census Bureau Sabrina L. Montes, Department of Commerce Sue Okubo, Bureau of Economic Analysis Dominic Olivastro, The Patent Board Rafael Pardo, Fundacin BBVA Jongwon Park, SRI International Amy P. Patterson, National Institutes of Health Contributors and Reviewers
  8. 8. Juan Cruz Perusia, UNESCO Institute for Statistics Melissa F. Pollak, National Science Foundation Alan Porter, Georgia Institute of Technology Prem Premakumar, IHS Global Insight Senta Raizen, Center for Improving Science Education/ WestEd Lawrence M. Rausch, National Science Foundation Andrew Reamer, Brookings Institution E.J. Reedy, Kauffman Foundation Caird E. Rexroad, Department of Agriculture Carol Robbins, Bureau of Economic Analysis J. David Roessner, SRI International Philip L. Rones, Bureau of Labor Statistics Dietram A. Scheufele, University of Wisconsin at Madison William Schmidt, Michigan State University Barbara Schneider, Michigan State University Kazuko Shinohara, National Science Foundation, Tokyo Office Henry Small, Thomson Reuters Kenneth L. Smith, Office of Naval Research Shirley F. Smith, Small Business Administration Thomas Snyder, National Center for Education Statistics Dixie Sommers, Bureau of Labor Statistics George Stamas, Bureau of Labor Statistics Paula Stephan, Georgia State University Carol Stoel, National Science Foundation Amy Sussman, National Science Foundation Gregory Tassey, National Institute of Standards and Technology Michael S. Teitelbaum, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Lori Thurgood, SRI International Marie Thursby, Georgia Institute of Technology William Tirre, National Center for Education Statistics Serge Tran, University of California at Los Angeles John Tsapogas, National Science Foundation Andrew Tyndall, Tyndall Report William Valdez, Department of Energy Carol Van Hartesveldt, National Science Foundation Nancy Vincent, Council of Graduate Schools Kenneth P. Voytek, National Institute of Standards and Technology Caroline Wagner, SRI International June Weis, Southern Regional Education Board Vincent Welch, National Opinion Research Center Laura Williams, ICF Macro Michael Wolf, Bureau of Labor Statistics Terry S. Woodin, National Science Foundation Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development William Zeile, Bureau of Economic Analysis Klarka Zeman, Statistics Canada Robert Zemsky, University of Pennsylvania vi Contributors and Reviewers
  9. 9. Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... x About Science and Engineering Indicators .............................................................................xii SEIs Different Parts....................................................................................................................xii Presentation.................................................................................................................................xiii Overview...................................................................................................................................O-1 Introduction................................................................................................................................O-3 A Birds Eye View of the Worlds Changing S&T Picture.......................................................O-3 Global Expansion of Research and Development Expenditures ...............................................O-4 Overseas R&D by Multinational Companies ............................................................................O-5 Global Higher Education and Workforce Trends......................................................................O-6 Expanding Global Researcher Pool ...........................................................................................O-8 Research Outputs: Journal Articles and Patents ........................................................................O-9 Expanding International Research Collaborations...................................................................O-10 New Research Patterns Reflected in Worlds Citations Base..................................................O-12 Inventive Activity Shown by Patents.......................................................................................O-13 Fast-Rising Global Output of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Firms.........................O-14 Booming Global High-Technology Exports Rearranging World Trade Patterns....................O-16 Big Shifts in World Trade Positions in High-Technology Products........................................O-18 Continued Surpluses From U.S. Trade in Knowledge-Intensive Services and Intangible Assets.................................................................................................................O-19 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................O-19 Notes ........................................................................................................................................O-20 Glossary ...................................................................................................................................O-21 Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Mathematics and Science Education....................1-1 Highlights....................................................................................................................................1-4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1-7 Student Learning in Mathematics and Science...........................................................................1-7 Teachers of Mathematics and Science......................................................................................1-23 Instructional Technology in Education.....................................................................................1-30 Transition to Higher Education.................................................................................................1-34 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................1-38 Notes .........................................................................................................................................1-39 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................1-41 References.................................................................................................................................1-42 Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering ...................................................2-1 Highlights....................................................................................................................................2-4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................2-7 The U.S. Higher Education System............................................................................................2-7 Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States ...............................2-11 Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States ........................................2-17 Postdoctoral Education .............................................................................................................2-30 International S&E Higher Education........................................................................................2-31 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................2-37 Notes .........................................................................................................................................2-38 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................2-38 References.................................................................................................................................2-39 Contents vii
  10. 10. Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force.................................................................3-1 Highlights....................................................................................................................................3-6 Introduction.................................................................................................................................3-9 Scope of the S&E Workforce .....................................................................................................3-9 Employment Patterns................................................................................................................3-13 Demographics ...........................................................................................................................3-27 S&E Labor Market Conditions.................................................................................................3-37 Global S&E Labor Force ..........................................................................................................3-47 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................3-58 Notes .........................................................................................................................................3-58 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................3-59 References.................................................................................................................................3-60 Chapter 4. Research and Development: National Trends and International Linkages.....4-1 Highlights....................................................................................................................................4-4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................4-7 Trends in National R&D Performance .......................................................................................4-8 Location of R&D Performance.................................................................................................4-16 Business R&D...........................................................................................................................4-18 Federal R&D.............................................................................................................................4-21 International R&D Comparisons ..............................................................................................4-33 R&D by Multinational Companies...........................................................................................4-44 Technology and Innovation Linkages.......................................................................................4-50 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................4-57 Notes .........................................................................................................................................4-58 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................4-61 References.................................................................................................................................4-62 Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development.................................................................5-1 Highlights....................................................................................................................................5-4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................5-7 Financial Resources for Academic R&D....................................................................................5-7 Academic R&D Infrastructure..................................................................................................5-16 Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in Academia.......................................................................5-19 Outputs of S&E Research: Articles and Patents.......................................................................5-29 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................5-46 Notes .........................................................................................................................................5-47 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................5-51 References.................................................................................................................................5-51 Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace...........................................6-1 Highlights....................................................................................................................................6-4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................6-7 Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries in the World Economy................................6-7 Worldwide Distribution of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries .......................6-14 Trade and Other Globalization Indicators.................................................................................6-23 Innovation-Related Indicators of U.S. and Other Major Economies .......................................6-45 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................6-57 Notes .........................................................................................................................................6-58 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................6-59 References.................................................................................................................................6-60 viii Contents
  11. 11. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 ix Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding ........................7-1 Highlights....................................................................................................................................7-4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................7-7 Information Sources, Interest, and Involvement.........................................................................7-7 Public Knowledge About S&T.................................................................................................7-16 Public Attitudes About S&T in General...................................................................................7-27 Public Attitudes About Specific S&T-Related Issues ..............................................................7-36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................7-44 Notes .........................................................................................................................................7-44 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................7-46 References.................................................................................................................................7-47 Chapter 8. State Indicators......................................................................................................8-1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................8-6 Reference ....................................................................................................................................8-8 Elementary/Secondary Education.............................................................................................8-10 Higher Education ......................................................................................................................8-38 Workforce .................................................................................................................................8-62 Financial Research and Development Inputs............................................................................8-74 R&D Outputs ............................................................................................................................8-90 Science and Technology in the Economy...............................................................................8-100 Appendix. Methodology and Statistics...................................................................................A-1 Introduction................................................................................................................................A-1 Selection of Data Sources..........................................................................................................A-1 Data Sources ..............................................................................................................................A-2 Data Accuracy............................................................................................................................A-2 Statistical Testing for Data From Sample Surveys....................................................................A-4 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................A-4 List of Appendix Tables........................................................................................................... B-1 Index............................................................................................................................................I-1
  12. 12. Acronyms and Abbreviations AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science ACC American Chemistry Council ACS American Community Survey AFT American Federation of Teachers AID Agency for International Development ANBERD Analytical Business Enterprise R&D AP Advanced Placement APL Applied Physics Laboratory ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act AUTM Association of University Technology Managers BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics BRDIS Business R&D and Innovation Survey CATI Cooperative Agreements and Technology Indicators CGS Council of Graduate Schools CIP Classification of Instructional Programs CIS Community Innovation Survey CNSTAT Committee on National Statistics CPS Current Population Survey CRADA cooperative research and development agreement DHS Department of Homeland Security DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DOC Department of Commerce DOD Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOI Department of the Interior DOT Department of Transportation EC European Community ECLS-K Early Childhood Longitudinal Study- Kindergarten ECS Education Commission of the States ED Department of Education EICC EPSCoR Interagency Coordinating Committee EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPSCoR Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research Esnet DOEs Energy Sciences Network ESP extrasensory perception EU European Union FDI foreign direct investment FDIUS Survey of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States FFRDC federally funded research and development center FY Fiscal Year GAO Government Accountability Office GBAORD government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D GDP gross domestic product GED General Equivalency Diploma GM genetically modified GSS General Social Survey Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering GUF general university fund HBCU historically black college or university HHS Department of Health and Human Services HS Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System HT high technology ICE Immigration and Customs Enforcement ICT information and communications technologies IDeA Institutional Development Award IDR interdisciplinary research IEA International Energy Agency IOF involuntarily out of the field IRC Internal Revenue Code IRI Industrial Research Institute IRS Internal Revenue Service ISTE International Society for Technology in Education ITEA International Technology Education Association KEI Knowledge Economy Index KI knowledge intensive KTI knowledge- and technology-intensive LEHD Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics LSC Local Systemic Change Through Teacher Enhancement LTT Long-Term Trend MEP Manufacturing Extension Partnership MER market exchange rate MNC multinational company MOFA majority-owned foreign affiliate NAEP National Assessment of Educational Progress NAGB National Assessment Governing Board NAICS North American Industry Classification System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASF net assignable square feet NCES National Center for Education Statistics NCLB The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 x
  13. 13. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 xi NCRPA National Cooperative Research and Production Act NGA National Governors Association NIH National Institutes of Health NIPA national income and product accounts NIST National Institute for Standards and Technology NLR National Lambda Rail NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORC National Opinion Research Center NRC National Research Council NS&E natural sciences and engineering NSB National Science Board NSCG National Survey of College Graduates NSF National Science Foundation NSRCG National Survey of Recent College Graduates OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OES Occupational Employment Statistics OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy OWH other Western Hemisphere PhRMA Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America PISA Program for International Student Assessment PPP purchasing power parity PSM Professional Science Masters PUMS Public Use Microdata Sample R&D research and development RA research assistantship RDD random direct dialing RDT research, development, and testing S&E science and engineering S&T science and technology SAR special administrative region SASS Schools and Staffing Survey SBIR Small Business Innovation Research SCI Science Citation Index SDR Survey of Doctorate Recipients SESTAT Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System SOI Statistics of Income SREB Southern Regional Education Board SSCI Social Sciences Citation Index STEM science, technology, engineering, and mathematics STTR Small Business Technology Transfer TA teaching assistant TFA Teach for America TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and Sciences Study TIP Technology Innovation Program U&C universities and colleges UFO unidentified flying object UK United Kingdom USDA Department of Agriculture USDIA Survey of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad USGS U.S. Geological Survey USPTO U.S. Patent and Trademark Office USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VA Department of Veterans Affairs VCU Virginia Commonwealth University WebCASPAR Integrated Science and Engineering Resources Data System YSD years since highest degree
  14. 14. xii About Science and Engineering Indicators Science and Engineering Indicators (SEI) ) is first and fore- most a volume of record comprising the major high-quality quantitative data on the U.S. and international science and en- gineering enterprise. SEI is factual and policy neutral. It does not offer policy options, and it does not make policy recom- mendations. SEI employs a variety of presentation styles tables, figures, narrative text, bulleted text, Web-based links, highlights, introductions, conclusions, reference liststo make the data accessible to readers with different information needs and different information-processing preferences. The data are indicators. Indicators are quantitative rep- resentations that might reasonably be thought to provide sum- mary information bearing on the scope, quality, and vitality of the science and engineering enterprise. The indicators report- ed in SEI are intended to contribute to an understanding of the current environment and to inform the development of future policies. SEI does not model the dynamics of the science and engineering enterprise, and it avoids strong claims about the significance of the indicators it reports. SEI is used by readers who hold a variety of views about which indicators are most significant for different purposes. SEI is prepared by the National Science Foundations Di- vision of Science Resources Statistics (SRS) under the guid- ance of the National Science Board (Board). It is subject to extensive review by outside experts, interested federal agen- cies, Board members, and NSF internal reviewers for accu- racy, coverage, and balance. SEI includes more information about measurement than many readers unaccustomed to analyzing social and economic data may find easy to absorb. This information is included be- cause readers need a good understanding of what the reported measures mean and how the data were collected in order to use the data appropriately. SEIs data analyses, however, are rela- tively accessible. The data can be examined in various ways, and SEI generally emphasizes neutral, factual description and avoids unconventional or controversial analysis. As a result, SEI almost exclusively uses simple statistical tools that should be familiar and accessible to a college bound high school grad- uate. Readers comfortable with numbers and percentages and equipped with a general conceptual understanding of terms such as statistical significance and margin of error will readily understand the statistical material in SEI. A statistical appendix aids readers interpretation of the material presented. SEIs Different Parts SEI includes seven chapters that follow a generally con- sistent pattern; an eighth chapter, on state indicators, pre- sented in a unique format; and an overview that precedes these eight chapters. The chapter titles are Elementary and Secondary Education Higher Education in Science and Engineering Science and Engineering Labor Force Research and Development: National Trends and International Linkages Academic Research and Development Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace Science andTechnology: PublicAttitudes and Understanding State Indicators An appendix volume, available online at http://www.nsf. gov/statistics/indicators/, contains detailed data tables keyed to each of the eight chapters. SEI includes a list of abbrevia- tions/acronyms and an index. A National Science Board policy statement companion piece, authored by the Board, draws upon the data in SEI and offers recommendations on issues of concern for na- tional science and engineering research or education policy, in keeping with the Boards statutory responsibility to bring attention to such issues. In addition, the Board publishes the Digest of Key Science and Engineering Indicators, a condensed version of SEI comprising a small selection of important indicators. The digest serves two purposes: (1) to draw attention to important trends and data points from across the chapters of SEI and (2) to introduce readers to the data resources available in the main volume of SEI 2010 and associated products. The Seven Core Chapters Each chapter consists of contents and lists of sidebars, text tables, and figures; highlights; introduction (chapter overview and chapter organization); a narrative synthesis of data and related contextual information; conclusion; notes; glossary; and references. Highlights. The highlights provide an outline of major dimen- sions of a chapter topic. Each highlight starts with a statement that summarizes a key point made in the chapter. Bulleted points supporting the key point follow. Introduction. The chapter overview provides a brief expla- nation of the importance of the topic. It situates the topic in the context of major concepts, terms, and developments relevant to the data reported. The introduction includes a brief narrative account of the logical flow of topics within the chapter. Narrative. The chapter narrative is a descriptive synthesis that brings together significant findings. It is also a balanced presentation of contextual information that is useful for
  15. 15. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 xiii interpreting the findings. As a descriptive synthesis, the narrative aims (1) to enable the reader to assimilate a large amount of information by putting it in an order that fa- cilitates comprehension and retention and (2) to order the material so that major points readily come to the readers attention. As a balanced presentation, the narrative aims to include appropriate caveats and context information such that (3) a nonexpert reader will understand what uses of the data may or may not be appropriate, and (4) an expert reader will be satisfied that the presentation reflects a good under- standing of the policy and fact context in which the data are interpreted by users with a range of science policy views. Figures. Figures provide visually compelling representa- tions of major findings discussed in the text. Figures also enable readers to test narrative interpretations offered in the text by examining the data themselves. Text Tables. Text tables help to illustrate and to support points made in the text. Sidebars. Sidebars discuss interesting recent developments in the field, more speculative information than is presented in the regular chapter text, or other special topics. Sidebars can also present definitions or highlight crosscutting themes. Appendix Tables. Appendix tables, available online (http:// www.nsf.gov/statistics/indicators/), provide the most com- plete presentation of quantitative data, without contextual information or interpretive aids. According to past surveys of SEI users, even experienced expert readers find it helpful to consult the chapter text in conjunction with the appen- dix tables. Conclusion. The conclusion summarizes important findings. It offers a perspective on important trends but stops short of definitive pronouncements about either likely futures or pol- icy implications. Conclusions tend to avoid factual syntheses that suggest distinctive or controversial viewpoints. Glossary. The glossary defines terms used in the chapter. References. SEI includes references to data sources cited in the text, stressing national or internationally comparable data. SEI does not attempt to review the analytic literature on a topic or summarize the social science or policy perspec- tives that might be brought to bear on it. References to that literature are included where they help to explain the basis for statements in the text. The State Indicators Chapter This chapter consists of data that can be used by people involved in state-level policy making, including journalists and interested citizens, to assess trends in S&T-related ac- tivities in their states. Indicators are drawn from a range of variables, most of which are part of the subject matter of the seven core chapters. The text explains the meaning of each indicator and provides important caveats about how to interpret it. Approximately three to five bullets highlight significant findings. Data for the indicators are graphically displayed in United States maps that color code states into quartiles and in state-by-state tables. A small number of ap- pendix tables for this chapter can be found online. No interpretive narrative synthesizes overall patterns and trends. SEI includes state-level indicators to call attention to state performance in S&T and to foster consideration of state-level activities in this area. The Overview The overview is a selective synthesis that brings together patterns and trends that unite data in several of the substan- tive chapters. The overview helps readers to synthesize the findings in SEI as a whole and draws connections among separately prepared chapters that deal with related topics. It is intended to serve readers with varying levels of expertise. Because the overview relies heavily on figures, it is well adapted for use in developing presentations, and presenta- tion graphics for the figures in the overview are available on the Web. Like the core chapters, the overview strives for a descriptive synthesis and a balanced tone, and it does not take or suggest policy positions. Presentation SEI is released in printed and electronic formats. The printed volume provides the full content except for the appendix tables. The complete content of SEI is posted online at http://www. nsf.gov/statistics/indicators/ in html format and PDF, with text tables, appendix tables, and source data for each figure avail- able in spreadsheet (MS Excel) format. In addition, selected figures are also available in presentation-style format as MS PowerPoint and JPEG files. The printed version of SEI includes a CD-ROM in PDF for- mat and a packaged set of information cards. The CD-ROM contains the complete content of SEI and, as with the online version, appendix tables in spreadsheet format. The full set of presentation slides is also included. The pocket-sized informa- tion cards highlight key patterns and trends. Each card presents a selection of figures with captions stating the major point that the figure is meant to illustrate.
  16. 16. Overview Introduction.................................................................................................................................O-3 A Birds Eye View of the Worlds Changing S&T Picture........................................................O-3 Global Expansion of Research and Development Expenditures ................................................O-4 Overseas R&D by Multinational Companies .............................................................................O-5 Global Higher Education and Workforce Trends.......................................................................O-6 Expanding Global Researcher Pool ............................................................................................O-8 Research Outputs: Journal Articles and Patents .........................................................................O-9 Expanding International Research Collaborations....................................................................O-10 New Research Patterns Reflected in Worlds Citations Base...................................................O-12 Inventive Activity Shown by Patents........................................................................................O-13 Fast-Rising Global Output of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Firms..........................O-14 Booming Global High-Technology Exports Rearranging World Trade Patterns.....................O-16 Big Shifts in World Trade Positions in High-Technology Products.........................................O-18 Continued Surpluses From U.S. Trade in Knowledge-Intensive Services and Intangible Assets...................................................................................................................O-19 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................O-19 Notes .........................................................................................................................................O-20 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................O-21 List of Figures Figure O-1. Estimated R&D expenditures worldwide: 19962007............................................O-4 Figure O-2. R&D expenditures for United States, EU, and Asia: 19962007...........................O-4 Figure O-3. R&D expenditures as share of economic output of selected countries: 19962007..............................................................................................................................O-5 Figure O-4. Average annual growth of R&D expenditures for United States, EU-27, and selected Asia-8 economies: 19962007 ..........................................................................O-5 Figure O-5. Location of estimated worldwide R&D expenditures: 1996 and 2007...................O-6 Figure O-6. R&D performed by U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by investing region, and performed by foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational companies, by host region: 2006...............................................................................................................O-6 Figure O-7. Tertiary-educated population 15 years old or older, by country/economy: 1980 and 2000........................................................................................................................O-7 Figure O-8. First university degrees in natural sciences and engineering, selected countries: 19982006..............................................................................................................................O-7 Figure O-9. Doctoral degrees in natural sciences and engineering, selected countries: 19932007..............................................................................................................................O-8 Figure O-10. Number of researchers in selected regions/countries/economies: 19952007..............................................................................................................................O-8 Figure O-11. Average annual growth in number of researchers in selected regions/countries/ economies: 19952007...........................................................................................................O-9 Figure O-12. R&D employment of U.S.-based multinational corporations: 1994, 1999, and 2004.............................................................................................................O-9 Figure O-13. S&E journal articles produced by selected regions/countries: 19882008.........O-10 Figure O-14. Field shares of research articles for selected countries/economies: 2007...........O-10 Figure O-15. Engineering journal articles produced by selected regions/countries: 19982008............................................................................................................................O-11 O-1
  17. 17. O-2 Overview Figure O-16. Engineering article share of total S&E article output for selected regions/ countries/economies: 19882008.........................................................................................O-11 Figure O-17. International coauthorship of S&E articles, by region/country: 19882007 ......O-12 Figure O-18. Citations in U.S. S&E articles to non-U.S. publications: 19922007.................O-12 Figure O-19. Citations in Asia-10 S&E articles, by cited region/country: 19922007............O-13 Figure O-20. Citations in China S&E articles, by cited region/country: 19922007...............O-13 Figure O-21. Share of regions/countrys papers among worlds most cited S&E articles: 2007........................................................................................................................O-13 Figure O-22. Share of U.S. patent grants for selected regions/countries: 19952008..............O-14 Figure O-23. Share of high-value patents, for selected regions/countries: 19972006............O-14 Figure O-24. Value added of knowledge-intensive and high-technology industries as share of regions/countrys GDP: 19952007 .................................................................O-15 Figure O-25. Global value added of knowledge- and technology-intensive industries: 19952007............................................................................................................................O-15 Figure O-26. Value added of commercial knowledge-intensive services, by selected region/country: 19952007 ...............................................................................O-15 Figure O-27. Value added of high-technology manufacturing industries, by selected region/ country: 19952007 .............................................................................................................O-16 Figure O-28. Global value added market shares of computer and office machinery manufacturing, by region/country: 19952007....................................................................O-16 Figure O-29. Global high-technology exports as share of production: 19952008 .................O-17 Figure O-30. Share of global high-technology exports, by region/country: 19952008..........O-17 Figure O-31. Global export shares in information and communications technology products, by region/country: 19952008 .............................................................................O-17 Figure O-32. Selected Asian countries/economies share of high-technology exports to United States/EU and China: 19902008 ........................................................................O-18 Figure O-33. Chinas high-technology exports to selected regions/countries: 19902008......O-18 Figure O-34. Trade balance in high-technology goods for selected regions/countries: 19952008............................................................................................................................O-19 Figure O-35. U.S. imports, exports, and trade balance in commercial knowledge-intensive services: 19972007.............................................................................................................O-19
  18. 18. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 O-3 Introduction This overview of the National Science Boards Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 brings together some major developments in international and U.S. science and technology (S&T). It is not intended to be comprehensive; the reader will find more extensive data in the body of each chapter. Major findings on particular topics appear in the Highlights sections that precede chapters 17. The indicators included in Science and Engineering Indi- cators 2010 derive from a variety of national, international, public, and private sources and may not be strictly compa- rable in a statistical sense. As noted in the text, some data are weak, and the metrics and models relating them to each other and to economic and social outcomes invite further de- velopment. Thus, the emphasis is on broad trends; individual data points and findings should be interpreted with care. The overview focuses on the trend in the United States and many other parts of the world toward the development of more knowledge-intensive economies, in which research, its commercial exploitation, and other intellectual work play a growing role. Industry and government play key roles in these changes. The overview examines how these S&T patterns and trends affect the position of the United States, using broadly comparable data wherever possible for the United States, the European Union (EU), Japan, China, and selected other Asian economies (the Asia-9: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam). The overview sketches an analytical framework for, and a broad outline of, the main S&T themes, which it then examines through the lens of various indicators such as global R&D expenditures and human resources, including researchers. It describes research outputs and their use in the form of article citations and patents. It then turns to the growth and structural shifts in international high-technology markets, trade, and relative trade positions. The data available as of this writing do not, for the most part, cover the ongoing changes that shook the global econo- my beginning in 2008. The data therefore cannot accurately portray their consequences for the worlds S&T enterprise. Thus, the trends discussed here may already be changing in unexpected ways. Nevertheless, major patterns and trends that have developed over the past decade or more affect, and are shaped by, the range of S&T endeavors, from basic re- search to production and trade of high-technology goods and knowledge-intensive services. They are the starting points from which to mark any future changes. A Birds Eye View of the Worlds Changing S&T Picture Since the 1990s, a global wave of market liberalization has produced an interconnected world economy that has brought unprecedented levels of activity and growth, along with structural changes whose consequences are not yet ful- ly understood. Governments in many parts of the develop- ing world have come to view science and technology (S&T) as integral to economic growth and development, and they have set out to build more knowledge-intensive economies in which research, its commercial exploitation, and intellec- tual work would play a growing role. To that end, they have taken steps to open their markets to trade and foreign investment, develop or recast their S&T in- frastructures, stimulate industrial R&D, expand their higher education systems, and build indigenous R&D capabilities. This has brought a great expansion of the worlds S&T ac- tivities and their shift toward developing Asia, where most of the rapid growth has occurred. Governments there have implemented a host of policies to boost S&T capabilities as a means to ensuring their economies competitive edge. In most broad aspects of S&T activities, the United States continues to maintain a position of leadership but has expe- rienced a gradual erosion of its position in many specific areas. Two contributing developments are the rapid increase in a broad range of Asian S&T capabilities outside of Japan and the fruition of EU efforts to boost its relative competi- tiveness in R&D, innovation, and high technology. Asias rapid ascent as a major world S&T center beyond Japanis driven by developments in China and several other Asian economies (Asia-9).1 All are seeking to boost access to and the quality of higher education and to develop world-class research and S&T infrastructures. The Asia-9 form a loosely structured supplier zone for Chinas high-technology manufacturing export industries that in- creasingly appears to include Japan. Japan, long a preemi- nent world S&T nation, is holding its own in research and some high-value S&T activities but is losing ground to the Asia-9 in overall high technology manufacturing and trade. Indias high gross domestic product (GDP) growth contrasts with a fledgling overall S&T performance. The EU largely holds its own in the face of these world- wide S&T shifts. Its innovation-focused policy initiatives have been supported by the creation of a shared currency and the elimination of internal trade and migration barriers. Much of the EUs high-technology trade is with other EU members. EU research performance is strong and marked by pronounced EU-supported, intra-EU collaboration. The EU is also focused on boosting the quality and international standing of its universities. Other countries share this heightened focus on S&T as a means of economic growth. Brazil and South Africa show high S&T growth rates, but from low bases. Among the more developed nations, Russias S&T establishment con- tinues to struggle in both relative and absolute terms, where- as Israel, Canada, and Switzerland are examples of mature, high-performing S&T establishments. Multinational companies (MNCs) operating in this chang- ing environment are seeking access to developing markets, whose governments provide incentives. Modern communi- cations and management tools support the development of
  19. 19. O-4 Overview globally oriented corporations that draw on far-flung, spe- cialized global supplier networks. In turn, host governments are attaching conditions to market access and operations that, along with technology spillovers, produce new and greater indigenous S&T capabilities. Western- and Japan- based MNCs are increasingly joined in world S&T markets by newcomers headquartered in developing nations. Global Expansion of Research and Development Expenditures In a telling development, the worlds R&D expenditures have been on an 11-year doubling path, growing faster than total global economic output.2 This indicator of commitment to innovation went from an estimated $525 billion in 1996 to approximately $1.1 trillion in 2007 (figure O-1). The specific data point for each year shown in figure O-1 is an imprecise estimate, but the steady and large upward trend illustrates the rapidly growing global focus on innovation.3 The United States remained by far the single largest R&D-performing country. Its R&D expenditure of $369 billion in 2007 exceeded the Asian regions total of $338 billion and the EUs (EU-27) $263 billion4 (figure O-2). The U.S. 2007 total broadly matched the combined R&D expenditures of the next four largest countries: Japan, China, Germany, and France. If R&D expenditures are long-term investments in inno- vation, how much of a nations economic activity should be devoted to them? A U.S. goal in the 1950s was to achieve an R&D investment of 1% of GDP by 1957. More recently, many governments set their sights at 3% of GDP in pursuit of developing knowledge-based economies; the EU formal- ly embraced the 3% goal as its long-term planning target.5 Nearly everywhere, however, decisions affecting the bulk of R&D expenditures are made by industry, thus removing achievement of such a target from direct government con- trol. In the United States, industry funds about 67% of all R&D. For the EU, it is 55%, but with considerable range (e.g., nearly 70% for Germany and 45% for the United King- dom). In China, Singapore, and Taiwan, industry funding ranges from 60% upward. Nevertheless, government plan- ners monitor the R&D/GDP ratio as an indicator of innova- tive capacity, even as few countries reach the 3% mark. Over the past decade, many Asian developing economies have exhibited increased R&D/GDP ratios; conversely, those in the United States and the EU have broadly held steady. Japans R&D expenditures amounted to 3.4% of GDP in 2007; South Koreas increased steeply after the 1990s and reached 3.5% in 2007. Chinas R&D/GDP ratio more than doubled, from 0.6% in 1996 to 1.5% in 2007, a period during which Chinas GDP grew at 12% annuallyan enormous, sustained in- crease. The gap in Chinas R&D/GDP ratio relative to those of developed economies suggests that Chinas R&D volume can continue to grow rapidly (figure O-3). Decade-long R&D growth rates of mature S&T countries differ dramatically from those of developing economies. Growth of R&D expenditures in the United States, the EU, -PNYL 6 ,Z[PTH[LK 9 + L_WLUKP[YLZ ^VYSK^PKL! Dollars (billions) :69*,:! 6YNHUPZH[PVU MVY ,JVUVTPJ *VVWLYH[PVU HUK +L]LSVWTLU[ 4HPU :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` 0UKPJH[VYZ HUK WYL]PVZ `LHYZ UP[LK 5H[PVUZ ,KJH[PVUHS :JPLU[PMPJ HUK *S[YHS 6YNHUPaH [PVU 5,:*6 0UZ[P[[L MVY :[H[PZ[PJZ O[[W!Z[H[ZPZULZJVVYN ULZJV[HISL]PL^LYKVJTLU[HZW_9LWVY[0K$ -F3HUNHNL$ LUN HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ ZWLJPHS [HISH[PVUZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ-PNYL 6 9 + L_WLUKP[YLZ MVY UP[LK :[H[LZ , HUK (ZPH! Dollars (billions) , $ ,YVWLHU UPVU 56;,! (ZPH PUJSKLZ *OPUH 0UKPH 1HWHU 4HSH`ZPH :PUNHWVYL :V[O 2VYLH ;HP^HU HUK ;OHPSHUK , PUJSKLZ HSSTLTILY Z[H[LZ :69*,:! 6YNHUPZH[PVU MVY ,JVUVTPJ *VVWLYH[PVU HUK +L]LSVWTLU[ 4HPU :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` 0UKPJH[VYZ HUK WYL]PVZ `LHYZ UP[LK 5H[PVUZ ,KJH[PVUHS :JPLU[PMPJ HUK *S[YHS 6YNHUPaH [PVU 5,:*6 0UZ[P[[L MVY :[H[PZ[PJZ O[[W!Z[H[ZPZULZJVVYN ULZJV[HISL]PL^LYKVJTLU[HZW_9LWVY[0K$ -F3HUNHNL$ LUN HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ ZWLJPHS [HISH[PVUZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ(ZPH , UP[LK :[H[LZ
  20. 20. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 O-5 and Japan averaged about 5%6% annually, not adjusted for inflation. Asian growth ranged from about 9% to 10% for India, South Korea, and Taiwan to more than 20% for China. Asian RD growth reflects rising private spending by do- mestic and foreign firms, as well as increased public RD spending designed to support strategic policies that aim to raise economic competitiveness through the development of knowledge-based economies (figure O-4). The relatively greater RD growth rates in Asia (exclud- ing Japan) resulted in decreases in the percentages of world RD expenditures for the mature ST establishments United States, the EU, and Japanthat were substantial, especially in view of the short period and large expendi- tures involved. The North America regions (United States, Canada, and Mexico) share of estimated world RD activity decreased from 40% to 35%; the EUs share declined from 31% to 28%. The Asia/Pacific regions share increased from 24% to 31% even with Japans comparatively low growth, and the share of the rest of the world increased from 5% to 6%still a modest level but a very large relative gain that indicates the broadly shared belief in the importance of RD for economic development (figure O-5). Overseas RD by Multinational Companies The shift toward greater RD expenditures in Asia is also reflected in RD flows between MNCs and their overseas affiliates in which they hold majority ownership (figure O-6). Overseas RD expenditures by U.S.-based MNCs ($28.5 billion in 2006) shifted toward emerging Asian markets whose combined share, excluding Japan, increased from 5% to 14% from 1995 to 2006. This change was driven by U.S. affiliates in China, South Korea, and Singapore. In 1995, about 90% of all overseas RD by U.S.-headquartered MNCs took place in developed European economies, in Canada, and in Japan; by 2006, the combined percentage of these economies had declined to 80%. In the United States, affiliates of foreign-headquartered MNCs spent $34.3 billion on RD in 2006. Their RD -PNYL 6 9 + L_WLUKP[YLZ HZ ZOHYL VM LJVUVTPJ V[W[ VM ZLSLJ[LK JVU[YPLZ! Percent of GDP , $ ,YVWLHU UPVU .+7 $ NYVZZ KVTLZ[PJ WYVKJ[ 56;,! , PUJSKLZ HSSTLTILY Z[H[LZ :69*,! 6YNHUPZH[PVU MVY ,JVUVTPJ *VVWLYH[PVU HUK +L]LSVWTLU[ 4HPU :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` 0UKPJH[VYZ HUK WYL]PVZ `LHYZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZUP[LK :[H[LZ , 1HWHU *OPUH :V[O 2VYLH Figure O-4 (]LYHNL HUUHS NYV^[O VM 9 + L_WLUKP[YLZ MVY UP[LK :[H[LZ , HUK ZLSLJ[LK (ZPH LJVUVTPLZ! Percent EU = European Union SOURCES: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 4HPU :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` 0UKPJH[VYZ (2009/1 and previous years); United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics, http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/tableviewer/document. aspx?ReportId=1431F_Language=eng; and National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, special tabulations. :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZUnited States EU-27 Japan India South Korea Taiwan Thailand Singapore Malaysia China 0 5 10 15 20 25
  21. 21. O-6 Overview expenditures represented about 14% of total U.S. business RD performance, up from less than 10% in the 1980s. Global Higher Education and Workforce Trends No comprehensive measures of the global SE labor force exist, but fragmentary data indicate rapid growth in the number of individuals who pursue advanced education, especially in developing nations. In recent decades, the in- creasing number of new SE degrees, including degrees in natural sciences and engineering, awarded in developing countries has diminished the advantage that mature coun- tries had held in advanced education.6 Worldwide, the number of persons with a tertiary educa- tion continues to grow.7 Estimates for 1980 and 2000, the latest available year, show an increase of about 120 million individuals, from 73 million to 194 million (figure O-7). The completion of tertiary education expanded most rapidly in developing Asian economies, where the combined shares of China, India, South Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand in- creased from 14% to 25% of the worlds total. The number of individuals with advanced education in these Asian coun- tries in 2000, 49 million, nearly matched the 2000 U.S. total; in 1980, these countries had accounted for less than half. -PNYL 6 3VJH[PVU VM LZ[PTH[LK ^VYSK^PKL 9 + L_WLUKP[YLZ! HUK7LYJLU[ 56;,! ,Z[PTH[LK [V[HS ^VYSK^PKL 9 + L_WLUKP[YLZ ^LYLIPSSPVU PU HUK[YPSSPVU PU:69*,:! 6YNHUPZH[PVU MVY ,JVUVTPJ *VVWLYH[PVU HUK +L]LSVWTLU[ 4HPU :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` 0UKPJH[VYZ HUK WYL]PVZ `LHYZ UP[LK 5H[PVUZ ,KJH[PVUHS :JPLU[PMPJ HUK *S[YHS 6YNHUPaH[PVU 5,:*6 0UZ[P[[L MVY :[H[PZ[PJZ O[[W!Z[H[ZPZULZJVVYNULZJV ;HISL=PL^LYKVJTLU[HZW_9LWVY[0K$ 0-F3HUNHNL$LUN HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ ZWLJPHS [HISH[PVUZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ5VY[O (TLYPJH ,YVWL (ZPH7HJPMPJ 9LZ[ VM ^VYSKScience and Engineering Indicators 2010 NOTE: Preliminary estimates. SOURCES: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States (annual series); and Survey of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad (annual series). See appendix tables 4-32 and 4-34. Figure O-6 RD performed by U.S. affiliates of foreign companies in United States, by investing region, and performed by foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational companies, by host region: 2006 $0.04$1.3 $0.9 $2.5 $1.6 $4.6 $5.6 $25.8 $0.2 $18.6 (Billions of current U.S. dollars) $0.8 $0.07
  22. 22. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 O-7 Trends in fragmentary international degree data suggest that Asian growth has continued and perhaps accelerated. Governments in many Western countries and in Japan are concerned about lagging student interest in studying natural sciences or engineering (NSE), fields they believe convey technical skills and knowledge that are essential for knowl- edge-intensive economies. In the developing world, the number of first university NSE degrees, broadly compa- rable to a U.S. baccalaureate, is rising, led by large increases in China, from about 239,000 in 1998 to 807,000 in 2006. New NSE degrees earned by Japanese and South Korean students combined in 2006 (about 235,000) approximated the number earned by U.S. students in that year, even though the U.S. population was considerably larger (300 million vs. 175 million) (figure O-8). The expansion of NSE degrees extends beyond first university degrees to degrees certifying completed advanced study. Since the early 1990s, the number of NSE doctorates awarded in Japan and India has increased by more than 70% to approximately 7,100 and 7,500, respectively. The number awarded in South Korea nearly tripled over the same period, reaching approximately 3,500. Chinas domestic NSE doc- torate awards have increased more than tenfold over the pe- riod, to about 21,000 in 2006, nearing the number of NSE doctorates awarded in the United States (figure O-9). Most of the post-2002 increase in U.S. NSE doctor- ate production reflects degrees awarded to temporary and permanent visa holders, who in 2007 earned about 11,600 of 22,500 U.S. NSE doctorates.8 Foreign nationals have earned more than half of U.S. NSE doctorates since 2006. Half of these students are from East Asia, mostly from China (31%), India (14%), and South Korea (7%). For engineering, the numbers are more concentrated. Since 1999, the share of U.S. engineering doctorates earned by temporary and permanent visa holders has risen from 51% to 68% in 2007. Nearly three-quarters of foreign na- tional recipients of engineering doctorates were from East Asia or India. Many of these individuals, especially those on temporary visas, will leave the United States after earning their doctor- ates, but if past trends continue, a large proportion will stay. Sixty percent of temporary visa holders who had earned a -PNYL 6 ;LY[PHY`LKJH[LK WVWSH[PVU`LHYZ VSK VY VSKLY I` JVU[Y`LJVUVT`! HUK56;,! +L[HPS TH` UV[ HKK [V [V[HS ILJHZL VM YVUKPUN :69*,! (KHW[LK MYVT )HYYV 91 HUK 3LL 1 0U[LYUH[PVUHS KH[H VU LKJH[PVUHS H[[HPUTLU[! WKH[LZ HUK PTWSPJH[PVUZ *LU[LY MVY 0U[LYUH[PVUHS +L]LSVWTLU[ VYRPUN 7HWLY 5V O[[W!JPK OHY]HYKLKJPK^WO[T HJJLZZLK :LW[LTILY :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ TPSSPVU 6[OLY
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  51. 51. O-8 Overview U.S. SE doctorate in 1997 were gainfully employed in the United States in 2007the highest 10-year stay rate ever observed.9 Expanding Global Researcher Pool Estimates of the number of the worlds researchers pro- vide broad support for the trends and shifts suggested by the RD and degree data discussed previously. The estimated number of researchers grew from nearly 4 million in 1995 to about 5.7 million in 2007.10 The United States and the 27 EU members each accounted for about 1.4 million researchersa combined 49% of the total but below the 51% share they had held a decade earlier. Chinas re- searchers more than doubled in number, from just over half a million to more than 1.4 million, boosting its world share from 13% to 25% over the period (figure O-10). Trends in researcher growth rates vary greatly by country/ region. The United States and the EU had moderate annual growth of about 3% between 1995 and 2006. Japans rate was below 1%. Growth in the Asian region outside Japan ranged from 7% to 11%. China, the biggest country, aver- aged nearly 9% growth, including a brief but sharp break in 199899 that reflected the rapid conversion of state-owned to privately owned enterprises as a result of the central gov- ernments policy change. Russias researcher growth rate, which is now flat, declined over the period (figure O-11). The contribution of multinational corporations to re- searcher growth in the overseas markets in which they operate is unknown. Data on overseas RD employment of U.S.-based MNCs and their majority-owned affiliates are available only every 5 years. The latest data available show that their overseas RD employment increased from 102,000 in 1994 to 138,000 in 2004. Over the same peri- od, U.S. RD employment of these MNCs increased from 625,000 to about 716,000. As a result, the overseas share of RD employment increased from 14% to 16% (figure O-12). These data do not include researchers employed by overseas firms in which MNCs hold less than majority -PNYL 6 +VJ[VYHS KLNYLLZ PU UH[YHS ZJPLUJLZ HUK LUNPULLYPUN ZLSLJ[LK JVU[YPLZ! Thousands 2 $ UP[LK 2PUNKVT 56;,! 5H[YHS ZJPLUJLZ PUJSKL WO`ZPJHS IPVSVNPJHS LHY[O H[TVZWOLYPJ VJLHU HNYPJS[YHS HUK JVTW[LY ZJPLUJLZ HUK TH[OLTH[PJZ :69*,:! *OPUH5H[PVUHS )YLH VM :[H[PZ[PJZ VM *OPUH *OPUH :[H[PZ[PJHS @LHYIVVR HUUHS ZLYPLZ )LPQPUN ]HYPVZ `LHYZ 1HWHU.V]LYUTLU[ VM 1HWHU 4PUPZ[Y` VM ,KJH[PVU *S[YL :WVY[Z :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` /PNOLY ,KJH[PVU )YLH 4VUIZOV :Y]L` VM ,KJH[PVU :V[O 2VYLH6YNHUPZH[PVU MVY ,JVUVTPJ *VVWLYH[PVU HUK +L]LSVWTLU[ 6,*+ 6USPUL ,KJH[PVU +H[HIHZL O[[W!^^^VLJKVYNLKJH[PVU KH[HIHZL UP[LK 2PUNKVT/PNOLY ,KJH[PVU :[H[PZ[PJZ (NLUJ` .LYTHU`-LKLYHS :[H[PZ[PJHS (NLUJ` 7YMUNLU HU /VJOZJOSLU HUK 6,*+ 6USPUL ,KJH[PVU +H[HIHZL O[[W!^^^VLJKVYNLKJH[PVUKH[HIHZL HUK UP[LK :[H[LZ5H[PVUHS *LU[LY MVY ,KJH[PVU :[H[PZ[PJZ 0U[LNYH[LK 7VZ[ZLJVUKHY` ,KJH[PVU +H[H :`Z[LT *VTWSL[PVUZ :Y]L` HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ 0U[LNYH[LK :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 9LZVYJLZ +H[H :`Z[LT LI*(:7(9 O[[W!^LIJHZWHYUZMNV] :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ : [V[HS : JP[PaLU : MVYLPNU .LYTHU` *OPUH 2 1HWHU :V[O 2VYLH 0UKPH -PNYL 6 9LZLHYJOLYZ PU ZLSLJ[LK YLNPVUZJVU[YPLZ LJVUVTPLZ! Thousands (FTE) , $ ,YVWLHU UPVU -;, $ MSS[PTL LXP]HSLU[ 56;,:! 9LZLHYJOLYZ HYL MSS[PTL LXP]HSLU[Z ;PTL ZWHU PZVY JSVZLZ[ H]HPSHISL `LHY : KH[H MVYLZ[PTH[LK IHZLK VU NYV^[O YH[L :69*,! 6YNHUPZH[PVU MVY ,JVUVTPJ *VVWLYH[PVU HUK +L]LSVWTLU[ 4HPU :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` 0UKPJH[VYZ HUK WYL]PVZ `LHYZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZUP[LK :[H[LZ , 1HWHU :V[O 2VYLH *OPUH :PUNHWVYL ;HP^HU 9ZZPH
  52. 52. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 O-9 ownership or by firms that perform research under contract to MNCs. Employment of researchers by foreign-based MNCs in other countries is unavailable, except for those working in the United States. Growth in U.S. employment of researchers working for U.S. affiliates of foreign-based MNCs has been broadly in line with overall U.S. researcher trends. Research Outputs: Journal Articles and Patents Research produces new knowledge, products, or process- es. Research publications reflect contributions to knowledge, patents indicate useful inventions, and citations on patent applications to the scientific and technical literature indicate the linkage between research and practical application. The number of research articles published in a set of in- ternational, peer-reviewed journals has grown from about 460,000 in 1988 to an estimated 760,000 in 2008.11 The geographical distribution of the authors provides yet another indication of the size of a countrys or regions research en- terprise and its ability to produce research results that can pass peer review. Researchers in the EU and the United States have long dominated world article production, but their combined world share of published articles decreased steadily from 69% in 1995 to 59% in 2008 as Asias output increased. In little more than a decade, Asias world article share ex- panded from 14% to 23%. The increase principally reflected Chinas output volume, which expanded by about 14% an- nually over the period. In 2008, China produced about 8% of world article output, up from 1% in 1988. By 2007, Chinas publication volume exceeded Japans, moving it into 2nd place behind the United Statesa distant 2nd place, but up from 14th place in 1995. In contrast, Indias output of scien- tific and technical articles stagnated through the late 1990s before beginning to increase, and Indias ranking hardly moved, changing from 12th place in 1995 to 11th place in 2008 (figure O-13). The distribution of a countrys research publications across different fields broadly reflects its research priorities. In 2007, more than half of the articles published by U.S. researchers reported on work in the biomedical and other life sciences, whereas scientists in Asia and some major Eu- ropean countries published a preponderance of articles in the physical sciences12 and engineering (figure O-14). Priority shifts not evident in figure O-14 include Chinas growing fo- cus on chemistry RD (related articles increased as a share of Chinas SE articles from 13% in 1988 to 24% in 2008) and declining share of other physical sciences articles (from 39% to 28%) as well as South Koreas shift toward greater output in biological and medical sciences (from a combined 17% to 38%). These changes in research portfolios reflect government policy choices: China is building up its chemi- cals industry; South Korea is trying to develop a reputation in health sciences. Worldwide, the number of engineering research articles increased substantially faster over the past 20 years than to- tal SE article production, particularly in Asia, where the growth rate (7.8%) in engineering article output exceeded that of total SE article output (6.1%). Growth in the United States and Japan averaged less than 2%; in the EU, about 4.4%. Chinas engineering article output grew by close to 16% annually, and the Asia-8 economies expanded their combined output by 10% a year. -PNYL 6 (]LYHNL HUUHS NYV^[O PU UTILY VM YLZLHYJOLYZ PU ZLSLJ[LK YLNPVUZJVU[YPLZLJVUVTPLZ! 7LYJLU[ , $ ,YVWLHU UPVU 56;,:! 9LZLHYJOLYZ HYL MSS[PTL LXP]HSLU[Z ;PTL ZWHU PZVY JSVZLZ[ H]HPSHISL `LHY 5TILY VM YLZLHYJOLYZ PUVY TVZ[ YLJLU[ `LHY PU WHYLU[OLZLZ : KH[H MVYLZ[PTH[LK IHZLK VU NYV^[O YH[L , PUJSKLZ HSSTLTILY Z[H[LZ :69*,! 6YNHUPZH[PVU MVY ,JVUVTPJ *VVWLYH[PVU HUK +L]LSVWTLU[ 4HPU :JPLUJL HUK ;LJOUVSVN` 0UKPJH[VYZ HUK WYL]PVZ `LHYZ HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ ZWLJPHS [HISH[PVUZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ:TPSSPVU ,TPSSPVU 9ZZPHTPSSPVU 1HWHUTPSSPVU :V[O 2VYLHTPSSPVU ;HP^HUTPSSPVU *OPUHTPSSPVU :PUNHWVYLTPSSPVU -PNYL 6 9 + LTWSV`TLU[ VM :IHZLK TS[PUH[PVUHS JVYWVYH[PVUZ! HUK;OVZHUKZ IHYZ 7LYJLU[ SPUL 56;,! ,TWSV`TLU[ HIYVHK SPTP[LK [V THQVYP[`V^ULK HMMPSPH[LZ :69*,! )YLH VM ,JVUVTPJ (UHS`ZPZ 0U[LYUH[PVUHS ,JVUVTPJ (JJVU[Z : +PYLJ[ 0U]LZ[TLU[ (IYVHKHUK WYL]PVZ `LHYZ O[[W!^^^ILHNV]0U[LYUH[PVUHSPUKL_O[T :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ ,TWSV`TLU[ PU : ,TWSV`TLU[ HIYVHK7LYJLU[ HIYVHK
  53. 53. O-10 Overview Consequently, the production of engineering research articles has shifted away from established ST nations. In 1988, the U.S. share of engineering articles was 36%; by 2008, it was 20%. Japans share declined from 12% to 7% during the same period. Only the EU managed to maintain its share at 28%. Asias share, excluding Japan, increased from 7% to 30%, with China producing nearly half (14%) of these articles by 2008 (figure O-15). This strong and rapidly growing preponderance of engi- neering articles produced in developing Asian economies (figure O-16) is consistent with the regions emphasis on de- veloping high-technology manufacturing capabilities. The Asia-10 region produced more engineering articles than the United States starting in 1999 and overtook the EU in 2003. In 2005, China overtook Japan in engineering article output and moved from ninth place in 1988 to second place. Indias relative strength in engineering allowed it to move from sev- enth place to fifth place in the past 10 years. -PNYL 6 : , QVYUHS HY[PJSLZ WYVKJLK I` ZLSLJ[LK YLNPVUZ JVU[YPLZ! Thousands , $ ,YVWLHU UPVU 56;,:! :LL NSVZZHY` MVY JVU[YPLZ PUJSKLK PU (ZPH HUK (ZPH , PUJSKLZ HSSTLTILY Z[H[LZ (Y[PJSLZ JSHZZPMPLK I` `LHY VM WISPJH[PVU HUK HZZPNULK [V YLNPVUJVU[Y` VU IHZPZ VM H[OVYZ PUZ[P[[PVUHS HKKYLZZLZ -VY HY[PJSLZ ^P[O JVSSHIVYH[PUN PUZ[P[[PVUZ MYVT TS[PWSL JVU[YPLZ LJVUVTPLZ LHJO JVU[Y`LJVUVT` YLJLP]LZ MYHJ[PVUHS JYLKP[ VU IHZPZ VM WYVWVY[PVU VM P[Z WHY[PJPWH[PUN PUZ[P[[PVUZ *VU[Z MVYHYL PUJVTWSL[L :69*,:! ;OVTZVU 9L[LYZ :JPLUJL *P[H[PVU 0UKL_ HUK :VJPHS :JPLUJLZ *P[H[PVU 0UKL_ O[[W![OVTZVUYL[LYZJVTWYVKJ[ZF ZLY]PJLZZJPLUJL ;OL 7H[LU[ )VHYK;4HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ ZWLJPHS [HISH[PVUZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ UP[LK :[H[LZ , (ZPH 1HWHU *OPUH(ZPH 9LZ[ VM ^VYSK Expanding International Research Collaborations Collaborative research is becoming the norm, as indi- cated by the increasing coauthorship of journal articles. Ar- ticles with authors in two or more countries have increased in number faster than any other segment of the SE lit- erature, indicating growing collaboration across national boundaries. In 1988, only 8% of the worlds SE articles -PNYL 6 -PLSK ZOHYLZ VM YLZLHYJO HY[PJSLZ MVY ZLSLJ[LK JVU[YPLZLJVUVTPLZ!56;,! 5H[YHS ZJPLUJLZ PUJSKL HZ[YVUVT` JOLTPZ[Y` WO`ZPJZ NLVZJPLUJLZ TH[OLTH[PJZ HUK JVTW[LY ZJPLUJLZ :69*,:! ;OVTZVU 9L[LYZ :JPLUJL *P[H[PVU 0UKL_ HUK :VJPHS :JPLUJLZ *P[H[PVU 0UKL_ O[[W![OVTZVUYL[LYZJVTWYVKJ[ZF ZLY]PJLZZJPLUJL ;OL 7H[LU[ )VHYK HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ ZWLJPHS [HISH[PVUZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZ5H[YHS ZJPLUJLZ ,UNPULLYPUN 4LKPJHS ZJPLUJLZ )PVSVNPJHS ZJPLUJLZ :VJPHSILOH]PVYHS ZJPLUJLZ (Z[YHSPH *HUHKH ;YRL` :V[O (MYPJH :^P[aLYSHUK 0ZYHLS )YHaPS 4L_PJV 9ZZPH 5L[OLYSHUKZ UP[LK 2PUNKVT 0[HS` .LYTHU` :WHPU -YHUJL 7VSHUK ;HP^HU :V[O 2VYLH 1HWHU :PUNHWVYL 0UKPH *OPUH UP[LK :[H[LZ 7LYJLU[
  54. 54. Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 O-11 had international coauthors; by 2007, this share had grown to 22%. The United States rate of international collaboration is similar to that of Japan and China but lower than that of the EU, where explicit EU policies coupled with incentives stimulate international, and specifically intra-EU, collabora- tion (figure O-17). As a result of the large volume of total U.S. article output, however, U.S.-based authors appeared on 43% of the worlds internationally coauthored articles in 2008. An index of international collaboration corrects for the ef- fects of unequal size of countries research establishments.13 It summarizes regional and country coauthorship patterns, with values above 1 indicating higher-than-expected, and values below 1 indicating lower-than-expected, collaborations. U.S. international collaborations measured by this bi- lateral index were widespread, were generally lower than expected, and remained mostly steady over the past decade (19982008). EU collaborations were equally widespread, were generally lower than expected for its large members, and increased measurably over the period, quite likely in response to explicit EU policies. Unlike the index values for established scientific nations, Asias index values were sub- stantially higher than expected. In 2008, U.S. research collaborations were especially strong with Canada and Mexico in North America (1.18 and 1.03), with Israel (1.25), and with South Korea and Taiwan in Asia (1.23). U.S. collaborations with China, Japan, and India were above the U.S. average. EU policies to increase intra-European research integra- tion appear to be having their desired effect, as intra-EU collaboration index values increased substantially over the period, most of them above unity. Intraregional collaborations are prevalent in Asia, where they have developed even without the integrating frame- work provided by the EU. Over the 10-year period, high lev- els of collaboration were evident between China and Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, whereas the rate of collaboration between China and India diminished notice- ably. India, in turn, collaborated more with Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. The underlying index values -PNYL 6 ,UNPULLYPUN QVYUHS HY[PJSLZ WYVKJLK I` ZLSLJ[LK YLNPVUZJVU[YPLZ! Thousands , $ ,YVWLHU UPVU 56;,:! :LL NSVZZHY` MVY JVU[YPLZ PUJSKLK PU (ZPH HUK (ZPH (Y[PJSLZ JSHZZPMPLK I` `LHY VM WISPJH[PVU HUK HZZPNULK [V YLNPVUJVU[Y` VU IHZPZ VM H[OVYZ PUZ[P[[PVUHS HKKYLZZLZ -VY HY[PJSLZ ^P[O JVSSHIVYH[PUN PUZ[P[[PVUZ MYVT TS[PWSL JVU[YPLZ LJVUVTPLZ LHJO JVU[Y`LJVUVT` YLJLP]LZ MYHJ[PVUHS JYLKP[ VU IHZPZ VM WYVWVY[PVU VM P[Z WHY[PJPWH[PUN PUZ[P[[PVUZ (Y[PJSLZ JVU[Z HYL `LHY TV]PUN H]LYHNL *VU[Z MVYHYL PUJVTWSL[L :69*,:! ;OVTZVU 9L[LYZ :JPLUJL *P[H[PVU 0UKL_ HUK :VJPHS :JPLUJLZ *P[H[PVU 0UKL_ O[[W![OVTZVUYL[LYZJVTWYVKJ[ZF ZLY]PJLZZJPLUJL ;OL 7H[LU[ )VHYK;4HUK 5H[PVUHS :JPLUJL -VUKH[PVU +P]PZPVU VM :JPLUJL 9LZVYJLZ :[H[PZ[PJZ ZWLJPHS [HISH[PVUZ :JPLUJL HUK ,UNPULLYPUN 0UKPJH[VYZUP[LK :[H[LZ , (ZPH *OPUH 1HWHU (ZPH 9LZ[ VM ^VYSK -PNYL 6 ,UNPULLYPUN HY[PJSL ZOHYL VM [V[HS : , HY[PJSL V[W[ MVY ZLSLJ[LK YLNPVUZJVU[YPLZLJVUVTPLZ! Percent domestic portfolio , $ ,YVWLHU UPVU 56;,:! :LL NSVZZHY` MVY JVU[YPLZ PUJSKLK PU (ZPH , PUJSKLZ HSSTLTILY Z[H[LZ (Y[PJSLZ JSHZZPMPLK I` `LHY VM WISPJH[PVU HUK HZZPNULK [V YLNPVUJVU[Y` VU IHZPZ VM H[OVYZ PUZ[P[[PVUHS HKKYLZZLZ -VY HY[PJSLZ ^P[O JVSSHIVYH[PUN P

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