Science 3000 / Chemistry 1 - Particle Theory and States

Unit 1: Chemistry

What is Chemistry

• Chemistry: study of matter and energy and

the interactions between them.

Chemistry is the study of:• Properties of matter – colour,

taste, smell, hardness, reactivity

• What matter is made of –water, iron, nickel, carbon dioxide

• The effect of matter’s composition on its properties: how what something is made of affects its characteristics (foods containing sugar taste sweet; bronze (copper and tin) is harder than just copper)

I understand chemistry, so what?• The central focus of chemistry is on the way

chemicals interact with one another to form

new materials with new properties. By

studying materials and their properties

scientists hope to make new substances

with better properties for specific needs.

Where is chemistry?Chemical reactions and their applications

have significant implications for society

and the environment.

What is matter?

• Matter: Anything that has a mass and volume.

Mass Volume

Mass: a measure of the quantity of

matter in an object (how much of the

object there is).

Units: often measured in grams (g)

or kilograms (kg).

Example: a brick has more mass

than an equal-sized volume of

Styrofoam.

Volume: a measure of how “big” an

object is or how much space a fluid

takes up.

Units: often measured in liters (L) or

millilitres (mL).

Example: A volleyball is larger than

a baseball. My water bottle can hold

a volume of water of 1 L.

Energy is NOT

matter!

Examples of Matter

The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the

structure and behaviour of matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).

1) All matter is composed of very tiny objects called particles.

2) All particles have spaces between them.

3) Particles present in matter are always in motion.

4) Particles in a substance attracteach other.

The Three States of Matter

Matter can exists in

3 states (Phases)

Solid (e.g. Ice

water)

Liquid (e.g. a glass

of water

that you drink)

Gas (e.g. the steam

that comes out of

a kettle when

water is heated)

The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the

structure and behaviour of matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).

1) All matter is composed of very tiny objects called particles.

-These particles are too small to be seen. Even with a powerful microscope.

The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the structure and behaviour of matter

(e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).

2) All particles have spaces between them.

-Particles of a solid are very close together.

-Particles of a liquid are farther apart than those of a solid.

-Particles of a gas are farther apart than those of a solid and liquid.

The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the structure and behaviour of

matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).

3) Particles present in matter are always in motion.

Particles of solid are very

close together and vibrate

in a fixed position.

Particles of a liquid stay

close to each other but can

slide past one another.

Particles of a gas are far

apart and move rapidly in

all directions.

The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the structure and behaviour of

matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).

4) Particles in a substance attract each.

The attraction between the

particles of solid are very

strong.

The attraction between the

particles of a liquid are not

as strong as those of a

solid.

The attractions between

the particles of gases (e.g.

in air) are not very strong.

Changes of States: Matter can

change states (Phase changes)

• Condensation

• Evaporation

• Melting

• Solidification

• Sublimation

• Deposition

Change of State

Change From To Heat Removed/Added

Condensation Gas Liquid Removed

Evaporation Liquid Gas Added

Melting Solid Liquid Added

Solidification Liquid Solid Removed

Sublimation Solid Gas Added

Deposition Gas Solid Removed

Particles and Heat (energy):

adding heat

• Movement: particles of a substance move more quickly

• Attraction between particles: weakens.

• When enough heat is added, the particles of a substance become so agitated that they break free from each other and form a gas.

Particles and Heat (energy):

Removing heat• Movement: the particles

of a substance move more slowly.

• Attraction between particles: strengthens.

• When enough heat is removed, the particles of a substance get so close together that they form a solid.

Notebook Questions

1) What happens to the movement of the particles as heat is added? As heat is removed?

2) What happens to the level of the liquid water in the beaker as heat is added (when the temperature reaches 100 C). Why?

3) What happens to the liquid water when the temperature reaches 0 C? Why?

Three states

of matter

How do we get from solid to liquid

and from liquid to gas?

Boiling

Point

Melting

Point

Tem

pera

ture

Heat Added

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting Point: Temperature at which a solid

turns into a liquid (melts).

Boiling Point: Temperature at

which a liquid turns into a gas

(evaporates).

• State: gas

• Made of: particles

• Space: A lot (spread out)

• Attraction: Very weak

• Motion: Very fast, all

directions

• State: Liquid

• Made of: particles

• Space: Not as much as a gas (closer)

• Attraction: Weaker than a solid.

• Motion: Slide past one another.

• State: Solid

• Made of: particles

• Space: Very close together

• Attraction: Very strong

• Motion: Slow vibration at fixed position

Summary Slide: What have we seen

• Matter

• Mass

• Volume

• Particles

• Particle Theory of matter (4 main points)

• Chemistry

• States and change of states

• States and heat (energy)