-
20 June 1958, Volume 127, Number 3312
AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
Board of Directors
WALLACE R.. BRODE, PresidentPAUL E. KLOPSTEG, President
ElectLAURENCE H. SNmDERs Retiring PresidentPAUL M. GROSSGEORGE R.
HARRISONCHAUNCEY D. LEAKEMARGARET MEADTHOMAS PARKMINA REESWILLIAM
W. RUBEYALAN T. WATERMANPAUL A. SCHERER, TreasurerDAEL WOLFLE,
Executive Officer
DAEL WOLFLE, Executive OfficerGRAHAM DUSHANE, Editor
JOSEPH TURNER, Assistant EditorROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant
Editor
Editorial BoardWALLACE R. BRODE EDWIN M. LERNEEBENTLEY GLASS
WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR.
EDWARD L. TATUM
Editorial StaffSARAH S. DEES, LUCILLE GUINARD, NANCY SHAMILTON,
OLIVER W. HEATWOLE, NANCY L.JACKSON, YUKIE KOZAI, ELLEN E.
MURPHY,BETHSABE PEDERSEN, MADELINE SCHNEIDER, JAC-QUELYN VOLLMER,
MARIA A. WOLSAK
EARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative
SCIENCE, which is now combined with THESCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is
published each Fri-day by the American Association for the
Advance-ment of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, Pa.The joint
journal is published in the SCIENCEformat. Entered at the
Lancaster, Pa., Post Officeas second class matter under the Act of
3 March1879. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guideto Periodical
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Editorial and personnel-placement correspond-ence should be
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Members x 2Professors sometimes remark that the university would
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rate of growth of membership is a function of theusefulness of the
association, and, again within rough limits, an increase
inmembership allows the association to be of greater service to its
member-ship, for the cost of operation increases less rapidly than
does the numberof members.AAAS membership has shown marked growth
since its founding 110 years
ago, and had a big spurt in the years surrounding the centennial
celebrationin 1948. A well organized membership drive increased the
total from 29,000in 1946 to 45,000 in 1949. Then came a slack
period; from 1950 through1954 the annual increases were small, and
totaled only 4000 in the five-yearperiod. Since 1954, however,
there has been an upturn, with a gain of 7000in the past three
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is in the interest of all members and that this year, when the
Associationcompletes its 110th year, is a good time to make a
special effort to increasethe membership. Accordingly, each member
was recently mailed a letterrequesting him to invite one or more of
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gimmick; scientists who are already members are thebest judges of
who among their colleagues would find AAAS membershipmost
profitable, and experience shows that their nominees are likely to
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re-
quirements will be. Some societies set quite specific
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and activities. The AAAS followed theBritish Association in
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interested in the advancement of science and who wishes to
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There are, of course, other reasons than the receipt of Science
for joiningthe AAAS, yet that is the most frequent and tangible
advantage of mem-bership. It is an advantage that is also enjoyed
by a considerable numberof nonmembers, for sample surveys of
readers have consistently shown thatthe number of readers is about
twice as large as the number of subscribers.These nonmember readers
are a good potential source of additional mem-bers, for their
active interest in one aspect of the Association's program
hasalready been demonstrated.The letter that the Board of Directors
sent to all members not only in-
vited each to nominate a new member but also urged him to
encouragehis nominee to accept the invitation to join. Early
returns indicate a largeresponse, but there are still many members
to be heard from. This editorialis a reminder that the invitation
was seriously meant; we hope that themembers will nominate a very
substantial number of new members. Thiseditorial is also an
invitation to readers who are not members. An appli-cation form is
printed on page 1450. Nonmembers who are interested inthe
objectives and activities of the AAAS are invited to use
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MeetingsStatistics and Probability
During the week of 2-8 March, an in-ternational conference on
statistics andprobability took place in the Mathe-matical Research
Institute, Lorenzenhof,Oberwolfach, Germany. This
conferenceexhibited the remarkable growth of inter-est in
statistics on the continent ofEurope. Also it emphasized a
certainshift in emphasis in statistical researchin general. For
these reasons, a brief ac-count of the conference may be of
gen-eral interest.As is well known, up to the end of
World War II, the geographical loca-tion of research in
statistics and in prob-ability was extremely uneven.
Statisticaltheory (that is, theories of tests of hy-potheses, of
estimation, and of decisionfunctions) was developed mostly in
Eng-lish-speaking countries and was largelyignored in western
Europe. Probabilitytheory centered in France and in Russia,while
English-speaking countries trailedbehind. After the end of the war,
thissituation changed radically. The worksof Bochner, Doob, Feller,
and Loevebrought this country to the forefront ofprobabilistic
research, and, at the sametime, there appeared in Europe
several
young centers of research in statisticsvhich promise remarkable
developments.
In addition to this geographical redistri-bution of effort, the
end of the warmarked a change in the subject of sta-tistical
research which may justify a dis-tinction between what may be
called theclassical and the modern theories of sta-tistics. I
propose to use the term classicalto describe those sections of
statisticaltheory that deal with numerical randomvariables. They
may be exemplified (i)by measurements, subject to randomerror, of a
given physical magnitude;(ii) by responses to a treatment of
or-ganisms selected at random from theirpopulation; (iii) by pairs
of numbers ofions generated by a cosmic ray particlein two
adjoining unit lengths of its path;.and so on. In each of these
cases we dealwith a chance mechanism producingnumbers, either
singly or in pairs or ipmultiple groups. More recently,
modernscience and modern industry broughtunder consideration more
complicatedchance mechanisms, connected with theterm stochastic
processes, which, at asingle trial, produce not just a singlenumber
or a finite set of numbers butmore complicated mathematical
entities.such as a function. In the classificationproposed, the
term modern theory of sta-tistics is applied to the statistical
theoryrelating to stochastic processes that is,
American Association for the Advancement of Science1848 110th
Anniversary 1958
SECTIONS: Indicate below the section(s) in which you are
interested.
A ---MathematicsB PhysicsC ChemistryD- AstronomyE -Geology and
Geog-
raphyF Zoological SciencesG Botanical SciencesH AnthropologyI
Psychology
K Social and EconomicSciences
L History and Philoso-phy of Science
M EngineeringN Medical SciencesNd DentistryNp Pharmacy0
AgricultureP Induxstrial ScienceQ- Education
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Mail this slip and annual dues of $8.50 (enclose check or money
order) to AAAS, 1515 Mass.Ave., N.W., Washington 5, D.C. (Dues
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1450
to random variables whose possible valuesare not numbers but
functions.The basis for this subdivision of sta-
tistical problems into the categories "clas-sical" and "modern"
is the difference inthe mathematical apparatus needed fortheir
treatment. Consider a classicalproblem of statistics with some n
observ-able numerical random variables X1,X.,
. . ,X.. The possible values of each Xiare numbers. Hence, if
one visualizes then-dimensional Euclidean space, a
singleobservation on these variables can berepresented by a single
"point" with itsfirst coordinate equal to X1, its secondcoordinate
equal to X2, and so on. Theprobability that the random point(X1,X9,
. . . X,,) will fall within anyspecified region, say R, is then
repre-sented by the measure of this region. Thetheory of measure is
based on the worksof Borel and Lebesgue, developed earl)in this
century and now commonly taughtin all universities with reasonably
devel-oped mathematical programs. The situ-ation is different with
modern statisticalproblems in which the outcome of a sin-gle
"trial" is a curve, say f(x) for valuesof x between zero and unity.
If one triesto extend to this case the representationof the outcome
of a trial by a point, it isnecessary to deal, roughly speaking,
withas many coordinates as there are num-bers between zero and
unity-that is, thecontinuum. For "spaces" filled withpoints of this
kind ("abstract spaces").one needs a definition of "distance,"
of"measure," and so forth. Theories ofthese concepts (Hilbert
spaces, Banachspaces, and so on) are of more recentorigin and are
included in our universityprograms only in the most advanced
in-stitutions.
As far as "modern" problems are con-cerned, it was logical and
unavoidablethat their probabilistic treatment shouldprecede their
statistical treatment. Thepriority here belongs to the
Russianschool of Kolmogorov and Khintchine.More recently, the
remarkable book bvDoob clarified many concepts andcleared new
paths. While it is difficult topoint out exactly the first attempts
atstatistical problems concerned with sto-chastic processes, we
certainly owe agreat deal to the Scandinavian schoolof Cramer,
particularly to Grenander.However, modern statistical theory
isstill in its infancy. One reason for thisstate of affairs is the
tendency of statis-ticians to concern themselves with theso-called
"practical" problems suggestedby various fields of application,
and, untilrecently, both science and industry of-fered only
problems with numerical ran-dom variables. However, currently
oneencounters a number of problems wherethe observable random
variables arecurves. One example must suffice. The"observations" by
a radio telescope pro-vide a single oscillating curve summariz-
SCIENCE, VOL. 127
-
ing the radio emissions of all the sourceslocated within a
certain solid angle. Cos-inological theories are concerned withthe
spatial distribution of these sources(one particular chance
mechanism) andwith the distribution of their individualintensities
'another chance mechanism).Also, the records of emission of the
cos-mic radio sources are combined by thetelescope with unavoidable
"noise" (athird chance mechanism). The statisti-cal problem here is
to use the observablerandom curve in order to verify this orthat
cosmological theory. Modern indus-try provides similar problems.
Thus, thedomain of probability distributions inabstract spaces
that, until recently, wasfrequently considered one of the dreanumof
abstract-minded pure mathematicians,is now rapidly becoming a
domain ofpractical statistical problems. In orderto stand up to
these practical deinands,the efforts of theoretical statisticians
mnuisthe reoriented.The conference in Loreuzenhof re-
flected both of the changes indicated:the change in the
geographical distri-bution of effort in statistical researchand the
change from classical to modernstatistical problems. Of the 42
partici-pants, 32 were from Germany and tenwere from other
countries (three fromthe United States and one each fromAustria,
Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Finland,France, Holland, and Hungary).
Eachof the foreign visitors and nine Germanswere asked to present
papers. The con-tents of these papers are far too techni-cal to be
reported here, and the follow-ing brief enumeration is limited to
casesasxhere the contributions at the confer-ence indicated the
emergence of a newstatistical research center on the conti-nent of
Europe. There appear to be atleast five such centers, each inspired
byan outstanding personality. Roughly,from West to East, these
centers areParis, Hamburg, Munich, Prague, andBudapest.
For quite some time Paris has been oneof the foremost centers of
research inprobability. However, the theory of sta-tistics seemed
to attract less attention.Nowse this situation has changed. and
theconferences at Lorenzenhof were muchimpressed by a very
interesting statisticalpaper by Robert Fortet, a noted
proba-bilist. This paper dealt with the theoryof testing
statistical hypotheses concernedwith stochastic processes and
establishedan intriguing connection with Shannon'stheory of
information.Hamburg was represented by L.
Schmetterer, leader of the group; by therecently appointed
docent, Krickeberg;and by a group of promising graduatestudents.
Incidentally, Schmetterer wasresponsible for the organization of
thescientific program of the conference atLorenzenhof. His own
paper was proba-bilistic and dealt with limit theorems ongroups.
Krickeberg spoke on convergence20 JUNE 1958 1451
-
of stochastic processes and exhibitedsigns of the influence of
Doob.The center of Munich provided four
active participants, D. Bierlein, K. Jak-obs, K. Gaede, and H.
Richter. The firstthree spoke on problems of probability,while
Richter dealt with Lindley's ver-sion of the statistical decision
problem.The same problem was also treated byE. Brandau of
Tubingen.The two statistical groups of eastern
Europe, one in Prague and the other inBudapest, were represented
at the con-ference by their respective leaders, A.Spacek and A.
Renyi. Their papers tes-
tified to the very intense and modernactivity of the two groups
and wereloaded wtih material.
While several of the papers men-tioned, and also some of those
omittedfrom the above enumeration, were essen-tially probabilistic
in character, they in-cluded distinct statistical elements.
Also,predominantly, the papers presenteddealt with modern
problems.
Taking into account the activities ofthe new centers just
described, togetherwith those of the older centers in Hol-land,
Denmark, Scandinavia, and Po-land, all subject to a considerable
extent
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to influences of the Russian school, oneobtains the impression
of a very strongdrive now prevalent in Europe towardsthe
development of an important newchapter of statistical theory.The
present account would be incom-
plete without a few lines about theMathematical Research
Institute atLorenzenhof. Erected in the hills ofSchwartzwald early
in this century, theLorenzenhof was intended to serve asthe hunting
lodge of a magnate. In duecourse it became the property of the
stateand, in 1944, became the seat of theMathematical Research
Institute. Origi-nally, the intention was to concentratecertain
branches of war research in theinstitute. However, in practice,
theLorenzenhof became a refuge for someof the German mathematicians
who, forvarious reasons, had to abandon theiruniversity positions.
Currently, under thewise guidance of its director, W. Sfissof
Freiburg University, and of his col-league and friend, H. Kneser of
Tii-bingen University, the activities of theinstitute consist of
the organization ofsome 12 mathematical symposia peryear. Each
symposium is given to a sepa-rate mathematical discipline and
lastsabout a week. From time to time, indi-vidual mathematicians
come to Lorenz-enhof for a period of quiet work.As a means for
fostering research, the
usefulness of the institute and of itssymposia is supreme.
Leisurely life inbeautiful surroundings, divided betweena moderate
number of lectures, walks inthe countryside, and occasional
periodsof good music, creates excellent oppor-tunities for informal
contacts and dis-cussions which have a most beneficialinfluence on
the development of mathe-maticians in Germany and, through
asubstantial attendance from abroad, alsoelsewhere. One cannot help
asking: Whatabout establishing a similar institutionin the United
States?
JERZY NEYMANMiller Institute forBasic Research in
Science,University of California, Berkeley
Hot Laboratories
Abstracts for papers to be presentedat the seventh Conference on
Hot Labo-ratories and Equipment, to be held inCleveland, Ohio,
April 1959, are due on15 September 1958 and should be sentto the
program chairman: L. G. Stang,jr., Brookhaven National
Laboratory,Upton, N.Y. Deadline for papers will beannounced later.
Papers are invited onall phases of hot laboratories and equip-ment
for handling radioactive material,including design, construction,
operation,maintenance, decontamination, remodel-ing, shielding
calculations, costs, and soforth.
SCIENCE, VOL. 127
1
-
First All-India Conferenceof ZoologyThe Zoological Society of
India is or-
ganizing the first All-India Congress ofZoology, to be held in
Calcutta from 31October to 6 November. This is the firsttime that
an attempt has been made tobring together all the zoologists in
India.A number of delegates from foreigncountries are also expected
to attend.Dr. B. S. Chauhan of the ZoologicalSurvey of India,
Calcutta, is the localsecretary. The last date for submission
ofpapers to be read before the congressis 15 August.
Society Elections
*Oregon Academy of Science: pres., C.R. Monk, Willamette
University; v. pres.,Lloyd W. Staples, University of Oregon;past
pres., E. C. Gilbert, Oregon StateCollege; sec., and representative
to theAAAS Council, F. A. Gilfillan, OregonState College,
Corvallis, Ore.; treas., E.A. Yunker, Oregon State College.
* National Association for Research inScience Teaching: pres.,
Thomas P.Fraser, Department of Science Educa-tion, Morgan State
College, Baltimore,Md.; v. pres., Vaden W. Miles,
PhysicsDepartment, Wayne State University;sec.-treas., Clarence M.
Pruitt, Univer-sity of Tampa, Tampa, Fla. The repre-sentative to
the AAAS Council is GeorgeG. Mallinson.
* American Society of Ichthyologists andHerpetologists: pres.,
Edward H. Taylor;treas., James E. Bohlke, Academy ofNatural
Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.; sec.,Roger Conant, Philadelphia Zoo,
34thSt. and Girard Ave., Philadelphia 4, Pa.The vice presidents
are: Boyd W.Walker, Department of Zoology, Univer-sity of
California; John C. Marr, La-Jolla, Calif.; James A. Kezer,
Depart-ment of Biology, University of Oregon.
Forthcoming Events
July20-23. National Shellfisheries Assoc.,
49th annual, Baltimore, Md. (P. A. But-ler, U.S. Shellfisheries
Laboratory, GulfBreeze, Fla.)
20-27. Americanists, 33rd intern. cong.,San Jose, Costa Rica.
(33rd Intern.Cong. of Americanists, National Museum,P.O. Box 749,
San Jose de Costa Rica,Central America.)
21-24. High Polymer Conf., intern.,Nottingham, England.
(Conference Sec-retariat, Dept. of Scientific and
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22-26. Brazilian Soc. for the Progressof Science, 10th annual,
Sio Paulo, Brazil.Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da20 JUNE
1958
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24-29. Atmospheric Diffusion and AirPollution, intern. symp.,
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25-28. Institute of Mathematical Sta-tistics, annual, Cambridge,
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GENERALS ELECTRIC1456
LettersWithdrawal versus Withholdingof Positive
Reinforcement
C. B. Ferster (1) in his experimentsused withholding of food
reinforcement(called by him withdrawal of positivereinforcement) in
differentiation of con-ditioned motor reflexes. It seems, how-ever,
that under the circumstances of hisexperiments, the procedure
cannot beconsidered as "the withdrawal of posi-tive reinforcement"
nor as "the with-drawal of the situation in which the
re-inforcement occurs." The situation inwhich the reinforcement
occurred wasonly partially changed by switching offof the overhead
lamp, or by appearanceof the red light, and in spite of the
factthat the animal performed the move-ment (pressing of the key),
the rein-forcement was withheld. The differen-tiation which was
attempted in theseexperiments developed slowly and wasonly a
partial one, because the reinforce-ment was withheld regularly only
whenthe movement occurred during periodswhen the red light
appeared, whereas inthe absence of the red light the rein-forcement
was applied irregularly.
Ferster emphasizes in his report theanalogy between the
punishment and thewithholding of positive reinforcement,both of
which had as a result the elimi-nation of the conditioned
movement.But I think that there is a very impor-tant difference
between the two events:the punishment, whether used in
classicconditioning (type I) or in escape oravoidance conditioning
(type II) (2),can give rise to new conditioned move-ments, whereas
the differential inhibi-tion can only eliminate some
preexistingconditioned movements. The suggestionthat punishment and
differentiation havecommon "aversive" features is, as of thepresent
time, based only on introspectiveimpressions.
In my own experiments (3), whenreal withdrawal of positive
reinforce-ment was used, a new kind of behaviorwas obtained. These
experiments con-sisted in the withdrawal of food duringthe act of
eating. The withdrawal wassignaled by an acoustic stimulus applied5
to 10 seconds beforehand. After sev-eral such trials the animal
stopped eatingwhen the stimulus sounded and turnedaway from the
food tray. This condi-tioned "cessation reflex" was later
differ-entiated: the food was withdrawn afterone of the stimuli,
hut after another itwas not. During the action of the firststimulus
the dog turned away from thefood, but during the action of the
other(that which was not reinforced by with-drawal of food), he ate
without inter-ruptions.
Thus, both the inhibition produced bySCIENCE, VOL. 127
-
withdrawal of food and punishment bypain reinforcement may give
rise to newconditioned movements.
A. W. ZBROZYNADepartment of Neurophysiology,Nencki Institute of
ExperimentalBiology, Wl'arsaw, Poland
References
1. C. B. Ferster, Science 126, 509 (1957).2. S. Miller and J.
Konorski, Compt. rend. soc.
biol. 99, 1155 (1928); J. Konorski, ConditionedReflexes and
Neuron Organization (CambridgeUniv. Press, Cambridge, 1948).
3. A. W. Zbrozyna, Acta Physiol. Polon. 3, 70(1952); Bull. acad.
polon. Sci. Classe VI, 5,261 (1957); Acta Biol. Exptl. Warszawa,
inpress.
A. Zbrozyna is correct in stating thawin establishing the
aversive event in myexperiment I did not withdraw all ofthe stimuli
correlated with reinforce-ment. The stimulus I withdrew is theone
differentially correlated with rein-forcement. The conditioned
response wasnever reinforced in the absence of theoverhead light,
while, alternately, it wasintermittently reinforced in its
presence.That the rate of pressing the key fell tozero in the
absence of the overhead lightis evidence of its effectiveness. The
aver-sive nature of the absence of the over-head light is
demonstrated by the sup-pression of key pressing during a
secondstimulus preceding the termination ofthe experiment (warning
stimulus).
This experimental procedure has beenstudied extensively with
electric shockas the aversive stimulus (see 1). Whetherthe degree
of awversiveness of the stimix-hIis correlated with the
nonreinforcemen.of the conditioned response depends onhow many of
the stimuli present duringreinforcement are withdrawn is an
ex-perimental question worth raising. Forexample, would the
discontinuation ofthe reinforcement of key pressing bemore aversive
if we physically removedthe animal from the experiment for
60minutes rather than "prevented" himfrom emitting the conditioned
responseby presenting a stimulus in whose pres-ence the conditioned
response has con-sistently gone unreinforced in the past?The
paradigm used in my experiment
investigates only one aspect of an aver-sive stimulus: the
suppression of someon-going. positively reinforced behaviorby a
stimulus preceding the aversiveevent. Other properties of aversive
stim-uli (such as electric shock) not studiedin this experiment
include (i) the prop-erty of maintaining another responsewhich
terminates, postpones, or avoidsthe aversive event; (ii) the
property ofdifferentially suppressing conditioned orotherwise
maintained behavior by pun-ishment-that is,, by application of
theaversive event to the response that is tobe suppressed.
Experiments demonstrat-ing both the first (2, 3) and secondproperty
(2) of the discontinuation of20 JUNE 1958
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positive reinforcement have already beencarried out, although
they have not yetbeen published.
C. B. FFRSTFR,Institute of Psychiatric Research,Indiana
University, IndianapolUs
References
1._2.
J. V. Brady, Science 123, 1033 (1956).C. B. Ferster, Psychol.
Monographs, in press.R. J. Herrnstein and W. H. Morse, Am.
Psy-cIhologist Abstr. (1956).
Prepublication Problems
The editorial in Science [127, 623(1958)] on "Pitfalls of
prepublication"called attention to a new type of scien-tific
publication problem.
Problems of printing the works ofproductive, perhaps
overproductive,scholars are old ones. By the 17th century,for
example, the practice of rushing intoprint was deplored by William
Harvey,who wrote of "the crowd of foolishscribblers whose
observations were as in-consequential as their theories werewordy"
(1). Lilienthal, in his De Machi-avellismo Literario, likened the
offspringof such scholarly productivity to blindwhelps brought
forth without pain (2).Johann Mencken, writing in 1715 in
DeCharlataneria Eruditorum (3), could notoverlook mentioning "those
writers whoconsider themselves suitably blessed ifno year, or
better, no month passes with-out receiving something new from
theirexceedingly fruitful minds."
Until I read the Science editorial, how-ever, I had been aware
of only onecomplaint regarding prepublication pro-ductivity. That
complaint concernedParacelsus, who dictated the majority ofhis
books. One of his students complainedthat they were dictated at
such a speed"you'd think that the devil was speakingin him" (4).
This prepublication com-plaint is interesting historically but
barelyapplicable, because Paracelsus' bookswere handwritten
manuscripts.
Today, however, all sorts of duplicat-ing processes exist,
making possible anextensive, but strictly informal, kind
ofpublication-that is, prepublication. TheScience editorial
mentioned one reasonfor prepublication: accelerating the re-search
process. Sending mimeographedcopies of articles in press to
colleaguesmakes them immediately cognizant of in-formation that may
not appear formonths or, in the case of some journalsin my own
field, for years. In the fieldof psychology, three other reAsons
forduplicated copies have been advanced:(i) There is a growing
tendencv for con-vention "handouts" to take the form offull drafts
of the paper to be read (5).(ii) Brief reports, limited to one
printedpage, are solicited by one journal forearly publication. An
author, however, is
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SCIENCE, VOL. 127
I I
14,)U
-
required to prepare at least 100) mimieo-oraphed copies of a
full report of the re-search study to send without charge toall who
request it (6). (iii) Authors ofmanuscripts not yet submitted for
publi-cation are routinely advised to give thema "trial run" on
professional colleagues(7). In many cases the feeling seems tobe
"the more the merrier," and mimeo-graphed copies are scattered
broadside.A few years' collection of such items
may result in confusion about citationsand reduce the
helpfulness of the refer-ence section of articles. Gradually,
afixed procedure is being introduced inpsychological writing (7).
For example,only articles accepted for publicationmay be designated
"in press.' In suchcases the name of the accepting journalis part
of the citation form. If a paperhas been presented at a meeting,
the pre-ferred forms of citation are (in order ofrank) to the
published version of thepaper, to the published abstract, or (if
itis essential to cite the paper and no ver-sion exists in the
professional literature),to the title and author, followed by
ablanket citation, such as "paper read atVa. Acad. Sci., Old Point
Comfort, May,1957.' It should be noticed that thisleast preferred
method eliminates cita-tion of a specific page reference for
anypuotation and thus avoids difficulties oc-,caioned by editorial
changes in a versionpublished later. To differentiate
betweenconvention "give-aw~ays," which oftenbear only a title and
the author's namefor identification, and the full reportsmentioned
in (ii), I suggested that suchmaterial carry a reference to the
brief.published report. My suggestion wasadopted by the editor, L.
F. Shaffer (per-sonal communication). It is in the hopethat these
methods will be of use to re-search workers in other fields that
theyare presented here.
Early alchemists, like Paracelsus, re-sembled donkeys lured
along by carrotsdnantling before their noses. Todays sci-entists
are like jet planes-propelled bytheir own exhaust. For,
a~l)larcntly, it isonly in our communication-conscious erathat
problems of prepublication arise.Concrete remedies are necessary,
lest the(xhatist eradicate bibliographic accuracy.
DFEIT LEBORich Ationd Professioiital Inilstitute,Richitiond,
'irginia
References
1. H. Graham., Eternal Eve (Doubleday, NewYork. 1951). p.
249.
2. D. Lebo, Ant. Psvrhologist 12, 158 (1956).3. T. B. Mencken,
The Charlatanry of the Learned
(Knonf, New York. rev. ed of De Charlatan-eria Eruditorumn,
1937), p. 70.
4. K. Walker. The Story of Medicine (OxfoidUniv. Press. New
York, 1955), p 121.
5. H. Schlosberg. Amt. Psychologist 11. 345 (1956).1. 1.
Consulting Psy hol. 22. ii ( 1958).7. Publ. Manual Ain P.schol.
Assoc.. Washinem-
ton. D.C., res ed. 1957). p 17; D. Lebo.Gu dehook fJor Thesis
(omIpo). tion (RichmondProfessional Institute. Richmonld. Va.,
1957).
20 JUNE 1958
Hyge shock tester takes about 60 seconds to compiata
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SCIENCE, VOL. 127