PEARSON 7 Investigating SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Senior Author Lionel Sandner Science Education Consultant and Writer formerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project Authors Nora Alexander Rosebank Road Public School Durham District School Board Mike Carlin Vice-Principal Walter Scott Public School York Region District School Board Glen Fatkin North Surrey Secondary School Surrey School District, BC Doug Herridge Greensborough Public School York Region District School Board Michael Lattner Special Assignment Teacher Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board Catherine Little Program Coordinator Science, Environmental and Ecological Studies Toronto District School Board Jim Walsh Instructor, Science and Technology Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa Sandy M. Wohl Instructor, Curriculum Studies Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia Contributing Authors Jay Ingram Science Journalist Daily Planet Discovery Channel Canada Sandra Mirabelli Academic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4–8 Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board Senior Technology Consultant Josef Martha Science Education Consultant and Writer formerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB
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P E A R S O N
7Investigating
SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY
Senior Author
Lionel SandnerScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project
Authors
Nora AlexanderRosebank Road Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Mike CarlinVice-PrincipalWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Glen FatkinNorth Surrey Secondary SchoolSurrey School District, BC
Doug HerridgeGreensborough Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Michael LattnerSpecial Assignment TeacherAlgonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board
Catherine LittleProgram CoordinatorScience, Environmental and Ecological StudiesToronto District School Board
Jim WalshInstructor, Science and TechnologyFaculty of Education, University of Ottawa
Sandy M. WohlInstructor, Curriculum StudiesFaculty of Education, University of British Columbia
Contributing Authors
Jay IngramScience JournalistDaily PlanetDiscovery Channel Canada
Sandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4–8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Senior Technology Consultant
Josef MarthaScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB
All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should beobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the PermissionsDepartment at Pearson Education Canada.
The information and activities presented in this book have been carefully edited andreviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole orin part, from the reader’s use of this material.
Brand names that appear in photographs of products in this textbook are intended toprovide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and technology andare in no way intended to endorse specific products.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-208004-0ISBN-10: 0-13-208004-4
Printed and bound in Canada
3 4 5 TC 12 11 10 09 08
PROJECT MANAGER: Yvonne Van Ruskenveld (Edvantage Press)
DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Janis Barr, David Gargaro, Susan Girvan, Georgina Montgomery,Eileen Pyne-Rudzik, Ph.D., Rosemary Tanner
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Erin Khelouiati, Ken Peck
COPY EDITOR : Moira Calder
PROOFREADERS: Maja Grip, Christine McPhee, Jennifer Hedges
INDEXER: Jennifer Hedges
PRODUCTION COORDINATORS: Sharlene Ross, Shonelle Ramserran
SENIOR MANUFACTURING COORDINATOR: Jane Schell
DESIGN: Alex Li
COMPOSITION: Carolyn E. Sebestyen
ILLUSTRATORS: Kevin Cheng, David Cheung, Crowle Art Group, Jeff Dixon, Jane Whitney
Assessment Derek TottenCurriculum Consultant York Region District School Board
LiteracySandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4 - 8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Catherine CostelloEducation Consultantformerly Curriculum Coordinator, LiteracyYork Region District School Board
Environmental EducationJane ForbesInstructor, Science and TechnologyOntario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto
Aboriginal EducationDarin CorbiereConsultant, Aboriginal EducationToronto District School Board
Differentiated InstructionKaren HumeStudent Success LeaderDurham District School Board
NumeracySue ContinelliGrapeview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Character EducationDennis CaronSt. Maurice Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Leda OstafichukJosyf Cardinal Slipyj Catholic Elementary SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Raymond WiersmaLord Elgin Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Combined GradesMaureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
ELL/ESLJane E. SimsEducation Consultantformerly Sir Sandford Fleming AcademyToronto District School Board
Maureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board
Safety Peter BlochNorthern Secondary SchoolToronto District School Board
Expert ReviewersRandy DumontMcMaster University
Dr. Monika HavelkaUniversity of Toronto (Mississauga)
Marina Milner-BolotinRyerson University
Steven SaduraUniversity of Guelph
Dr. Rashmi VenkateswaranUniversity of Ottawa
Unit ReviewersDaniel Birkenbergs St. Edmund Campion Senior SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Paul BosackiJohn P. Robarts Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Laura ChristianR.A. Riddel SchoolHamilton Wentworth District School Board
Consultants and Reviewers
Acknowledgements
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Acknowledgements
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Field-Test TeachersChris AtkinsonSt. Francis Xavier Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Jody Bonner-VickersJ.W. Walker SchoolRainy River District School Board
Anne BradleySt. James the Greater Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Helen BrownGordon B. Attersley Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Patricia Cava Sacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board
Brenda CollinsSt. Jude Catholic SchoolLondon Catholic District School Board
Joan D’EliaRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Chris di TomassoSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Jessica EgelnickRoyal Orchard Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Jody FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Heidi FergusonOur Lady of Sorrows Catholic SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Alison FernandesSt. Sebastian Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Andy ForgraveHarmony Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Donna Forward Sacred Heart Intermediate SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board
David GillespieRoland Michener Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Jocelyn HarrisonDixon Grove Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Ian ChristieAldershot School Halton District School Board
Julie GrandoAcademic Consultant, Science and Mathematics, Grades 7-12Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Jodie Hancox-MeyerDoon Public SchoolWaterloo District School Board
Jocelyn HarrisonD.A. Morrison Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Shawna HopkinsConsultant, Science, K-12 ScienceDistrict School Board of Niagara
Stephanie InsleyChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Heather A. MaceFeatherston Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Michael J. NewnhamLearning Coordinator, 7-12 ScienceThames Valley District School Board
Bruno PullaraAll Saints and St. Christopher SchoolsDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Katherine ShawInstructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board
Micheline TamminenFive Mile Public SchoolLakehead Public Schools
Margaret WardOrchard Park Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Matthew WilsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
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v
Pat Hogan St. Francis de Sales Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Bill HrynkiwNottingham Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Nizam HussainMilitary Trail Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Matt JohnstonBirch Cliff Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Kristi Johnston BatesSt. Michael Catholic High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Irene KicakGlenview Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Heather LanningGeneral Crerar Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Jeff LauckeRosedale Public SchoolLambton Kent District School Board
Nicholas LemireHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board
Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Hugh MacLeanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Marjory MassonEarl Beatty Junior and Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Irene McCuaigLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board
Mary Sue McIntyreMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Brian MurrantVictoria Harbour Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Tom RhindLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board
Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Phil SandersNorthdale Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Rey SandreSt. Mark Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Ryan SealeSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
John StarrattMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Corinna Taverna-RossiKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board
Stacy van BoxtelSt. Andrew’s SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Janice WhitonKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board
Raymond WiersmaChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Craig WinslowSt. Martin SchoolNiagara Catholic District School Board
StudentsThe authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank allthe students who participated in focus groups and field tests duringthe development of this book.
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vi
Michele ChomniakAbbey Lane Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Brenda CollinsSt. Jude SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Craig CorbettRolling Meadows Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Rosalie CrossBlossom Park Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Mary CuylleHillcrest Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Kara DalgleishBellmore Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Brett DavisQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Ian DawsonRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Veronica DeignanSt. Elizabeth Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Sonia DiCola KopichanskiOur Lady of Lourdes SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Nadine Dodds CormackW.H. Day Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Seana DonohueNotre Dame High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Kristy DuncanLockview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Sam FalzoneR.J. Lang Elementary & Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Julia FarewellCamilla Road Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Jodi FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Prepublication ReviewersLisa AckmanHighview Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Ann-Marie BabineauD.A. Moodie Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Savita BalagopalSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Vijaya BalchandaniNorth Kipling Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Swarnaly Banerjee-ModiTomken Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Janet BartoliniHumber Valley Village Junior SchoolToronto District School Board
Martin BeswickPrincess Margaret Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Shivani BhagriaHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Marlene BilkeyRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Tracy BridgenWestdale Park Public SchoolLimestone District School Board
Melissa BrownlowEarnscliffe Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Mahlon BryantonBeachburg Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Sukwinder BuallElia Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Shayne CampbellKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Patricia CavaSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Lenny ChiroAmesbury Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
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vii
Heidi FergusonOur Lady of SorrowsRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Ian FischerSt. Joseph High SchoolOttawa Catholic School
Erika Fleming GillespieSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Kim FoleyPerth Road Public SchoolLimestone District School Board
Donna ForwardSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Michael Frankfort Public School
York Region District School Board
Jeff FraserRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Jennifer FreelandtImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Lorraine GaneshFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Sarah GarrettKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Krista GauthierRockwood SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Fraser GillMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Mike GlazierLondon District Catholic School Board
Kevin GoodeMinesing Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Shaunna GoodeMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Rob GreenTreeline Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Akaran GuyadinThe Elms Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Deb HearnMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Tara HewittAgnes Hodge Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Marc HodgkinsonLorn Avenue Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Bryan HonsingerCarleton Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Wayne IsaacSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Krista JarvieHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Brent Johnston W.T. Townsend Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Kristi Johnston-BatesSt. Michael High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Darayus KangaHilltop Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Adam KellyGreenbank Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Gita KhannaFisherville Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board
Deb KiekensEarling Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Amy Kilty SchwandtOxbow Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Dr. Jean Kisoon-SinghMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board
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Thornhill Woods
Acknowledgements
viii
Elizabeth MayockHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Monica McArthur-JosephErin Centre Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Rob McBeth Baden Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Cara McCraeCentennial Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Diana McFarland-MundyQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Dave McGaghranRyerson Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Mark McKinleyJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board
Chris McKinnonSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Hugh McleanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Manish MehtaLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Paul MenicaninWinona Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Cindi Mitchell Armadale Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Yvan MoiseSt. Paul High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Ginny MonaghanBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Luis MorgadinhoSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Frank MullerBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Brenda KusmenkoFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Helen Laferriere Monsignor J.E. Ronan SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Marilyn LajeunesseMonsignor William Gleason Catholic SchoolWaterloo District School Board
Jean-Benoit LancaImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Chris LanisJohn English Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Bill LegateBeavercrest Community SchoolBluewater District School Board
Natalie LeitchJ.D. Hogarth Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Andrew LeslieHillcrest Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Steve LogueCheyne Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lara LosetoWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Andrew LovattSt. Thomas Aquinas High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Heather MaceFeatherstone Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Jenn MacKinnonSt. Agnes Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Tracey MacMillianHerman Street Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Art MacNeilMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Sean MathesonHighland Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board
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Katie MullerGateway Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Trevor OrmerodElementary Instructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board
Johanna PastmaCaistor Central Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Steacy PetersenKortright Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Jennifer PhillipsHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board
Elizabeth PiwowarSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Julie PodestaHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Georgina PurchaseJack Donahue Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Rena RoSunny View Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lisa RomeHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Michaeline RowberryBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Ernie SalacJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board
Shirley SaundersHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Tamara Sayers-PringleHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Ericka SchroederSt. Clemens Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Manny Sciberras John McCrae Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Clare ShannonEgremont Community SchoolBluewater District School Board
David Shulman German Mills Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Denise StansfieldSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Trevor StarkesRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Corrina StrongLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Enzo TignanelliSt. Luke Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
John ToveyNobleton Sr. Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Brandon TseLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Dana WallaceSir Winston Churchill Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Greg WatsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Corey WellsBaxter Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Deborah WestonLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lisa Weston TourignySir Arthur Carty SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Annie WhiteBennetto Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Michelle WillsonCourtland Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Sandy WilsonHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
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A17 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Mapping Consequences 30
Science and Technology in Your World The Wainfleet Bog 31
1.0 Chapter Review 32A18 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Zoos and Ecosystems 33
Interactions in ecosystems support the transfer of energy and the cycling of matter. 34
A19 Quick Lab Recycling Paper 37
2.1 The Transfer of Energy in Ecosystems 38A20 Starting Point Representing Food Chains 38
A21 During Reading Reading like a Writer 40
A22 Quick Lab Pass It On 41
Check and Reflect 42
A23 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Holes in the Food Web 42
2.2 Cycling Matter 43A24 Starting Point Organic Wastes and You 43
A25 Learning Checkpoint Going in Circles 44
A26 Problem-Solving ActivityRedesign a Package 46
Check and Reflect 47
A27 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Chemicals in Food Chains 47
2.3 Interactions and Changes in Ecosystems 48A28 Starting Point Limiting Factors 48
A29 During Reading Visualizing 50
A30 Design a Lab Competition in Ecosystems 52
A31 Inquiry Activity Ecosystem in a Jar, Part 2 53
Check and Reflect 54
A32 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Revisiting Your Consequences Map 54
Science and Technology in Your World Foresters 55
Common-Sense Science Safety in Your Classroom xviii
Exploring Your Textbook —Investigating Science and Technology 7 xxi
UNITA 2
Interactions in theEnvironment
A1 Quick Lab Interactions and Connections 6
A2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment What Is Stewardship? 6
Ecosystems are communities where biotic and abiotic elements interact. 8A3 Quick Lab Ecosystems Are Everywhere 11
1.1 Interactions of Biotic and AbioticElements 12A4 Starting Point Living and Non-living Things in Ecosystems 12
A5 During Reading Let the Titles Guide You 13
A6 Quick Lab Interactions of Biotic and Abiotic 15
Check and Reflect 16
A7 Thinking about Science and the Environment Your Ecosystems Mind Map 16
1.2 The Roles of Producers 17A8 Starting Point The Year with No Summer 17
A9 Learning Checkpoint Plants and the Sun 20
A10 During Reading Reading like a Writer 21
A11 Quick Lab How an Abiotic Element AffectsProducers 22
Check and Reflect 23
A12 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Connections 23
1.3 Producers and Consumers 24A13 Starting Point Where Does Their Food Come From? 24
A14 During Reading Origins of Scientific Words 25
A15 Quick Lab Food Chains and You 28
A16 Inquiry Activity Ecosystem in a Jar, Part 1 29
Check and Reflect 30
Contents
1.0
2.0
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2.0 Chapter Review 56A33 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Impact of Expanding Human Habitats on Other Living Things 57
We can change our actions andtechnologies to better protect the environment. 58
A34 Quick Lab Dealing with Sudden Natural Events 61
3.1 Succession, Recovery, and Renewalin Natural Communities 62A35 Starting Point What Happens to a Vacant Lot? 62
A36 Learning Checkpoint Change Over Time 65
A37 Decision-Making Analysis Managing Forests and Forest Fires 66
Check and Reflect 67
A38 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Declaring War on Weeds 67
3.2 The Environmental Impact of Humans 68A39 Starting Point Ecotourism 68
A40 During Writing Gathering Ideas for Writing 70
A41 Decision-Making Analysis Taking Out the E-Trash 71
A42 Problem-Solving Activity Cleaning Up anOil Spill 72
Check and Reflect 73
A43 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Limiting Factors and HumanCommunities 73
3.3 Sustainable Human Communities 74A44 Starting Point Too Much Phosphorus in the Water 74
A45 During Writing Considering Other Opinions 76
A46 Decision-Making Analysis What kind of car will you be driving? 78
A47 Decision-Making Analysis What do you want to do today? 79
Check and Reflect 80
A48 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Positive Actions for the Environment 80
Making Connections Rewilding 81
3.0 Chapter Review 82A49 Thinking about Science and the Environment Stewardship 83
Unit A Summary 84
Unit A Task 85
Unit A Review 86A50 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Can you go “carbon neutral”? 89
3.0
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Science and Technology in Your World Confederation Bridge 123
4.0 Chapter Review 124B21 Thinking about Science and TechnologyStructures and Technology 125
Good design, materials, andconstruction make structures stable and strong. 126
B22 Quick Lab Materials and Fasteners Hunt 129
5.1 Stabilizing Structures 130B23 Starting Point The Tipping Point 130
B24 Learning Checkpoint Triangular Strength 131
B25 During Reading Inferring 135
B26 Quick Lab Stability 137
B27 Inquiry Activity Structural Components and Materials 138
Check and Reflect 139
B28 Thinking about Science and TechnologyNews Flash 139
5.2 Elements of Design 140B29 Starting Point Bicycles Built for Two 140
C35 Quick Lab Using Magnetism to SeparateRecycled Metals 245
Check and Reflect 246
C36 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentSeparating Industrial Mixtures 246
9.2 Impact of Industrial Methods ofSeparating Mixtures and Solutions 247C37 Starting Point Industrial Methods of Separating Pure Substances and Mixtures 247
C38 During Writing Elements ofProcedural/Sequential Writing 249
C39 Quick Lab Benefits of an Air Filter on Indoor Air Quality 251
C40 Inquiry Activity Removing Carbon Dioxide from Air 252
Check and Reflect 253
C41 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Air Purifiers 253
9.3 Effects of Use and Disposal of Pure Substances and Mixtures on theEnvironment 254C42 Starting Point Dilution versus Pollution 254
C43 During Writing Using Procedural/Sequential Pattern 257
C44 Decision-Making Analysis CommunityTreatment of Waste Water 260
D48 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Read All about It 358
12.3 Managing Heat Issues 359D49 Starting Point Sorting Things Out 359
D50 During Writing Point, Proof, Comment 360
D51 Decision-Making Analysis Cutting Energy Costs 365
Check and Reflect 366
D52 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment It’s Your Choice 366
Making Connections The Snake and the Squirrel 367
12.0 Chapter Review 368D53 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Take Action Now 369
Unit D Summary 370
Unit D Task 371
Unit D Review 372D54 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentTie It All Together 375
Toolkits 376
Glossary 412
Index 419
Photo Credits and Acknowledgements 425
12.0
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You will be doing many activities in thisbook. Before you begin an activity, readthrough it and watch for “Caution” notes.These notes will tell you how to take extracare as you work through the activity. Makesure you understand what the cautions mean.
When doing an activity, it is veryimportant that you follow the safety rulesbelow. Your teacher may have safetyinstructions to add to this list. As you readthe rules, discuss with a partner or note why each one is an example of common-sense safety.
Before You Begin
1. Read and make sure you understand theinstructions in the text or in anyhandouts your teacher may provide.Follow your teacher’s direction always.Never change or start an activitywithout approval.
2. Learn to recognize the warning symbolsfor hazardous materials shown inToolkit 1, pages 377–378.
3. Keep your work area uncluttered andorganized.
4. Know the location of fire extinguishersand other safety equipment.
5. Always wear safety goggles and anyother safety clothing as requested byyour teacher or this book.
6. If you have long or loose hair, tie it back.Roll up long shirt sleeves.
7. Inform your teacher if you have anyallergies or medical conditions, oranything else that might affect yourwork in the science classroom.
During the Activity
8. Report any safety concerns you have orhazards you see (such as spills) to yourteacher.
9. Don’t eat, drink, or chew gum in yourscience classroom.
10. Never taste any substance.
11. Never smell any substance directly.Instead, gently wave your hand over itto bring its vapours toward your nose, asshown in the photo below.
Common-Sense Science Safety in Your Classroom
Safety
Smell an odour by wafting it toward you.
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xix
12. Handle all glassware carefully. If you seebroken glass, ask your teacher how todispose of it properly.
13. Handle knives and other sharp objectswith care. Always cut away fromyourself, and never point a sharp objectat another person.
14. Heat solids and liquids only in openheat-resistant glass containers and testtubes. Use tongs or protective gloves topick up hot objects.
15. When you heat test tubes, make sure thatthe open end is pointing away from youand anyone else in the room. The photobelow shows the correct way to do this.
16. When heating a substance, make sure thecontainer does not boil dry.
17. Keep water or wet hands away fromelectrical outlets or sockets.
18. Use tools safely when cutting, joining, ordrilling. Make sure you know how to useany tools properly.
19. If any part of your body comes in contactwith a chemical, wash the areaimmediately and thoroughly with water.If you get anything in your eyes, do nottouch them. Wash them immediately and continuously with water for 15minutes. Inform your teacher.
20. Treat all living things with respect.Follow your teacher’s instructions whenworking with living things in theclassroom or on a field trip.
21. On a field trip, do not disturb the areaany more than you need to. If you haveto take any plant material, take as littleas possible and remove it carefully.
When You Finish the Activity
22. Make sure you close the containers ofchemicals immediately after you use them.
23. Follow your teacher’s instructions tosafely dispose of all waste materials.
The open end of the test tube should point away from youwhen you heat it.
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Safety
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24. Always wash your hands well with soap,preferably liquid soap, after handlingchemicals or other materials. Alwayswash your hands after touching plants,soil, or any animals and their cages orcontainers.
25. When you have finished an experiment,clean all the equipment before putting itaway. Be careful with hot plates andequipment that have been heated as theymay take a long time to cool down.
After Reading
With a partner or small group, think of a wayyou could share your knowledge of safety in thescience classroom through a poster or a skit. Forexample, you could create a poster about the
correct way to smell a substance or how to heata liquid in a container. Or, you could plan andpresent a skit about getting yourselves and yourworkspace ready for a science activity.
Share Your Knowledge
Follow the safety instructions outlined by your teacherand this book.
Keep an eye open for possible hazards, and reportthem immediately.
Show respect and concern for your own safety andthe safety of your classmates and teachers.
Say “Yes!” to Safety
Wear the proper safety equipment when doing science activities.
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Investigating Science and Technology 7
Exploring Your Textbook
Explore the different ways Investigating Science and Technology 7 isorganized by finding the answers to the following questions.
Titles and Organizers
1. How many units will you study in
Investigating Science and Technology 7?
List their titles. For each unit, describe what
you think it’s about.
2. Turn to the Unit Overview at the beginning
of one of the units. What information about
the unit can you find there?
3. Who is Jay Ingram? What is the title of the
page with information from him? (HINT:
look near the end of Chapter 3.)
Symbols1. What is the symbol in the upper right handcorner of a During Reading feature? What isthe purpose of a During Reading feature?2. Find an Inquiry Lab in Chapter 8 and sketchtwo of the safety symbols found in the
activity. Where can you find more informationabout the safety symbols in your textbook?
Colours1. Name three different types of activities
printed on blue backgrounds. Find anexample of each type in Unit A.
2. At the end of each chapter, there is aChapter Review printed on a yellowbackground. What are the different parts ofa Chapter Review called?
3. There is a Unit Task described at thebeginning of each unit. Find the Unit Taskfor Unit C and summarize it. Look at the endof each chapter in Unit C for the Unit TaskLinks printed on blue backgrounds. How