School-wide PBIS: Correction Systems Chris Borgmeier, PhD Portland State University [email protected] www.swpbis.pbworks.com
Jan 18, 2016
School-wide PBIS:Correction Systems
Chris Borgmeier, PhD
Portland State University
www.swpbis.pbworks.com
Team Progress Reports What have you accomplished since the last
training?SW RulesExpectations GridLesson PlansAcknowledgment SystemPresentations to staffFeedback & participation from staffData Systems & SWISPBIS Handbook
Goals Review tenets of SW-PBIS as related to
consequences for problem behavior Examine role of race in Consequences for problem behavior
Define the functions of a school discipline system Propose the critical features of an effective discipline
policy Define options for responding to minor and major
problem behaviors. Propose the critical features of an effective process
for managing office discipline referrals
SW-PBIS Big Ideas Commitment to serve ALL students
Set students & staff up to be successful Proactive is better than reactive
Increase participation in school & academic success LIMIT LOSS OF INSTRUCTIONAL TIME Reduce use of exclusionary & punitive strategies
Time in Hall, Time in Office, Suspension, Detention
Use Data to guide decision making
Responding to Problem Behavior
Is it time to change our approach?
School Tendencies• Respond to serious problem behavior
through a “Get Tough” response1) Repeating & restating consequences2) Increasing aversiveness of consequences3) Establishing a bottom-line (zero tolerance level)4) Excluding student from “privilege” of attending
w/ Out of School Suspension & Expulsion5) Offering alternative ways of completing the
school experience (alternate placement)» Sugai & Horner (2002)
Reactive responses are predictable….
When we experience aversive situations, we select interventions that produce immediate relief– Remove student
• Additional missed instructional time– Remove ourselves – Assign responsibility for change to student &/or
others (often Administrator)• Dismiss adult responsibility for contributing to
situation
But….false sense of safety/security!
• Devalues child-adult relationship• Maintains/furthers relationship between academic
deficits & problematic social behavior• Fosters environments of control• Triggers & reinforces antisocial behavior • Shifts accountability away from school
Logical Consequences?...
“Have you ever seen….”
•“Lantana, you skipped 2 school days, so we’re going to suspend you for 2 more.”
•“Phoebe, I’m taking your book away because you obviously aren’t ready to learn.”
•“You want my attention?! I’ll show you attention,…let’s take a walk down to the office & have a little chat with the Principal.”
OR giving students exactly what they want?
Reinforcer or Punisher?
• Suspension• Verbal Reprimand• Spanking• Time Out
• IT DEPENDS ON THE STUDENT RESPONSE!!
• We often assign value to consequences, based on what we think…. BUT…– What we need to look at is the impact on the student
behavior
A “Get Tough” Discipline Policy
Not a PBIS School
MINOR BEHAVIOR OFFENSES The following types of behaviors may result in a discipline
referral to administration.
• Disrupting a classroom, lunch or assembly
• Violation of dress code• Throwing objects (e.g. papers,
erasers, etc. not safety hazard)• Running in class, halls, etc.• In halls at non-designated
times• Horse playing• Displaying affection in public• Bringing personal items from
home (toys, laser pointers, perfume, etc.)
CONSEQUENCES1st offense - 3 days of lunch detention2nd offense - 5 days of lunch detention3rd offense - 3 days of ISS & parent notification4th offense - begins consequence hierarchy at 2nd offense level for Medium Offenses
ISS = In School Suspension
What concerns
might there be about
this policy from a PBIS perspective?
MEDIUM BEHAVIOR OFFENSES Obscene language, materials, gestures or behavior Attendance problems/ditching (on or off campus) Defiant or disrespectful behavior Bullying (threatening, extorting) Excessive horseplay Throwing objects (e.g. rocks, items that pose a safety hazard) Deceitful behavior (forgery, plagiarism, lying, cheating, etc.)
CONSEQUENCES FOR MEDIUM OFFENSES 1st offense - 3 days ISS, parent notification, & contract 2nd offense - 3 days ISS, parent notification, & contract 3rd offense - 5 days ISS, parent notification, & contract 4th offense - short term home suspension (not to exceed 10 days at once)
What concerns
might there be about
this policy from a PBIS perspective?
MAJOR BEHAVIOR OFFENSES
Fighting/Battery, regardless of who started the fight (employing hostile contact in which at least one party or both individuals have contributed to a situation by verbal action and/or bodily harm)
CONSEQUENCES FOR MAJOR BEHAVIOR OFFENSES 1st offense - 3 days home suspension/re-entry conference with
parent/student/administrator 2nd offense - 5 days home suspension/ re-entry conference with
parent/student/administrator 3rd offense - 10 days home suspension/District Hearing with District
Hearing Officer to determine if student should return to Monroe 4th offense - long-term suspension (up to rest of term) through due
process
What concerns
might there be about
this policy from a PBIS perspective?
Team Discussion
Discuss your thoughts about this discipline policy?Are there any groups of students at your school who
would be disproportionately effected by this discipline policy?
What recommendations would you have for this school? Now, thinking about your own school discipline
practices/ policies…. Any recommendations?
Challenges to PBIS Implementation
• Reactive discipline (detention/suspension/etc.) is falsely assumed to be sufficient for handling rule violations and for promoting socially desirable behavior – as a result it is over-used as a primary disciplinary technique
Bigger, tougher Consequences is NOT what we mean by a Correction System
Responding to Problem Behavior
The emergence of SW-PBIS was a response to a growing over-reliance on using negative consequences for problem behavior Zero Tolerance
Research shows these responses were not effective in reducing student problem behavior and improving school climate
Recommended Reading: “Suspending Hope” from Teaching Tolerance
http://www.tolerance.org/magazine/number-41-spring-2012/suspending-hope
SW-PBIS Responding to Problem Behavior In SW-PBIS Responses to problem
Behavior must:Be Safe
No harm or physical coercion
Respect the Dignity of the Individual No humiliation or shaming
Maintain instructional time to the greatest degree possible
We will never be able to punish students into wanting to stay in school. Therefore we have to do business differently than we have in the past.
Sprick & Borgmeier, (2010)
Changing Suspension
practices takes a
concerted administrative
effort
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
Westview PrideUniversal System
Green Team
Responses to Problem Behavior
• Need to assess potential over-reliance on exclusionary & punitive discipline in school– Why
• Often ineffective at changing problem behavior & may be making behavior worse by providing desired outcome
• Punishes students relationship w/ school, but not student• Reduced instructional time• Increased potential for trouble kids get in to on the streets
– Alternatives?• Re-evaluate use and structure of Suspension & disciplinary
responses
Team Activity • Examine current Disciplinary practices in your
school/district– How many Days of School have been missed this year
due to Suspension?
• What is the impact on instructional time & changing student behavior?
– Consider how Suspension/Detention is used at your school
• In-School v. Out of School v. Saturday School• # of days routinely given 1 day v. 3 days?... When or Is there
benefit to 2 more days?
– What could you do differently?– Can you impact policy or procedures?
Cost Benefit Analysis Reactive Discipline v. PBS
Oregon Middle School Example5100 referrals =229,500 min. @ 45 min./referral
= 3825 hrs.= 478 days @ 8 hrs/day
Implemented SW-PBIS and referrals were reduced by over half in first year
Gain of 240 days of instruction in 1 school year
Caution: Consequence Systems
Too often consequences for negative behavior is the only behavior management plan schools or teachers have “If your only tool is a hammer, every problem
becomes a nail”
Only after teaching, reinforcing & providing opportunities to practice the expected behavior do we earn the right to use negative consequences
Bigger, tougher Consequences is NOT PBIS & NOT what we
mean by a Correction
System
Discipline Assumption
Delivering negative consequences for problem behavior is a necessary but insufficient strategy for reducing problem behavior.
Instead of focusing on punishment, focus on the remediation & instruction of alternative, desired behavior
Problem behavior should be seen as an instructional opportunity for social behavior
Responding to Problem Behavior
We will continue to use negative consequences in schools…
Why? Because they are effective for many students (students in the Green Zone) – those who can figure out the appropriate behavior on their own
…But only in ways that maintain the dignity, safety and respect of the student
Must pair use of negative consequences with instruction of the desired behavior
Changing the Social Culture:Responding to Problem Behavior
GOAL of SW-PBIS: A unified staff that responds consistently,
predictably & effectively to student problem behavior
Create a peer culture that discourages (not encourages) peer problem behavior
Teach students how to respond to problem behavior Encourage on-task, successful peer behavior
Students with Recurring Problem Behavior When negative consequences are not
effective… we need a new approach
too often we keep using & increasing negative consequences when they are not effective in changing behavior
How many days of detention, suspension, missed recesses before we realize this is not a successful intervention for changing behavior?
Instead, missed instructional time and negative feelings can exacerbate the problem behavior
Students with Recurring Problem Behavior
Often student problem behavior is helping students to get exactly what they want Avoid difficult tasks Obtain attention from peers or adult
Build Systems of Support Yellow Zone & Red Zone Systems
Team Discussion How do staff in your school view discipline and negative
consequences for student problem behavior?
For students who engage in behavioral violations… How do current disciplinary practices & consequences address:
a) Instruction of desired/appropriate behavior
b) Minimizing loss of instructional time
c) Preventing a problem behavior from being rewarded
d) Students with recurring problem behavior
Correction System:Discipline Policies
Discipline Policy
Purposes of Discipline PolicyPromote positive behavior and reduce
problem behaviorComply with federal and state lawCoordinate behavior support effortsEnsure safe and effective environmentsGet students access to needed supports
Discipline Policy
Critical ElementsDefine purposeDefine rolesDefine process for addressing problem
behaviorDefine consequence optionsDefine data collection expectations
What do you think about this Policy?
Any thing(s) your team
might incorporate
into your own policy?
Team Task
Examine your Discipline Policy
Is it a discipline policy or a school climate policy? Is the focus on punishments solely? Are prevention and
supports addressed? Do disciplinary responses consider loss of instructional time? What steps can you take to reshape the focus or develop
your school policy? How can you incorporate the PBIS Handbook you are
developing?
Establishing AgreementsContinuum of Behaviors
Staff v. Office Managed Responses to Behavior
Responding to Problem Behavior
1. Clarify across staff and administration what behaviors should be managed in the classroom v. sent to the office
2. Develop a continuum of “consequences” with a corrective/ remedial focus, rather than strictly punitive consequences or consequences that remove students from instructional time
3. Develop referral form that provides essential information for decision making
4. Use discipline referral data to identify problem areas & inform decision making Maximize school resources by making informed data-based decisions Recommended data system: SWIS – School Wide Information System
Six Elements of a School Discipline System
2. Problem Behavior Definitions
3. Discipline ReferralForm
4. Guidelines for responding to problem behavior
5. Data System
6. Decision-making Process
1. Policy and Logic
Continuum of Problem Behavior
Minor Behavior – situation with potential to escalate into a greater problem or crisis Use strategies for defusing the situation
Office Managed Problem Behavior – Serious misbehavior that endangers safety or well-being or makes normal classroom activities difficult or impossible
Crisis – situation has escalated out of control & is a danger Call for back-up Follow building emergency procedures
Office v. Classroom Managed Behavior
Develop Consistency/Agreement in Responses to Problem Behavior
Classroom Managed Office Managed•Failing to follow rules/directives•Inappropriate voice level•Disruptive•Inappropriate language/comments•Put downs/ low level teasing
•Danger to others with intent to hurt•Weapons•Fighting/ assault/ physical aggression•Overt defiance•Harrassment/Bullying•Inappropriate touching
***See Handout for more complete list w/ possible responses
Office v. Classroom Managed Behavior
• Make sure staff and administrators agree on what behaviors are:– Sent to office– Managed in the classroom (w/ a minor referral)– Managed in the classroom (w/o a minor)
• Develop a list of office managed behavior
Purposes of delivering ODR• Interrupt problem behavior
• Prevent escalation
• Teach discrimination about what is acceptable
• “This is not being respectful”
• Minimize likelihood that problem behavior will be rewarded.
• Allow education to continue for others• Safety• Access to instruction
How to deliver a Consequence Giving an ODR, Detention or minor
• Stop or redirect problem behavior• Non-emotional voice tone• 2 second pause (if possible)
• Label problem behavior• Define what is NOT happening (respect)
• Deliver consequence • Clarify behavioral choices, and your expectation for the
student.
Office v. Staff ManagedCONSIDERATIONS: Office Managed = loss of instructional time (probably 45
minutes/referral)
Teachers may lose credibility if sending too many problems to the office, or out of the classroom May appear the teacher can’t handle the classroom or work out concerns with
students Classroom Managed = opportunity to model problem solving and conflict
resolution
If a recurring problem, Removal from classroom may be exactly what student wants – may be strengthening that problem behavior
Common Guidelines for “minor” versus “major”
MINOR Teachers have the authority to manage problem behavior in class (or with a partner)
Use an office referral if a problem behavior (a) interferes with on-going education of others, (b) threatens safety, or (c) is of a severity requiring more extended intervention (e.g. more than 1 min).
Note that in-class interventions may also be included in the on-going data collection system… and are useful for decision-making
What should warrant a minor?
If it’s not severe enough to be a major referral… recurring is often the theme
If response to student behavior results in recurring missed instructional time the behavior should be documented…
Sent to hall, office, counselor, next door, de-escalation room, calm room…
Why minors?
To inform decision making
Elementary schools Few major referrals often leaves school with little
to guide decision making Can also leave staff feeling like referral data is not
a true representation of how things are in the school
Minor Referral Process
Elementary LevelOften enter every referral into data system
because minors @ elem… often provide best basis to guide decision making
at school-wide level in elementary schools
Why minors?
Middle schoolsUsually have enough major referrals to effectively
inform decision makingBut minors may still serve a purpose in decision
making
At MS primary concern is usually how do teachers document chronic, lower level problem behavior?
Minor Referral Process
Middle SchoolOften MS set up guidelines for # of referrals equals a
minor Teacher will keep minors and attach them to major referral
after student gets 3rd minor referral
MS decide whether or not to enter minor referrals separately or only as major referral
Teacher responsible for keeping minor referrals in meantime
Office v. Staff Managed Creating “United Front”
Consistency begins with agreements
Establish agreements about what behaviors should be sent to the office & what should be handled in the classroomAgreements across staff Agreements between staff & administration
Plan discussions/activities to clarify and foster agreement
CLASSROOM MANAGED VS. OFFICE MANAGED BEHAVIORS
STAFF DISCUSSION SCENARIOS
Questionable Discipline Referrals?(from 1 school district)
• Dressed all in blue (gang related)• No binder in class• Talking w/ another student• Did not get parent signature• Unprepared for class• Tickling another student• Not following instructions• Late assignments• Six missing assignments• Told many times to sit still and he did not • Noisy on way to assembly
Should these behaviors have
warranted Office Discipline Referrals?
Portland Area Middle School
Percent of Students Involved
63.3%
42.3%
What if the referrals on the previous slide
were all for the Hispanic
students in this school
SKIBA, 2008
Team Task Develop matrix
Office v. Staff Managed behaviors w/ continuum of responses/consequences to problem behavior
Behaviors that should be: Dealt w/ on location (no documentation) Dealt w/ on location (minor referral) Sent to office
Develop plan for communicating with staff and establishing agreements re: Staff v. Office Managed Behaviors & Staff Responses to Problem Behavior
Maintaining Access to Instruction
Go to the Hallway & Buddy Rooms
Match Intensity of Response w/ Severity of Behavior
Continuum of Responses to Escalating Behavior
Less disruptive More severe
Classroom Buddy Office CRISIS
Managed Managed Managed
MINOR MAJOR Code Blue
Think Time (Dr. Ron Nelson)
Used for students who engage in attention-maintained problem behavior in the classroom.
Major goal is to reduce reward for problem behavior
Relies on two teachers collaborating Establish an open desk in each room Build a “problem solving form”
What did you do?; What could you have done differently?
How will you handle this situation in the future?
Think Time (Dr. Ron Nelson)
Teach the “think time” routine Set limits on how long student remains in room (limit
loss of instructional time) Maintain data on application of Think Time
Complete an Office Discipline Referral form.
IF IMPLEMENTED -- this is a School-wide system that needs to be monitored and maintained to be used with fidelity
Emphasize the need to maintain & maximize instructional time
Reduce Escalation – Emphasize Defusion Strategies
See Iris Media for good video – “Defusing Anger & Aggression”
How do we monitor lost instructional time – if a student is sent to the hall for 15 minutes… should this be documented with a referral?
Discipline Referral Process & Flowchart
Defining the Discipline Process
What forms to complete? When? For which behaviors? Is there a minor referral? Or only major? Suspension/ Detention?
What is the follow-up? What happens to the discipline referral form? With student? With parent? With referring staff?
Observe Problem Behavior
Warning/Conference with Student
Use Classroom Consequence
Complete Minor Incident Report
Does student have 3 MIR slips
for the same behavior in the same quarter
•Preparedness•Calling Out•Classroom Disruption•Refusal to Follow a Reasonable Request (Insubordination)•Failure to Serve a Detention•Put Downs•Refusing to Work•Inappropriate Tone/Attitude•Electronic Devices•Inappropriate Comments•Food or Drink
•Weapons•Fighting or Aggressive Physical Contact•Chronic Minor Infractions•Aggressive Language•Threats•Harassment of Student or Teacher•Truancy/Cut Class•Smoking•Vandalism•Alcohol•Drugs•Gambling•Dress Code•Cheating•Not w/ Class During Emergency•Leaving School Grounds•Foul Language at Student/Staff
Write referral to office
Administrator determines
consequence
Administrator follows through
on consequence
Administrator provides teacher
feedback
Write the student a
REFERRAL to the main office
•Issue slip when student does not respond to pre-correction, re-direction, or verbal warning
•Once written, file a copy with administrator
•Take concrete action to correct behavior (i.e. assign detention, complete behavior reflection writing, seat change)
SIDE BAR on Minor Inc ident Repor t s
•Issue slip when student does not respond to pre-correction, re-direction, or verbal warning
•Once written, file a copy with administrator
•Take concrete action to correct behavior (i.e. assign detention, complete behavior reflection writing, seat change)
SIDE BAR on Minor Inc ident Repor t s
Is behavior office
managed?
ClassroomManaged
Office Managed
No Yes
What is the Discipline Process? -forms to complete? -steps to take?
MINOR MAJOR
Team Tasks
Develop your Discipline Process & Flowchart
Major v. minor behaviors & responsesDecision Guidelines & ProcessesCommunication process
Follow-upWho enters referrals & when
Referral Forms
Major (ODR) & Minor
Reviewing your Discipline Referral Form Are you getting the most information from your
referral forms?
Could you update your referral form to provide you with more useful data?
Does your ODR form require less than 30 sec to complete?
Minimal use of written text
Discipline Referral Form
Relevant informationWho (name, grade, gender) (students/adult)What (problem behavior)Where (location)When (what time of day?)With whom (who else was involved)Why (motivation - why did this happen?)DetailsAdministrative Response
Who?
What?
Where?
When?
Why?
With whom?
Admin Response?
Details
Minor Referral Form
Who?
What? Where?
When?
Why?
With whom?
Admin Response?
Details
Team Tasks
Will you use a minor referral? Why? & How will you use it?
Develop/Evaluate/Revise your minor & major referral form Include identified fields
Using Discipline Data for Decision Making
Team Discussion
What data do you currently use to evaluate & action plan School-wide Discipline & Behavior intervention?How often is this data shared with the entire
staff?
What are challenges/barriers to using data?
Effective Data Systems
In order to make the most informed decisions regarding SW PBIS an effective data system must provide data not only
about individual students, but also compile discipline data school wide
Can your school currently look at discipline data from a School-wide perspective? SWIS (School-wide Information System) is one
system that allows this type of manipulation of data
School Wide Information System(SWIS) www.swis.org
Web-based discipline referral information system Database for tracking office referral and suspension
data Provides accessible and useful data summaries (in
graphs and tables) to help guide decision making in school planning
Allows for easy manipulation of data to find answers to your specific questions
Located on the web at www.swis.org $250/year per school
Preview SWIS on
www.swis.org
Team Task
Examine the current discipline data system used in your school & compare with the features of SWIS
Will your current data system facilitate effective decision making?
Beyond Office Discipline Referrals
Behavior Data SummarySchool & District
Behavior Data Summary School & District (cont.)
Ravenswood City School District Average SET scores across all 10 schools
Fall 2002-2006
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% o
f F
eatu
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Fall 2002Spring 20032003-042004-05Fall 2005
Ravenswood City School District Average # Referrals per Day
2003-2006
0
0.5
1
1.5
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4.5
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Alt MS MS 1 MS 2 K-8 1 K-8 2 K-8 3 K-8 4 K-8 5 Elem 1 Elem 2 DistrictTotal
School
Ave
rage
# o
f Ref
erra
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er D
ay
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
Ravenswood City School District Average Suspension per Day
2003-2006
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0.5
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1.5
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Alt MS MS 1 MS 2 K-8 1 K-8 2 K-8 3 K-8 4 K-8 5 Elem 1 Elem 2 DistrictTotal
Schools
Aver
age
Susp
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ons
per D
ay
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
Team Discussion
Look at PBIS Data Audit tool
Why is it important to look at data across ODRs/Susp/LRE… etc. when examining progress w/ SW climate and discipline?
What challenges will there be to using this data tool? TURN IN DATA AUDIT TOOL by the end of the year
TasksNew Tasks Clarify/ document Staff
managed v. Office Managed Behavior
Promote more effective responses to problem behavior
Review Referral form & process for turning in referrals
Use data for Decision Making
Set up SWIS or identify system for informing school-wide decision making
Follow-up Tasks Finalize Expectations
Grid Lesson Planning
Assembly/Teaching Schedule
Develop or refine your Acknowledgment System
Complete your SW PBS Action Plan
Complete Teaming Matrix (if applicable)
Assemble PBS Handbook Complete SW PBS
Update form