Unit6: Schizophrenia Psychiatric 1 Schizophrenia Lecture outlines: - Define schizophrenia. - Symptoms of Schizophrenia. - Etiology of schizophrenia. - Types of Schizophrenia. - Phases of schizophrenia. - Treatment of schizophrenia. - Nursing interventions according to nursing diagnosis. Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder (or a group of disorders) marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors. - Schizophrenic patients are typically unable to filter sensory stimuli and may have enhanced perceptions of sounds, colors, and other features of their environment. - Most schizophrenics, if untreated, gradually withdraw from interactions with other people, and lose their ability to take care of personal needs and grooming. Psychosis o Psychosis is a severe mental condition in which there is disorganization of the personality, deterioration in social functioning, and loss of contact with, or distortion of reality. There may be evidence of hallucinations and delusional thinking. o Psychosis can occur with or without the presence of organic impairment.
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Unit6: Schizophrenia Psychiatric
1
Schizophrenia
Lecture outlines:
- Define schizophrenia.
- Symptoms of Schizophrenia.
- Etiology of schizophrenia.
- Types of Schizophrenia.
- Phases of schizophrenia.
- Treatment of schizophrenia.
- Nursing interventions according to nursing diagnosis.
Schizophrenia
- Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder (or a group of disorders) marked by
severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors.
- Schizophrenic patients are typically unable to filter sensory stimuli and
may have enhanced perceptions of sounds, colors, and other features of
their environment.
- Most schizophrenics, if untreated, gradually withdraw from interactions
with other people, and lose their ability to take care of personal needs and
grooming.
Psychosis
o Psychosis is a severe mental condition in which there is disorganization of
the personality, deterioration in social functioning, and loss of contact
with, or distortion of reality. There may be evidence of hallucinations and
delusional thinking.
o Psychosis can occur with or without the presence of organic impairment.
Unit6: Schizophrenia Psychiatric
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
A: Positive or hard symptoms, include
1. Ambivalence: Holding seemingly contradictory beliefs or feelings about
the same person, event, or situation.
2. Associative looseness: Fragmented or poorly related thoughts and ideas.
3. Delusions: Fixed false beliefs that have no basis in reality.
4. Echopraxia: Imitation of the movements and gestures of another person
whom the client is observing.
5. Flight of ideas: Continuous flow of verbalization in which the person
jumps rapidly from one topic to another.
6. Hallucinations: False sensory perceptions or perceptual experiences that
do not exist in reality.
7. Ideas of reference: False impressions that external events have special
meaning for the person.
8. Perseveration: Persistent adherence to a single idea or topic; verbal
repetition of a sentence, word, or phrase; resisting attempts to change the
topic.
B: Negative or Soft Symptoms
1. Alogia: Tendency to speak very little or to convey little substance of
meaning (poverty of content).
2. Anhedonia: Feeling no joy or pleasure from life or any activities or
relationships.
3. Apathy: Feelings of indifference toward people, activities, and events.
4. Blunted affect: Restricted range of emotional feeling, tone, or mood.
Unit6: Schizophrenia Psychiatric
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5. Catatonia: Psychologically induced immobility occasionally marked by
periods of agitation or excitement; the client seems motionless, as if in a
trance.
6. Flat affect: Absence of any facial expression that would indicate
emotions or mood.
7. Lack of volition: Absence of will, ambition, or drive to take action or
accomplish tasks.
Etiology of schizophrenia
1. Genetic Factor
o Twins have a 50% risk for schizophrenia, whereas fraternal twins
have only a 15% risk.
o Children with one biologic parent with schizophrenia have a 15% risk;
the risk rises to 35% if both biologic parents have schizophrenia.
2. Neuroanatomical ( brain Structures) Factors
- Less brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid than people who do not have
schizophrenia: this could represent a failure in development or a
subsequent loss of tissue.
- CT scans have shown enlarged ventricles in the brain and cortical
atrophy.
- PET studies suggest that glucose metabolism and oxygen are
diminished in the frontal cortical structures of the brain.
- Decreased brain volume and abnormal brain function in the frontal
and temporal areas of persons with schizophrenia. This pathology
correlates with the positive signs of schizophrenia (temporal lobe)
Unit6: Schizophrenia Psychiatric
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such as psychosis and the negative signs (frontal lobe) such as lack of
volition or motivation and anhedonia.
- Intrauterine influences such as poor nutrition, tobacco, alcohol and
other drugs, and stress also are being studied as possible causes of the
brain pathology found in people with schizophrenia.
3. Neurochemical (brain activity) Factors
Excess dopamine as a cause:
Drugs that increase activity in the dopaminergic system, such as
amphetamine and levodopa, sometimes induce a paranoid psychotic