SCHEME OF STUDIES for BS in PHYISICS Scheme of Studies.pdf · 2021. 2. 8. · August 17, 2020 2 SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS IN PHYISICS Semester wise Scheme of Studies Year 1 Semester

SCHEME OF STUDIES

FOR

BS IN PHYSICS

Department of Physics

Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan

Revision August 2020

2 August 17, 2020

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS IN PHYISICS

Semester wise Scheme of Studies

Year 1

Semester 1

Course Code Course Title Credit hours

PHY-301 Mechanics 4

PHY-301L Mechanics Lab 1

Calculus-I 3

English-I 3

Introduction to Computing 3

Physical Education and Sports/

International Relations 3

MATH-301F Foundation Mathematics (Medical Stud.) non-credit

Total 17

Semester 2

Course Code Course Title Credit hours

PHY-351 Electricity and Magnetism 4

PHY-351L Electricity and Magnetism Lab 1

Calculus-II 3

English-II 3

Introduction to Programming 3

Introduction to Sociology/

Introduction to Psychology 3

Total 17

Year 2

Semester 3

PHY-401 Waves and Oscillation 3

PHY-402 Heat and Thermodynamics 3

PHY-402L Heat, Waves and Sound Lab 1

Differential Equations 3

English-III 3

Islamic Studies 2

Introduction to Political Science

Ethics 3

Total 18

Semester 4

PHY-451 Modern Physics 3

PHY-452 Optics 3

PHY-452L Optics Lab 1

Linear Algebra 3

Pakistan Studies 2

Probability and Statistics /

Introduction to Geology 3

Physical Chemistry 3

Total 18

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Year 3

Semester 5

PHY-501 Classical Mechanics 3

PHY-502 Mathematical Methods of Physics- I 3

PHY-503 Electrodynamics-I 3

PHY-504 Quantum Mechanics -I 3

PHY-505 Electronics 3

PHY-505L Lab-V (Electronics) 2

Total 17

Semester 6

PHY-551 Quantum Mechanics-II 3

PHY-552 Mathematical Methods of Physics-II 3

PHY-553 Electrodynamics-II 3

PHY-554 Thermal and Statistical Physics 3

PHY-555 Atomic & Molecular Physics 3

PHY-555L Lab -VI (Modern Physics) 2

Total 17

Year 4

Semester 7

PHY-601 Solid State Physics-I 3

PHY-602 Nuclear Physics 3

PHY-602L Lab-VII (Nuclear Physics) 2

PHY-6XY Elective-I 3

PHY-6XY Elective-II 3

PHY-600 Project/Thesis (Starts) --

Total 14

Semester 8

PHY-603 Solid State Physics-II 3

PHY-6XY Elective-III 3

PHY-6XY Elective-IV 3

PHY-6XY

Or

PHY-600

Elective-V

Or

Project/Thesis (Continued)

3

Total 12

Total credit hours 130

Note ➢ Project will be started in semester 7

➢ The number of students in BS projects should not exceed three.

➢ The supervision of a single BS project will be equivalent to a load of three credit

hours course and vice versa.

➢ The chairman may change out department courses depending on the availability of

faculty member

4 August 17, 2020


Table of contents

PHY-301 Mechanics .......................................................................................................... 6

PHY-301L LAB-I (Mechanics) ........................................................................................... 7

MATH-301F Foundation Mathematics ................................................................................... 8

PHY-351 Electricity and Magnetism ................................................................................ 9

PHY-351L LAB-II (Electricity and Magnetism) ............................................................... 11

PHY-401 Waves and Oscillations ................................................................................... 12

PHY-402 Heat and Thermodynamics .............................................................................. 13

PHY-402L LAB-III (Heat, Waves and Sound) .................................................................. 14

PHY-451 Modern Physics ............................................................................................... 15

PHY-452 Optics .............................................................................................................. 16

PHY-452L LAB-IV (Optics) ............................................................................................. 17

PHY-501 Classical Mechanics ........................................................................................ 18

PHY-502 Mathematical Methods of Physics-I ................................................................ 19

PHY-503 Electrodynamics-I ........................................................................................... 20

PHY-504 Quantum Mechanics-I ..................................................................................... 21

PHY-505 Electronics ....................................................................................................... 22

PHY-505L LAB-V (Electronics) ....................................................................................... 23

PHY-551 Quantum Mechanics-II .................................................................................... 24

PHY-552 Mathematical Methods of Physics-II .............................................................. 25

PHY-553 Electrodynamics-II .......................................................................................... 26

PHY-554 Thermal and Statistical Physics....................................................................... 28

PHY-555 Atomic and Molecular Physics ....................................................................... 29

PHY-555L LAB-VII (Modern Physics) ............................................................................ 30

PHY-601 Solid State Physics-I ........................................................................................ 31

PHY-602 Nuclear Physics ............................................................................................... 32

PHY-602L LAB-VI (Nuclear Physics) .............................................................................. 32

PHY-603 Solid State Physics-II ...................................................................................... 33

PHY-651 Computational Physics ..................................................................................... 34

PHY-652 Environmental Physics ..................................................................................... 35

PHY-653 Laser Physics ................................................................................................... 36

PHY-654 Concepts of Nanophysics and Nanotechnology ............................................... 37

PHY-655 Particle Physics ................................................................................................ 38

PHY-656 Materials Characterization Techniques ............................................................ 39

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PHY-657 Introduction to Materials Science ................................................................... 40

PHY-658 Plasma Physics ................................................................................................. 41

PHY-659 Special Theory of Relativity ............................................................................ 43

PHY-660 Introduction to Scintillation Materials ............................................................. 45

PHY-661 Radiation Physics ............................................................................................. 46

PHY-600 Project .............................................................................................................. 47

6 August 17, 2020


PHY-301 Mechanics Credit Hours: Four (4)

Objectives: The main objective of this course is to understand the different motions of objects on a

macroscopic scale and to develop simple mathematical formalisms to analyze such motions.

This is a calculus-based introductory course with maximum emphasis on applying the acquired

knowledge to solving problems.

Course Contents: Vectors Overview: Vectors and scalars, Vector operators, coordinate systems and Unit

Vectors, Vector – Magnitude and direction, Vector decomposition into components

Kinematics: position, velocity and acceleration, constant acceleration, vector description of

motion in 2D, projectile motion.

Newton’s Laws: Newton’s Laws of motion, force laws, constraint forces and free body

diagrams for gravity, contact forces, tension and springs, Friction

Circular Motion: Circular motion, velocity and angular velocity, uniform circular motion,

tangential and radial acceleration, period and frequency of uniform circular motion. Newton’s

second law and Circular motion, Universal Law of gravitation.

Drag Forces, Constrains and Continuous Systems: Pulleys and constraints, Massive rope,

continuous systems and Newton’s second law as a differential equation, Resistive forces,

capstan, drag force in fluids, free fall with air drag.

Momentum and Impulse: Momentum and Impulse, External and Internal forces and the

change in momentum of a system, system of particle. Conservation of momentum, constancy

of momentum and isolated systems, momentum changes and non-isolated systems, center of

mass, translational motion of the center of mass.

Continuous mass Transfer: Relative velocity and recoil, reference frames, continuous mass

transfer, momentum and flow of mass

Kinetic Energy and Work: The concept of energy and conservation of energy, kinetic energy,

work, work energy theorem, power, work and scalar product, work done by a non-constant

force along arbitrary path, work kinetic energy theorem in 3D, conservation of energy,

conservative and non-conservative forces.

Potential Energy and Energy conservation: Changes in potential energy of a system,

changes in potential energy and zero point of potential energy, mechanical energy and

conservation of mechanical energy, change of mechanical energy for closed system with

internal non-conservative forces, dissipative forces: friction, potential energy diagrams.

Collision Theory: Types of collision, Elastic collisions, center of mass reference frame.

Rotational Motion: Motion of a rigid body, two-dimensional rotational kinematics, moment

of inertia, Torque, static equilibrium, rotational dynamics.

Angular momentum: Angular momentum of a point particle, angular momentum of a rigid

body about a fixed axis, Torque and angular impulse.

Rotations and Translations -Rolling: Rolling Kinematics, rolling dynamics, rolling kinetic

energy and angular momentum, gyroscopes

Recommended Books: 1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999.

2. R. A. Serway and J. W. Jewett, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers”, Golden

Sunburst Series, 8th ed. 2010.

7 August 17, 2020


3. R. A. Freedman, H. D. Young, and A. L. Ford (Sears and Zeemansky), “University

Physics with Modern Physics”, Addison-Wesley-Longman, 13th International ed.

2010.

4. F. J Keller, W. E. Gettys and M. J. Skove, “Physics: Classical and Modern, McGraw

Hill. 2nd ed. 1992.

5. D. C. Giancoli, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers, with Modern Physics”,

Addison-Wesley, 4th ed. 2008.

6. Classical Mechanics: MIT 8.01" by Peter Dourmashkin

PHY-301L LAB-I (Mechanics) Credit Hours: One (1)

Theme: Experiments with pendulums, stop watches, one-dimensional motion and verification of

Newton's laws of motion, measurement of forces, speed, acceleration and linear momentum,

collisions and conservation of momentum, impacts, free fall and acceleration due to gravity,

gyroscopes, rotational motion, conservation of angular momentum, friction, static and dynamic

equilibrium, compound pendulum, rolling motion along inclined planes, simple harmonic

motion, masses attached to springs and Hooke's law, damped motion and the regimes of

damping (overdamped, underdamped and critically damped), pressure in fluids, experiments

demonstrating continuity, Bernoulli's principle, buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle, Atwood

machine, fluid viscosity, surface tension.

8 August 17, 2020


MATH-301F Foundation Mathematics Credit Hours: A non-credit course (compulsory for medical students)

Objectives This is a bridging course, compulsory for pre-medical students, studying BS Physics. The aim

of this course is to bring pre-medical students at par with pre-engineering students. In this

course the students will focus on understanding basic concepts of mathematics frequently

used in physics majors

Course Contents Basic Arithmetic

Basic idea of fraction, Addition, subtraction, multiplication and divisions of fractions,

decimals, percentages, ratios, rules of arithmetic, surds

Functions and Graphs

Introduction to functions, linear functions, polynomial functions, exponential and logarithmic

functions, trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, composition of functions, inverse

functions

Algebra

Powers or indices, logarithms, expanding and removing brackets, pascal’s triangle and

binomial theorem, factorizing quadratics, linear equations in one variable, completing the

squares, quadratic equations, simultaneous linear equations, solving inequalities, cubic

equations, simplifying algebraic fractions, polynomial division, partial fraction

Geometry

Properties of straight-line segment, the gradient of a straight-line segment, equations of straight

lines, the geometry of a circle, conic sections, polar co-ordinates

Trigonometry

Pythagoras theorem, Trigonometric ratios in a right-angled triangle, trigonometric ratios of an

angle of any size, measurements in radians, trigonometric equations, triangle formulae, cosec,

sec and cot, the addition formulae, the double angle formulae

Differentiation

Differentiation from first principles, differentiation power of x, differentiating sines and

cosines, differentiating logs and exponentials, using a table of derivatives, the quotient rule,

the product rule, the chain rule, parametric differentiation, differentiation by taking logarithms,

implicit differentiation, tangent and normal, maxima and minima

Integration

Integration as summation, integration as reverse of differentiation, integration using table of

anti-derivatives, integration by parts, integration by substitution, integration of algebraic

fractions, integration using trigonometric formulae, finding areas by integration

Recommended Books 1. Hugh Neill and Douglas Quadling, Advanced Mathematics, Cambridge University Press

2004.

2. F.Sc. textbook for Mathematics.

9 August 17, 2020


PHY-351 Electricity and Magnetism Pre-requisite: Mechanics, Calculus I

Co-requisite: Calculus II

Credit Hours: Four (4)

Objectives: The main objective of this course is to understand the Physics of Electromagnetism and to

develop simple mathematical formalisms to analyze the electromagnetic fields and

interactions. This is a calculus-based introductory course with maximum emphasis on applying

the acquired knowledge to solving problems.

Course Contents • Coulomb’s Law: Coulomb’s Law, Charge is Quantized, Charge is Conserved

• Electric Fields: The Electric Field, The Electric Field Due to a Charged Particle, The

Electric Field Due to a Dipole, The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge, The Electric

Field Due to a Charged Disk, A Point Charge in an Electric Field, A Dipole in an

Electric Field

• Gauss’ Law: Electric Flux, Gauss’ Law, A Charged Isolated Conductor, Applying

Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry, Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry,

Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry,

• Electric Potential: Electric Potential , Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field,

Potential due to a Charged Particle, Potential due to an Electric Dipole, Potential due

to a Continuous Charge Distribution, Calculating the Field From the Potential, Electric

Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles, Equipotential Surfaces, Potential

due to a Point Charge and a Group of Point Charges, Potential due to an Electric Dipole,

Potential due to a Charge Distribution, Relation between Electric Field and , Electric

Potential Energy.

• Capacitors: Capacitance, Calculating The Capacitance, Capacitors In Parallel And In

Series, Energy Stored in an Electric Field, Capacitor With a Dielectric, Dielectrics and

Gauss’ Law.

• Current and Resistance: Electric Current, Current Density, Resistance and

Resistivity, Ohm’s Law; Power, Semiconductors and Superconductors;

• Circuits: Single-loop Circuits, Multi- loop Circuits, The Ammeter and the Voltmeter,

RC Circuits

• Magnetic Fields: Magnetic Fields and the Definition of B, Crossed Fields: Discovery

of the Electron, Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect, A Circulating Charged Particle,

Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons, Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire, Torque on

a Current Loop, The Magnetic Dipole Moment

• Magnetic Fields Due to Currents: Magnetic Field Due to a Current, Force between

two Parallel Currents, Ampere’s Law, Solenoids and Toroids, A Current-Carrying Coil

as a Magnetic Dipole

• Induction and Inductance: Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law, Induction and Energy

Transfers, Induced Electric Fields, Inductors and Inductance, Self-Induction, RL

10 August 17, 2020


Circuits, Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field, Energy Density of a Magnetic Field,

Mutual Induction

• Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current: Lc Oscillations, Damped

Oscillations in an RLC Circuit, Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits, The

Series RLC Circuit, Power in Alternating-Current Circuits, Transformers

• Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter: Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields,

Induced Magnetic Fields, Displacement Current, Magnets, Magnetism and Electrons,

Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism

Recommended Text Books:

1) D. Halliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, “Fundamentals of Physics”, John Wiley &

Sons, 9th ed. 2010.

2) R. A. Serway and J. W. Jewett, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers”, Golden

Sunburst Series, 8th ed. 2010.

3) R. A. Freedman, H. D. Young, and A. L. Ford (Sears and Zeemansky), “University

Physics with Modern Physics”, Addison-Wesley-Longman, 13th International ed.

2010.

4) F. J Keller, W. E. Gettys and M. J. Skove, “Physics: Classical and Modern, McGraw

Hill. 2nd ed. 1992.

5) D. C. Giancoli, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers, with Modern Physics”,

Addison-Wesley,

11 August 17, 2020


PHY-351L LAB-II (Electricity and Magnetism) Credit Hours: One (1)

Theme: Static charge and electric fields, direct and alternating currents, electrical measurement

instrumentation (voltmeters, ammeters, power supplies, variable transformers, cathode ray

oscilloscope, electrometer), passive electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors),

measurement of resistance, capacitance and inductance, electromagnetic induction, inductors

and transformers, motors, magnetic fields due to currents and permanent magnets,

ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity, determination of hysteresis curves, determination of Curie

point, magnetic susceptibility and its temperature dependence, dielectric properties

measurement, mapping of magnetic fields using Hall sensors, experiments on noise, properties

of the light bulb.

12 August 17, 2020


PHY-401 Waves and Oscillations Pre-requisites: Mechanics, Calculus II

Credit Hours: Three (3)

Objective(s) To develop a unified mathematical theory of oscillations and waves in physical systems.

Course Contents Harmonic Oscillations:

Simple harmonic motion (SHM), Obtaining and solving the basic equations of motion x(t),

v(t), a(t), Longitudinal and transverse Oscillations, Energy considerations in SHM. Application

of SHM, Torsional oscillator, Physical pendulum, simple pendulum, SHM and uniform circular

motion, Combinations of harmonic motions, Lissajous patterns, Damped harmonic motion,

Equation of damped harmonic motion, Quality factor, discussion of its solution, Forced

oscillations and resonances, Equation of forced oscillation, Discussion of its solution, Natural

frequency, Resonance, Examples of resonance.

Waves in Physical Media:

Mechanical waves, Travelling waves, Phase velocity of traveling waves, Sinusoidal waves,

Group speed and dispersion, Waves speed, Mechanical analysis, Wave equation, Discussion

of solution, Power and intensity in wave motion, Derivation & discussion, Principle of

superposition (basic ideas), Interference of waves, Standing waves. Phase changes on reflection

Sound:

Properties of sound waves, travelling sound waves, the speed of sound, Power and intensity of

sound waves, interference of sound waves, standing longitudinal waves, vibrating systems and

sources of sound

Light:

Nature of light, visible light (Physical characteristics) light as an electromagnetic wave, speed

of light in matter, physical aspects, path difference, phase difference etc. total internal

reflection, The doppler effect of light.

Recommended Books 1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999.

2. N.K. Bajaj, The Physics of Waves & Oscillations, Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing

company Limited, 1986.

3. H. J. Pain, The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, 5th Edition 1999.

13 August 17, 2020


PHY-402 Heat and Thermodynamics Pre-requisites: Mechanics

Co-requisites: Calculus-II


Objective(s) To understand the fundamentals of heat and thermodynamics.

Course Contents Basic Concepts and Definitions in Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system, Surrounding

and Boundaries. Type of systems. Macroscopic and microscopic description of system.

Properties and state of the substance: Extensive and Intensive properties, Equilibrium,

Mechanical and Thermal Equilibrium. Processes and Cycles: Isothermal, Isobaric and

Isochoric. Reversible and irreversible processes

Ideal Gases: Brownian motion, Langevin theory and Einstein theory of Brownian motion,

Degrees of freedom in mono, di and triatomic molecules, Specific heat of mono, di and

polyatomic gases, Critical constants, Boyles temperature, Temperature of inversion, Van der

Waals equation of state, Joule’s law for perfect gas, Joules coefficient, Joule-Thomson effect,

Nature and origin of Van der Waal gases

Transport phenomena in gases: Mean free path, sphere of influence, transport phenomena,

viscosity, thermal conductivity

Heat and Temperature: Temperature, Kinetic theory of ideal gas, Work done on an ideal gas,

Review of previous concepts. Internal energy of an ideal gas: Equipartition of Energy,

Intermolecular forces, Qualitative discussion, The Virial expansion, The Van der Waals

equation of states

Thermodynamic Functions: Thermodynamic functions (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Gibb’s

functions, Entropy, Helmholtz functions), Maxwell’s relations, TdS equations, Energy

equations and their applications.

Thermodynamics: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, Consequence of Zeroth law of

Thermodynamics. The state of the system at Equilibrium. First law of thermodynamics and its

applications to adiabatic, isothermal, cyclic and free expansion. Second law of

thermodynamics, Carnot theorem and Carnot engine. Heat engine, Diesel and Petrol engines,

Refrigerators. Calculation of efficiency of heat engines. Entropy and Second law of

thermodynamics, Entropy and Probability, The T-S diagram. Third law of thermodynamics,

Zero-point energy

Thermometry: Heat and temperature, types of thermometers, relationships between scales,

Thermoelectricity, Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, Thomson effect, Thermoelectric power,

Thermoelectric thermometer

Recommended Books 1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999.

2. D. Halliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, “Fundamentals of Physics”, John Wiley, 9th ed.

2010.

3. M. W. Zemansky, “Heat and Thermodynamics”, Mc Graw Hill, 7th ed. 1997.

4. M. Sprackling, “Thermal Physics” McMillan 1991.

5. B. N. Roy, “Principle of Modern Thermodynamics”, Institute of Physics, London 1995.

6. Brij Lal, N. Subrahmanyam, Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Publisher: S.

Chand Limited, 2008

14 August 17, 2020


PHY-402L LAB-III (Heat, Waves and Sound) Credit Hours: Four (1)

Objective(s) Heat: Calorimetry, heat transfer, Newton's cooling under ambient and forced convection and

radiation, measurement of temperature using Si diodes, thermistors, thermocouples and RTD's,

blackbodies, heat pumps and heat engines, investigation of gas laws and laws of

thermodynamics, thermal conductivity by pulsed heating of a metal rod, measurement of latent

heats and specific heat capacities, temperature control using PID (proportional-integral-

derivative) schemes, thermal expansivity and its measurement using strain gauges.

Waves and Oscillations, Sound: Resonance in a stretched string, normal modes of oscillation,

dispersion relations for mono and diatomic lattice, coupled oscillators, nonlinear oscillations

exemplified by resistance-inductance-diode circuits, magnetic pendulums, accelerometers,

measurement of the speed of sound under conditions of varying temperature, solitons,

pendulum, waves in water, beats, super-positions of harmonic motion (Lissajous patterns),

sonometer.

15 August 17, 2020


PHY-451 Modern Physics Pre-requisites: Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism


Objective(s) To understand the failure of classical physics and emergence of quantum physics

Course Contents Special Theory of Relativity:

Inertial and non inertial frame, Postulates of Relativity, The Galilean Coordinate

Transformation, The Lorentz Transformation, Derivation, Assumptions on which inverse

transformation is derived, Consequences of Lorentz transformation, Relativity of time,

Relativity of length, Relativity of mass, Transformation of velocity, variation of mass with

velocity, mass energy relation and its importance, relativistic momentum and Relativistic

energy, (Lorentz invariants) E2= p2c2+mo2c4

The Twin Paradox, The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves, Relativistic Momentum,

Relativistic Work and Energy, Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity

Photons: Light Waves Behaving as Particles

Historical background (from classical to modern physics), Light Absorbed as Photons: The

Photoelectric Effect, Light Emitted as Photons: Production of X-rays, Measurement of the

intensity of X-rays, Diffraction of X-rays and Bragg’s law, single crystal X-ray spectrometer,

X-ray spectrum (continuous and discrete) Moseley’s law, X-ray energy level diagram, radiation

less transitions, Auger effect, related problems

Light Scattered as Photons: Compton Scattering and Pair Production, Wave–Particle Duality,

Probability, and Uncertainty, The Uncertainty Principle, Waves and Uncertainty, Uncertainty

in Energy

Particles Behaving as Waves

Electron Waves: Davisson-Germer Experiment, J. P. Thomson Experiment, The Nuclear Atom

and Atomic Spectra, Rutherford’s Exploration of the Atom, The Failure of Classical Physics,

Energy Levels and the Bohr Model of the Atom, The Franck–Hertz Experiment, Hydrogen

Energy Levels in the Bohr Model, Planck and the Quantum Hypothesis, The Heisenberg

Uncertainty Principles for Matter

Recommended Books 1. Robert M Eisberg, Fundamentals of Modern Physics, John Wiley & Sons 1961

2. Sanjiv Puri, Modern Physics, Narosa Publishing House, 2004.

3. Arthur Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics (fifth edition) McGraw-Hill 1995

4. Robert M. Eisberg and Robert Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, molecules, Solids,

Nuclei and Particles, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

5. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999.

6. A.P. Malvino, 'Electronic Principles', Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (1988).

7. Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman, A. Lewis Ford, University Physics with Modern

Physics, 13th Edition, Addison Wesley (2012)

16 August 17, 2020


PHY-452 Optics Pre-Requisites: Waves and Oscillations


Objective(s) To understand the optical phenomena and their uses in physical systems

Course Contents Geometrical Optics

Geometrical optics and its laws, sign convention, Refraction at a spherical surface, lens

formula, lens formula by deviation method, two lens systems, Aberrations, Review of topics

related to chromatic aberration, Chromatic aberration, Eye pieces, Fibre optics.

Polarization

Plane elliptically and circularly polarized light, Production of each type and their uses, Malus

law, Polarizing angle and Brewster law, Uni-axial crystals, Induced optical effects, Optical

activity in liquids

Interference

Far field approximation, Analytical treatment of interference phenomenon, point source and

extended source, Typical cases of interference phenomena, (thin films, Fabry Perot &

Michelson interferometer, Fresnel’s biprism), Holography.

Diffraction

Huygen’s principle, Fraunhofer diffraction, Fresnel diffraction, Diffraction by a single slit,

Diffraction pattern of a rectangular aperture, Diffraction pattern of a circular aperture,

Resolving power of lenses, Double slit diffraction pattern, Diffraction grating, Dispersing

properties of prism and grating, X-ray diffraction, neutron and electron diffraction. Study of

Fourier theorem and its analysis, Application to grating, Diffraction applications.

Recommended Books 1. E. Hecht, Optics, Addison – Wesley Publishing Company 1987.

2. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999.

17 August 17, 2020


PHY-452L LAB-IV (Optics) Credit Hours: Three (1)

Objective(s) Optics (basic and advanced) and Spectroscopy:

Sources of light including bulbs, light emitting diodes, laser diodes and gas lasers, experiments

demonstrating optical phenomena such as interference, diffraction, linear motion, reflection,

refraction, dispersion, Michelson interferometry, measurement of refractive index using

interferometry, measurement of the speed of light, diffraction gratings and multiple-slit

interference, thin film interference and Newton's rings, use of digital cameras for optics

experiments, mode structure of lasers, use of spectrometers and monochromators, wavelength

tuning of laser diodes, rainbows, emission spectroscopy of low-pressure gases (hydrogen),

alkali spectra and fine structure, hyperfine structure of rubidium, vibrational spectrum of

nitrogen, Lambert-Beer's law, optical polarization, magneto-optical Faraday rotation.

18 August 17, 2020


PHY-501 Classical Mechanics Pre-requisites: Mechanics


Course Contents Review of Newtonian Mechanics: Frame of reference, orthogonal transformations, angular

velocity and angular acceleration, Newton’s laws of motion, Galilean transformation,

conservation laws, systems of particles, motion under a constant force, motions under variable

force, time-varying mass system.

The Lagrange Formulation of Mechanics and Hamilton Dynamics: Generalized co-

ordinates and constraints, D-Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s Equations, Hamilton’s

principle, integrals of motion, non-conservative system and generalized potential, Lagrange’s

multiplier method, the Hamiltonian of a dynamical system, canonical equations, canonical

transformations, Poisson brackets, phase space and Liouville’s theorem.

Central Force Motion: The two-body problem, effective potential and classification of orbits,

Kepler’s laws, stability of circular orbits, hyperbolic orbits and Rutherford scattering, center of

mass co-ordinate system, scattering cross-sections.

Motion in Non- inertial Systems: Accelerated translational co -ordinate system, dynamics in

rotating co-ordinate system, motion of a particle near the surface of the earth.

The Motion of Rigid Bodies: The Euler angles, rotational kinetic energy and angular

momentum, the inertia tensor, Euler equations of motion, motion of a torque-free symmetrical

top, stability of rotational motion.

Recommended Books 1. T. L. Chow, “Classical Mechanics”, John Wiley, 1995.

2. T. Kibble and F. Berkshire, “Classical Mechanics”, World Scientific, 5th ed. 2004.

19 August 17, 2020


PHY-502 Mathematical Methods of Physics-I Pre-requisite: Mechanics, Differential Equations, Linear Algebra

Credit Hours: (Three) 3

Objective(s) To develop the mathematical background of student in vectors, tensors, matrices and some of

their uses in the world of physics, to give basic understanding of group theory and complex

variables used in physics.

Course Contents Vector Analysis

Review of vectors Algebra, Vector operations, Physical significance of DEL operator, Line

integrals, Surface and Volume Integrals, Gradient of a scalar, Divergence of a vector ,

Directional derivatives and gradients, Curl of a vector , Gauss’s divergence theorem, Green’s

theorem, Vector differentiation and gradient, Vector integration, , Stokes’s Curl theorem, ,

Cartesian coordinates systems, Polar coordinates systems, Spherical polar and Cylindrical

coordinates systems.

Matrices:

Determinants, Matrices, Linear vector spaces, orthogonal matrices, Hermitian matrices,

Unitary Matrices, Orthogonalization, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, , Similarity

transformations, Diagonalization of matrices.

Complex Variables:

Complex numbers , Functions of a complex variable, analytic functions of complex variables,

De Moivre’s theorem, Taylor and Laurent series, Cauchy Riemann conditions and analytic

functions, Cauchy integral theorem, Cauchy integral formula, Euler’s formula, harmonic

functions, complex integration, Contour integrals, singularities and residues, residue theorem.

Recommended Books 1. G. Arfken, Mathematical Physics, 2nd ed, Academic Press, 1970.

2. Dass H.K, R. Verma, 2011, 6th Edition, Mathematical Physics, S. Chand& Company

Ltd. New Delhi.

3. E. Butkov, Mathematical Physics, Addison-Wesley 1968.

4. Pipes and Harvill, Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, McGraw Hill,

1971.

5. M. L. Boas, Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, New

York (1989)

6. M. R. Speigel, Complex Variables Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw Hill 1979

20 August 17, 2020


PHY-503 Electrodynamics-I Pre-requisites: Electricity and Magnetism, Calculus-II


Course Contents Review of Calculus: vector algebra and calculus, Cartesian coordinates spherical coordinates.

The Dirac Delta Function: Review of vector calculus using example of Dirac Delta function,

the divergence of r/r2, the one -dimensional and the three-dimensional Dirac delta functions.

The theory of vector fields: the Helmoholtz theorem, potentials.

Electrostatics: The electric field: introduction, Coulomb’s law, the electric field, continuous

charge distributions. Divergence and curl of electrostatic fields: field lines, flux and Gauss’s

law, the divergence of Electric field, applications of Gauss’s law, the curl of Electric field.

Electric potential: introduction to potential, comments on potential, Poisson’s equation and

Laplace’s equation, the potential of a localized charge distribution, summary, electrostatics

boundary conditions, Work and energy in electrostatics: the work done to move a charge, the

energy of a point charge distribution, the energy of a continuous charge distribution, comments

on electrostatic energy. Conductors: basic properties, induced charges, surface charge and the

force on a conductor, capacitors.

Special Techniques: Laplace’s equation: introduction, Laplace’s equation in one, two and

three dimensions, boundary conditions and uniqueness theorems.

The Method of Images: The classic image problem, induced surface charge, force and energy,

other image problems.

Multi- pole Expansion: Approximate potential at large, the monopole and dipole terms, origin

of coordinates in multi-pole, expansions, the electric field of a dipole.

Electric Fields in Matter: Polarization: dielectrics, induced dipoles, alignment of polar

molecules, polarization. The field of a polarized object: bound charges, physical interpretation

of bound charges, and the field inside a dielectric. The electric displacement: Gauss’s law in

the presence of dielectrics, a deceptive parallel, boundary conditions. Linear Dielectrics:

susceptibility, permittivity, dielectric constant, boundary value problems with linear

dielectrics, energy in dielectric systems, forces on dielectrics.

Recommended Books 1. D. J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics”, Prentice Hall, 3rd ed. 1999.

2. P.C. Lorrain & D.R. Corson, 'Electromagnetic Fields and Waves', W.H. Freeman

& Co., New York.

3. Ritze, Millford & Chiristy, Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory.4th edition

4. M. N. O. Sadiku, ”Elements of Electromagnetics”, Oxford University Press, 5th ed.

2009.

5. F. Melia, “Electrodynamics”, University of Chicago Press, 2001.

6. Hearld J and W. Muller-Kristen, “Electrodynamics”, World Scientific Publishing,

2nd ed. 2011.

21 August 17, 2020


PHY-504 Quantum Mechanics-I Pre-requisites: Modern Physics


Course Contents

1. Historical motivation: wave-particle duality, photo-electric effect, instability of atoms,

black body catastrophe.

2. Observables and operators, postulates of mechanics, measurement problems, the state

function and expectation values, Schrödinger wave equation.

3. Time-independent Schrödinger equation and one-dimensional problems, stationary

states, superposition principle, free particles, infinite and finite square well, harmonic

oscillator, and delta-function potential.

4. Hilbert space, Dirac notation, linear transformations, discrete and continuous basis

vectors, hermitian and unitary operators.

5. Compatible observables, commutators, uncertainty principle, minimum uncertainty

states.

6. Time development of state functions, symmetries and conservation laws, conservation

of parity, operators for time and space translations.

7. Waves incident on potential barrier, reflection and transmission coefficients, WKB

method.

8. Quantum mechanics in three-dimensions, cartesian and spherical forms of Schrodinger

equation, separation of variables

9. Rotational symmetry, angular momentum as a generator of rotations, spherical

harmonics and their properties. Completeness and orthonormality properties.

Recommended Books 1. Introductory Quantum Mechanics, by Richard L. Liboff, publisher: Addison Wesley;

4th Edition, (2002).

2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, by David J. Griffiths, publisher: Pearson

Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition (2005).

3. Quantum Physics by Stephen Gasiorowicz, publisher: Willey International, 3rd Edition

22 August 17, 2020


PHY-505 Electronics Pre-requisites: Modern Physics


Course Contents The Semiconductor Diode: Metals, insulators and semiconductors, Conduction in Silicon and

Germanium, The forbidden energy gap, n and p type semiconductors, the junction diode, diode

voltage-current equation, Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, photodiodes, capacitance effects

in the pn junction.

The Diode as Rectifier and Switch: The ideal diode model, the half wave rectifier, the full

wave rectifier, the bridge rectifier, measurement of ripple factor in the rectifier circuit, the

capacitor filter, the ∏ filter, the ∏-R filter, the voltage doubling rectifier circuit, rectifying AC

voltmeters, diode wave clippers, diode clampers.

Circuit Theory and Analysis: Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s

Theorem, Model for circuit, one port and two-port network, Hybrid parameter equivalent

circuit, Power in decibels.

The Junction Transistor as an Amplifier: Transistor voltage and current designations, the

junction transistors, the volt-ampere curve of a transistor, the current amplification factors, the

load line and Q point, the basic transistor amplifiers, the common emitter amplifier, the trans-

conductance gm, performance of a CE amplifier, relation between Ai and Av, the CB amplifier,

the CC amplifier, comparison of amplifier performance.

DC Bias for the Transistor: Choice of Q point, variation of Q point, fixed transistor bias, the

four resistor bias circuit, design of a voltage feedback bias circuit, Common emitter, common

collector, common base biasing.

Field Effect Transistor: What is /field effect transistor, JFET: Static characteristics of JFET,

Metal oxide semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET of IGFET): enhancement and

depletion mode, FET biasing techniques, Common drain, common source and common gate,

fixed bias and self-bias configurations, Universal JFET bias curve, Darlington pair.

Operational Amplifiers: The integrated amplifier, the differential amplifier, common mode

rejection ratio, the operational amplifier, summing operation, integration operation,

comparator, milli-voltmeter.

Recommended Books 1. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications”,

Prentice Hall, 8th ed., 2009.

2. B. Grob, “Basic Electronics”, McGraw-Hill, Tch ed. 1997.

3. B. Streetman and S. Banerjee “Solid State Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 6th ed.

2005.

4. Bar-lev, “Semiconductor and Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 3rd ed. 1993.

5. D. H. Navon and B. Hilbert, “Semiconductor Micro-devices and Materials”, CBS

College Publishing, 1986.

6. P. Malvino, “Electronic Principles”, McGraw-Hill, 7th ed. 2006.

7. R. T. Paynter, “Introductory Electric Circuits”, Prentice Hall, 1998.

23 August 17, 2020


PHY-505L LAB-V (Electronics) Credit Hours: Two (2)

Electronics: DC voltages and current measurement, simple DC circuits, generating and

analyzing time-varying signals, opamps and comparators, amplifier design, RC transients,

filters, frequency response, LC circuits, resonance, transformers, diodes, modulation and

radio reception, MOSFET characteristics and applications, principles of amplification,

bipolar transistors and amplifiers, digital logic circuits, gates and latches, D-flip flops and

shift registers, JK flip-flops and ripple counters.

24 August 17, 2020


PHY-551 Quantum Mechanics-II Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics-I


Course Contents 1. Motion of a particle in a central potential. Separation of variables, effective potential,

solution for the Coulomb problem. Spectrum of the hydrogen atom.

2. Spin as an internal degree of freedom, intrinsic magnetic moment, intrinsic angular

momentum, spin-orbit interaction and total angular momentum.

3. Identical particles: Many-particle systems, system of distinguishable noninteracting

particles, systems of identical particles, symmetrization postulate, Pauli exclusion

principle and the periodic table.

4. Time-independent perturbation theory: Nondegenerate perturbation theory,

degenerate perturbation theory.

5. The variational principle: Variational theorem, variational approximation method, the

ground state of helium atom.

6. The WKB approximation: WKB wave functions, general connection rules across a

classical turning point, tunneling.

7. Systems of Identical Particles: Identical particles, Permutation operators, The

symmetrization postulate, difference between bosons and fermions, Pauli’s exclusion

principle, many-electrons atom and their electronic configurations, energy levels of

the helium atom, configurations, terms, multiplets, spin isomers of hydrogen (ortho

and parahydrogen)

8. Time-dependent perturbation theory: A perturbed two-level system, perturbation by

an electromagnetic wave, transition into a continuum of states-Fermi’s golden rule,

Oscillator strengths, selection rules.

9. Scattering: Classical scattering theory, quantum scattering theory, partial wave

analysis, phase shifts, the Born approximation.

Recommended Books 1. Introductory Quantum Mechanics, by Richard L. Liboff, publisher: Addison Wesley;

4th Edition, (2002).

2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, by David J. Griffiths, publisher: Pearson

Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition (2005).

3. Quantum Physics, by Stephen Gasiorowicz, publisher: John Wiley, 3rd Edition

(2005).

25 August 17, 2020


PHY-552 Mathematical Methods of Physics-II Pre-requisite: Mathematical Methods of Physics-I


Objective(s) To give the understanding of Differential equations and their uses in Physics, Introduction to

special functions, Fourier Series, Fourier Transforms, Solution of Boundary value problems

and their uses.

Course Contents Special Functions:

Gamma functions, Beta functions, Bessel functions, generating function, recurrence relation,

Spherical Bessel functions, Legendre polynomials, Associated Legendre polynomials, Hermite

polynomials.

Fourier series:

Definition and general properties, Fourier series of various physical functions, complex form

of Fourier series, uses and application of Fourier series, Parseval’s theorem

Integral Transforms:

Integral transform, Fourier transform, Fourier cosine transform,Fourier sine transform,

Convolution theorem, Elementary Laplace transform and its applications, Fourier transform of

derivatives, Inverse Laplace Transform, Laplace transform of derivatives. Physical

significance along with examples of Fourier and Laplace transforms, Integral transform

solution of partial differential equations,

Differential Equations in Physics:

First and second order linear differential equations, Partial differential equations of theoretical

physics, Separation of variables, Homogeneous differential equations, Frobenius series

solution of differential equations, Nonhomogeneous differential equations. Applications of

partial differential equations

Recommended Books 1. G. Arfken, Mathematical Physics, 2nd ed, Academic Press, 1970.

2. Dass H.K, R. Verma, 2011, 6th Edition, Mathematical Physics, S. Chand& Company

Ltd. New Delhi.

3. E. Butkov, Mathematical Physics, Addison-Wesley 1968.

4. Pipes and Harvill, Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, McGraw Hill,

1971.

5. M. L. Boas, Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, New

York (1989)

6. M. R. Speigel, Complex Variables Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw Hill 1979

26 August 17, 2020


PHY-553 Electrodynamics-II Pre-requisites: Electromagnetic Theory-I


Motivation This course is the second part of the core level undergraduate course on Electromagnetic

Theory and a previous knowledge of Electromagnetic Theory I is expected.

Course Contents Magnetostatics: The Lorentz Force law: magnetic fields, magnetic forces, currents. The Biot-

Savart Law: steady currents, the magnetic field of a steady current. The divergence and curl of

B: straight-line currents, the divergence and curl of B, applications of Ampere’s law,

comparison of magnetostatics and electrostatics. Magnetic Vector Potential: the vector

potential, summary, magnetic boundary conditions, multi-pole expansion of the vector

potential.

Magnetic Fields in Matter: Magnetization, diamagnets, paramagnets, ferromagnets, torques

and forces on magnetic dipoles, effect of a magnetic field on atomic orbits, magnetization. The

Field of a Magnetized Object: bound currents, physical interpretation of bound currents, and

the magnetic field inside matter. The auxiliary field H: Ampere’s law in magnetized materials,

a deceptive parallel, boundary conditions. Linear and nonlinear media: magnetic susceptibility

and permeability, ferromagnetism.

Electrodynamics: Electromotive force: Ohm’s law, electromotive force, motional emf,

electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law, the induced electric field, inductance, energy in

magnetic fields, Maxwell’s equations: electrodynamics before Maxwell, how Maxwell fixed

Ampere’s law, Maxwell’s equations, magnetic charges, Maxwell’s equations in matter,

boundary conditions.

Conservation Laws: Charge and energy: the continuity equation, Poynting’s theorem,

momentum: Newton’s third law in electrodynamics, Maxwell’s stress tensor, conservation of

momentum, angular momentum.

Electromagnetic Waves: Waves in one dimension: the wave equation, sinusoidal waves,

boundary conditions, reflection and transmission, polarization, electromagnetic waves in

vacuum: the wave equation for E and B, monochromatic plane waves, energy and momentum

in electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves in matter: propagation in linear media,

reflection and transmission at normal incidence, reflection and transmission at oblique

incidence, absorption and dispersion: electromagnetic waves in conductors, reflection at a

conducting surface, the frequency dependence of permittivity, guided waves: wave guides, the

waves in a rectangular wave guide, the coaxial transmission line.

Potentials and Fields: The potential formulation: scalar and vector potentials, gauge

transformations, Coulomb gauge and Lorentz gauge, continuous distributions: retarded

potentials, Jefimenko’s equations, point charges: Lienard-Wiechert potentials, the field of a

moving point charge.

Radiation, Dipole Radiation: What is radiation, electric dipole radiation, magnetic dipole

radiation, radiation from an arbitrary source, point charges: power radiated by a point charge,

radiation reaction, the physical basis of the radiation reaction.

Recommended Books 1. D. J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics”, Prentice Hall, 3rd ed. 1999.

2. P.C. Lorrain & D.R. Corson, 'Electromagnetic Fields and Waves', W.H. Freeman &

Co., New York.

27 August 17, 2020


3. Ritze, Millford & Chiristy, Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory.4th edition

4. M. N. O. Sadiku, ”Elements of Electromagnetics”, Oxford University Press, 5th ed.

2009.

5. F. Melia, “Electrodynamics”, University of Chicago Press, 2001.

6. Hearld J and W. Muller-Kristen, “Electrodynamics”, World Scientific Publishing, 2nd

ed. 2011.

28 August 17, 2020


PHY-554 Thermal and Statistical Physics Pre-requisites: Heat & Thermodynamics, Calculus-II, Probability and Stat


Course Contents Review of Classical Thermodynamics: States, macroscopic vs. microscopic, "heat" and

"work", energy, entropy, equilibrium, laws of thermodynamics, Equations of state,

thermodynamic potentials, temperature, pressure, chemical potential, thermodynamic

processes (engines, refrigerators), Maxwell relations, phase equilibria.

Thermal Radiations: Black body radiation, Rayleigh-Jeans theory, Planck distribution, free

energy of a photon gas, Stefan-Boltzmann formula, phonons, Solar Spectrum, Electromagnetic

Spectrum

Foundation of Statistical Mechanics: Phase Space, Trajectories in Phase Space, Conserved

Quantities and Accessible Phase Space, Macroscopic Measurements and Time Averages,

Ensembles and Averages over Phase Space, Liouville's Theorem, The Ergodic Hypothesis,

Equal a priori Probabilities. Specification of the state of a system, concept of ensembles,

elementary probability calculations, distribution functions, statistical interpretation of entropy

(Boltzmann theorem).

Statistical Ensembles: Microcanonical ensemble, canonical ensemble and examples (e.g.,

paramagnet), calculation of mean values, calculation of partition function and its relation with

thermodynamic quantities, the grand canonical ensemble and examples (e.g. adsorption),

calculation of partition function and thermodynamic quantities.

Simple Applications of Ensemble Theory: Monoatomic ideal gas in classical and quantum

limit, Gibb’s paradox and quantum mechanical enumeration of states, equipartition theorem

and examples (ideal gas, harmonic oscillator), specific heat of solids, quantum mechanical

calculation of para-magnetism.

Quantum Statistics: Indistinguishability and symmetry requirements, Maxwell-Boltzmann

statistics, Bose-Einstein and photon statistics, Fermi-Dirac statistics (distribution functions,

partition functions). Examples: polyatomic ideal gas (MB), black body radiation (photon

statistics), conduction electrons in metals (FD), Bose condensation (BE).

Systems of Interacting Particles: Lattice vibrations in solids, van der Waals gas, mean field

calculation, ferromagnets in mean field approximation.

Recommended Books 1. F. Reif, “Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics”, Waveland Pr Inc, 2008.

2. W. Brewer, F. Schwabl, “Statistical Mechanics”, Springer, 2nd ed. 2006.

3. T. L. Hill, “Statistical Mechanics”, World Scientific Publishing Company, (2004).

4. K. Huang, “Statistical Mechanics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 1987.

5. Brij Lal, N. Subrahmanyam, Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Publisher:

S. Chand Limited, 2008

29 August 17, 2020


PHY-555 Atomic and Molecular Physics Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics I

Co-requisite: Quantum Mechanics II


Objective(s) To provide an introduction to the structure and spectra of atoms and molecules. To prepare

students for more advanced courses on Physics of Atoms, Molecules and Photons.

Course Contents One Electron Atoms: Review of Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom, Reduced Mass, Atomic

Units and Wavenumbers, Energy Levels and Spectra, Schrodinger Equation for One-Electron

Atoms, Quantum Angular Momentum and Spherical Harmonics, Electron Spin, Spin -Orbit

interaction. Levels and Spectroscopic Notation, Lamb Shift, Hyperfine Structure and Isotopic

Shifts. Rydberg Atoms.

Interaction of One -Electron Atoms with Electromagnetic Radiation: Radiative Transition

Rates, Dipole Approximation, Einstein Coefficients, Selection Rules, Dipole Allowed and

Forbidden Transitions. Metastable Levels, Line Intensities and Lifetimes of Excited States,

Shape and Width of Spectral Lines, Scattering of Radiation by Atomic Systems, Zeeman

Effect, Linear and Quadratic Stark Effect.

Many-Electron Atoms: Schrodinger Equation for Two-Electron Atoms, Para and Ortho

States, Pauli’s Principle and Periodic Table, Coupling of Angular Momenta, L-S and J-J

Coupling. Ground State and Excited States of Multi-Electron Atoms, Configurations and

Terms.

Molecular Structure and Spectra: Structure of Molecules, Covalent and Ionic Bonds,

Electronic Structure of Diatomic Molecules, Rotation and Vibration of Diatomic Molecules,

Born -Oppenheimer Approximation. Electronic Spectra, Transition Probabilities and Selection

Rules, Frank-Condon Principle, H2+ and H2. Effects of Symmetry and Exchange. Bonding

and Anti-bonding Orbitals. Electronic Spin and Hund’s Cases, Nuclear Motion: Rotation and

Vibrational Spectra (Rigid Rotation, Harmonic Vibrations). Selection Rules. Spectra of

Triatomic and Polyatomic Molecules, Raman Spectroscopy, Mossbauer Spectroscopy.

Recommended Books 1. C. J. Foot, “Atomic Physics”, Oxford University Press, 2005.

2. B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, “Physics of Atoms and Molecules”, Pearson

Education, 2nd ed. 2008.

3. W. Demtroder, “Atoms, Molecules and Photons”, Springer, 2nd ed. 2010.

4. C. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy”,

McGraw-Hill, 4th ed. 1994.

5. J. M. Hollas, “Basic Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy”, John Wiley, 2002.

30 August 17, 2020


PHY-555L LAB-VII (Modern Physics) Credit Hours: Three (2)

Modern Physics • Photoelectric effect,

• Frank- Hertz's quantization of energy levels,

• Determination of Planck's constant (e.g. using a light bulb),

• Verification of Moseley's law using X-ray fluorescence,

• Compton effect

• Millikan's experiment for determination of charge of electron

• Measurement of electrical conductivity by two-probe and four-probe methods, band

gap estimation of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, carrier lifetimes and

mobilities, Hall effect and its application in measuring magnetic fields, thermoelectric

effects.

31 August 17, 2020


PHY-601 Solid State Physics-I Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics I, Statistical Mechanics


Course Contents Structure of Solids:

Crystal Lattice, Basis & Translation vectors, Unit cell & Wigner Seitz unit cell, Symmetry

operations, Point groups & Space groups, Bravais lattice in 2D & 3D, Fundamental types of

lattices, Lattice directions & Planes, Interplanar spacing, Density of atoms in crystal plane,

Simple & Closed packed crystal structures, Structure of diamond, Zinc Blend (ZnS) & Sodium

Chloride structures.

Defects in Crystals:

Crystal imperfections, Thermodynamics of Point defects, Schottky & Frenkel defects,

Dislocations in Solids, edge dislocation, Screw dislocation Slip and plastic deformation,

Stacking faults, color centers, and grain Boundaries, volumetric defects.

Atomic Bonding:

Interatomic forces & types of bonding, Ionic bonds, Binding energy in ionic crystals, Covalent

bonds, Hydrogen bonds, Metallic bonds, Van der Waals bonds, Electronegativity

Crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice:

Diffraction of X-rays, Neutrons and electrons from crystals, Bragg’s law, Laue method,

rotating crystal method, Powder methods, Reciprocal lattice, Reciprocal lattice to SC, BCC,

FCC, Brillouin Zone, Miller Indices for directions & planes, Atomic packing factor.

Lattice Vibrations:

Vibration of One-Dimensional Monoatomic & Diatomic Lattices, Phonons, Momentum of

Phonons, Vibrational modes of crystals, Optical modes in ionic crystals, Lattice heat capacity,

Classical model, Einstein model, Density of state in one, two and three dimensions, Fermi

energy, Debye model of heat capacity.

Recommended Books 1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Ed. By, Kohn Wiley, 1996.

2. N. M. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, 1976.

3. Pillai S. O., ‘Solid State Physics’, 6th edition, New Age International Limited Publishers,

2006

4. Rohrer G. S., ‘Structure and Bonding in Crystalline Materials’, Cambridge University

Press, 2001

5. M. A. Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics, Pearson Education 2000.

6. M. A. Wahab, Solid State Physics, Narosa Publishing House, 1999.

7. R. K. Puri, Solid State Physics, S. Chand & Co. Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055.

8. Smith, W.F., ‘Principles of Materials Science and Engineering’, McGraw Hill, 1996

9. Shackelford, J.F., ‘Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers’, Maxwell Macmillan

Publishing Co., 1992

32 August 17, 2020


PHY-602 Nuclear Physics Pre-Requisites: Modern Physics


Objective(s) To understand the nuclear structure using different nuclear models. To understand the nature

of nuclear forces. To give understanding of radioactivity and nuclear reactions.

Course Contents History: Starting from Bacqurel’s discovery of radioactivity to Chedwick’s neutron.

Basic Properties of Nucleus: Nuclear size, mass, binding energy, nuclear spin, magnetic

dipole and electric quadrupole moment, parity and statistics.

Nuclear Forces: Yukawa's theory of nuclear forces. Nucleon scattering, charge independence

and spin dependence of nuclear force, isotopic spin.

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model, Fermi gas model, Shell model, Collective model.

Theories of Radioactive Decay: Theory of Alpha decay and explanation of observed

phenomena, measurement of Beta ray energies, the magnetic lens spectrometer, Fermi theory

of Beta decay, Neutrino hypothesis, theory of Gamma decay, multipolarity of Gamma rays,

Nuclear isomerism.

Nuclear Reactions: Conservation laws of nuclear reactions, Q-value and threshold energy of

nuclear reaction, energy level and level width, cross sections for nuclear reactions, compound

nucleolus theory of nuclear reaction and its limitations, direct reaction, resonance reactions,

Breit-Wigner one level formula including the effect of angular momentum.

Recommended Books 1. E. Segre, “Nuclei and Particles”, Bejamin-Cummings, 2nd ed. 1977.

2. Kaplan, “Nuclear Physics”, Addison-Wisely, 1980.

3. Green, “Nuclear Physics”, McGraw-Hill, 1995.

4. K. S. Krane, “Introducing Nuclear Physics”, John Wiley, 3rd ed. 1988.

5. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, “Particle and Nuclei”, 1999.

PHY-602L LAB-VI (Nuclear Physics) Credit Hours: Two (2)

• Characteristic of G.M Counter

• To find Half value Thickness of Al and Fe

• Determination of mass absorption Co-efficient

• Half value Thickness of Lead

• Inverse square’s law

• To find operating voltage

• Determination of linear absorption Co-efficient

• Verification of absorption law of Gamma radiation

• Verification of absorption law of Alpha-radiation

• Verification of absorption law of Beta radiation

• Pulse height analysis of Gamma radiation sources (using scintillation detector)

33 August 17, 2020


PHY-603 Solid State Physics-II Pre-requisites: Solid State Physics I


Course Contents Free Electron Theory of Solid:

Drude-Lorentz theory of free electron model, Electrical conductivity, resistivity, Thermal

conductivity, Specific conductivity, Wiedmann-Franz law, Hall Effect, The Sommerfeld theory

of electrons, Energy levels of electron in 1D & 3D potential box, Ground-state energy of

electron gas.

Band Theory of Solids:

General theory of electrons in a periodic potential, Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model,

Nearly Free electron approximation, and tight binding approximation.

Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics: Maxwell Equations, Dipole moment, Polarization, Dielectric Polarizability & Susceptibility, Clausius-Mossotti Relation, Mechanisms of Dielectric Polarization, Electronic, ionic and

Orientational polarization, Ferroelectrics & Phase Transitions, Ferroelectric crystals & its

Classification, Thermodynamic theory of Ferroelectric transition, Ferroelectric Domains,

Piezoelectricity. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism: Atomic theory of magnetism, The quantum numbers, Orbital and spin magnetic moments of

electrons, Classification of magnetic materials, Dia-, Para- & Ferromagnetism, Langevin’s

theory of Dia- and Para-magnetism, Ferromagnetism, Domain & Weiss theory of

Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism & Ferrimagnetism. Semiconductors: Semiconductors, Theory of semiconductors, Extrinsic semiconductors, Mobility of current

carriers, Minority carriers, Life time, Surfaces, Contacts Semiconductor devices; Theory of

p.n. junctions, tunneling, p-n junction devices and their circuit models.

Recommended Books 1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Ed. By, Kohn Wiley, 1996.

2. N. M. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, 1976.

3. Pillai S. O., ‘Solid State Physics’, 6th edition, New Age International Limited

Publishers, 2006

4. Rohrer G. S., ‘Structure and Bonding in Crystalline Materials’, Cambridge University

Press, 2001

5. M. A. Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics, Pearson Education 2000.

6. M. A. Wahab, Solid State Physics, Narosa Publishing House, 1999.

7. R. K. Puri, Solid State Physics, S. Chand & Co. Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055.

8. Smith, W.F., ‘Principles of Materials Science and Engineering’, McGraw Hill, 1996

9. Shackelford, J.F., ‘Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers’, Maxwell

Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992

34 August 17, 2020


PHY-651 Computational Physics Credit Hours: Three (3)

Objective(s) Introduction of computer languages. To know the use of computer in numerical analysis.

Computer simulation and modeling.

Course Contents Computer Languages: A brief introduction of the computer languages like Basic, C. Pascal

etc. and known software packages of computation

Numerical Methods: Numerical Solutions of equations, Regression and interpolation,

Numerical integration and differentiation. Error analysis and technique for elimination of

systematic and random errors

Modeling & Simulations: Conceptual models, the mathematical models, Random numbers

and random walk, doing Physics with random numbers, Computer simulation, Relationship of

modeling and simulation. Some systems of interest for physicists such as Motion of Falling

objects, Kepler's problems, Oscillatory motion, Many particle systems, Dynamic systems,

Wave phenomena, Field of static charges and current, Diffusion, Populations genetics etc.

Recommended Books 1. M. L. De Jong,” Introduction to Computational Physics”, Addison Wesley, 1991.

2. S. T. Koonini, “Computational Physics”, the Benjamin-Cummings, 1985.

3. H. Gould, J. Tobochnik and W. Christian, “An Introduction to Computer Simulation

Methods”, Addison Wesley, 3rd ed. 2006.

4. S. C. Chapra and R. P. Chanle,” Numerical Methods for Engineers with Personal

Computer Applications”, McGraw-Hill,1990.

5. S. C. Chapra, “Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and

Scientists”, McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed. 2006.

35 August 17, 2020


PHY-652 Environmental Physics Credit Hours: Three (3)

Objective(s) To become familiar with the essentials of environment and Global climate. To learn to use

spectroscopy for environments.

Course Contents Introduction to the Essentials of Environmental Physics: The economic system, living in

green house, enjoying the sun, Transport of matter, Energy and momentum, the social and

political context.

Basic Environmental Spectroscopy: Black body radiation, The emission spectrum of sun,

The transition electric dipole moment, The Einstein Coefficients, Lambert – Beer’s law, The

spectroscopy of bi-molecules, Solar UV and life, The ozone filter.

The Global Climate: The energy Balance, (Zero-dimensional Greenhouse Model), elements

of weather and climate, climate variations and modeling.

Transport of Pollutants: Diffusion, flow in reverse, ground water. Flow equations of fluid

Dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulence Diffusion, Gaussian plumes in air, Turbulent jets and

planes.

Noise: Basic Acoustics, Human Perceptions and noise criteria, reducing the transmission of

sound, active control of sound.

Radiation: General laws of Radiation, Natural radiation, interaction of electromagnetic

radiation and plants, utilization of photo synthetically active radiation.

Atmosphere and Climate: Structure of the atmosphere, vertical profiles in the lower layers of

the atmosphere, Lateral movement in the atmosphere, Atmospheric Circulation, cloud and

Precipitation, The atmospheric greenhouse effect.

Topo Climates and Micro Climates: Effects of surface elements in flat and widely unduling

areas, Dynamic action of seliq. Thermal action of selief.

Climatology and Measurements of Climate Factor: Data collection and organization,

statistical analysis of climatic data, climatic indices, General characteristics of measuring

equipment. Measurement of temperature, air humidity, surface wind velocity, Radiation

balance, precipitation, Atmospheric Pressure, automatic weather stations.

Recommended Books 1. E.t Booker and R. Van Grondelle, “Environmental Physics”, John Wiley, 3rd ed. 2011.

2. G. Guyot, “Physics of Environment and Climate”, John Wiley, 1998.

36 August 17, 2020


PHY-653 Laser Physics Pre-requisite: Quantum Mechanics-II, Atomic and Molecular Physics


Objective(s) Develop fundamental concepts about lasers. Learn the principles of spectroscopy of molecules

and semi-conductors6. Understand the optical resonators and laser system. Applications of

lasers.

Introductory Concepts: Interference, diffraction nd polarization, Spontaneous Emission,

Absorption, Stimulated Emission, Pumping Schemes, Absorption and Stimulated Emission

Rates, Absorption and Gain Coefficients, Properties of Laser Beam: Monochromaticity,

Coherence, Directionality, Brightness, beam divergence,

Spectroscopy of Molecule and Semiconductors: Electronic Energy Levels, Molecular

Energy Levels, Level Occupation at Thermal Equilibrium, Stimulated Transition, Boltzmann’s

statistics

Optical Resonators: Plane Parallel (Fabry-Perot) Resonator, Concentric (Spherical)

Resonator, Confocal, Resonator, Generalized Spherical Resonator, Stable Resonators,

Unstable Resonators, Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Dielectric Interface, Stability

Condition Standing and Traveling Waves in a two Mirror Resonator, Longitudinal and

Transverse Modes in a Cavity, Multilayer Dielectric Coatings, Fabry-Perot Interferometer.

Small Signal Gain and Loop Gain

Pumping Processes: Optical pumping: Flash lamp and Laser, Threshold Pump Power,

pumping efficiency, Electrical Pumping: Longitudinal Configuration and Transverse

Configuration, Gas Dynamics Pumping, Chemical Pumping.

Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed Lasers: Rate Equations, Threshold Condition and

Output Power, Optimum Output Coupling, Laser Tuning, Oscillation and Pulsations in Lasers,

Q-Switching and Mode-Locking Methods, Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, and Group-Delay

Dispersion, Line broadening.

Lasers Systems: Solid State Lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd: YAG & Nd: Glass Lasers

Laser Applications: Material Processing: Surface Hardening, Cutting, Drilling, Welding etc.

Holography, Laser Communication, Medicine, Defense Industry, Atmospheric Physics.

Recommended Books

1. W. T. Silfvast, “Laser Fundamentals”, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 2008.

2. O. Svelto, “Principles of Lasers”, Springer, 5th ed. 2009.

3. J. Eberly and P. Milonni, “Lasers Physics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2010.

4. Laser systems and applications by Richa Verma,

5. Lasers and optoelectronics fundamentals, devices and applications by Anil Kumar

Maini

37 August 17, 2020


PHY-654 Concepts of Nanophysics and Nanotechnology Pre-requisite: Solid State Physics, Quantum Mechanics


Objective(s) This course provides the basic concepts of physics at the nanoscale and its application towards

nanotechnology. After successful completion of the course students will acquire the knowledge

about:

• To discuss various physical properties observed between nanoscale and macroscale

materials.

• To discuss quantum phenomena observed at the nanoscale.

• To explain why nanotechnology is an enabling technology.

• To discuss about the fabrication methods involved in the formation of nanomaterials.

• To describe basic concepts of the quantum effects important for nano-electronical

devices.

Course Contents Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanotechnology:

What is nanophysics and nanotechnology, scaling laws and limits to smallness, Feynman talks on small

structures, Nano scale dimension, why is this length scale so important? Evolution of Nanotechnology,

Important ways in which nanoscale materials differs from macroscale materials

Quantum Nature of the Nano World:

Wave particle duality, Energy quanta, Uncertainty principle, De Broglie relation, Bohr model of the

nuclear atom, Schrodinger’s equation, Quantum tunneling, Quantum confinement, Classification of

nanomaterials, The trapped particles in one, two and three dimensions, Quantum transport in

nanostructures: Ballistic electron transport, quantized conductance, coulomb blockade, single electron

transistor

Fabricating Nano Structures:

Top-down and Bottom-up approaches, Lithography (photo and electron beam), Physical and Chemical

Methods for Producing Nano-Objects: Mechanical, vapor deposition, co-precipitation, sol-gel,

hydrothermal, microemulsion and electrospinning methods

Nanoscale Objects:

Nanotubes and the crystalline forms of carbon, Graphene: Structure, production, physical and electronic

properties of graphene, Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes: Structure, production, and physical and

electronic properties of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, Plasmonic Quantum dots: Production,

physical and optical properties of gold and silver nanoparticles

Nanotechnology the Road Ahead:

Nanostructure innovation, Quantum Informatics, Energy solutions

Recommended Books 1. “Nanophysics & Nanotechnology: An introduction to modern concepts in nanoscience”,

Edward L. Wolf, WILLEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co, 2004.

2. “Introduction to Nanoscience”, S. Lindsay, Oxford University Press, 2009. 3. “Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology”, C. Binns, Willey, 2010. 4. “Introduction to nanotechnology”, Ch. Poole Jr., F. J. Owens, John Wiley & Sons E,

2003.

38 August 17, 2020


PHY-655 Particle Physics Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics-II, Nuclear Physics


Course Contents Introduction to Elementary Particles: Fundamental building blocks and their interactions.

Quantum Electrodynamics. Quantum Chromodynamics. Weak interactions. Decays and

conservation laws.

Relativistic Kinematics: Lorentz transformations. Four-Vectors. Energy and momentum.

Particle collisions. Mandelstam variables.

Symmetries: Symmetries and conservation laws, Spin and orbital angular momentum. Flavour

symmetries. Parity. Charge conjugation. CP Violation. Time reversal and TCP Theorem.

Quantum Electrodynamics: Klein-Gordon equation. Dirac equation. Solution

of Dirac equation. Bilinear covariants. Feynman rules for QED. Casimir’s trick. Cross sections

& lifetimes.

Neutrino Oscillations: Solar neutrino problem. Oscillations, Neutrino masses. PMNS mixing

matrix.

Gauge Field Theories: Lagrangian in Relativistic Field Theory. Gauge Invariance. Yang-

Mills Theory. The mass terms. Spontaneous symmetry breaking. Higgs mechanism. Higgs

boson. Grand Unification. Supersymmetry. Extra dimensions. String theory. Dark energy. Dark

Matter.

Recommended Books 1. D. Griffiths, “Introduction to Elementary Particles”, Wiley-VCH, 2nd ed. 2008.

2. F. Halzen and A.D. Martin, “Quarks and Leptons: An introductory course in modern

Particle Physics”, John Wiley, 1984.

3. D. H. Perkins, “Introduction to High-Energy Physics”, Cambridge University Press, 4th

ed. 2000.

4. V. D. Barger and R. J. N. Phillips, “Collider Physics”, Addison-Wesley, 1996.

39 August 17, 2020


PHY-656 Materials Characterization Techniques Credit Hours: Three (3)

Objectives This course provides a detailed account of some common experimental techniques in physics

research. It introduces the basic working principles, the operational knowhow, and the strength

and limitations of the techniques.

Contents Optical Microscopy

Reflected light microscopy, using transmission mode, polarized light microscopy, using optical

microscope, resolution and imaging, sample preparation for metals, ceramics and polymers.

Electron Microscopy

SEM gun construction, magnetic lenses, electron detectors, SEM imaging parameters, high

resolution microscopy, electron gun parameters, imaging parameters, basic sample preparation,

energy dispersive spectroscopy

Electro-optics of the TEM (lenses, lens aberrations), Image formation and imaging modes in

TEM, Diffraction theory and Diffraction patterns, Dark and bright field imaging, Image

interpretation, High resolution microscopy and Lattice imaging, TEM Sample preparation

Scanning Probe Microscopy

Introduction to scanning probe microscopy, Tip surface interaction, modes of operation, the

scanner, tip and cantilever, feedback, artefacts from scanner, tip and others. Scanning

Tunneling microscopy.

X-ray Diffraction Techniques

X-rays, production and measurements of x-rays, Bragg’s law, Single crystal diffraction,

determining lattice parameters accurately, relationship between crystalline structure and x-ray

data, powder diffraction, phase identification, textured samples.

Raman Spectroscopy

Basic theory and principles of Raman spectroscopy, absorption and scattering, Ryleigh

scattering, stokes and anti-stokes, lattice modes, number and symmetry of vibrations, some

basic examples of interpreting Raman data.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Basic theory and concepts of FTIR and its applications.

Recommended Books 1. R Haynes, Optical microscopy of materials, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984

2. Ludwig Reimer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Physics of Image Formation and

Microanalysis, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1998

3. Meyer, Hug and Bennewitz, Scanning Probe Microscopy: The Lab on a Tip, Springer,

2003

4. Williams and Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy Kluwer/Plenum Press, 1996

to 2004

5. B. D. Cullity and S. R. Stock, Elements of X-ray Diffraction, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall,

2001

6. Ewen Smith, Geoffrey Dent, Modern Raman Spectroscopy – A Practical Approach,

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2005.

40 August 17, 2020


PHY-657 Introduction to Materials Science Credit Hours: Three (3)

Objective(s) To understand the important aspects of materials. Moving towards microstructures.

Course Contents Introduction:

Classification of Materials; Metals; Ceramics; Polymers; Composites; Semiconductors;

Biomaterials; Smart and Nanomaterials; Properties and Uses of these Materials.

Diffusion:

Diffusion Mechanisms, Factors That Influence Diffusion, Other Diffusion Paths

Microstructure and Phase Diagram:

Microstructure and microscopy, pressure vs. temperature phase diagrams, temperature vs.

composition phase diagrams, equilibrium, thermodynamic functions, variation of Gibbs energy

with temperature and composition, general features of equilibrium phase diagrams,

solidification, diffusion mechanisms, nucleation of a new phase, phase diagrams of Fe-C

system and other important alloys, materials fabrication.

Mechanical Behavior of Materials:

Normal stress and normal strain, shear stress and shear strain, elastic deformation, plastic

deformation, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, elastic strain energy, thermal

expansion, estimate of the yield stress, dislocations and motion of dislocations, slip systems,

dislocations and strengthening mechanisms, fracture mechanics, ductile fracture, brittle

fracture, Griffith criterion, ductile fracture, toughness of engineering materials, the ductile-

brittle transition temperature, cyclic stresses and fatigue, creep.

Corrosion and Degradation of Materials:

Electrochemical Considerations, Corrosion Rates, Prediction of Corrosion Rates, Passivity,

Environmental Effects, Forms of Corrosion, Corrosion Environments, Corrosion Prevention,

Oxidation, Swelling and Dissolution, Bond Rupture, Weathering.

Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys:

Types of metal alloys, Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Alloys, Refractory Metals, Super Alloys

Recommended Books 1. W. D. Callister, “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction”, Wiley, 7th ed.

2006.

2. W. D. Callister and D. G. Rethwisch “Fundamentals of Materials Science and

Engineering: An Integrated Approach”, Wiley, 4th ed. 2012.

41 August 17, 2020


PHY-658 Plasma Physics Pre-requisite: Electromagnetic Theory-II, Waves and Oscillations


Objective(s) To learn about the importance of the plasma along with the basic concept of plasma. To know

fluid description of the plasma.

Course Contents Introduction: Plasma - An Ionized Gas, Plasmas are Quasi-Neutral

Plasma Shielding: Elementary Derivation of the Boltzmann Distribution, Plasma Density in

Electrostatic Potential, Debye Shielding, Plasma-Solid Boundaries (Elementary), The 'Plasma

Parameter, Occurrence of Plasmas, Different Descriptions of Plasma, Equations of Plasma

Physics

Motion of Charged Particles in Fields: Different conditions of B and E, Drift Due to Gravity

or Other Forces, Curvature Drift, Vacuum Fields, Toroidal Confinement of Single Particles,

Force on an Elementary Magnetic Moment Circuit, Mirror Trapping, Pitch Angle, Polarization

Drift, Finite Larmor Radius

Collisions in Plasmas: Binary Collisions between Charged Particles, Frames of Reference,

Scattering Angle, Differential Cross-Section for Scattering by Angle, Relaxation Processes,

Energy Loss, Cut-offs Estimates, Momentum Loss, 'Random Walk' in Angle, Thermal

Distribution Collisions, Applications of Collision Analysis, Energetic ('Runaway') Electrons,

Plasma Resistivity (DC), Diffusion, Energy Equilibration

Fluid Description of Plasma: Particle Conservation (In 2-d Space), Fluid Motion, Lagrangian

& Eulerian Viewpoints, Momentum (Conservation) Equation, Pressure Force, Momentum

Equation: Eulerian Viewpoint, Effect of Collisions, Two-fluid Equations, Two-fluid

Equilibrium: Diamagnetic Current, Reduction of Fluid, Approach to the Single Fluid

Equations, Heuristic Derivation/Explanation, Maxwell's Equations for MHD Use, MHD

Equilibria, θ-pinch, Z-pinch, 'Stabilized Z-pinch', Some General Properties of MHD Equilibria,

Pressure & Tension, Magnetic Surfaces, 'Current Surfaces', Low β equilibria: Force-Free

Plasmas, Toroidal Equilibrium, Plasma Dynamics, Flux Conservation, Field Line Motion,

General Principles Governing Instabilities

Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas: General Treatment of Linear Waves in Anisotropic

Medium, Simple Case. Isotropic Medium, General Case (k in z-direction), High Frequency

Plasma Conductivity, Zero B-field Case, Cold Plasma Waves (Magnetized Plasma), Dispersion

Relation, Hybrid Resonances; Perpendicular Propagation, Whistlers, Thermal Effects on

Plasma Waves, Refractive Index Plot, Including the Ion Response, Electrostatic

Approximation for (Plasma) Waves, Alfven Waves, Non-uniform Plasmas and Wave

Propagation, Two Stream Instability, Kinetic Theory of Plasma Waves, Vlasov Equation,

Linearized Wave Solution of Vlasov Equation, Landau's Original Approach (1946), Dispersion

Relation, Direct Calculation of Collisionless Particle Heating, Physical Picture, Damping

Mechanisms, Ion Acoustic Waves and Landau Damping, Alternative Expressions of Dielectric

Tensor Elements, Electromagnetic Waves in Unmagnetized Vlasov Plasma, Experimental

Verification of Landau Damping.

Recommended Books 1. Chen, F. F. Introduction to Plasma Physics. 2nd ed. Plenum Press, 1995. ISBN:

9780306307553.

42 August 17, 2020


2. Shohet, J. L. The Plasma State. Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 1971. ISBN:

9780126405507.

3. Hazeltine, R. D., and F. L. Waelbroeck. The Framework of Plasma Physics. NewYork,

NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1998. ISBN: 9780738200477.

4. Clemmow, P. C., and J. P. Dougherty. Electrodynamics of Particles and Plasmas.

NewYork, NY: Perseus Books, 1989. ISBN: 9780201515008.

5. Krall, N. A., and A. W. Trivelpiece. Principles of Plasma Physics. New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill, 1973. Reissued by San Francisco Press, 1986. ISBN: 9780911302585.

6. T. J. M. Boyd and J. J. Sanderson, “The Physics of Plasmas”, Cambridge University

Press, 2003.

43 August 17, 2020


PHY-659 Special Theory of Relativity Credit Hours: Three (3)

Contents Relativity before Einstein: Inertial frames, Galilean relativity, Form invariance of Newton’s

Laws, Galilean transformation, Noninertial frames, Galilean velocity addition, Getting wet in

the rain

Electromagnetism, light and absolute motion: Particle and wave interpretations of light,

Measurement of c, Maxwell’s theory → electromagnetic waves, Maxwell waves ↔ light.

Search for the aether: Properties of the aether, MichelsonMorley experiment, Aether drag &

stellar aberration

Precursors of Einstein: Lorentz and Poincar´e, Lorentz contraction, Lorentz invariance of

electromagnetism

Principles of relativity: Postulates, Resolution of MichelsonMorley experiment, Need for a

transformation of time.

Intertial systems, clock and meter sticks, reconsidered: Setting up a frame, Synchronization,

Infinite family of inertial frames

Lorentz transformation: The need for a transformation between inertial frames, Derivation

of the Lorentz transformation

Immediate consequences: Relativity of simultaneity, Spacetime, world lines, events, Lorentz

transformation of events

Algebra of Lorentz transformations: β, γ, and the rapidity, η. Analogy to rotations

Inverse Lorentz Transformation

Length contraction: Proper length, Careful measurements of length → length contraction, Is

length contraction real?

Time dilation: Proper time, Careful measurements of duration → time dilation, Is time dilation

real? Examples, Time dilation as a measured phenomenon, Duality between length contraction

and time dilation

Intervals, causality, etc.: Invariance of the interval under Lorentz transformation, Spacelike,

time like, and light like intervals, Causality: The Future, the Past, and Elsewhere, Minkowski

space and coordinate systems

The Doppler Effect: Frequencies, Longitudinal Doppler effect, Transverse Doppler effect,

Doppler effect for arbitrary motion, Comparison with nonrelativistic Doppler effect, Visual

appearance of objects at relativistic velocities.

Acceleration in special relativity: The meaning of acceleration in the context of special

relativity, Lorentz transformation of acceleration, Proper acceleration, “Hyperbolic” motion,

Time in an accelerating frame

The twin paradox: The twin at rest, The twin in motion, The result and the experimental

verification with accelerated particles, The confusion, The resolution

Constructing relativistic momentum and energy: Derivation from “physical construction”,

Rest mass, Reality of the rest energy, Examples of mass ⇔ energy, Relation between

momentum, energy and rest mass: E2 − p2 c2 = m2 c4, Massless particles, Pressure of light

Relativistic decays and collisions: A → 2B in A rest frame, Photon emission and absorption,

Doppler shift and Mossbauer effect, Compton scattering

Properties of objects under Lorentz transformation: Invariants and things that change, The

instantaneous rest frames, The proper time as a Lorentz invariant, Four vectors, Definition

through transformation properties, The four vectors as a vector in Minkowski space

Another four vector: the four velocity: The Lorentz transformation of energy and

momentum, E and p form a four vector, Examples: boosting a particle at rest; boosting from

the center of mass to the lab

44 August 17, 2020


The invariant scalar product: Invariance of the interval as a property of four vectors, E2 −

p2c2 = m2c4 again, Invariance of pa · pb, Incompleteness of special relativity, Noninertial

reference frames

Recommended Books 1. Resnick, Robert. Introduction to Special Relativity. New York, NY: Wiley, 1968.

ISBN: 9780471717256.

2. French, Anthony Philip. Special Relativity. New York, NY: Norton, 1968. ISBN:

9780393097931.

3. Einstein, Albert A. Relativity: The Special and the General Theory. New York, NY:

Three Rivers Press/Random House, 1995. ISBN: 9780517884416

45 August 17, 2020


PHY-660 Introduction to Scintillation Materials Credit Hours: Three (3)

Objectives 1. To understand the scintillation mechanism involved in scintillation materials.

2. To understand the interaction of radiation with scintillation materials

3. To know the requirement of scintillation materials in different applications.

Course Contents Historical background of scintillators, Types of scintillators, Scintillator and Scintillations,

Applications of scintillation materials, Growth of single crystal scintillators, Basic Principles

and Processes, Physical mechanism of scintillation, Creation of electron hole pairs, Excitation

and emission of luminescence centers, Intrinsic Luminescence of Inorganic Scintillators,

Excitonic luminescence, Core to valance transition, Scintillation Materials, Halides, Oxides

and Oxides systems, Interaction of Ionization radiation with scintillators i.e. High energy

photons, Charged particles, Neutral particles, General characteristics of inorganic scintillators,

derivation of light yield, Duration of scintillation pulse, Afterglow, Basic mechanism of

defects formation and their effect on scintillation performance of a scintillator.

Recommended Books 1. Physical Process in Inorganic Scintillators, Piotr, A. Rodnyi, CRC Press, Boca Raton

New York 1997.

2. Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006.

3. Inorganic Scintillators for Modern and Traditional Applications, M. Globus, B.

Grinyov, J. K. Kim, Institute for single crystals Ukrain-Kharkiv, 2005.

46 August 17, 2020


PHY-661 Radiation Physics

Objectives

1. To learn basics of different radiations

2. To learn radiation interaction with matter

Course contents

Review of atomic physics, Review of nuclear physics, Types of radiation and their

characteristics, Penetrating power of radiations, Range of different radiation in matter and

factors affect the range, particle range relations, Bragg Peak and Proton Therapy, Natural and

Manmade sources of radiations, Transition probabilities. Radioactivity and Radioactive

Decay, Activity and Laws of Decay, Serial Radioactive Decay, Interaction of gammarays with

Matter and photonuclear interactions, Interaction cross sections, Attenuation Gamma Rays,

Electron capture, conversion electron, characteristic and bremsstrahlung xrays, Auger

electrons, Interaction of neutrons with matter Elastic and inelastic scattering and cascade

reactions, radiative capture, chargedparticle emission. Interactions of charged particles with

matter Elastic, inelastic: excitation, ionization, and bremsstrahlung. Semiclassical derivation

of Bethe's formula of stopping power. Radiation effects on matter.

Recommended Books

1. Radiation Detection and Measurements, 4th Ed., Glen F Knoll, John Wiley & Sons.

2. Measurement & Detection of Radiation, 4th Ed., Nicholas Tsoulfanidis Sheldon

Landsberger, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

3. The Physics of Radiation Therapy, F. Khan, 3rd

Ed, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins,

Baltimore, MD, 2003.

4. Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection, James E. Turner 3rd Ed., WileyVCH

Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2000

47 August 17, 2020


PHY-600 Project Credit Hours: Three (3)

Objective(s) To train student in relevant field and thesis writing, finally presenting the research project

carried out.

SCHEME OF STUDIES for BS in PHYISICS Scheme of Studies.pdf · 2021. 2. 8. · August 17, 2020 2 SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS IN PHYISICS Semester wise Scheme of Studies Year 1 Semester

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