SBCH322: UNIT 4 Prof Khajamohiddin Syed Room no. 247, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Zululand [email protected]___________________________________________________________________ Important notice The questions and answers provided in this file are only for students’ practice purposes. The intention of providing this information is purely to educate and make students aware of the correct way of answering the questions. All the sources used in the preparation of this material are properly cited at the end of this document. Students are requested not to regard this material as a reference, but as guidance on how to answer questions. However, ultimately the onus rests on the student to work hard and to read the books and other material on the topics listed in the module.
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SBCH322: UNIT 4 Prof Khajamohiddin Syed Room no. 247 ... · Micronutrients Vitamins A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient,
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SBCH322: UNIT 4
Prof Khajamohiddin Syed
Room no. 247, Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology,
No known effects Kale; Spinach; Broccoli; Brussels sprouts
Minerals
Minerals are inorganic elements needed by the body as structural components and regulators of body processes. Because the body requires
them in very small amounts, dietary minerals are considered micronutrients. All minerals needed for health are essential nutrients because the
body cannot make them from other compounds. Thus, we rely on the foods we eat to provide us with these important substances. Minerals can
be neither created nor destroyed; even if you completely combust (burn) a food, the minerals will remain in the ash. This is true of the minerals
in our bodies as well.
Minerals have traditionally been categorized based on the amounts needed in the diet or present in the body. Essential minerals are divided up
into major minerals (macrominerals) and trace minerals (microminerals). The major minerals include those needed in the diet in amounts
greater than 100 mg per day or present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight. These two groups of minerals are equally
important, but trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts than major minerals. The amounts needed in the body are not an indication of
their importance.
The body requires seven major minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, sulfur and potassium) and nine trace minerals
(iron, copper, iodine, selenium, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc).
Mineral Sources Major functions Deficiency, diseases and symptoms
Groups at risk of deficiency
Toxicity
Calcium Dairy products, fish consumed with bones, leafy green vegetables, fortified foods
Bone and teeth structure, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation, hormone secretion
Increased risk of osteoporosis
Postmenopausal women, elderly, those who consume a vegan diet, are lactose intolerance, or have kidney disease
Elevated blood calcium, calcification of the kidney, kidney stones, reduced absorption of other minerals
Phosphorus Meat, dairy products, cereals, and baked goods
Structure of bones and teeth, membranes, ATP, and DNA; acid-base balance
Bone loss, weakness, lack of appetite
Premature infants, alcoholics, elderly
Calcium resorption from bone
Magnesium Greens, whole grains, nuts, seeds
Bone structure, ATP stabilization, enzyme
Nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle
Alcoholics, those with kidney and
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood
activity, nerve and muscle function
pain, irregular heartbeat
gastrointestinal disease
pressure
Sulfur High protein foods, preservatives
Part of amino acids, vitamins, acid-base balance
None when protein needs are met
None None likely
Sodium Table salt, processed foods
Major positive extracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance
Muscle cramps Those consuming a severely sodium-restricted diet, excessive sweating
Contributes to high blood pressure
Potassium Fresh fruits, and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, milk and meat
Major positive intracellular ion, never transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance
Irregular heartbeat, fatigue, muscle cramps
Those consuming poor diets high in processed foods, those taking thiazide diuretics
Abnormal heartbeat
Chloride Table salt, processed foods
Major negative extracellular ion, fluid balance
Unlikely None None likely
Iron Red meats, leafy greens, dried fruit, whole and enriched grains
Part of hemoglobin, which delivers oxygen to cells, myoglobin, which holds oxygen in muscle, and electron carriers in the electron transport chain; needed for immune function
Iron deficiency anemia; fatigue, weakness, small pale red blood cells, low hemoglobin
Infants and preschool children, adolescents, women of childbearing age, pregnant women, athletes
Gastrointestinal upset, liver damage
Zinc Meat, seafood, whole grains, eggs
Regulates protein synthesis; functions in growth, development, wound healing, immunity, and antioxidant protection
Poor growth and development, skin rashes, decreased immune function
Vegetarians, low-income children, elderly
Decreased copper absorption, depressed immune function
Copper Organ meat, nuts, seeds, whole grains, seafood, cocoa
A part of proteins needed for iron absorption, lipid metabolism, collagen synthesis, nerve and immune function, and antioxidant protection
Anemia, poor growth, bone abnormalities
Those who over supplement zinc
Vomiting
Manganese Nuts, legumes, whole grains, tea
Functions in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism antioxidant protection
Growth retardation None Nerve damage
Selenium Organ meats, seafood, eggs, whole grains
Antioxidant protection as part of glutathione peroxidase, synthesis of thyroid hormones, spares vitamin E
Muscle pain, weakness, Keshan disease
Population in areas with low selenium soil
Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, hair changes
Iodine Iodized salt, salt water fish, seafood, dairy products
Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones
Goiter, cretinism, mental retardation, growth and developmental abnormalities
Population in areas with low-iodine soil and iodized salt is not used