Satellite Communication Design

8/12/2019 Satellite Communication Design

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Satellite

ommunicationSystems Design

Edited by

Sebastiano Tirro

Plenum Press New York and London


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ontents

Introduction 1

S. Tirr

The History 1The Persp ectives 6The Reg ulatory Bo dies 7

1. Signals 11

E. Saggese and S. Tirr

I . Introd uction 11II. Spe ech Signals 11

A . Ban dw idth 12B . Voice Activity Fac tor and Speech Interp olatio n 12C. The Constant-Volume Talker and the Measured Speech

Volumes 13D . Laplacian Re pre sen tation of a Speech Signal 14E. M ultichannel Speech 16F . Pea k Fac tor 16G. Test To ne Level 16H . M ult ichannel Telephon y Load 18

III . Sou nd-P rogram Signals 19A . Ban dw idth 19

B . Source Activity 19C. Pow er Leve l Statistics 20D . Test To ne Level 21E . C o m p atib ility w ith t h e F D M Te le p h on y P ri m ar y G r o u p . . . . 2 1

IV. Vid eo Signals 21A . Color imetry Fun dam entals 21B . M ono chrom e Television 25C. Co lor Television 28D . M A C Systems 33

X V


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E. High -Definition Television 36References 38

2. Causes of Signal Im pairm ent 41

S. Tirr

I . Introdu ction 41II. Internal No ise 42

A . Shot No ise 42

B . The rmal Noise and Noise Te m per atur e 42C. Noise of an A t ten ua tor 43D . No ise Figu re 44

III . Extern al No ise 44IV. M odeling of Inter nal and Ex tern al No ise 46V. Qu antizing No ise and Digital Co m pan ding 48

V I. Equ ipm ent Linear Dis tor t ions 54VII. No nlinear Distort ion s 57

A . Gen eral 57

B . Un mo dulate d Carr iers and Interm odu lat ion Lines 59C. M odu lated Carr iers and Intermo dulat ion Noise 62

VI II . Spectrum Tru ncatio n 67IX. Intelligible Cro sstalk 68X. Ech o due to Equ ipm ent Mismatching 68

X I. Interferences 70XII . Propagat ion Delay and Echo 70

A . Ge neral 70B . Th e Effects of Pro pag ation De lay 71C. The Echo Pheno men on 71

References 72

3. B aseb and Signal Processing 75

E. Saggese

I . Introd uction 75II. Speech Source Cod ing 76A. Ge neral 76B . W aveform Cod ing 78 Vo c o de rs 83D . Hy brid Solution s 85E. Some Major Com mercia l Standards 85F. Conclusions 87


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ontents xvii

III . Vide o Source Cod ing 87A . Gen eral 87B . Redu ndancy Reduc t ion 88

C. Con trol led Ima ge D egra dat ion 91D . Co ding Co lor Signals 95E. Effects of Ch ann el E rro rs 96F. Ach ievem ents and Tren ds in Imag e Co ders 96

IV. Cryptography 97A . Pr ivate-Key Cryp tography 97B . Publ ic-Key Cryptog raphy 99C. Block Ciph ering and Stream Ciph ering 99D. Cryptograp hy in Com mu nicat ion Ne tworks 101

E. Cry ptograp hy in Satel l ite Co m m un ication Systems 102F. Pay-pe r-view Telev ision 104

V. M ultiplexing 105A . De term inist ic M ultiplexing 105B . Statistical M ultiplexing 109

References 118

4. Services 121

A. Puccio

I . Introd uction 121II . D efinition of Service 122

III . Tech nical A ttr ib ute s of B ea rer Services 123A . Inform ation Transfer A ttr ibu tes 123B . Access A ttr ibu tes 126 Gene ra l A t t r ibu t e s 126

IV . Ca tego ries of Service 127V. Th e Services Ho rizon 128

A . G ene ral 128B . Telepho ny Evolut ion 128C. Telex Ev olution 130D . D ata Evolut ion 130E . Television Evo lution 131

References 131

5. Q uality of Serv ice 133

A. Puccio, V. Speziale, and S. Tirro

I . Introd uctio n 133II . Re fere nc e Circuits 134


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X V l

I II . SNR, and Conven tional L ink Qua li ty 135IV . Av ailability Ob jective s of Satellite System s 136V. Propa gation Perfo rma nce of Satel li te Systems 137

A . Perform ance Criterion for An alog Te leph on y 137B . Perform ance Ob jectives for Digital Telep hon y 139C. Pe rfo rmance Ob jec ti ve s fo r I n te rna ti ona l ISDN L inks . . . . 141D . Perfo rm anc e Ev alu atio n for a Digital Satellite System 145E. Perform ance Ob jectives for Sou nd-P rogram Circuits 146F . Perform ance Ob jectives for Television Signals Transm ission 151G. Subjective Assessm ent of Sound an d/ or Video Signal Qu ali ty 154

V I. Trans mission Pe rform an ce of Satellite System s 156A . Prop aga tion De lay and Ec ho 156

B . Linear and No nl inear Dis tor t ions in F D M -F M Te lep ho ny . . . 157C. Linear and No nlinea r Disto rt ions in FM Television 157D . Lin ear D isto rtion s in Digital System s 163

VII . Trafficability Pe rfo rm an ce 164References 167

6. System O utlin e 171

A. Bonetto, S. Tirro, and V. Violi

I. Intro du ction 171II. Basic Con figuration of a Satellite Co m m un icatio n System 172

III . Evo lution of Satel li te Co m m unica tion Systems 174IV . A rch itectu res of Satellite System s for N etw ork Services 175V. Sum ma ry of Im pairm ent Sources 176

VI. An tenn a Character izat ion 179A . G en eral 179B . Ga in 180C. Effective A re a and A p er tu re Efficiency 181D . Noise Te m per ature 182E . Pola rization 183

VII. Ea rth Stat ion Ch aracteriza tion 188A . Ge nera l 188B . Th e Frequen cy Coo rdinat ion Problem 189C. G en era l Lay out of a Satel li te E art h Stat ion 189D . Ea rth Stat ion Block Diag ram 189E. Low -No ise Am plifiers 191F . Hig h-Po we r Am plifiers - 192G. Fr on t-E nd Specifications 194

VI II . Satell ite Ch aracteriza tion 195A . G ene ral 195B . Satellite Co nfigurations 195C. Th e Env ironm ent 199D . Satel li te Imp lem entat ion Program 201


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Contents xix

E . Pa ylo ad Efficiency 204F . Reliabil ity Co nside rations 205G . Fr on t-E nd Specifications 209

IX. Link Bu dge ts 210X. G E O Satell i tes versus Terre str ial Ra dio Links 215

X I. G E O Satell i tes versus no n -G E O Satelli tes 217X II. Pow er versus Ba nd wid th Trade-offs 219

X III . Th e Va rious M argins 222A . Ge ne ral 222B . Rain M argin 223C. Bre aking M argin 224D . D em od ulato r M argin 224

E. Transm ission M argin 225F . Av ailable M argin 225

XIV . Th e Balanced System. Power and Band width Limita t ion 225XV . Service Re qu irem en ts and Prop aga tion Statistics 227

X V I. Prop agation - and Transm ission-l imited Systems 229XV II . Clear-W eather and Bad -W eathe r Def init ions 233

XV III . Ap port ion m ent of Imp airmen ts 233References 241

7. Orb its and Co ntrolled Trajecto ries 243

V. Violi and G. Vulpetti

I . Introdu ction 243II . Orbi ta l Elem ents 244

III . Fun dam ental Orbi ta l Laws 247IV. Orbit Pertu rbatio ns for a Telec om m unica tion Satelli te 252V. Targe t Orb its 256

A . Sun-Sy nchrono us Orb its 257B . Low -Perigee High-Ec centrici ty O rbits 258C. Geo sta t ionary and Qu asi-Geo sta t ionary Orbi ts 258

V I. Ach ievem ent of the Ge osta t ionary Orb i t 258A . Ro cke t Propu lsion 258B . Th rus t and Specific Im pu lse 259C. Prop ellant Cha racterist ics 260D . Pow ered Flight Eq ua tion 261

E. Th e H oh m an n Profile 265F . Staging 267G . M ultiple-B urn M ission Profiles 270

VII. Th e Ge ostat io nary Orb it 273A . Introd uction 273B . Sate ll ite Ep hem eride s and Dis tance 274C. Cen tral Projection of the Ea rth 275D . Eclipse 277E. Sun Interferen ce 279


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F. A pp are nt M otion of a Qu asi-G eostation ary Satelli te 280G. Velocity Increments Needed for Station-Keeping in the

Ge ostation ary Orb it 281

H . D op ple r Effect 282I. Polarization Ro tation 282

VIII . Advanced Concep ts 285IX. Launch Vehicles 287

References 296

8. Rad io-Freque ncy Design Issues 299

A. Bonetto and E. Saggese

I . Introdu ction 299I I . Basic A nte nn a Configurations 300

A . Ge neral 300B . Fac tors Lim iting A nt en na Efficiency 300 Radia t ion Pa t te rns 302D . Th e Parabolic A nte nn a 305E. Th e Cassegrain A nte nn a 307F. Offset A nt en na s 308

III . Propagat ion Ph enom ena 310A . Farad ay Ro tation 310B . At ten uat ion 311 Depolar iza t ion 323D . Re fraction Effects 326E. Ad apt ive Fade Co unterm easures 327

References 331

9. An alog Transm ission 333S. Tino

I. Intro duc tion 333II . Syllabic C om pan do rs 334

A . Ge neral 334B . C om pan do r Transfer Characterist ics 334C. Effects of C om pan din g 335

H I. Am pli tude M odulat ion 338

A . Pow er Spectrum 338B . Carrier-to-N oise and Signal-to-Noise Ratios 339C. Transmission Quali ty for Multichannel Telephone Signals

in SSB Systems 341D . Am pli tude-C om pand ed Single Sideband with Mult ichannel

Loading 341IV. Frequen cy M odulation 342

A. Power Spec trum of a Ca r ri er M odu la ted by a S inuso id . . . . 342B . B andw idth Occu pied by a M ultichanne l Te leph on e Signal . . . 343


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A . G enera l 419B . Structure of the O ptim al Rec eiver 422C. E rro r Probabil i ty in Binary Co m m unication Systems 425D . L-ary Co m m unication Systems 426E. Transm ission B ou nd s. Th e Sh anno n Limit 428

III . ISI and M odeling of Digital Co m m unication Systems 429A . G ene ral 429B. Intersym bol Interference and Ny quist Pulses 430C. Design of Lin ear Ch anne ls 433D . A pp ort io nm ent of Fil tering with Practical Pulses 433

IV. Digital A m plitud e M odu lation Systems 436

A . G eneral 436B . On-Off Key ing 436 Am plitude-Shift Keying 442D . Pulse Posit ion M odu lation 443

V. Frequency -Shift Key ing 445V I. Phase-Shift Ke ying 448

A . Ge neral 448B . PSK as a Linea r M odu lation Schem e 449C. Err or Probabil i ty 451

D . Carrier Rec overy 454E . Clock Reco very 457F. Un balanced QP SK M odulat ion 460G. Carrier En ergy Dispersal 460

V II. Simulation of a QP SK Ch ann el 461A . Ge neral 461B . Re gen erative Ch anne l Simulation 466C. Tra nsp aren t Ch ann el Simulation 474

V III. Offset B inary M od ulatio ns 478

A . Sp ectrum -Sp readin g Effect 478B . Offset-QPS K and M inimum -Shift Key ing 480C . T h e Q u a d r a tu r e O v e rl ap p e d R a is ed -C o sin g M o d u la ti on . . . . 4 83

IX. Chann el-Ceding B ackground 485A . Ge neral 485B . Co de R ate 486 Cod in g G a in 487D . H ard -So f t Decisors 488E. W eight , Ha mm ing Dis tanc e , and Co rrectable Erro rs 490

F. Typ es of Co des 491G. Systematic C od es 491H. Enc oding-D ecoding Opera t ions 492I. De coding Th reshold 497J. D eco der Synchronization 498

K. Va r iable-Rate Coding 498X. Au tomat ic Re pea t Re quest 499

A . Stop-and-Wait A R Q 500B . Cont inuous A R Q 500


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XI. Block Co des 500A . Ge nera l 500B . Cyclic Co des 501

C. W ord Err or and B i t Err or Probabi l i ties 504D . Golay Co des 505E. B CH Cod es 506F. Ree d -So lo m on Codes 507

XII . Con volutional Co des 511A . Co ded Signal G en era tion 511B . Dis tance Prop er t ies 513C. Perform ance 516D . Th e Viterbi Alg ori thm 519

XIII . Ad di t ional Topics on Forw ard Erro r Correct ion 521A . Interleaving 521B . Co ncaten ated Cod es 521C. Co ncaten ated Block Co des 522D . Co ncaten ated Block Plus Conv olut ional Cod es 523E . Pe rfo rmance Compar i son fo r Va r ious Cod ing Schemes . . . . 526

XIV . Com bined Coding and M odulat ion 528A . Ge neral 528B . Distan ce Pro per t ies of Signal Sets 530C. Con t inuous-Phase M odulat ions 533D . Trell is-Coded M odu lations 540E. Block-C oded M odulat ions 546

X I. Con clusions 548References 549

11. B idirectional Circuit Desig n 553

S. Tirro

I . Introd uction 553II . Pow er Co ntrol Policies and O ptim um System Design 555

III. CN R Varia t ions due to Atm osph er ic Prop agat ion 563IV. Int rasystem Interferences and Atm osph er ic Propa gat ion 565V. Tran sparen t Single-Carr ier-Per-Transpond er Systems 568

A. Ge neral 568B . SC PT Systems with Ful l U PP C 569 SCPT Systems Not Us ing U PP C 570D . SC PT Systems with Part ial U P PC 570

V I. Tran sparen t FD M A Systems 573A. Ge nera l 573B . FD M A Systems with Ful l U PP C 574 FD M A Systems No t Us ing UP PC 578D . FD M A Systems Using Par t ia l U PP C 579

VII. Re gen erative Systems 579


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ontents xxv

A . No des and Ed ges 638B . Circuits , Ch ann els, Half-Circuits , and Term ination s Trun ks) 639C. Bu ndle s of Circuits and B un dle s of Ha lf-Circuits 640

D . On e-W ay and Tw o-W ay Circuit O pera tion 640E. Traff ic Rearrangement , Commutat ion, and Dynamic

M anagem ent of Reso urces 640F . Demand Assignment and Switching: Why Two Different

Names? 641G . Call Blo cking and N etw ork Efficiency 642H . Delay and Th rough put 643

III. Te rrestrial N etw ork Stru cture 643A . Typical Structure of a Te leph on e N etw ork 643

B . ISDN and N x 64 Services 646C. Pac ket Services 646D . Hig h-Sp eed Services 647

IV. Typical Struc tures of Satellite Systems 649A . Global Coverage wi th Single Tran sparen t R ep eate r 650B . G lobal C o ve rage w ith Mul ti ple Transpa ren t Repea t e r s . . . . 651C. Mu l tip le-Beam Systems wi th Tran sparen t Re pea ters 652D . Scanning-Beam Systems with Single Tra nsp aren t R ep ea ter . . 654E. M ixed Systems 656F. Re gen erative Systems with T-Stages O nb oa rd 657

V. Connection Tech nique s and Ne two rk Structures for Te lepho ny . . 657A . H ierarc hy of Traffic Sou rces 657B . Hierarch y of Bu ndles 658C. Symm etric and Asym metr ic Bu ndles 658D . N um be r of Bu ndle s and N etw ork Efficiency 659E. Com mu tat ion Funct ions 662F. Systems with T-Stages O nb oa rd 667G . O ptim izatio n of System Efficiency 668H . Ev olution from Lo ng to Short Fra m es 670

I. Com patibil i ty Prob lem s betw een T-Stages O nb oa rd and D SI 671J. D ou ble -R ate Systems 672

K. Algo ri thms for D ynam ic M ana gem ent of Re sourc es 672VI. C onnection Tech niques and Ne twork Structures for O the r Services 673

A . N x 64 Services 673B . Pac ket Services 675C. Hig h-Sp eed Services 678D . Point- to-Multipoint Connection Techniques for

Videoconferencing 679VII. Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of T-Stages Location

O nb oa rd the Satellite 683VIII. Signaling Pro blem s 684

A . T elep ho ne Signaling Fixed A ssign m ent of the SatelliteChannel) 684

B . Tele pho ne Signaling D em and A ssignm ent of the Satel l iteChannel) 686


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ontents xxv

15. Future D evelopm ents 737

G. Chiassarini, R. Crescimbeni, G. Gallinaro, R. Lo Fora, A. Puccioand S. Tirr

I. Intro duc tion 737II. Inters atellite Link s 737

A . Ge nera l 737B . ISL Viabili ty for Sep arated G E O Satell ites 739C. Op tical Inter satellite Link s 740D . M icrowave Intersatell i te Links 743

III . Satell i te A nte nn as 744A . G ener al 744

B . Som e A nte nn a Configurations 745C. Focused M ult ibeam A nten nas 748D . Th e M ultiport Am plifier 750E. Direct Rad iat ing Arra ys 751F. Imaging A nt en na Systems 753G. Act ive An tenn as Assessment 754

IV. O nbo ard Processing 756A . Ge nera l 756B. Space Ra diation s and Ra diation H ard enin g 756

C. M ult icarr ier D em odu lators 761D . FE C Decoding On board 766E. O nb oa rd Switching 767F . F R O B E Process ing for S S- F D M A Systems 771

References 772

Appendix 1. R ad io Re gula tions Provision s 775

E. D Andria

I. Intro du ction 775II. Frequ ency Allocations 776

III. Interference Co ordin ation 777A . Mo des of Interferenc e betw een Space and Terre strial Services 778B . M ode s of Interference betw een Stations of Different Space

Systems in Frequency Bands with Separated Earth-to-Spaceand Spac e-to-E arth Allocations 779

C. M ode s of Interferen ce b etwe en ESs of Different SpaceSystems in Frequ ency Ba nds for Bidirectional U se 779

IV. Ra diation Lim itations 779References 781

Appendix 2. F reque ncy Sharing am ong Fixed-Satell ite Service Ne two rks . . 783

E. D Andria

I . Interference Evalu ation to D eter m ine if Co ordin ation is R equ ired 783II. Detailed Co ordina tion Calculations and Interferen ce Criteria . . . 785


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III . Possible M eth od s to Solve Incom patibilities 787A . Increase in An gular Sepa ration 787B . Adjustm ent of Netw ork Param eters 788

C. Frequ ency Sepa ration (Staggering) 788D . Dep ar ture from CC IR Recom mend at ions 788

References 789

Appendix 3. Frequency Sharing between the Fixed-Satell i te Service and

the Fixed Service 791

E. D'Andria

I . Determ inat ion of the Co ordinat ion A rea 791II . Detailed Co ordin ation Calculations and Interference Criteria . . . 795

III . Possible M eth od s to Solve Inco m patibilities 795A . Freq uency Sep aration 796B . Adjustm ent of Netw ork Param eters 797 Othe r Me thods 797

References 797

App endix 4. Efficient Us e of the Ge ostatio nary O rb it-S pe ctr um Re sou rce 799

G. Quaglione

I . Overcrow ding in the Ge ostation ary Or bit 799II . Com mu nication Capacity of the Ge ostatio nary Orbit 800

A . M eth od A (Pessimistic) 800B . M ethod (Optimist ic ) 801 C C I R M e t h od s 801

III . Major Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Geostationary

Or bi t -S pec trum Uti lization 801A . Frequ ency R eus e Poten tial 802B . Spacecraft A nte nn a Ra diation Characterist ics 803C. Ea rth Station A nt en na Ra diation Characterist ics 804D . Stationkeeping 805E . Interference Allow ance 805F. Optimization of Frequency Assignments and Modulation

Characteristics 806IV. Out l ine of the M ain Resul ts of W A R C -O R B 85 - 88 806

References 809

Appen dix 5. A uth ors of Individual Sections 811

Ap pen dix 6. List of A cro ny m s 813

Index 821

Satellite Communication Design

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