SAR GPS and Seismic Displacements

8/9/2019 SAR GPS and Seismic Displacements

1/15

Fj`wzsjfji{ hd Wjowfog Kowub`gjfji{w)@ ghfu`sowhi hd W@S ìk NUW {jgaiopzjw" ~o{a u`s{ogzb`s

sjdjsjigj {h ` sjgji{ G`bodhsioì j`s{apz`lj)

Ljtoi A) Mhijw

F`{sog Ih) 50?>>;4

Oi{shkzg{ohi

Gaìnjw oi {aj uhwo{ohi hd {aj nshzik wzsd`gj hd{ji `gghfuìy ìk dhbbh~ j`s{apz`ljw

F`wwhiij{" j{ `b" 0??7" Fzss`y" j{ `b" 0??7/) Wzga ghwjowfog ìk uhw{wjowfogkowub`gjfji{w {yuog`bby a`tj f`nio{zkjw sìnoin dshf wjtjs`b fobbofj{sjw {h wjtjs`b

fj{sjw" ìk gì hggzs oi ch{a ahso}hi{`b ìk tjs{og`b kosjg{ohiw) [~h fj{ahkw gù`cbj hdfj`wzsoin {ajwj wjowfog kowub`gjfji{w `sj oi{jsdjshfj{sog wyi{aj{og ùjs{zsj s`k`s

OiW@S/ F`wwhiij{" j{ `b" 0??7/ ìk koddjsji{o`b nbhc`b uhwo{ohioin wyw{jf KNUW/

ij{~hslw Fzss`y" j{ `b" 0??7" ^kh~oiwlo" j{ `b" 0??>/)

Wyi{aj{og @ujs{zsj S`k`s

@ wyi{aj{og ùjs{zsj s`k`s W@S/ wyw{jf ow zwz`bby fhzi{jk hi ì òsgs`d{ dbyoin wjtjs`blobhfj{sjw `chtj {aj nshzik" hs ` w`{jbbo{j hsco{oin wjtjs`b aziksjk lobhfj{jsw `chtj {aj

nshzik 155 lf `b{o{zkj ~hzbk cj {yuog`b dhs ` wu`gj&chsij wyw{jf/ F`wwhiij{" 0??>/)

Wokj bhhloin ì{jii`w `sj zwjk {h ushkzgj ` cj`f hd s`k`s uzbwjw ~aoga obbzfoi`{j {aj

bìk wzsd`gj `{ ì hcbopzj ìnbj F`wwhiij{" 0??>/" sjwzb{oin oi {aj sj{zsi hd ` wg`{{jsjk

ìk sjdbjg{jk s`koh jijsny jgah c`gl {h {aj ì{jii`) Donzsj 0" {`lji dshf Jb`gao 0?11"u303/" wah~w {aj sjb`{ohiwaou oi {ofj ìk wu`gj cj{~jji {aj {sìwfo{{jk uzbwj ìk {aj

sj{zsijk jgah)

Donzsj 0= [aj sjb`{ohiwaou oi {ofj ìk wu`gj cj{~jji {aj {sìwfo{{jk uzbwj ìk {aj

sj{zsijk jgah Jb`gao" 0?11" u303/)


2/15

Dshf donzsj 0" o{ gì cj wjji {a`{ s`koh jijsny sjgjotjk `{ oigsj`woin {ofj" ghssjwuhikw

{h jijsny wg`{{jsjk hs sjdbjg{jk `{ oigsj`woin sìnj `bhin {aj nshzik)

Sìnj Sjwhbz{ohiOd ~j kjdoij {aj sìnj sjwhbz{ohi hd {aj wyw{jf {h cj {aj wf`bbjw{ kow{ìgj ù`s{ oi sìnj

dshf {aj ì{jii`" {a`{ {~h hcmjg{w gì cj ìk w{obb wah~ `w wju`s`{j jgah dj`{zsjw" {aji o{

gì cj wah~i {a`{ sjwhbz{ohi ow ushuhs{ohi`b {h uzbwj bjin{a" o)j) {aj wahs{js {aj uzbwj {aj

cj{{js {aj sìnj sjwhbz{ohi dhs ch{a {szj ik nshzik sìnj Jb`gao" 0?11" u:4/)

@}ofz{a Sjwhbz{ohi

Dhs ` sj`b ùjs{zsj wokj bhhloin s`k`s wyw{jf" sjwhbz{ohi oi {aj `}ofz{a kosjg{ohi hd

{s`tjb/ kosjg{ohi ow ushuhs{ohi`b {h ~`tjbjin{a ìk sìnj" ìk oitjswjby ushuhs{ohi`b {h{aj ùjs{zsj) Zidhs{zi`{jby" dhs wu`gj chsij wyw{jfw 155 lf {yuog`b `b{o{zkj/ {aow ~hzbk

bj`k {h `}ofz{a sjwhbz{ohiw ih cj{{js {aì wjtjs`b lobhfj{sjw Jb`gao" 0?11" u4;/" ~aoga

ow zi`ggju{`cbj) [h htjsghfj {aow ushcbjf {aj wyi{aj{og ùjs{zsj ùush`ga ow zwjk" ~aogazwjw {aj Khuubjs waod{ {h kj{jsfoij ~aoga u`s{ hd {aj cj`f dhh{usoi{" oi `}ofz{a" {aj

sj{zsijk jijsny ow ghfoin dshf)

Donzsj 3" [aj sjb`{ohiwaou cj{~jji {aj boijw hd jpzo&nshzik&sìnj ìk boijw hd jpzo&khuubjs ~o{aoi {aj sj`b s`k`s cj`f obbzfoi`{jk `sj` Jb`gao"0?11" u>4/)

[aow Khuubjs oidhsf`{ohi ow zwjk {h ghajsji{by `kk s`k`s jgahjw htjs fìy dhh{usoi{w

`bhin {aj {s`gl hd {aj w`{jbbo{j hs òsgs`d{" {azw czobkoin zu hs wyi{ajwowoin ` b`snj

jddjg{otj ùjs{zsj dhs {aj ì{jii` Fj`kj ìk Wìk~jbb" 0??4" Jb`gao" 0?11" u>4&>>/)

Jb`gao 0?11" u>>/ kjfhiw{s`{jw {a`{ dhs ` W@S {aj `}ofz{a wu`{o`b sjwhbz{ohi ow

ushuhs{ohi`b hiby {h {aj sj`b ùjs{zsj hd {aj wyw{jf {azw oikjujikji{ hd `b{o{zkj/" ~aoga

fjìw {aj sjwhbz{ohi nj{w cj{{js {aj wf`bbjs {aj sj`b ùjs{zsj nj{w! @ W@S wyw{jf ~o{a

}jsh sj`b ùjs{zsj ~hzbk cj ihiwjiwog`b woigj o{ ~hzbk cj zi`cbj {h {sìwfo{ ìy uh~js)Oi us`g{ogj {aj sj`b ùjs{zsj gahwji dhs ` W@S wyw{jf ow ` ghfushfowj cj{~jji

uh~js(woni`b {h ihowj s`{oh sjpzosjfji{w ìk `}ofz{a sjwhbz{ohi Jb`gao" 0?11" u>>/)


3/15

Donzsj 3" {`lji dshf Jb`gao 0?11" u>4/ wah~w {aj sjb`{ohiwaou cj{~jji {aj boijw hd jpzo&

nshzik&sìnj ìk boijw hd jpzo&khuubjs ~o{aoi {aj sj`b s`k`s cj`f obbzfoi`{jk `sj`)

[aj Wujglbj jddjg{@ {yuog`b wyw{jf wzga `w {aj JSW&0 Jzshujì S`k`s W`{jbbo{j 0/ cìk G W@S a`w `

dsjpzjigy hd :)7 NA} ghssjwuhikoin {h ` ~`tjbjin{a hd :4 ff Ujb{}js" j{ `b" 0??;/)

[aow s`k`s g`ssojs jijsny ow ghajsji{" sjwzb{oin oi ijonachzsoin sìnj {ofj&coiw hs

uoqjbw wah~oin ùu`sji{by sìkhf csona{ijww t`so`{ohiw dshf hij {h {aj ijq{) [aow

t`so`{ohi ow g`bbjk wujglbj Jb`gao" 0?11" u44/" ìk ow g`zwjk cy kjw{szg{otj k`sl uoqjb/

hs ghiw{szg{otj csona{ uoqjb/ oi{jsdjsjigj cj{~jji s`k`s sjdbjg{ohiw dshf {aj fyso`k

wf`bb {`snj{w ghi{òijk oi j`ga uoqjb u`{ga hi {aj nshzik ` uoqjb f`y cj wjtjs`b {jiw hd

fj{sjw hi ` wokj/ F`wwhiij{" 0??>/) Donzsj 7" {`lji dshf Jb`gao 0?11" u44/ wah~w ah~j`ga u`{ga jgah ow {aj tjg{hs wzf hd fzb{oubj wg`{{jsjsw)

Donzsj 7" Ah~ j`ga u`{ga jgah ow {aj tjg{hs wzf hd fzb{oubj wg`{{jsjsw Jb`gao" 0?11"

u44/)

Oi ghitji{ohi`b W@S wyw{jfw {aj ushcbjf hd wujglbj ow whbtjk cy `tjs`noin htjswjtjs`b uoqjbw {h hc{òi ` fhihgashfj `fubo{zkj hiby of`nj F`wwhiij{" 0??>/)Ah~jtjs" {aj wujglbjk of`nj ghi{òiw zwjdzb ua`wj oidhsf`{ohi)

Oi{jsdjshns`fw

Od {~h w`{jbbo{j W@S of`njw `sj {`lji dshf jq`g{by {aj w`fj bhg`{ohi" cz{ wju`s`{jk cy `

wf`bb oi{jst`b hd {ofj" hij ~hzbk jqujg{ ih ua`wj koddjsjigj cj{~jji {aj wujglbjk

of`njw" ushtokjk ih gaìnj a`k hggzssjk hi {aj nshzik) Ah~jtjs" od ` wf`bb `fhzi{ hd

wu`{o`bby `z{h&ghssjb`{jk gaìnj a`w hggzssjk kzsoin {aj oi{jst`b" {aji {aj koddjsjigj

of`nj hs oi{jsdjshns`f f`y wah~ oi{jsdjsjigj dsoinjw F`wwhiij{" 0??>/) Donzsj ;" {`ljidshf Nhbkw{joi" j{ `b 0??7/ wah~w mzw{ wzga ì jq`fubj hd sjuj`{&{s`gl oi{jsdjshfj{sy"

zwjk {h fj`wzsj ogj wajj{ fh{ohi) J`ga dsoinj towocbj hi donzsj ;" sjusjwji{w ` fhtjfji{

hd 3)1 gf oi {aj sìnj kosjg{ohi {h~`skw hs `~`y dshf {aj wu`gjgs`d{/) Woigj" {aj {~hW@S of`njw ~jsj {`lji dshf {aj w`fj bhg`{ohi ih oidhsf`{ohi `chz{ {aj `cwhbz{j wzsd`gj

{huhnsùay gì cj hc{òijk)

Zwoin OiW@S dhs KJF njijs`{ohi

Ghiwokjs {~h w`{jbbo{j W@S wujglbj of`njw hd {aj w`fj `sj`" {`lji dshf ` fhkjs`{jkow{ìgj ù`s{) Gì ì oi{jsdjshns`f cj njijs`{jk {h notj {jssòi jbjt`{ohiw8 N`csojb ìkNhbkw{joi 0?11/ ìw~jsjk {aow pzjw{ohi cy oi{shkzgoin {aj ghigju{ hd {aj gso{og`b

c`wjboij" ~aoga kjdoijw {aj f`qofzf wju`s`{ohi hd{ji g`bbjk {aj f`qofzf


4/15

Donzsj ;" Sjuj`{&{s`gl oi{jsdjshfj{sy zwoin W@S of`njw {`lji 4 k`yw ù`s{" zwjk {h

fj`wzsj fh{ohi oi {aj Sz{dhsk Ogj W{sj`f" @i{`sg{og` Nhbkw{joi" j{ `b" 0??7/)

ujsujikogzb`s c`wjboij/ hd {aj w`{jbbo{j hsco{ u`wwjw" oi ` kosjg{ohi `{ sona{ ìnbjw ch{a {h

{aj dbyoin ìk sìnj kosjg{ohiw [hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/) Od wju`s`{ohiw hd nsj`{js {aì {aj

gso{og`b t`bzj `sj zwjk {aji ua`wj ghajsjigj ow bhw{ o)j) kjghssjb`{ohi hggzsw/ ìk ih

dsoinjw ~obb cj wjji) @ {s`kj&hdd hggzsw woigj ` bhinjs c`wjboij notjw cj{{js sjwhbz{ohi hd

{aj {huhnsùay cz{ fhsj ushcbjfw ~o{a kjghssjb`{ohi hiwj{) Dhs W@S k`{` dshf {aj JSW&0 ìk 3 w`{jbbo{jw {aj hu{ofzf ujsujikogzb`s c`wjboij dhs kono{`b jbjt`{ohi fhkjb KJF/

njijs`{ohi ow cj{~jji 755 ìk :55 fj{sjw" {aj gso{og`b c`wjboij cjoin `chz{ ` lobhfj{sj

[hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/) OiW@S oi {aow c`wjboij ghidonzs`{ohi jwwji{o`bby notjw wu`{o`boidhsf`{ohi oi {aj dhsf hd {asjj lih~i t`so`cbjw< ì `}ofz{a ìk {~h sìnjw wjj donzsj

:" {`lji dshf [hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/) [aow ow wzddogoji{ {h whbtj dhs {aj {asjj zilih~iw"

q" y ìk } jbjt`{ohi/ {h hc{òi {aj kjwosjk KJF o)j) q" y ìk } `sj {aj zilih~i

t`so`cbjw oi ` wyw{jf hd {asjj wofzb{ìjhzw jpz`{ohiw/) Od {aj uhwo{ohi oi wu`gj hd {aj W@S

w`{jbbo{j `{ {aj {ofj ch{a wgjijw ~jsj `gpzosjk ow `ggzs`{jby lih~ ~o{a sjwujg{ {h `

{jssjw{so`b njhbhg`{ohi`b ghhskoi`{j wyw{jf wzga `w {aj Oi{jsi`{ohi`b [jssjw{so`b Sjdjsjigj

Ds`fj 0??7 O[SD?7/" {aji {aj `cwhbz{j jbbouwhok`b nshzik ghhskoi`{jw

b`{o{zkj(bhino{zkj ìk jbbouwhok`b ajona{/ hd {aj kjsotjk KJF `sj hc{òi`cbj HskiìgjWzstjy" 0???" u?/) Od ` Njhok fhkjb ow `tòb`cbj dhs {aj `sj` hd {aj wgjijw" {aji {aj


5/15

Donzsj := [aj W@S c`wjboij ghidonzs`{ohi dhs {jssòi jbjt`{ohi kj{jsfoi`{ohi" notoin

t`bzjw dhs `}ofz{a @0" ìk {~h sìnjw S0 ìk S3)

jbbouwhok ajona{w gì cj ghitjs{jk oi{h {szj hs{ahfj{sog jbjt`{ohiw Hskiìgj Wzstjy"

0???" u>/) [aow gì oi {ajhsy cj khij ~o{ahz{ sjdjsjigj {h nshzik ghi{shb uhoi{w nguw/~o{aoi {aj W@S wgjijw [hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/) Ah~jtjs" {aow ~hzbk sjwzb{ oi ìy jsshsw

oi {aj W@S w`{jbbo{j i`ton`{ohi k`{` ushu`n`{oin oi{h {aj `cwhbz{j ghhskoi`{jw hd {aj KJF

[hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/) @gghskoin {h [hz{oi ìk Ns`y 3555/ KJFw gsj`{jk zwoin {aow

{yuj hd OiW@S fj{ahk dshf {aj JSW w`{jbbo{jw gì a`tj ` tjs{og`b `ggzs`gy `w nhhk `w3)> fj{sjw s)f)w)

Zwoin ihi&wu`{o`bby sjuj`{oin W@S fj`wzsjfji{w {h jw{of`{j nshzik gaìnjwHd{ji ` wo{z`{ohi ~obb hggzs ~aji {aj hiby W@S of`njw `tòb`cbj {a`{ cs`glj{ oi {ofj ì

oi{jsjw{oin jtji{ hi {aj nshzik" a`tj ` ihi }jsh c`wjboij) Ah~ gì ì oi{jsdjshns`f

wah~oin nshzik gaìnj wzga `w {a`{ wah~i oi donzsj ;/ cj gsj`{jk oi {ajwj

gosgzfw{ìgjw8 [aj ushcbjf ow {a`{ {huhnsùaog ua`wj jddjg{w ~obb htjs~ajbf {ahwj kzj

{h oi{js&wgjij gaìnj) F`wwhiij{{" j{ `b 0??7/ hc{òijk {~h JSW&0 G cìk W@S wgjijw

{`lji 05: k`yw ù`s{ notoin cjdhsj ìk `d{js of`njw hd {aj `sj` hd G`bodhsio` ~ajsj {ajBìkjsw j`s{apz`lj F~ >)7/ hggzssjk hi {aj 31

{a hd Mzij" 0??3) [aj c`wjboij hd {aj {~h

wgjijw ~`w hd {aj hskjs ` dj~ aziksjk fj{sjw wh ` woniodogì{ w{jsjhwghuog u`{a koddjsjigj

ijjkjk {h cj sjfhtjk oi hskjs {h `bbh~ ` wzsd`gj gaìnj oi{jsdjshns`f {h cj gsj`{jk) [aow

u`{a koddjsjigj ~`w g`bgzb`{jk zwoin oidhsf`{ohi dshf ` usjtohzwby jqow{oin KJF hd {aj

`sj` ushkzgjk cy {aj ZW Kjdjiwj Fùuoin @njigy ~o{a ` w{`{jk `cwhbz{j tjs{og`b

`ggzs`gy hd ,(& 75 fj{sjw F`wwhiij{{" j{ `b"0??;//) ô{a {aj {huhnsùaog u`{a koddjsjigj

sjfhtjk {aj gaìnj oi{jsdjshns`f ~`w wzggjwwdzbby gsj`{jk" `w wjji oi donzsj 4" {`ljidshf F`wwhiij{{" j{ `b 0??7/) Donzsj 4 bjd{/" wah~w {aj oi{jsdjsjigj u`{{jsi g`zwjk cy


6/15

{aj sìnj kosjg{ohi ghfuhiji{ hd {aj ghwjowfog fhtjfji{ g`zwjk cy {aj j`s{apz`lj)

J`ga dsoinj oi {aj oi{jsdjshns`f sjusjwji{w ` fhtjfji{ hd a`bd ` s`k`s ~`tjbjin{a kzj{h {aj d`g{ {aj s`k`s jijsny fzw{ dhbbh~ ` {~h&~`y {s`tjb u`{a/" ghssjwuhikoin {h 31 ff)

F`wwhiij{{" j{ `b 0??7/ ghfu`sjk {ajos OiW@S kowub`gjfji{w ~o{a jw{of`{jw kjsotjkdshf ioij dojbk njhkj{og w{`{ohiw ìk ghigbzkjk {a`{ {aj OiW@S sjwzb{w a`k ì s)f)w

usjgowohi hd ih ~hswj {aì 7gf ghi{s`w{ {aow ~o{a {aj ,(& 75 fj{sj jsshs t`bzj hd {aj

ghssjg{oin KJF/) Donzsj 4 sona{/" wah~w ` wyi{aj{og oi{jsdjshns`f g`bgzb`{jk zwoin ì

jb`w{og a`bd&wu`gj kowbhg`{ohi fhkjb ghiw{sòijk cy dojbk hcwjst`{ohiw) [aj wyi{aj{og ìk

sj`b oi{jsdjshns`fw kow`nsjj cy `chz{ 7 gf" ~aoga ow oi `nsjjfji{ ~o{a {aj njhkj{og`bby

kjsotjk jsshs) F`wwhiij{{" j{ `bw 0??7/ kowub`gjfji{ fùuoin ~`w ziusjgjkji{jk

~aji o{ ~`w uzcbowajk kzj {h {aj ghfcoi`{ohi hd aona usjgowohi ìk ` kjiwj wu`{o`b

w`fuboin ghiwow{oin hd ?5 cy 005 f uoqjbw)

Donzsj 4= [aj oi{jsdjshns`f wah~oin ghwjowfog W@S sìnj kowub`gjfji{w dhs {aj Bìkjsw

j`s{apz`lj bjd{/" ìk ` wyi{aj{og oi{jsdjshns`f kjsotjk dshf ` a`bd&wu`gj kowbhg`{ohi

fhkjb dhs ghfu`sowhi sona{/" {`lji dshf F`wwhiij{{" j{ `b 0??7/) Ih{j< j`ga dsoinj

ghssjwuhikw {h 31ff ~aoga ow a`bd {aj ~`tjbjin{a hd {aj JSW&0 W@S wyw{jf/ hd

fhtjfji{ oi {aj sìnj kosjg{ohi) @bwh ih{j {a`{ Ihs{a ow {h {aj bjd{ ìk j`ga of`nj

ghtjsw 005 cy ?5 lf)

Zwoin {asjj W@S wgjijw {h jw{of`{j nshzik gaìnjwOi fìy u`s{w hd {aj ~hsbk usjjqow{oin KJFw `sj ih{ `tòb`cbj ìk wh `bb fj`wzsjfji{w

fzw{ cj f`kj dshf {aj W@S w`{jbbo{j) ]jcljs j{ `b 0??;/ ìk N`csojb" j{ `b 0?1?/ zwj `

fj{ahk {a`{ wju`s`{jw {aj ua`wj jddjg{w hd {huhnsùaog ìk gaìnj(kowub`gjfji{w cyzwoin {asjj W@S wgjijw) Okj`bby {~h wgjijw wahzbk cj gbhwj {hnj{ajs oi {ofj ìk a`tj `

b`snj c`wjboij hu{ofo}jk dhs {huhnsùay ~aoga wahzbk oigsj`wj {aj htjs`bb `ggzs`gy/)

[aj h{ajs wgjij wahzbk cs`glj{ {aj kjwosjk gaìnj ujsohk" ìk a`tj ` wf`bbjs c`wjboijhu{ofo}jk dhs kowub`gjfji{ fhio{hsoin o)j) d`gobo{`{oin j`wy ua`wj zi~sùuoin/) [ajwj

{asjj W@S wgjijw `sj {aji ghfcoijk {hnj{ajs {h hc{òi {~h oi{jsdjshns`fw hij

ghi{òioin {huhnsùay oidhsf`{ohi" ìk {aj h{ajs ghi{òioin {huhnsùay ìk gaìnjoidhsf`{ohi/) [aj {~h oi{jsdjshns`fw `sj wzc{s`g{jk oi ` ushgjww g`bbjk koddjsji{o`b

oi{jsdjshfj{sog W@S KodW@S/ ~aoga sjwzb{w oi {aj kjwosjk gaìnj(kowub`gjfji{

oi{jsdjshns`f)


7/15

[jfuhs`b Kjghssjb`{ohi[aj oigsj`woin bhww hd ua`wj ghajsjigj ~o{a {ofj cj{~jji gìkok`{j wgjijw dhs OiW@S ow

ì ofuhs{ì{ owwzj [hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/) F`wwhiij{{" j{ `b 0??7/ ~jsj `cbj {h zwj `bhin {jfuhs`b oi{jst`b hd 05: k`yw cj{~jji wgjijw zwjk dhs OiW@S cjg`zwj {aj Bìkjsw

j`s{apz`lj hggzssjk oi ì `sok kjwjs{ jitoshifji{ kjthok hd tjnj{`{ohi tjnj{`cbj s`k`s

wg`{{jsjsw gì ~hccbj ìk fhtj N`csojb" j{ `b" 0?1?//" ìk ~o{a bh~ `{fhwuajsog ~`{js

tùhzs ~`{js tùhzs gì wbh~ ìk kjghssjb`{j {aj woni`b/) Oi ` dhsjw{ hs azfok mzinbj

ua`wj ghajsjigj f`y hiby cj fòi{òijk dhs ` dj~ k`yw hs ` dj~ ahzsw [hz{oi ìk Ns`y"

3555/) [ajsj `sj ` izfcjs hd s`k`s ushu`n`{ohi jddjg{w {a`{ gì g`zwj ushcbjfw ~o{a {aj

koddjsji{o`b ua`wj ìk notj sowj {h jsshsw oi {aj doi`b OiW@S(KodW@S oi{jsdjshns`f"

oigbzkoin {shuhwuajsog ~`{js tùhzs" cz{ `bwh Ohihwuajsog jddjg{w wzga `w `zs`b kowub`yw[hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/)

[aj Nbhc`b Uhwo{ohioin Wyw{jf !NUW/)[aj Nbhc`b Uhwo{ohioin Wyw{jf NUW/" ji`cbjw ` zwjs ~o{a ` wzo{`cbj sjgjotjs zio{ {hhc{òi uhwo{ohi doqjw `{ ìy uhoi{ hi hs ij`s {aj j`s{aw wzsd`gj Azsi" 0?1?/) [aj NUW

wyw{jf gì cj {ahzna{ hd cjoin kotokjk oi{h {asjj ghfuhiji{w hs wjnfji{w Bhnwkhi"

0??:" u0>/) @ zwjs wjnfji{" ~aoga ghiwow{w hd `bb zwjsw fobo{`sy hs gotoboì" hujs`{oin

{ajos NUW sjgjotjsw oi t`sohzw fhkjw) @ wu`gj wjnfji{ ~aoga ghiwow{w hd {ajghiw{jbb`{ohi hd 3; I`tw{`s NUW w`{jbbo{jw oi 05?55 i`z{og`b fobj `b{o{zkj hsco{w" j`ga ~o{a

ì hsco{`b ubìj oigboijk `{ :: kjnsjjw {h {aj jpz`{hs) [aj hsco{`b ghidonzs`{ohi hd {aj

w`{jbbo{jw ow wzga {a`{ `{ ìy hij {ofj `{ bj`w{ dhzs `sj `chtj {aj ahso}hi `{ ìy uhoi{ hi

{aj j`s{aw wzsd`gj) J`ga w`{jbbo{j oi {aj I`tw{`s ghiw{jbb`{ohi ghi{oizhzwby {sìwfo{w NUW

sìnoin s`koh woni`bw dhs sjgju{ohi cy {aj zwjs wjnfji{ Azsi" 0?1?" Bhnwkhi" 0??:/)[aj ghi{shb wjnfji{ ghiwow{w hd nshzik w{`{ohiw {a`{ ghi{oizhzwby fhio{hs {aj

hujs`{ohi`b aj`b{a ìk jq`g{ uhwo{ohiw hd {aj wu`gj wjnfji{ w`{jbbo{jw) Zuk`{jk w`{jbbo{j

juajfjsow ìk `{hfog gbhgl ghssjg{ohiw `sj g`bgzb`{jk cy {aj nshzik wjnfji{ ìk{sìwfo{{jk c`gl {h {aj w`{jbbo{jw" oi hskjs {h jiwzsj {aj sìnoin ìk {ofoin oidhsf`{ohi

{sìwfo{{jk {h {aj zwjsw `sj `ggzs`{j Azsi" 0?1?/)

Kj{jsfoi`{ohi hd NUW uhwo{ohi

@ NUW uhwo{ohi ow kj{jsfoijk cy ` zwjsw sjgjotjs cy fj`wzsoin {aj s`koh&~`tj {s`tjb

{ofjw dshf {aj w`{jbbo{jw" ìk ghitjs{oin {ajf oi {h kow{ìgj sìnjw zwoin {aj wujjk hd

bona{) Donzsj >" {`lji dshf Azsi 0?1?/ wah~w ah~ sìnjw gì cj zwjk {h kj{jsfoij

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sona{/" wah~w ah~ {~h w`{jbbo{jw ghiw{sòi bhg`{ohi {h ` soin {a`{ ow {aj oi{jswjg{ohi hd {aj

{~h sìnj wuajsjw) Doi`bby" donzsj > ch{{hf gji{sj/" wah~w {aj jq`fubj dhs {asjj

w`{jbbo{jw ìk ghssjwuhikoin sìnj wuajsjw) [aj oi{jswjg{ohi cj{~jji {aj {asjj wuajsjw ow

hij hd {~h kow{oig{ uhoi{w oi wu`gj) Woigj ` NUW wyw{jf ~obb lih~ {aj uhwo{ohi ~o{a

sjwujg{ {h {aj sìnj wuajsjw hd {aj ^NW1; jbbouwhok" o{ gì kowg`sk {aj whbz{ohi uhoi{ {a`{

ow ziboljby {h cj ghssjg{ o)j) kjju oiwokj {aj j`s{a hs `{ ì ofushc`cbj `b{o{zkj/) Ah~jtjs"

hij ushcbjf w{obb sjfòiw cjdhsj ` whbz{ohi hd `ggju{`cbj `ggzs`gy gì cj kj{jsfoijk)[aj gbhglw ghi{òijk oi fhw{ NUW sjgjotjsw `sj ih{ `ggzs`{j jihzna {h ushtokj {aj


8/15

{ofoin oidhsf`{ohi sjpzosjk {h g`bgzb`{j {aj sj`b sìnjw Azsi" 0?1?/) [h whbtj {aow

ushcbjf woni`bw dshf ` dhzs{a w`{jbbo{j `sj zwjk ushtokj ` dhzs{a {s`tjb {ofj wuajsj {a`{gì oi jddjg{ ushtokj ` {ofoin ghssjg{ohi {h f`lj `{hfog gbhgl `ggzs`gy `tòb`cbj {h {aj

zwjsw sjgjotjs) Zighssjg{jk sìnjw `sj g`bbjk uwjzkh&sìnjw ìk ghssjg{jk hijw sj`b&sìnjw Azsi" 0?1?/)

Donzsj >= [aj zwj hd w`{jbbo{j sìnjw oi hskjs {h ghiw{sòi {aj bhg`{ohi hd ` NUW sjgjotjsAzsi" 0?1?/) I)C= Azsiw zwj hd {aj {jsf {soìnzb`{oin ow {jgaiog`bby oighssjg{)

[azw" oi hskjs {h ushtokj ` {asjj kofjiwohi`b 7K/ uhwo{ohi doq ` NUW sjgjotjs fzw{ zwjdhzs {ofj fj`wzsjfji{w {0"{3"{7"{;/ {h whbtj dhzs wofzb{ìjhzw jpz`{ohiw {h hc{òi {aj

zilih~iw {ofj {/ ìk G`s{jwoì ghhskoi`{jw q" y" ìk } Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u33/) Dhs NUW{ajwj G`s{jwoì ghhskoi`{jw sjdjs {h {aj ^NW1; sjdjsjigj ds`fj ìk gì cj j`woby

{sìwb`{jk oi{h jbbouwhok ajona{ ìk jbbouwhok`b b`{o{zkj ìk bhino{zkj) Od fhsj {aì dhzs

w`{jbbo{jw `sj hcwjstjk {aj NUW njhbhg`{ohi ushcbjf ow htjs kjdoijk ìk cjghfjw ì

hu{ofow`{ohi ushcbjf wofob`s {h g`bgzb`{oin ì s)f)w cjw{ do{ w{sòna{ boij dhs ` wj{ hd q" y

uhoi{w/) @gghskoin {h Ljiijky 0??4" u03:/ {aj {yuog`b jsshs hd ` uhwo{ohi doq dshf `

w{ìk `bhij gotoboì wujgodog`{ohi NUW zio{ ow 03 fj{sjw oi {aj ahso}hi{`b" ìk 30 fj{sjwoi {aj tjs{og`b kosjg{ohi ~o{ahz{ wjbjg{otj `tòb`cobo{y {zsijk hi/)

Uwjzkh Sìkhf GhkjwNUW w`{jbbo{jw {sìwfo{ hi {~h B&cìk g`ssojs dsjpzjigojw" B0 ìk B3) [aj B0 g`ssojs ow

fhkzb`{jk ~o{a ` uwjzkh sìkhf coi`sy ghkj USG/ g`bbjk {aj G(@ ghkj Gh`swj

@gpzowo{ohi Ghkj/" ~aoga sjuj`{w jtjsy 0537 co{w" ìk a`w ` co{ s`{j hd `chz{ hij fobbohi

co{w ujs wjghik) [aj NUW sjgjotjs hi {aj nshzik lih~w {aj sjgouj dhs gsj`{oin {aj USGG(@ ghkj dhs j`ga w`{jbbo{j {aow ow u`s{ hd {aj ahzwjljjuoin oidhsf`{ohi {a`{ ow

{sìwfo{{jk dshf {aj wu`gj {h {aj zwjs wjnfji{/" ìk wh gì gsj`{j sìnj {ofoin uzbwjw cy


9/15

gshww&ghssjb`{oin o{w d`lj G(@ ghkj ~o{a {aj G(@ ghkj sjgjotjk dshf {aj w`{jbbo{j

Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u35/) [aow fj{ahk hd gshww&ghssjb`{oin ` sjgjotjk ~`tjdhsf ~o{a `w{hsjk sjdjsjigj ~`tjdhsf {h gsj`{j {aj dzig{ohi`bo{y hd ` uzbwj ow ` wusj`k wujg{szf

{jgaiopzj Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u75>/" ~aoga `bbh~w wyw{jfw {h hujs`{j `{ tjsy bh~ woni`b {hihowj s`{ohw {azw ljjuoin w`{jbbo{j uh~js ghiwzfu{ohi ìk zwjs ì{jii` wo}jw

fì`nj`cby wf`bb/) @ wofob`s {jgaiopzj ow zwjk cy W@S w`{jbbo{jw" ~aoga {sìwfo{

gaosujk ~`tjdhsfw ìk zwj gshww&ghssjb`{ohi hd {aj sjdbjg{jk jgah {h hc{òi {aj

dzig{ohi`bo{y hd ` uzbwjk woni`b Jb`gao" 0?11" u:>/) [aj B3 g`ssojs ow fhkzb`{jk cy ` USG

g`bbjk {aj U&ghkj" ~aoga ow jigsyu{jk ìk oi{jikjk dhs fobo{`sy zwj hiby) @ w{ìk&`bhij

fobo{`sy NUW zio{ zwoin {aj G(@ ìk U&ghkjw ~obb ushtokj doqjw ~o{a ` 7K uhwo{ohi`b jsshs

hd `chz{ 0: fj{sjw Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u31/)

Whzsgjw hd jsshs oi NUWWoniodogì{ uhwwocbj jsshs whzsgjw oi {aj NUW wyw{jf `sj sjb`{otow{og {ofj kjb`yw"

ohihwuajsog kjb`yw" {shuhwuajsog kjb`yw" fzb{o&u`{a jsshsw ìk w`{jbbo{j gbhgl ìkjuajfjsow jsshsw Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u33" Azsi" 0?1?/) [aj njhfj{sy hd {aj w`{jbbo{jw oi {aj

wly `chtj {aj NUW sjgjotjs gì f`niody {ajwj jsshsw cy ì jddjg{ g`bbjk Njhfj{sogKobz{ohi hd Usjgowohi NKHU/ Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u753" Azsi" 0?1?/) [aj sjb`{otow{og {ofj

kjb`yw gì j`woby cj f`{ajf`{og`bby fhkjbbjk" ìk {aj fzb{o&u`{a jsshs gì cj `kksjwwjk

cy hiby uogloin {aj dosw{ `ssot`b woni`b) Woinbj dsjpzjigy sjgjotjsw fzw{ zwj ì

`{fhwuajsog fhkjb {h ghssjg{ dhs ohihwuajsog ìk {shuhwuajsog kjb`yw) Kz`b dsjpzjigysjgjotjsw gì g`bgzb`{j ìk sjfhtj {aj `{fhwuajsog kjb`yw cjg`zwj bh~js dsjpzjigy

woni`bw `sj wbh~jk oi {aj `{fhwuajsj fhsj {aì aonajs dsjpzjigy woni`bw) Kz`b dsjpzjigy

fobo{`sy sjgjotjsw gì j`woby hc{òi {aj kjb`y oidhsf`{ohi {ajy ijjk {h f`lj {aj

`{fhwuajsog ghssjg{ohiw cjg`zwj {ajy gì kjghkj {aj U&ghkj) Kz`b dsjpzjigy gotoboì

sjgjotjsw gìih{ sj`k {aj U&ghkj ìk wh fzw{ ghi{oiz`bby {s`gl ua`wj gaìnjw cj{~jji{aj B0 ìk B3 g`ssojsw oi hskjs {h kosjg{by ghfujiw`{j dhs `{fhwuajsog kjb`yw Azsi"

0?1?/) [aj B&cìk NUW g`ssojsw a`tj ` dsjpzjigy hd `chz{ 0)4 NA} ~`tjbjin{a hd `chz{

35gf/ Azsi" 0?1?/" ghfu`sjk ~o{a w`{jbbo{j W@S wyw{jfw ~aoga zwj dsjpzjigojwcj{~jji 0 ìk 05 NA} JSW&0 G&cìk zwjw :)3: NA} :)> gf ~`tjbjin{a// Sìjy"

0??1/" wh fìy hd {aj `{fhwuajsog jsshs owwzjw oi NUW ìk W@S `sj wofob`s [hz{oi ìk

Ns`y" 3555/) [`cbj 0" {`lji dshf Azsi 0?1?/ wah~w {aj jddjg{otj jsshs ghi{socz{ohi oifj{sjw" {h ` NUW whbz{ohi dshf ` woinbj w`{jbbo{j)

!

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10/15

Koddjsji{o`b NUW !KNUW/

Od {~h NUW sjgjotjsw `sj ~o{aoi wjtjs`b aziksjk lobhfj{sjw hd j`ga h{ajs" {aji {ajw`{jbbo{j woni`bw sjgjotjk cy {ajf ~obb a`tj cjji wzcmjg{ {h `bfhw{ {aj w`fj kjb`y jsshsw"

cy tos{zj hd {ajos wofob`s `{fhwuajsog u`{aw Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u>1" Azsi" 0?1?/) Hij hd {ajsjgjotjsw gì cj zwjk `w ` c`wj w{`{ohi ìk fj`wzsj {aj {ofoin jsshsw ghffhi cj{~jji

{aj {~h sjgjotjsw Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u>1/) [aj c`wj w{`{ohi `gaojtjw {aow cy oi jddjg{

{`glboin o{w bhg`{ohi jpz`{ohiw c`gl~`skw Azsi" 0?1?/) [aj sjwzb{oin {ofoin ghssjg{ohiw

gì {aji cj {sìwfo{{jk {h {aj shtoin w{`{ohi {h ghssjg{ o{w whbz{ohi oi sj`b {ofj

Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u17/" hs w{hsjk dhs wzcwjpzji{ uhw{ ushgjwwoin) @gghskoin {h Ljiijky

0??4" u00?/ {aj sjb`{otj uhwo{ohi`b jsshs cj{~jji {aj c`wj ìk {aj sjfh{j w{`{ohi ~aji

zwoin KNUW oi ghkj ua`wj fhkj ow `chz{ 3 {h : fj{sjw) Od {aj `cwhbz{j uhwo{ohi hd {aj

c`wj w{`{ohi ow lih~i {aji {aj `cwhbz{j uhwo{ohi hd {aj shtjs(sjfh{j w{`{ohi gì cjkj{jsfoijk)

G`ssojs Ua`wj KNUW dhs NjhkjwyNUW {jgaiopzjw zwoin USG ghkj gshww&ghssjb`{ohi a`tj ì oiajsji{ fowf`{ga jsshs hd

cj{~jji 3 ìk 4 fj{sjw Azsi" 0?1?/" jtji oi KNUW fhkj) [h htjs ghfj {aow `ggzs`gygjoboin {aj {jgaiopzj hd g`ssojs ua`wj f`{gaoin ijjkw {h cj zwjk Azsi" 0?1?/) @

njhkj{og wzstjy ns`kj KNUW sjgjotjs ~obb w{`s{ cy zwoin {aj USG G(@ ghkj {h ghiw{sòi

o{w whbz{ohi" ìk {aji ghiwokjs {aj ~`y {aj g`ssojs ~`tj ua`wjw `sj gaìnoin" oi hskjs {h

oi jddjg{ jw{of`{j {aj izfcjs hd ~ahbj g`ssojs ~`tjbjin{aw cj{~jji {aj sjgjotjs ìk {ajt`sohzw w`{jbbo{jw Azsi" 0?1?/) Wofob`s g`ssojs ua`wj ghfu`sowhiw cj{~jji B0 ìk B3

g`ssojsw gì cj zwjk {h sjfhtj `{fhwuajsog kjb`y jsshsw) Fhkjsi njhkj{og sjgjotjsw gì

jw{of`{j ua`wj {h ~o{aoi 0* {h 3* hd ` ~ahbj ~`tjbjin{a ~`tjbjin{a ow `chz{ 35 gf dhs

B&cìk woni`bw/" ~aoga ghssjwuhikw {h ì jsshs hd cj{~jji 3 ìk ; ff) G`ssojs ua`wj

f`{gaoin gì cj sjn`skjk `w ` dhsf hd oi{jsdjshfj{sy Azsi" 0?1?/" ìk ajigj a`w fìywofob`so{ojw ~o{a {aj {jgaiopzjw hd ua`wj zi~sùuoin zwjk oi OiW@S {h ghzi{ zu

oi{jsdjsjigj dsoinj kowub`gjfji{w [hz{oi ìk Ns`y" 3555/)

Uhwo{ohi fj`wzsjfji{w zwoin {aj Ujsfìji{ NUW Njhkj{og @ss`y !UNN@/^kh~oiwlo j{ `b 0??>/ zwjk wjtji w{`{ohiw hd {aj Ujsfìji{ NUW Njhkj{og @ss`y

UNN@/ oi G`bodhsio` {h fj`wzsj ghwjowfog kowub`gjfji{w `wwhgo`{jk ~o{a {aj 0??3Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj) Donzsj 1" {`lji dshf ^kh~oiwlo j{ `b 0??>/" ow ` fù hd {aj UNN@

w{`{ohi bhg`{ohiw ~o{a sjwujg{ {h {aj Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj ìk `d{jswahglw) [aj UNN@

sjgjotjs w{`{ohiw ~jsj hd {aj kz`b&dsjpzjigy g`ssojs ua`wj {yuj" hujs`{oin oi uhw{&

ushgjwwjk koddjsji{o`b fhkj" ghbbjg{oin 3; ahzsw hd k`{` dhs j`ga 7K uhwo{ohi whbz{ohi

^kh~oiwlo j{ `b" 0??>/) [aj koddjsji{o`b uhw{ ushgjwwoin oi jddjg{ zwjk `bb 07 hd {ajnbhc`bby kow{socz{jk ghsj w{`{ohiw hd {aj Oi{jsi`{ohi`b NUW Wjstogj dhs Njhkyi`fogw

ONW/" oi hskjs {h ushtokj {aj c`wj w{`{ohi sjdjsjigj dhs {aj wyw{jf) [ajwj 07 ONW ghsj

wo{jw dhsf u`s{ hd {aj dhsf`b kjdoio{ohi hd {aj O[SD?7 sjdjsjigj ds`fj" ìk ajigj fjì

{aj uhw{ ushgjwwjk KNUW g`ssojs ua`wj uhwo{ohi whbz{ohiw `sj `cwhbz{j 7K uhwo{ohiw ~o{a

sjwujg{ {h O[SD?7 Chgl" j{ `b" 0??7" Chgl" j{ `b" 0??>" ^kh~oiwlo j{ `b" 0??>/) Donzsj

?" {`lji dshf Chgl j{ `b 0??>/ wah~w {aj ONW sjgjotjs wo{jw {a`{ kjdoij O[SD?7) [aj

kòby uhwo{ohi whbz{ohiw wah~ jsshsw hd `chz{ 3gf oi {aj ahso}hi{`b ìk ;gf oi {aj

tjs{og`b kosjg{ohiw) [jfuhs`b `tjs`noin ìk {sjik do{{oin dhs :5 k`yw cjdhsj ìk `d{js {ajj`s{apz`lj sjwzb{jk oi t`bzjw dhs {aj `cwhbz{j ghwjowfog ahso}hi{`b kowub`gjfji{ hd :&4:


11/15

ff ~o{a zigjs{òi{ojw hd 0&3 ff" ìk `cwhbz{j tjs{og`b kowub`gjfji{w hd 07 {h ,> ff

~o{a zigjs{òi{ojw hd 3&; ff ^kh~oiwlo j{ `b" 0??>/)

Donzsj 1" [aj UNN@ w{`{ohi bhg`{ohiw ~o{a sjwujg{ {h {aj Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj ìk

`d{jswahglw ^kh~oiwlo j{ `b" 0??>/)

Donzsj ?" [aj ONW sjgjotjs wo{jw {a`{ ajbu kjdoij O[SD?7 Chgl" j{ `b" 0??>/) [aj 07 ghsj

wo{jw `sj jigbhwjk oi sjg{ìnbjw)

Ajsiìkj} j{ `b 0???/ zwjk ch{a njhkj{og NUW k`{` ìk OiW@S k`{` {h ghiw{sòi `

njhuaywog`b fhkjb hd {aj 0??3 Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj) [ajy dhzik {a`{ F`wwhiij{" j{ `bw

0??7/ njhbhg`{jk OiW@S kowub`gjfji{ sjwzb{w `nsjjk ~o{a {aj njhkj{og KNUW fhtjfji{

jw{of`{jw oi {aj W@S sìnj kosjg{ohi {h {aj `ggzs`gojw w{`{jk) Ah~jtjs ` mhoi{


12/15

KNUW(OiW@S oitjswohi hd {ajos fhkjb kok ih{ sjwzb{ oi ` woniodogì{by cj{{js ghssjb`{ohi

{h nshzik {sz{a hcwjst`{ohiw {aì kok ì OiW@S hiby oitjswohi 1;* tjswzw 14*/) [aowwf`bb koddjsjigj gì cj `gghzi{jk dhs cy {aj `jso`b wu`swjijww hd {aj njhkj{og k`{` ~aji

ghfu`sjk {h {aj OiW@S k`{`)

Kowgzwwohi hd OiW@S ìk Njhkj{og NUW fj{ahkwCh{a OiW@S ìk njhkj{og KNUW NKNUW/ a`tj aona usjgowohiw 7gf ìk 5)0 {h 5); gf

sjwujg{otjby F`wwhiij{" j{ `b" 0??7" ^kh~oiwlo j{ `b" 0??>//" cz{ {aj wo{z`{ohi ~o{a

`ggzs`gy ow whfj~a`{ koddjsji{) [aj jsshs jw{of`{jw dhs NKNUW fj`wzsjfji{w

jigùwzb`{j ch{a usjgowohi ìk `ggzs`gy" wh {aj `cwhbz{j uhwo{ohi hd ` wzsd`gj cjdhsj ìk

`d{js ` gaìnj jtji{ wzga `w ì j`s{apz`lj/ ow lih~i {h {aj w`fj kjnsjj hd jsshs `w {aj

gaìnj kowub`gjfji{ o{wjbd) ô{a OiW@S {aj sìnj kowub`gjfji{ hd ` wzsd`gj ow lih~i {hgji{ofj{sog usjgowohi cz{ {aj `ggzs`gy hd `cwhbz{j sìnj ow wjtjs`b fj{sjw ghi{shbbjk cy

{aj jsshs oi {aj jbjt`{ohi oidhsf`{ohi ijjkjk {h c`gl hz{ {aj jddjg{w hd {huhnsùay

F`wwhiij{" j{ `b" 0??7" ]jcljs j{ `b" 0??;//" wh ìy `{{jfu{ {h nj{ ì `cwhbz{j sìnjcjdhsj ìk `d{js gji{ofj{sog sìnj gaìnjw" ~obb cj sjikjsjk uhoi{bjww) Hij ghzbk `{{jfu{

{h ofushtj {aj usjgowohi hd {aj {huhnsùaog oidhsf`{ohi zwjk oi OiW@S ushgjwwoin cyzwoin NKNUW w{`{ohiw `w ghi{shb uhoi{w Ajsiìkj} j{ `b" 0???/" cz{ {aj `z{h&ghssjb`{ohi

w{szg{zsj hd {aj jbjt`{ohi jsshs ~hzbk fjì {aow ~hzbk hiby cj zwjdzb ij`s {aj NKNUW

w{`{ohiw {aj K[JK KJF zwjk cy F`wwhiij{ j{ `b 0??7/ usjwzf`cby a`k dzbb njhkj{og

ghi{shb cz{ {a`{ ~`w hiby `ggzs`{j {h ,(& 75 f/) Ijtjs{ajbjww OiW@S ow ` tjsy nhhk {hhbdhs wah~oin gaìnj htjs ~okj wjtjs`b aziksjk lobhfj{sjw hi ` wokj/ `sj`w) OiW@S a`w

cjji ùubojk wzggjwwdzbby {h ` sìnj hd {`wlw oithbtoin gaìnj fhio{hsoin) N`csojb j{ `b

0?1?/ fj`wzsjk nshzik w~jbb dhbbh~oin ~`{jsoin oi Ofujso`b T`bbjy" G`bodhsio`" {h

gji{ofj{sog usjgowohi zwoin Wj`w`{ OiW@S) F`wwhiij{ j{ `b 0??:/ zwjk JSW&0 OiW@S {h

fhio{hs {aj kjdb`{ohi hd Fhzi{ J{i` {h kjfhiw{s`{j ah~ {aj {jgaiopzj ghzbk cj zwjk `wì j`sby ~`sioin kjtogj dhs thbgìog jszu{ohiw) ^j a`tj `bsj`ky wjji ah~ OiW@S gì cj

zwjk {h kjboij`{j ogj w{sj`fw oi @i{`sg{og` Nhbkw{joi" j{ `b" 0??7/) @gghskoin {h Fj`kj

ìk Wìk~jbb 0??4/ h{ajs {`wlw {a`{ `sj dj`wocbj ~o{a OiW@S `sj oi{jswjowfogkjdhsf`{ohi" uhw{nb`go`b sjchzik ìk {ok`b bh`koin" cz{ kj{jg{ohi hd `g{z`b d`zb{ szu{zsj

kzsoin ì j`s{apz`lj ~obb ih{ cj uhwwocbj ih{ {h cj ghidzwjk ~o{a ghwjowfog fhtjfji{w

~aoga `sj j`woby wjji F`wwhiij{ j{ `b" 0??7//)

[aj NKNUW {jgaihbhny gì cj wjji `w cjoin ghfubjfji{`sy {h OiW@S) OiW@S ow soga oi

{aj wu`{o`b `jso`b kofjiwohi cz{ sjb`{otjby uhhs oi {aj {jfuhs`b ushgjww kofjiwohi" o)j)

ì OiW@S oi{jsdjshns`f gì cj sjn`skjk `w wah~oin mzw{ csz{j gaìnj ~o{ahz{ sjn`sk {h

oi{jstjioin ushgjww) [aj bhin zicshlji {ofj wjsojw hd NKNUW `sj soga oi {aj {jfuhs`bushgjww kofjiwohi" cz{ `jso`bby wu`swj) @i oitjw{on`{hs ~hzbk cj ~owj {h ghfcoij ìk

wyi{ajwo}j jo{ajs pzì{o{`{otjby hs pz`bo{`{otjby/ ch{a {yujw hd k`{`" od {ajy `sj `tòb`cbj"

oi hskjs {h nj{ hu{ofzf gaìnj ìk ushgjww oiwona{w dhs ` notji w{zky `sj`) {aow fosshsw

{aj owwzjw hd {jfuhs`b NOW" wjj Bìnsì 0??3//)

Ofushtjfji{w {h OiW@S

@ ghfu`sowhi hd OiW@S ìk NUW wznnjw{ ofushtjfji{w {a`{ ghzbk cj f`kj {h {aj

OiW@S {jgaiopzj) Gzssji{ OiW@S fj{ahkw fj`wzsj ua`wj {h ~ahbj gygbjw hibyghssjwuhikoin {h `chz{ 7 gf/" cz{ g`ssojs ua`wj NUW fj`wzsjw ua`wj {h ` dj~ ujsgji{ hd


13/15

` ~`tjbjin{a) Od wofob`s ds`g{ohi`b ua`wj fj`wzsjfji{ {jgaiopzjw ghzbk ùubojk {h OiW@S

oi{jsdjshns`fw" {aji wzcfobbofj{sog sìnj usjgowohiw fona{ cj uhwwocbj Usogj j{ `b 0??1/a`tj f`kj ` w{`s{ oi {aow kosjg{ohi ~o{a {ajos ua`wj ns`koji{ ~hsl/)

@ih{ajs ushcbjf hd OiW@S ow {a`{ gzssji{ {jgaiopzjw hiby notj gaìnjw oi {aj sìnj

kosjg{ohi zibolj {aj 7K kowub`gjfji{w `tòb`cbj dshf NKNUW/) Hij uhwwocbj whbz{ohi {h

{aow ushcbjf ow {h g`ssy hz{ khzcbj koddjsji{o`b oi{jsdjshfj{sog W@S" o)j) oi jwwjigj kh

KodW@S {h nj{ ì oi{jsdjshns`f dhs ` w{zky `sj`" ìk {aji hc{òi ìh{ajs OiW@S(KodW@S

wgjij uòs bhhloin dshf {aj h{ajs wokj hd {aj `sj` cz{ ~o{a {aj w`fj `}ofz{a t`bzjw o)j)

` u`s`bbjb hsco{/) [azw ~j gì hc{òi {~h sìnj oi{jsdjshns`fw hd {aj w`fj `sj` ~o{a

ghoigokji{ `}ofz{a t`bzjw) [aow notjw zw {asjj lih~i t`so`cbjw" `}ofz{a" sìnj&gaìnj

ih)0 ìk sìnj&gaìnj ih)3" ~aoga ~obb ji`cbj ` 7K q" y" }/ uhwo{ohi gaìnj whbz{ohi {hcj g`bgzb`{jk {aj `z{ahs a`w wjji ih sjdjsjigj {h {aow {jgaiopzj oi {aj bo{js`{zsj ìk

~hikjsw od o{ ow us`g{og`cbj/) Oi hskjs {h nj{ ` nhhk 7K whbz{ohi owwzjw wofob`s {h {aj

NKHU oi NUW ~hzbk `bwh a`tj {h cj `kksjwwjk Bhnwkhi" 0??:" u753/)

Ghigbzwohi[aj usjgowohi hd OiW@S(KodW@S ow gzssji{by bjww {aì NKNUW Fj`kj ìk Wìk~jbb"

0??4/" cz{ o{w ~okj `jso`b(wu`{o`b ghtjs`nj jq{ji{ nsj`{by ghfujiw`{jw dhs {aow) NKNUW ow

fhsj usjgowj ìk `ggzs`{j cz{ b`glw kjiwj `jso`b jq{ji{) [aow ow ghfujiw`{jk dhs cy o{w

nhhk {jfuhs`b jq{ji{) Ch{a {jgaihbhnojw od zwjk {hnj{ajs ghfubjfji{ j`ga h{ajs" ìk {h `gjs{òi jq{ji{ ghfujiw`{j dhs ìy ~j`lijwwjw hd {aj h{ajs)

Sjdjsjigjw=

F`wwhiij{" K)" Shwwo" F)" G`sfhi`" G)" @ks`ni`" D)" Ujb{}js" N)" Djonb" L)" ìk S`c`z{j"

[)" [aj kowub`gjfji{ dojbk hd {aj Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj fùujk cy s`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sy)I`{zsj" 0??7" thb)74;" uu071&0;3)

Fzss`y" F) A)" W`t`nj" M) G)" Bowh~wlo" F)" ìk Nshww" ^) L)" Ghwjowfog kowub`gjfji{w=

0??3 Bìkjsw" G`bodhsio`" J`s{apz`lj) Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga Bj{{js" 0??7" thb)35" ih)>"

uu437&434)

^kh~oiwlo" W)" Chgl" _)" ]aìn" M)" Dìn" U)" ìk Njisoga" M)" Whz{ajsi G`bodhsio`

Ujsfìji{ NUW Njhkj{og @ss`y= Wu`{o`b dob{jsoin hd kòby uhwo{ohiw dhs jw{of`{oin

ghwjowfog ìk uhw{wjowfog kowub`gjfji{w oikzgjk cy {aj 0??3 Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj)Mhzsi`b hd Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga" 0??>" thb)053" ih)C1" uu01"5:>&01"5>5)

F`wwhiij{" K)" W`{jbbo{j S`k`s Oi{jsdjshfj{sy) Wgoji{odog @fjsogì" 0??>" Djcsz`sy"

uu73&7?)


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Jb`gao" G)" 0?11" Wu`gj s`k`s sjfh{j wjiwoin= ùubog`{ohiw ìk {jgaiopzjw) OJJJ" Ij~_hsl)

Fj`kj" G)" ìk Wìk~jbb" K) [)" Wyi{aj{og @ujs{zsj S`k`s dhs Njhkjwy) Wgojigj" 0??4"

thb)3>7" uu0010&0013)

Ujb{}js" N)" Azkiz{" L) ^)" ìk Djonb" L) B)" @i`bywow hd ghwjowfog wzsd`gj kowub`gjfji{

ns`koji{w zwoin s`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sy= Ij~ oiwona{w oi{h {aj Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj)Mhzsi`b

hd Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga) 0??;" thb)??" ih)C00" uu30"?>0&30"?10)

Nhbkw{joi" S) F)" Jinbja`sk{" A)" L`fc" C)" ìk Dshboga" S) F)" W`{jbbo{j s`k`soi{jsdjshfj{sy dhs fhio{hsoin ogj wajj{ fh{ohi= ùubog`{ohi {h ì @i{`sg{og ogj w{sj`f)

Wgojigj" 0??7" thb)343" uu0:3:&0:75)

N`csojb" @) L)" ìk Nhbkw{joi" S) F)" Gshwwjk&hsco{ oi{jsdjshfj{sy= {ajhsy ìk

jqujsofji{`b sjwzb{w dshf WOS&C)Oi{jsi`{ohi`b Mhzsi`b hd Sjfh{j Wjiwoin" 0?11" thb)?"ih):" uu1:>&1>3)

[hz{oi" [)" ìk Ns`y" B)" W{`{j&hd&{aj&`s{ hd jbjt`{ohi jq{s`g{ohi dshf w`{jbbo{j W@S k`{`)OWUSW Mhzsi`b hd Uah{hns`ffj{sy $ Sjfh{j Wjiwoin"3555" thb)::" uu07&77)

Hskiìgj Wzstjy" 0???"@ nzokj {h ghhskoi`{j wyw{jfw oi Nsj`{ Cso{òi) Hskiìgj

Wzstjy)

F`wwhiij{" K)" Djonb" L)" Shwwo" F)" ìk @ks`ni`" D)" S`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sog fùuoin hdkjdhsf`{ohi oi {aj yj`s `d{js {aj Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj)I`{zsj" 0??;" thb)74?" uu33>&375)

]jcljs" A) @)" Shwji" U) @)" Nhbkw{joi" S) @)" ^jsijs" G)" ìk N`csojb" @)" Hi {ajkjsot`{ohi hd ghwjowfog kowub`gjfji{ dojbkw zwoin koddjsji{o`b s`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sy)

Mhzsi`b hd Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga&Whbok J`s{a" 0??;" thb)??" ih)05" uu0?40>&0?47;)

N`csojb" @) L)" Nhbkw{joi" S)" ìk ]jcljs" A)" Fùuoin wf`bb jbjt`{ohi gaìnjw htjs

b`snj `sj`w= koddjsji{o`b s`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sy)Mhzsi`b hd Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga" 0?1?"

thb)?;" ih)C>" uu?017&?0?0)

Azsi" M)" 0?1?" NUW" @ NZOKJ [H [AJ IJQ[ Z[OBO[_) [sofcbj I`ton`{ohi" B{k)hiboij tjswohi `{= ~~~){sofcbj)ghf(nuw/

Bhnwkhi" [)" 0??:" Zikjsw{ìkoin {aj I`tw{`s NUW" NOW" ìk OTAW !Wjghik

Jko{ohi/)Tì Ihw{sìk Sjoiahbk)


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Ljiijky" F)" 0??4" [aj Nbhc`b Uhwo{ohioin Wyw{jf $ NOW= @i Oi{shkzg{ohi) @ii @schsUsjww" Gajbwj`" Fogaonì)

Sìjy" S) L)" Usoigoubjw ìk @uubog`{ohiw hd Of`noin S`k`s) OiFìz`b hd Sjfh{j

Wjiwoin" [aosk Jko{ohi" 0??1" thb)3" jkw) Ajikjswhi" D) F)" Bj~ow" @) M)" @fjsogì

Whgoj{y dhs Uah{hns`ffj{sy ìk Sjfh{j Wjiwoin)

Chgl" _)" @nij~" K) G)" Dìn" U)" Njisoga" M) D)" A`njs" C) A)" Ajssoin" [) @)" Azkiz{"

L) ^)" Loin" S) ^)" B`swji" W)" Foiw{js" M) C)" W{`sl" L) W)" ^kh~oiwlo" W)" ìk ^y`{{" D)

L)" Kj{jg{ohi hd gszw{`b kjdhsf`{ohi dshf {aj Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj wjpzjigj zwoin

ghi{oizhzw njhkj{og fj`wzsjfji{w)I`{zsj" 0??7" thb)740" uu77>&7;5)

Chgl" _)" ^kh~oiwlo" W)" Dìn" U)" ]aìn" M)" ôbbo`fw" W)" Mhaiwhi" A)" Cjas" M)"

Njisoga" M)" Kjì" M)" tì Khfwjb``s" F)" @nij~" K)" ^y`{{" D)" W{`sl" L)" Hs`b" C)"Azkiz{" L)" Loin" S)" Ajssoin" [)" Koi`skh" W)" _hzin" ^)" M`glwhi" K)" ìk Nzs{ijs" ^)"

Whz{ajsi G`bodhsio` Ujsfìji{ NUW Njhkj{og @ss`y= Ghi{oizhzw fj`wzsjfji{w hdsjnohi`b gszw{`b kjdhsf`{ohi cj{~jji {aj 0??3 Bìkjsw ìk 0??; Ihs{asoknj j`s{apz`ljw)Mhzsi`b hd Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga" 0??>" thb)053" ih)C1" uu01"507&01"577)

Ajsiìkj}" C)" Gh{{hi" D)" ìk G`fuobbh" F)" Ghi{socz{ohi hd s`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sy {h `{~h&w{ju oitjswohi hd {aj loijf`{og ushgjww hd {aj 0??3 Bìkjsw j`s{apz`lj)Mhzsi`b hd

Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga" 0???" thb)05;" ih)C4" uu07"517&07"5??)

F`wwhiij{" K)" Csohbj" U)" ìk @si`zk" @)" Kjdb`{ohi hd Fhzi{ J{i` fhio{hsjk cy

wu`gjchsij s`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sy)I`{zsj" 0??:" thb)7>:" uu:4>&:>5)

Bìnsì" N)" 0??3" [ofj oi Njhnsùaog Oidhsf`{ohi Wyw{jfw)[`ybhs $ Dsìgow" Bhikhi)

Usogj" J) M)" ìk Wìk~jbb" K) [)" Wf`bb&wg`bj kjdhsf`{ohiw `wwhgo`{jk ~o{a {aj 0??3

Bìkjsw" G`bodhsio`" j`s{apz`lj fùujk cy wyi{aj{og ùjs{zsj s`k`s oi{jsdjshfj{sy ua`wj

ns`koji{w)Mhzsi`b hd Njhuaywog`b Sjwj`sga" thb)057" ih)C00" uu3>"550&3>"504)

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