Sanskrit Ref Manual

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SANSKRIT REFERENCE MANUALWITH TRANSLITERATION

THE SANSKRIT BLACK BOOK

A Handy Sanskrit Grammar Guide plus a Vast Reference Book

Ratnakar Narale

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SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE

INDEXanukraman<ika@ AnauÛmaiNaka_

INTRODUCTION paRitaP#apanama` xiiThe anus>t>ubh metre AnauP@uBa-Cnd: xvii

CHAPTER 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet varn>ama@la@ vaNa|maaLaa 1CHAPTER 2 Euphonic Combination sandhih< sainZa: 28CHAPTER 3 The Sanskrit Numerals san[khya@h< sa>Syaa: 41CHAPTER 4 The Tenses and Moods of the Verbs laka@ra@h< Lakara: 50CHAPTER 5 The Six Tenses 68

1. The Present tense : lat> laka@rah< La@` Lakar: 682. The (past) Imperfect tense : lan[ laka@rah< LaG` Lakar: 683. The (past) Perfect tense : lit> laka@rah< iLa@` Lakar: 704. The Aorist (indefinite) tense : lun[ laka@rah< LauG` Lakar: 715. Indefinite Future tense : lr<t> laka@rah< La\@` Lakar: 726. The Definite Future tense : lut> laka@raah< Lau@` Lakar: 73

Flowchart for - Which tense to use? 74CHAPTER 6 Forms of the Verbs 75

1. Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& 752. The Desiderative sannantam sa²ntama` 76

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3. The Frequentative yan[anta-yan[lugantam yaGnta-yaG`Laugantama` 774. The Causative nijayantm iNajantama` 79

CHAPTER 7 The Eleven Classes of Verbs gan<a@h< gaNaa: 801. The First Class bhva@dih< gan<ah< Bvaaid: gaNa: 832. The Second Class ada@dih< gan<ah< Adaid: gaNa: 893. The Third Class juhotya@dih< jauhaetyaaid: gaNa: 944. The Fourth Class diva@di gan<ah< idvaaid: gaNa: 985. The Fifth Class sva@dih< gan<ah< svaaid: gaNa: 1026. The Sixth Class tuda@dih< gan<ah< taudaid: gaNa: 1057. The Seventh Class rudha@dih< gan<ah< wZaaid: gaNa: 1108. The Eightth Class tana@dih< gan<ah< tanaaid: gaNa: 1139. The Nineth Class krya@dih< gan<ah Û‘yaaid: gaNa: 12010. The Tenth Class c{ura@dih< gan<ah cauraid: gaNa: 12311. The Eleventh Class kan<d<va@dih< gan<ah kNDÔaid: gaNa: 127

CHAPTER 8 The Cases vibhaktayah< ivaBaFya: 131CHAPTER 9 The Voices prayoga@h< : paRyaaegaa: 144CHAPTER 10 The Four Moods artha@h< AYaa|: 151

1. The Imperative Mood lot> laka@raah< Laae@` Lakar: 1512. The Potential Mood vidhi-lin[ ivaiZaiLaG` 1523. Precative or Benedictive Mood a@s{&rlin[ AaoaIiLa|G` 1524. The Conditional Mood lr>n[-laka@raah< La\G` Lakar: 153

CHAPTER 11 The Participles kr<danta@ni ×dntaaina 1541. Past Passive Participle (ppp\) kta F 1542. Past Active Participle (Past-AP) ktavatu Fvatau 1553. Present Active Participles s{atr<-s{a@nac{ oata\-oaanaca` 156

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4. ‡tmanepad& Present Passive Participles (‡PPP) s{a@nac{ oaanaca` 1595. Potential Participles (pp\) vidyarthi ivaZyaiYa| 1606. Potential Participles tavyat tavyata, an&yar AnaIyar and tavya tavya 1617. Indeclinable Past Participle ktva@ ktva@ Ktvaa suffix 1628. Indeclinable Past Participle lyp Lyapa` 1639. The Infinitive tumun taumauna` 16310. Creating Existence of a Non-existent : c{vi icva 16711. Sati -saptami saita-saptamaI 168

CHAPTER 12 Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina 169Dictionary of Adverbs kriya@vis{es<an<a-kos{ah< iÛyaaivaoaePaNakaeoa: 171

CHAPTER 13 The Prepositions aupasargika-s{abda@h< AaEpasaiga|koabda: 178CHAPTER 14 Compound Wordssa@ma@sa@h< samaasaa: 181CHAPTER 15 Conversations va@rta@la@pa@h< vaataa|Laapaa: 188CHAPTER 16 Analysis vis{les<an<am ivaoLaePaNama` Patan~jalyogah< paataØjaLayaaegadoa|nama` 196CHAPTER 17 General Knowledge sa@ma@nya-jn~a@nam saamaanyaXaanama` 215CHAPTER 18 Words with Affixes 223CHAPTER 19 The Charts of Conjugations, the root |bhu@ |BaU 233CHAPTER 20 Charts of Cases 252CHAPTER 21 The dictionary of the 2000 Sanskrit verbs Zaataupaa#: 291CHAPTER 22 Tenses and Moods of 80 Common verbs itaGntapaRkrNama` 380

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Pronounciation of Sanskrit Characters

(1) Guttural kN#¹ (kan<t<hya) = with throat(2) Palatal taaLavya (ta@lavya) = with palate(3) Cerebral maUZa|nya (mu@rdhanya) = with cerebrum(4) Dental dntya (dantya) = with teeth(5) Labial AaeP#¹ (os<t>hya) = with lips(6) Nasal Anaunaaisak (anuna@sik) = with nose

(1) THE VOWELS :Vowel Stands for Sounds like As in Pronunciationa (A) A American Gutturala@ (Aa) a car Gutturali (}) I India Palatal& (}|) ee peel Palatalu (q) u pull Labialu@ (Q) oo pool Labialr< (/) ri, ru ring, crucial Cerebralr<{ (¿) r&, ru@ Cerebral

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THE SOUND-FORMULAS FROM SHIVAma@hes{vara@n<i su@tra@n<i maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa_

Following 14 character strings, in the form of sounds chords,were first produced by Lord S}iva from his damru drum :1. A}qNa` 2. /La\k‘ 3. ]AaeG` 4. ]eAaEca` 5. hyavar@` 6. LaNa` 7. ØamaGNanama 8. JaBaja` 9. za$ZaPa 10. jabagaDdoa 11. SafC#Yaca@tava 12. kpaya 13, oaPasar 14. hLa_ The last character of each equation string is always a consonant.

These characters are grouped into several strings (paRtyaahara:) according to their assigned attributes (saaGÍ’itaknaamaaina). eg\ ANa paRtyaahar: means the characters A, }, q of the first saU%ama A}qNa, i.e. all characters except the last character of that su@tra.

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paRtyaahara:_1. Ak‘ - A } q / La\ (the vowels a, i, u, r<, lr<)2. Aca - svara: all the vowels (A - AaE)3. A@ - svara: (A - AaE) + ya, r, va h_ all vowels + consonants y, r, v, h4. ANa - svara: + ya, r La va h_ all vowels + semi-vowels y, r, l, v + the aspirate h 5. ALa - vaNaa|: all characters (A - h)6. Aoa - all vowels and soft consonants (A-AaE, ga-G, ja-Øa`, D-Na, d-na, ba-ma, ya-va, h)7. ]G - vewels e and o (], Aae)8. ]ca - vewels e, ai, o, au (], ]e, Aae, AaE)9. ]eca - vewels ai and au (]e, AaE)10. Sar - hard consonants (k Sa ca C @ # ta Ya pa f oa Pa sa)11 jaoa - the third consonant from each class : g, j, d<, d, b (ga, ja, D, d, ba)12. Jaja - the consonants jh, and bh (Ja, Ba)13. Jar - sibilants + class consonants - nasals (k‘-za, ca-Ja, @-$, ta-Za pa-Ba + oa, Pa, sa)14. JaLa - consonants other than semi-vowels and nasals k-za, ca-Ja, @-$, ta-Za- pa-Ba, ya-h15. Jaoa - the third and fourth class consonants (ga, za, ja, Ja, D, $, d, Za, ba, Ba)16. JaPa - the fourth consonant from each calss gh, jh, d<h, dh, bh (za, Ja, $, Za, Ba)17. yaNa - AntasYavaNaa|: (ya r La va consonants y r l and v) 18. yaya - all consonants other than s{ s< s h (oa Pa sa h = qPmaaxaraiNa)19. yar - all consonants other than h h (k - sa)20. oaLa - the u@s<ma consonants s{, s<, s, and h (oa, Pa, sa, h = QPmana û QPma, QPmaaiNa)21. hLa - vyaØjanaaina (all consonants k - h)22. hoa - ma\duvyaØjanaaina (soft consonants ga-G, ja-Øa, D-Na, d-na, ba-ma, ya-va, h)

}tyaadya: paRtyaahara:_

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CHAPTER 2SANDHI

RATNAKAR’S CHART FOR VOWEL SANDHI RULESWhen two vowels come together, they are mathematically added into a single long vowel.First vowel + Second vowel = Result, a long vowel1 A, Aa + A, Aa = Aa

+ }, }| = ]+ q, Q = Aae+ /, ¿ = Ar+ ], ]e = ]e+ Aae = AaE

2 }, }| + A, Aa, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = ya, yaa, yau, yaU, yae, yaE, yaae. yaaE+ }, }| = }|, }|

3 q, Q + A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = va, vaa, iva, vaI, vae, vaE, vaae, vaaE4 / + A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Ar + A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE5 ] + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aya + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE ]e + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aaya + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, Aa6 Aae + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Ava + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE AaE + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aava + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

EXAMPLES :A + A = Aa vaata (A) + (A) Ayanama` = vaataayanamaÀ + Aa = Aa ihma (A) + (Aa) AaLaya: = ihmaaLaya:A + } = ] deva (A) + (}) }ndR: = devaendR:A + }| = ] parma (A) + (}|) }|ovar: = parmaeovar:

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A + q = Aae candR (A) + (q) qdya: = candRaedya:A + Q = Aae paRR (A) + (Q) Q$: = paRaE$:A + / = Ar` qTama (A) + (/) /tau: = qTamatau|:A + Á = ALa` tava (A) + (Á) La\kar: = tavaLkar:A + ] = ]e ]k (A) + (]) ]kma` = ]k“kmaÀ + ]e = ]e deva (A) + (]e) ]eovaya|ma` = devaEovaya|maÀ + Aae = AaE jaLa (A) + (Aae) Aaeza: = jaLaaEza:A + AaE = AaE jana (A) + (AaE) AaEdaya|ma` = janaaEdaya|ma`

Aa + A = Aa ivaâ (Aa) + (A) AYaI| = ivaâYaI|Aa + Aa = Aa ivaâ (Aa) + (Aa) AaLayama` = ivaâLayamaÀa + } = ] yaYaa (Aa) + (}) }cCa = yaYaecCaAa + }| = ] rmaa (Aa) + (}|) }|oa: = rmaeoa:Aa + q = Aae maha (Aa) + (q) qtsava: = mahaetsava:Aa + Q = Aae maha (Aa) + (Q) Qw: = mahaew:Aa + / = Ar` maha (Aa) + (/) /iPa: = mahiPa|:Aa + ] = ]e sada (Aa) + (]) ]va = sadEvaAa + ]e = ]e paRjaa (Aa) + (]e) ]eKyama` = paRjaEKyamaÀa + Aae = AaE ga>gaa (Aa) + (Aae) Aaeza: = ga>gaaEza:Aa + AaE = AaE ivaâ (Aa) + (AaE) AaEtsauKyama` = ivaâEtsauKyama`

} + A = ya yaid (}) + (A) Aipa = yaîpa} + Aa = yaa }ita (}) + (Aa) Aaid = }tyaaid} + } = }| riva (}) + (}) }ndR: = rvaIndR:} + }| = }| kiva (}) + (}|) }|ovar: = kivaovar:} + q = yau Aita (}) + (q) qTamama` = AtyauTamama`} + Q = yaU paRita (}) + (Q) Qh: = paRtyaUh:} + / = yaur` Aita (}) + (/) /i&: = Atyaui&|:} + ] = yae paRita (}) + (]) ]kma` = paRtyaekma`} + ]e = yaE paRita (}) + (]e) ]eravatama` = paRtyaEravatama`} + Aae = yaae diZa (}) + (Aae) Aaednama` = dZyaaednama`

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} + AaE = yaaE diZa (}) + (AaE) AaEPaZama` = dZyaaEPaZama`

}| + A = ya nadI (}|) + (A) Ambau = na^mbau}| + Aa = yaa devaI (}|) + (Aa) AaXaa = devyaaXaa}| + } = }| jananaI (}|) + (}) }cCa = jananaIcCa}| + }| = }| kaLaI (}|) + (}|) }|ovarI = kaLaIovarI}| + q = yau sauZaI (}|) + (q) qpaasya: = sauZyaupaasya:}| + Q = yaU AvaI (}|) + (Q) QNaa| = AvyaUNaa|}| + / = yaur` mahtaI (}|) + (/) /xaI = mahtyaU|xaI}| + ] = yae gaaepaI (}|) + (]) ]Paa = gaaepyaePaa}| + ]e = yaE gaaErI (}|) + (]e) ]eovaya|ma` = gaaEyaE|ovaya|ma` }| + Aae = yaae naarI (}|) + (Aae) AaEtkPa|ma` = naayaae|tkPa|ma` }| + AaE = yaaE vaaNaI (}|) + (AaE) AaEicatyama` = vaaNyaaEicatyama`

q + A = va manau (q) + (A) Antarma` = manvantarma`q + Aa = va gauw (q) + (Aa) Aadeoa: = gauvaa|deoa:q + } = iva tau (q) + (}) }danaIma` = itvadanaIma`q + }| = vaI /tau (q) + (}|) }|ovar: = /tvaIovar:q + q = Q gauw (q) + (q) qpadeoa: = gauWpadeoa:q + Q = Q camaU (q) + (Q) QihnaI = camaUihnaIq + / = va\ maZau (q) + (/) /tae = maZva\taeq + ] = vae Anau (q) + (]) ]PaNama` = AnvaePaNama`q + ]e = vaE saaZau (q) + (]e) ]eKyama` = saaZvaEKyama`q + Aae = vaae gauw (q) + (Aae) Aaeja: = gauvaae|ja:q + AaE = vaaE maZau (q) + (AaE) AaEPaiZa: = maZvaaEPaiZa:

Q + A = va oaryaU (Q) + (A) Abmau = oaryvambauQ + Aa = va AmaU (Q) + (Aa) Aasatae = AmvaasataeQ + } = iva banZaU (Q) + (}) }maaE = bainZvamaaEQ + }| = vaI vaZaU (Q) + (}|) }|xaNama` = vaZvaIxaNama`Q + q = Q vaZaU (Q) + (q) qtsava: = vaZaUtsava:

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Q + Q = Q vaZaU (Q) + (Q) Qha = vaZaUhaQ + / = va\ vaZaU (Q) + (/) /KYama` = vaZva\KYama`Q + ] = vae KNDU (Q) + (]) ]PaNaa = kNDÔePaNaaQ + ]e = vaE vaZaU (Q) + (]e) ]eovaya|ma` = vaZvaEovaya|ma`Q + Aae = vaae vaZaU (Q) + (Aae) Aaek: = vaZvaaek:Q + AaE = vaaE yavaagaU (Q) + (AaE) AaEPNyama` = yavaagvaaEPNyama`

/ + A = r maata\ (/) + (A) A>oa: = maa%a>oa:/ + Aa = ra ipata\ (/) + (Aa) Aadeoa: = ipa%aadeeoa:/ + } = ir BaRata\ (/) + (}) }cCa = BaRai%acCa/ + }| = rI saivata\ (/) + (}|) }|o: = saiva%aIoa:/ + q = w kta\| (/) + (q) qTama: = k%au|Tama:/ + Q = W napta\ (/) + (Q) Q$a = nap%aU$a/ + / = ¿ Zaata\ (/) + (/) /Nama` = Zaata¾Nama`/ + ] = re ganta\ (/) + (]) ]Za: = gan%aeZa:/ + ]e = rE naeta\ (/) + (]e) ]eovaya|ma` = nae%aEovaya|ma`/ + Aae = rae vaKta\ (/) + (Aae) Aaeja: = vaK%aaeja:/ + AaE = raE Bata\| (/) + (AaE) AaEdaya|ma` = Ba%aaE|daya|ma`La\ + A = La La\ (La\) + (A) AnaubanZa: = LanaubanZa:La\ + Aa = Laa La\ (La\) + (Aa) Aa×ita: = Laa×ita:

] + A = Aya nae (]) + (A) Anama` = nayanama`] + Aa = Ayaa tae (]) + (Aa) Aagataa: = tayaagataa:] + } = Aiya oae (]) + (}) }ta: = oaiyata:] + }| = AyaI tae (]) + (}|) }|Paa| = tayaIPaa|] + q = Ayau mae (]) + (q) qpadeoa: = mayaupadeoa:] + Q = AyaU yae (]) + (Q) Qhntae = yayaUhntae] + / = Ayaur` k’ (]) + (/) /cCinta = kyauC|inta] + ] = Ayae tae (]) + (]) ]tae = tayaetae] + ]e = AyaE tae (]) + (]e) ]eovaya|ma` = tayaEovaya|ma`] + Aae = Ayaae ga\he (]) + (Aae) AaekNa: = ga\hyaaekNa:

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] + AaE = AyaaE tae (]) + (AaE) AaEPaiZa: = tayaaEPaiZa:

]e + A = Aaya gaE (]e) + (A) Anama` = gaayanama`]e + Aa = Aayaa tasmaE (]e) + (Aa) Aadeoa: = tasmaayaadeoa:]e + } = Aaiya ]tasmaE (]e) + (}) }maaina = ]tasmaaiyamaaina]e + }| = AayaI is%ayaE (]e) + (}|) }|Da = is%ayaayaIDa]e + q = Aayau iOaRyaE (]e) + (q) q^ta: = iOaRyaayau ta:]e + Q = AayaU ksmaE (]e) + (Q) Qja|: = ksmaayaUja|:]e + / = Aayaur` yasmaE (]e) + (/) /Nama` = yasmaayauNa|ma`]e + ] = Aayae ]tasmaE (]e) + (]) ]vama` = ]tasmaayaevama`]e + ]e = AayaE ksmaE (]e) + (]e) ]eovaya|ma` = ksmaayaEovaya|ma`]e + Aae = Aayaae ksyaE (]e) + (Aae) Aaeja: = ksyaayaaeja:]e + AaE = AayaaE AsyaE (]e) + (AaE) AaEicatyama` = AsyaayaaEicatyama`

Aae + A = Ava yaae (Aae) + (A) Ayanama` = yavanamaÀae + Aa = Avaa saaZaae (Aae) + (Aa) AagacC = saaZavaagacCAae + } = Aiva ivaPNaae (Aae) + (}) }ita = ivaPNaivaitaAae + }| = AvaI gaae (Aae) + (}|) }|ovar: = gavaIeovar:Aae + q = Avau naae (Aae) + (q) qâega: = navauâega:Aae + Q = AvaU gaurae (Aae) + (Q) Qnayatau = gaurvaunayatauAae + / = Avaur` ivaPNaae (Aae) + (/) /cCtau = ivaPNavaucC|tauAae + ] = Avae gaae (Aae) + (]) ]PaNaa = gavaePaNaaAae + ]e = AvaE Baanaae (Aae) + (]e) ]eoaanaIma` = BaanavaEoaanaImaÀae + Aae = Avaae gaae (Aae) + (Aae) Aaeksa` = gavaaeksaÀae + AaE = AvaaE maZaae (Aae) + (AaE) AaESatau = maZavaaESatau

AaE + A = Aava paaE (AaE) + (A) Ana: = paavana:AaE + Aa = Aavaa ra%aaE (AaE) + (Aa) Aagata: = ra%aavaagata:AaE + } = Aaiva pau%aaE (AaE) + (}) }maaE = pau%aaivamaaEAaE + }| = AavaI taaE (AaE) + (}|) }|ovaraE = taavaIovaraEAaE + q = Aavau gauraE (AaE) + (q) qF: = gauravauF:

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AaE + Q = AavaU wgNaaE (AaE) + (Q) Qja|yatau = wgNaavaUja|yatauAaE + / = Aavaur` taaE (AaE) + (/) /PaI = taavauPaI|AaE + ] = Aavae kaE (AaE) + (]) ]taaE = kavaetaaEAaE + ]e = AavaE VaE (AaE) + (]e) ]eitahaisakaE = VavaEitahaisakaEAaE + Aae = Aavaae ]taaE (AaE) + (Aae) AaeksaI = ]taavaaeksaIAaE + AaE = AavaaE naaE (AaE) + (AaE) AaE = naavaaE

ADVANCED VOWEL-SANDHI RULES(1) If the dipthong ] or Aae (e or o) at the end of a word is followed by a word starting

with A (a), the ] or Aae remains unchanged, but vowel A is elided (A = ~). gaNapatayae Ahma namaaima # gaNapatayae~h> namaaima Gan<apataye aham[ nama@mi # gan<apataye]ham[ nama@mi

(2) Aya and Ava of the sandhi (rules 5 and 6 given above), when followed by any vowel other than A, they may optionally drop the ya and va in them.

Ahma gaNapatayae }cCaima # Ah> gaNapataiyacCaima_ Ah> gaNapata }cCaima_aham[ gan<apataye ic{c{ha@mi # aham[ gan<apatayic{c{ha@mi, aham[ gan<apata ic{c{[email protected] paRBaae }ita vad # he paRBaivaita vad_ he paRBa }ita vad_he prabho iti vada # he prabhaviti vada, he prabha iti vada.

(3) ]e and AaE at the end of a word, when followed by any vowel, are changed to Aaya and Aava, but they may optionally drop the ya and va in them. tasmaE }dma yacC # tasmaaiyad> yacC_ tasmaa }d> yacC_ tasmai idam yac{c{ha # tasma@yidam[ yac{c{ha, tasma@ idam[ yac{c{ha.

(4) }|, Q, ] at the end of the dual substantives do not change when followed by a word starting with any vowel. AnaadI qBaaE # AnaadI qBaaE (G&ta@ 13.20)

(5) The interjections such as he, Ahae, Air, Baae:, Aa do not form sandhi with its following word. he Ajau|na! # he Ajau|na! Baae: }ndR û Baae: }ndR

(6) The }| of AmaI (the m\ pl\ nom\ of pronoun Adsa) does not form sandhi with itsfollowing vowel. AmaI }xantae saura: # AmaI }xantae saura:_

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DECLENSIONS OF THE NOMINATIVE (1st) CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama rama: ramaaE ramaa: (2) A n\ vana vanama vanae vanaaina(3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaa maaLae maaLaa: (4) } m\ kiva kiva: kvaI kvaya: (5) } n\ vaair vaair vaairNaI vaarIiNa(6) } f\ maita maita: mataI mataya: (7) }| f\ nadI nadI naâE na^: (8) q m\ gauw gauw: gauW gaurva: (9) q n\ maZau maZau maZaunaI maZaUina(10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenau: ZaenaU Zaenava: (11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZaU vaZvaaE vaZva: (12) / m\ ipata\ ipataa ipataraE ipatar: (13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaata\ Zaata\NaI Zaata¾iNa(14) / f\ maata\ maataa maataraE maatar: (15) ca f\ vaaca vaak‘ vaacaaE vaaca: (16) ja m\ raja ra@ rajaaE raja: (17) ta m\ mawta mawta mawtaaE mawta: (18) ta n\ jagata jagata jagataI jagainta(19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊd sauÊdaE sauÊd: (20) }na m\ oaioana oaoaI oaioanaaE oaioana: (21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmaa AatmaanaaE Aatmaana: (22) na n\ kma|na kma| kma|NaI kmaa|iNa(23) oa f\ idoa idk‘ idoaaE idoa: (24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmaa: candRmasaaE candRmasa: (25) sa n\ payasa paya: payasaI payaa>isa

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DECLENSIONS OF THE ACCUSATIVE (2nd) CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama ramama ramaaE ramaana(2) Aa n\ vana vanama vanae vanaaina(3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaama maaLae maaLaa: (4) } m\ kiva kivama kvaI kvaIna(5) } n\ vaair vaair vaairNaI vaarIiNa(6) } f\ maita maitama mataI mataI: (7) }| f\ nadI nadIma naâE nadI: (8) q m\ gauw gauwma gauW gauWna(9) q n\ maZau maZau maZaunaI maZaUina(10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenauma ZaenaU ZaenaU: (11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZaUma vaZvaaE vaZaU: (12) / m\ ipata\ ipatarma ipataraE ipata¾na(13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaata\ Zaata\NaI Zaata¾iNa(14) / f\ maata\ maatarma maataraE maata¾: (15) ca f\ vaaca vaacama vaacaaE vaaca: (16) ja m\ raja rajama rajaaE raja: (17) ta m\ mawta mawtama mawtaaE mawta: (18) ta n\ jagata jagata jagataI jagainta(19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊdma sauÊdaE sauÊd: (20) }na m\ oaioana oaioanama oaioanaaE oaioana: (21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmaanama AatmaanaaE Aatmana: (22) na n\ kma|na kma| kma|NaI kmaa|iNa(23) oa f\ idoa idoama idoaaE idoa: (24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmasama candRmasaaE candRmasa: (25) sa n\ payasa paya: payasaI payaa>isa

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DECLENSIONS OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama ramaeNa ramaaByaama ramaE: (2) A n\ vana vanaena vanaaByaama vanaE: (3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLayaa maaLaaByaama maaLaaiBa: (4) } m\ kiva kivanaa kivaByaama kivaiBa: (5) } n\ vaair vaairNaa vaairByaama vaairiBa: (6) } f\ maita matyaa maitaByaama maitaiBa: (7) }| f\ nadI naâ nadIByaama nadIiBa: (8) q m\ gauw gauwNaa gauwByaama gauwiBa: (9) q n\ maZau maZaunaa maZauByaama maZauiBa: (10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenvaa ZaenauByaama ZaenauiBa: (11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZvaa vaZaUByaama vaZaUiBa: (12) / m\ ipata\ ipa%aa ipata\Byaama ipata\iBa: (13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaa%aa Zaata\Byaama Zaata\iBa: (14) / f\ maata\ maa%aa maata\Byaama maata\iBa: (15) ca f\ vaaca vaacaa vaagByaama vaaigBa: (16) ja m\ raja rajaa raDByaama raDiBa: (17) ta m\ mawta mawtaa maw®¹ama mawi®: (18) ta n\ jagata jagataa jaga®¹ama jagai®: (19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊda sauÊ®¹ama sauÊi®: (20) }na m\ oaioana oaioanaa oaioaByaama oaioaiBa: (21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmanaa AatmaByaama AatmaiBa: (22) na n\ kma|na kma|Naa kma|Byaama kma|iBa: (23) oa f\ idoa idoaa idgByaama idigBa: (24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmasaa candRmaaeByaama candRmaaeiBa: (25) sa n\ payasa payasaa payaaeByaama payaaeiBa:

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DECLENSIONS OF THE DATIVE (4th) CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama ramaaya ramaaByaama ramaeBya: (2) A n\ vana vanaaya vanaaByaama vanaeBya: (3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaayaE maaLaaByaama maaLaaBya: (4) } m\ kiva kvayae kivaByaama kivaBya: (5) } n\ vaair vaairNae vaairByaama vaairBya: (6) } f\ maita matyaE maitaByaama maitaBya: (7) }| f\ nadI na E nadIByaama nadIBya: (8) q m\ gauw gaurvae gauwByaama gauwBya: (9) q n\ maZau maZaunae maZauByaama maZauBya: (10) q f\ Zaenau ZaenvaE ZaenauByaama ZaenauBya: (11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZvaE vaZaUByaama vaZaUBya: (12) / m\ ipata\ ipa%ae ipata\Byaama ipata\Bya: (13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaa%ae Zaata\Byaama Zaata\Bya: (14) / f\ maata\ maa%ae maata\Byaama maata\Bya: (15) ca f\ vaaca vaacae vaagByaama vaagBya: (16) ja m\ raja rajae raDByaama raDBya: (17) ta m\ mawta mawtae maw®¹ama maw®¹: (18) ta n\ jagata jagatae jaga®¹ama jaga®¹: (19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊde sauÊ®¹ama sauÊ®¹: (20) }na m\ oaioana oaioanae oaioaByaama oaioaBya: (21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmanae AatmaByaama AatmaBya: (22) na n\ kma|na kma|Nae kma|Byaama kma|Bya: (23) oa f\ idoa idoae idgByaama idgBya: (24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmasae candRmaaeByaama candRmaaeBya: (25) sa n\ payasa payasae payaaeByaama payaaeBya:

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DECLENSIONS OF THE ABLATIVE (5th) CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama ramaata ramaaByaama ramaeBya: (2) A n\ vana vanaata vanaaByaama vanaeBya: (3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaayaa: maaLaaByaama maaLaaBya: (4) } m\ kiva kvae: kivaByaama kivaBya: (5) } n\ vaair vaairNa: vaairByaama vaairBya: (6) } f\ maita matyaa: maitaByaama maitaBya: (7) }| f\ nadI naâ: nadIByaama nadIBya: (8) q m\ gauw gaurae: gauwByaama gauwBya: (9) q n\ maZau maZauna: maZauByaama maZauBya: (10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenaae: ZaenauByaama ZaenauBya: (11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZvaa: vaZaUByaama vaZaUBya: (12) / m\ ipata\ ipatau: ipata\Byaama ipata\Bya: (13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaatau: Zaata\Byaama Zaata\Bya: (14) / f\ maata\ maatau: maata\Byaama maata\Bya: (15) ca f\ vaaca vaaca: vaagByaama vaagBya: (16) ja m\ raja raja: raDByaama raDBya: (17) ta m\ mawta mawta: maw®¹ama maw®¹: (18) ta n\ jagata jagata: jaga®¹ama jaga®¹: (19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊd: sauÊ®¹ama sauÊ®¹: (20) }na m\ oaioana oaioana: oaioaByaama oaioaBya: (21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmana: AatmaByaama AatmaBya: (22) na n\ kma|na kma|Na: kma|Byaama kma|Bya: (23) oa f\ idoa idoa: idgByaama idgBya: (24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmasa: candRmaaeByaama candRmaaeBya: (25) sa n\ payasa payasa: payaaeByaama payaaeBya:

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DECLENSIONS OF THE POSSESSIVE (6th) CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama ramasya ramayaae: ramaaNaama(2) A n\ vana vanasya vanayaae: vanaanaama(3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaayaa: maaLayaae: maaLaanaama(4) } m\ kiva kvae: kvyaae: kvaInaama(5) } n\ vaair vaairNa: vaairNaae: vaarINaama(6) } f\ maita matyaa: matyaae: mataInaama(7) }| f\ nadI naâ: naâe: nadInaama(8) q m\ gauw gaurae: gauvaae|: gauWNaama(9) q n\ maZau maZauna: maZaunaae: maZaUnaama(10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenaae: Zaenvaae: ZaenaUnaama(11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZvaa: vaZvaae: vaZaUnaama(12) / m\ ipata\ ipatau: ipa%aae: ipata¾Naama(13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaatau: Zaa%aae: Zaata¾Naama(14) / f\ maata\ maatau: maa%aae: maata¾Naama(15) ca f\ vaaca vaaca: vaacaae: vaacaama(16) ja m\ raja raja: rajaae: rajaama(17) ta m\ mawta mawta: mawtaae: mawtaama(18) ta n\ jagata jagata: jagataae: jagataama(19) d m\ sauÊd` sauÊd: sauÊdae: sauÊdama(20) }na m\ oaioana oaioana: oaioanaae: oaioanaama(21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmana: Aatmanaae: Aatmanaama(22) na n\ kma|na kma|Na: kma|Naae: kma|Naama(23) oa f\ idoa idoa: idoaae: idoaama(24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmasa: candRmasaae: candRmasaama(25) sa n\ payasa payasa: payasaae: payasaama

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DECLENSIONS OF THE LOCATIVE (7th) CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama ramae ramayaae: ramaePau(2) A n\ vana vanae vanayaae: vanaePau(3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaayaama maaLayaae: maaLaasau(4) } m\ kiva kvaaE kvyaae: kivaPau(5) } n\ vaair vaairiNa vaairNaae: vaairPau(6) } f\ maita matyaama matyaae: maitaPau(7) }| f\ nadI naâma naâe: nadIPau(8) q m\ gauw gauraE gauvaae|: gauwPau(9) q n\ maZau maZauina maZaunaae: maZauPau(10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenvaama Zaenvaae: ZaenauPau(11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZvaama vaZvaae: vaZaUPau(12) / m\ ipata\ ipatair ipa%aae: ipata\Pau(13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaatair Zaa%aae: Zaata\Pau(14) / f\ maata\ maatair maa%aae: maata\Pau(15) ca f\ vaaca vaaica vaacaae: vaaxau(16) ja m\ raja raija rajaae: ra@sau(17) ta m\ mawta mawita mawtaae: mawtsau(18) ta n\ jagata jagaita jagataae: jagatsau(19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊid sauÊdae: sauÊtsau(20) }na m\ oaioana oaioaina oaioanaae: oaioaPau(21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmaina Aatmanaae: Aatmasau(22) na n\ kma|na kma|iNa kma|Naae: kma|sau(23) oa f\ idoa idioa idoaae: idxau(24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmaisa candRmasaae: candRma:sau(25) sa n\ payasa payaisa payasaae: paya:sau

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DECLENSIONS OF THE VOCATIVE CASEWord ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama rama ramaaE ramaa: (2) A n\ vana vana vanae vanaaina(3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLae maaLae maaLaa: (4) } m\ kiva kvae kvaI kvaya: (5) } n\ vaair vaair vaairNaI vaarIiNa(6) } f\ maita matae mataI mataya: (7) }| f\ nadI naid naâE na^: (8) q m\ gauw gaurae gauW gaurva: (9) q n\ maZau maZau maZaunaI maZaUina(10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenaae ZaenaU Zaenava: (11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZau vaZvaaE vaZva: (12) / m\ ipata\ ipata: ipataraE ipatar: (13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaata: Zaata\NaI Zaata¾iNa(14) / f\ maata\ maata: maataraE maatar: (15) ca f\ vaaca vaak‘ vaacaaE vaaca: (16) ja m\ raja ra@ rajaaE raja: (17) ta m\ mawta mawta mawtaaE mawta: (18) ta n\ jagata jagata jagataI jagainta(19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊd sauÊdaE sauÊd: (20) }na m\ oaioana oaioana oaioanaaE oaioana: (21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmana AatmaanaaE Aatmaana: (22) na n\ kma|na kma| kma|NaI kmaa|iNa(23) oa f\ idoa idk‘ idoaaE idoa: (24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmaa: candRmasaaE candRmasa: (25) sa n\ payasa paya: payasaI payaa>isa

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Kr<t Suffixes and their Substitutes˜ta-paRtyayaa: taePaa> ca Aadeoaa:_

iKvana, iKvapa, iNva, ivaca = the whole suffix disappearsAca, ANa, Apa, k, Saca, SaØa, SaLa, Saoa, @, @k‘, D, Na, oa = AKvauna, Nvauca, NvauLa, vauØa, vauna, Pvauna = Akyauca, Lyau, Lyau@ = AnaJaca, iJaca = AntaNamauLa = Ama@apa, Dapa, caapa = Aa Paanak‘ = Aak‘iFØa, fk‘, Pf = AayanaiNaca, iNaG = }#k‘, #Øa, #na = }k}ina, iNaina, iZanauNa = }naza = }ya}PNauca, iSaPNauca = }PNauGIpa, GIPa, GIna = }|Sa = }|naC = }|yaqNa, Du = qqkØa = qkQG = Q$k‘, $Øa = ]yakna, kpa = kF = taFvatau = tavata iFca, iFna = itaKtvaa = tvaa naG, nana = naKvainapa = vana Kvarpa = varKyapa, yak‘, yaØa, yata, Nya, Nyata, Lyapa, PyaØa = ya

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CHAPTER 19

THE CHARTS OF CONJUGATIONS eg\ the verb root |bhu@ (|BaU to become, to be)

(A) REGULAR (saaZaarNa) ACTIONS(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I become

Singular Dual Plural1p\ Bavaaima bhava@mi Bavaava: bhava@vah< Bavaama: bhava@mah<2p\ Bavaisa bhvasi BavaYa: bhavathah< BavaYa bhavatha3p\ Bavaita bhavati Bavata: bhavatah< Bavainta bhavanti(2) Past Imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I became1p\ ABavama` abhavam ABavaava abhava@va ABavaama abhava@ma2p\ ABava: abhavah< ABavatama` abhavatam ABavata abhavata3p\ ABavata` abhavat ABavataama` abhavata@m ABavanaàbhavan(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I had become1p\ baBaUva babhu@va baBaUivava babhu@viva baBaUivama babhu@vima2p\ baBaUivaYa babhu@vitha baBaUvaYau: babhu@vathuh< baBaUva babhu@va3p\ baBaUva babhu@va baBaUvatau: babhu@vatuh< baBaUvau: babhu@vuh<(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I had become1p\ ABaUvama` abhu@vam ABaUva abhu@va ABaUma abhu@ma2p\ ABaU: abhu@h< ABaUtama` abhu@tam ABaUta abhu@ta3p\ ABaUta` abhu@t ABaUtaama` abhu@ta@m ABaUvanaàbhu@van(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I will become

Singular Dual Plural1p\ Baivataaisma bhavita@smi Baivataasva: bhavita@svah< Baivataasma: bhavita@smah<2p\ Baivataaisabhavita@si BaivataasYa: bhavita@sthah< BaivataasYa bhavita@stha

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3p\ Baivataa bhavita@ BaivataaraE bhavita@rau Baivataar: bhavita@rah<(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I shall become1p\ BaivaPyaaima bhavis<ya@mi BaivaPyaava: bhavis<ya@vah< BaivaPyaama: bhavis<ya@mah<2p\ BaivaPyaisa bhavis<yasi BaivaPyaYa: bhavis<yathah< BaivaPyaYa bhavis<yatha3p\ BaivaPyaitabhavis<yati BaivaPyata: bhavis<yatah< BaivaPyainta bhavis<yanti(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad& - eg\ If I become1p\ ABaivaPyama` abhavis<yam ABaivaPyaava abhavis<ya@va ABaivaPyaama abhavis<ya@ma2p\ ABaivaPya: abhavis<yah< ABaivaPyatama` abhavis<yatam ABaivaPyata abhavis<yata3p\ ABaivaPyata` abhavis<yat ABaivaPyataama` abhavis<yata@m ABaivaPyana` abhavis<yan(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmai\ - eg\ May I become?1p\ Bavaaina bhava@ni Bavaava bhava@va Bavaama bhava@ma2p\ Bava bhava Bavatama` bhavatam Bavata bhavata3p\ Bavatau bhavatu Bavataama` bhavata@m Bavantau bhavantu(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& - eg\ I may become1p\ Bavaeyama bhaveyama Bavaeva bhaveva Bavaema bhavema2p\ Bavae: bhaveh< Bavaetama` bhavetam Bavaeta bhaveta3p\ Bavaeta` bhavet Bavaetaama` bhaveta@m Bavaeyau: bhaveyuh<(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad& - eg\ May I become!1p\ BaUyaasama bhu@ya@sama BaUyaasva bhu@ya@sva BaUyaasma bhu@ya@sma2p\ BaUyaa: bhu@ya@h< BaUyaastama` bhu@ya@stam BaUyaasta bhu@ya@sta3p\ BaUyaata` bhu@ya@t BaUyaastaama` bhu@ya@sta@m BaUyaasau: bhu@ya@suh<

(B) THE CAUSATIVE (Nyanta) ACTIONSACTIVE VOICE - PARASMAIPADI

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I am madeSingular Dual Plural

1p\ Baavayaaima bha@vaya@mi Baavayaava: bha@vaya@vah< Baavayaama: bha@vaya@mah<2p\ Baavayaisa bha@vayasi BaavayaYa: bha@vayathah< BaavayaYa bha@vayatha

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3p\ Baavayaita bha@vayati Baavayata: bha@vayatah< Baavayainta bha@vayanti(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I was made1p\ ABaavayama` abha@vayam ABaavayaava abha@vaya@va ABaavayaama abha@vaya@ma2p\ ABaavaya: abha@vayah< ABaavayatama` abha@vayatam ABaavayata abha@vayata3p\ ABaavayata` abha@vayat ABaavayataama` abha@vayata@m ABaavayana` abha@vayan(3) Perfect Past : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I was made1p\ BaavayaaØcakar BaavayaaØca˜va BaavayaaØca˜ma

bha@vaya@n~c{aka@ra bha@vaya@n~c{akr<va bha@vaya@n~c{akr<maBaavayaambaBaUvama` BaavayaambaBaUva BaavayaambaBaUmabha@vaya@mbabhu@vam bha@vaya@mbabhu@va bha@vaya@mbabhu@maBaavayaamaasa Baavayaamaaisava Baavayaamaaisamabha@vaya@ma@sa bha@vaya@ma@siva bha@vaya@ma@sima

2p\ BaavayaaØcakYa| BaavayaaØcaÛYau: BaavayaaØcaÛbha@vaya@n~c{akartha bha@vaya@n~c{akrathuh< bha@vaya@n~c{akraBaavayaambaBaUYa BaavayaambaBaUvaYau: BaavayaambaBaUvabha@vaya@mbabhu@tha bha@vaya@mbabhu@vathuh< bha@vaya@mbabhu@vaBaavayaamaaisaYa BaavayaamaasaYau: Baavayaamaasabha@vaya@ma@sitha bha@vaya@ma@sathuh< bha@vaya@ma@sa

3p\ BaavayaaØcakar BaavayaaØcaÛtau: BaavayaaØcaÛÖ:bha@vaya@n~c{aka@ra bha@vaya@n~c{akratuh< bha@vaya@n~c{akruh<BaavayaambaBaUva BaavayaambaBaUvatau: BaavayaambaBaUvau: bha@vaya@mbabhu@va bha@vaya@mbabhu@vatuh< bha@vaya@mbabhu@vuh<Baavayaamaasa Baavayaamaasatau: Baavayaamaasau: bha@vaya@ma@sa bha@vaya@ma@satuh< bha@vaya@ma@suh<

(4) Indefinite Past : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I had been madeSingular Dual Plural

1p\ ABaavaiyaPyama` abha@vayis<yam ABaavaiyaPyaava abha@vayis<ya@va ABaavaiyaPyaama abha@vayis<ya@ma2p\ ABaavaiyaPya: abha@vayis<yah< ABaavaiyaPyatama` abha@vayis<yatam ABaavaiyaPyata abha@vayis<yata3p\ ABaavaiyaPyata` abha@vayis<yat ABaavaiyaPyataama` abha@vayis<yata@m ABaavaiyaPyana` abha@vayis<yan(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I will be made

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1p\ Baavaiyataaisma bha@vayita@smi Baavaiyataasva: bha@vayita@svah< Baavaiyataasma: bha@vayita@smah<2p\ Baavaiyataaisa bha@vayita@si BaavaiyataasYa: bha@vayita@sthah< BaavaiyataasYa bha@vayita@stha3p\ Baavaiyataa bha@vayita@ BaavaiyataaraE bha@vayita@rau Baavaiyataar: bha@vayita@rah<(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ I shall be made1p\ BaavaiyaPyaaima bha@vayis<ya@mi BaavaiyaPyaava: bha@vayis<ya@vah< BaavaiyaPyaama: bha@vayis<ya@mah<2p\ BaavaiyaPyaisa bha@vayis<yasi BaavaiyaPyaYa: bha@vayis<yathah< BaavaiyaPyaYa bha@vayis<yatha3p\ BaavaiyaPyaita bha@vayis<yati BaavaiyaPyata: bha@vayis<yatah< BaavaiyaPyainta bha@vayis<yanti(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad&, Causative - eg\ If I am made1p\ ABaavaiyaPyama` abha@vayis<yam ABaavaiyaPyaava abha@vayis<ya@va ABaavaiyaPyaama abha@vayis<ya@ma2p\ ABaavaiyaPya: abha@vayis<yah< ABaavaiyaPyatama` abha@vayis<yatam ABaavaiyaPyata abha@vayis<yata3p\ ABaavaiyaPyata` abha@vayis<yat ABaavaiyaPyataama` abha@vayis<yata@m ABaavaiyaPyana` abha@vayis<yan(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad&, Causative - May I be made?1p\ Baavayaaina bha@vaya@ni Baavayaava bha@vaya@va Baavayaama bha@vaya@ma2p\ Baavaya bha@vaya Baavayatama` bha@vayatam Baavayata bha@vayata3p\ Baavayatau bha@vayatu Baavayataama` bha@vayata@m Baavayantau bha@vayantu(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Causative - I may be made1p\ Baavayaeyama` bha@vayeyam Baavayaeva bha@vayeva Baavayaema bha@vayema2p\ Baavayae: bha@vayeh< Baavayaetama` bha@vayetam Baavayaeta bha@vayeta3p\ Baavayaeta` bha@vayet Baavayaetaama` bha@vayeta@m Baavayaeyau: bha@vayeyuh<(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmai\ Causative May I be made!

Singular Dual Plural1p\ Baavyaasama` bha@vya@sam Baavyaasva bha@vya@sva Baavyaasma bha@vya@sma2p\ Baavyaa: bha@vya@h< Baavyaastama` bha@vya@stam Baavyaasta bha@vya@sta3p\ Baavyaata` bha@vya@t Baavyaastaama` bha@vya@sta@m Baavyaasau: bha@vya@suh<

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(C) THE DESIDERATIVE (sa²nta) ACTIONSACTIVE VOICE - PARASMAIPADI

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&, Desiderative - eg\ I want to becomeSingular Dual Plural

1p\ bauBaUPaaima bubhu@s<a@mi bauBaUPaava: bubhu@s<a@vah< bauBaUPaama: bubhu@s<a@mah<2p\ bauBaUPaisa bubhu@s<asi bauBaUPaYa: bubhu@s<athah< bauBaUPaYa bubhu@s<atha3p\ bauBaUPaita bubhu@s<ati bauBaUPata: bubhu@s<atah< bauBaUPainta bubhu@s<anti(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmai\ Desiderative - eg\ I wanted to became1p\ AbauBaUPama` abubhu@s<am AbauBaUPaava abubhu@s<a@va AbauBaUPaama abubhu@s<a@ma2p\ AbauBaUPa: abubhu@s<ah< AbauBaUPatama` abubhu@s<atam AbauBaUPata abubhu@s<ata3p\ AbauBaUPata` abubhu@s<at AbauBaUPataama` abubhu@s<ata@m AbauBaUPana` abubhu@s<an(3) Perfect Past : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Desiderative - eg\ I had wanted to become1p\ bauBaUPaaØcakar bauBaUPaaØca˜va bauBaUPaaØca˜ma

bubhu@s<a@n~c{aka@ra bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<va bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<mabauBaUPaambaBaUvama` bauBaUPaambaBaUva bauBaUPaambaBaUmabubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vam bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@va bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@mabauBaUPaamaasa bauBaUPaamaaisava bauBaUPaamaaisamabubhu@s<a@ma@sa bubhu@s<a@ma@siva bubhu@s<a@ma@sima

2p\ bauBaUPaaØcakYa| bauBaUPaaØcaÛYau: bauBaUPaaØcaÛbubhu@s<a@n~c{akartha bubhu@s<a@n~c{akrathuh< bubhu@s<a@n~c{akrabauBaUPaambaBaUYa bauBaUPaambaBaUvaYau: bauBaUPaambaBaUvabubhu@s<a@mbabhu@th bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vathuh< bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vabauBaUPaamaaisaYa bauBaUPaamaasaYau: bauBaUPaamaasabubhu@s<a@ma@sitha bubhu@s<a@ma@sathuh< bubhu@s<a@ma@sa

3p\ bauBaUPaaØcakar bauBaUPaaØcaÛtau: bauBaUPaaØcaÛÖ:bubhu@s<a@n~c{aka@ra bubhu@s<a@n~c{akratuh< bubhu@s<a@n~c{akruh<bauBaUPaambaBaUva bauBaUPaambaBaUvatau: bauBaUPaambaBaUvau: bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@va bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vatuh< bubhu@s<a@mbabhu@vuh<bauBaUPaamaasa bauBaUPaamaasatau: bauBaUPaamaasau: bubhu@s<a@ma@sa bubhu@s<a@ma@satuh< bubhu@s<a@ma@suh<

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(4) Indefinite Past : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmai\ Desiderative - eg\ I had wanted to becomeSingular Dual Plural

1p\ AbauBaUiPaPama` abubhu@s<is<am AbauBaUiPaPva abubhu@s<is<va AbauBaUiPaPma abubhu@s>is<ma2p\ AbauBaUPaI: abubhu@s<&h< AbauBaUiPaP@ma` abubhu@s<is<t>am AbauBaUiPaP@ abubhu@s<is<t>a3p\ AbauBaUPaIta` abubhu@s<&t AbauBaUiPaP@ama` abubhu@s<is<t>a@m AbauBaUiPaPau: abubhu@s<is<uh<5. Definite Future Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmai\ Desiderative eg. I would want to become1p\ bauBaUiPataaisma bubhu@s<ita@smi bauBaUiPataasva: bubhu@s<ita@svah< bauBaUiPataasma: bubhu@s<ita@smah<2p\ bauBaUiPataaisa bubhu@s<ita@si bauBaUiPataasYa: bubhu@s<ita@sthah< bauBaUiPataasYa bubhu@s<ita@stha3p\ bauBaUiPataa bubhu@s<ita@ bauBaUiPataaraE bubhu@s<ita@rau bauBauiPataar: bubhu@s<ita@rah<6. Indefinite Future La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmai\ Desiderative - eg\ I shall want to become1p\ bauBaUiPaPyaaima bubhu@s<is<ya@mi bauBaUiPaPyaava: bubhu@s<is<ya@vah< bauBaUiPaPyaama: bubhu@s<is<ya@mah<2p\ bauBaUiPaPyaisa bubhu@s<is<yasi bauBaUiPaPyaYa: bubhu@s<is<yathah< bauBaUiPaPyaYa bubhu@s<is<yatha3p\ bauBaUiPaPyaita bubhu@s<is<yati bauBaUiPaPyata: bubhu@s<is<yatah< bauBaUiPaPyainta bubhu@s<is<yanti(7) Conditional Mood La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad& Desiderative If I want to become1p\ AbauBaUiPaPyama` abubhu@s<is<yam AbauBaUiPaPyaava abubhu@s<is<ya@va AbauBaUiPaPyaama abubhu@s<is<ya@ma2p\ AbauBaUiPaPya: abubhu@s<is<yah< AbauBaUiPaPyatama` abubhu@s<is<yatam AbauBaUiPaPyata abubhu@s<is<yata3p\ AbauBaUiPaPyata` abubhu@s<is<yat AbauBaUiPaPyataama` abubhu@s<is<yata@m AbauBaUiPaPyana` abubhu@s<is<yan(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Desi\ I should want to become!1p\ bauBaUPaaiNa baubhu@s<a@n<i bauBaUPaava bubhu@s<a@va bauBaUPaama bubhu@s<a@ma2p\ bauBaUPa bubhu@s<a bauBaUPatama` bubhu@s<atam bauBaUPata bubhu@s<ata3p\ bauBaUPatau bubhu@s<atu bauBaUPataama` bubhu@s<ata@m bauBaUPantau bubhu@s<antu(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Desi\ I may want to become!

Singular Dual Plural1p\ bauBaUPaeyama` bubhu@s<eyam bauBaUPaeva bubhu@s<eva bauBaUPaema bubhu@s<ema2p\ bauBaUPae: bubhu@s<eh< bauBaUPaetama` bubhu@s<etam bauBaUPaeta bubhu@s<eta3p\ bauBaUPaeta` bubhu@s<et bauBaUPaetaama` bubhu@s<eta@m bauBaUPaeyau: bubhu@s<eyuh<(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad& Desiderative May I become!

1p\ bauBaUPyaasama` bubhu@s<ya@sam bauBaUPyaasva bubhu@s<ya@sva bauBaUPyaasma bubhu@s<ya@sma

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2p\ bauBaUPyaa: bubhu@s<ya@h< bauBaUPyaastama` bubhu@s<ya@stam bauBaUPyaasta bubhu@s<ya@sta3p\ bauBaUPyaata` bubhu@s<ya@t bauBaUPyaastaama` bubhu@s<ya@sta@m bauBaUPyaasau: bubhu@s<ya@suh<

(D) THE REPEATETIVE or FREQUENTATIVE (yaG`Lauganta) ACTIONS

ACTIVE VOICE - PARASMAIPADI(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - eg\ I become more

Singular Dual Plural1p\ baaeBavaIima-baaeBaaeima baaeBaUva: baaeBaUma:

bobhav&mi-bobhomi bobhu@vah< bobhu@mah<2p\ baaeBavaIiPa-baaeBaaeiPa baaeBaUYa: baaeBaUYa

bobhav&s<i-bobhos<i bobhu@thah< bobhu@tha3p\ baaeBavaIita-baaeBaaeita baaeBaUta: baaeBauvaita

bobhav&ti-bobhoti bobhu@tah< bobhuvati(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - eg\ I became more1p\ AbaaeBavama` abobhavam AbaaeBaUva abobhu@va AbaaeBaUma abobhu@ma2p\ AbaaeBavaI: abobhav&h AbaaeBaUtama` abobhu@tam AbaaeBaUta abobhu@ta3p\ AbaaeBavaIta` abobhav&t AbaaeBaUtaama` abobhu@ta@m AbaaeBaUvau: abobhu@vuh<(3) Perfect Past : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - eg\ I had become more

Singular Dual Plural1p\ baaeBavaaØcakar baaeBavaaØca˜va baaeBavaaØca˜ma

bobhava@n~c{aka@ra bobhava@n~c{akr<va bobhava@n~c{akr<mabaaeBavaambaBaUvama` baaeBavaambaBaUva baaeBavaambaBaUmabobhava@mbabhu@vam bobhava@mbabhu@va bobhava@mbabhu@mabaaeBavaamaasa baaeBavaamaaisava baaeBavaamaaisamabobhava@ma@sa bobhava@ma@siva bobhava@ma@sima

2p\ baaeBauvaaØcakYa| baaeBauvaaØcaÛYau: baaeBauvaaØcaÛbobhu@va@n~c{akartha bobhu@va@n~c{akr<thuh< bobhu@va@n~c{akrabaaeBauvaambaBaUYa baaeBauvaambaBaUvaYau: baaeBauvaambaBaUva

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bobhuva@mbabhu@tha bobhuva@mbabhu@vathuh< bobhuva@mbabhu@vabaaeBauvaamaaisaYa baaeBauvaamaasaYau: baaeBauvaamaasabobhuva@ma@sitha bobhuva@ma@sathuh< bobhuva@ma@sa

3p\ baaeBauvaaØcakar baaeBauvaaØcaÛtau: baaeBauvaaØcaÛÖ:bobhuva@n~c{aka@ra bobhuva@n~c{akratuh< bobhuva@n~c{akruh<baaeBauvaambaBaUva baaeBauvaambaBaUvatau: baaeBauvaambaBaUvau: bobhuva@mbabhu@va bobhuva@mbabhu@vatuh< bobhuva@mbabhu@vuh<baaeBauvaamaasa baaeBauvaamaasatau: baaeBauvaamaasau: bobhuva@ma@sa bobhuva@ma@satuh< bobhuva@ma@suh<

(4) Indefinite Past : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - eg\ I had become more1p\ AbaaeBaUvama` abobhu@vam AbaaeBaUva abobhu@va AbaaeBaUma abobhu@ma2p\ AbaaeBaUvaI: abobhu@v<&h< AbaaeBaUtama` abobhu@tam AbaaeBaUta abobhu@ta3p\ AbaaeBaUvaIta` abobhu@v&t AbaaeBaUtaama abobhu@ta@m AbaaeBavau: abobhavuh<(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - I will become more1p\ baaeBaivataaisma bobhavita@smi baaeBaivataasva: bobhavita@svah< baaeBaivataasma: bobhavita@smah<2p\ baaeBaivataaisa bobhavita@si baaeBaivataasYa: bobhavita@sthah< baaeBaivataasYa bobhavita@stha3p\ baaeBaivataa bobhavita@ baaeBaivataaraE bobhavita@rau baaeBaivataar: bobhavita@rah<(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Parasmaipad&, Frequentative - I will become more

Singular Dual Plural1p\ baaeBaivaPyaaima bobhavis<ya@mi baaeBaivaPyaava: bobhavis<ya@vah< baaeBaivaPyaama: bobhavis<ya@mah<2p\ baaeBaivaPyaisa bobhavis<yasi baaeBaivaPyaYa: bobhavis<yathah< baaeBaivaPyaYa bobhavis<yatha3p\ baaeBaivaPyaita bobhavis<yati baaeBaivaPyata: bobhavis<yatah< baaeBaivaPyainta bobhavis<yanti(7) Conditional Mood La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) Parasmaipad& Frequentative If I become more1p\ AbaaeBaivaPyama` abobhavis<yam AbaaeBaivaPyaava abobhavis<ya@va AbaaeBaivaPyaama abobhavis<ya@ma2p\ AbaaeBaivaPya: abobhavis<yah< AbaaeBauivaPyatama` abobhavis<yatam AbaaeBaivaPyata abobhavis<yata3p\ AbaaeBaivaPyata` abobhavis<yat AbaaeBaivaPyataama` abobhavis<yata@m AbaaeBaivaPyana abobhavis<yan(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Parasmai\ Frequ\ I should become more!1p\ baaeBavaaina bobhava@ni baaeBavaava bobhava@va baaeBavaama bobhava@ma2p\ baaeBaaeih bobhohi baaeBaUtama` bobhu@tam baaeBaUta bobhu@ta

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3p\ baaeBavaItau bobhv&tu baaeBaUtaama` bobhu@ta@m baaeBauvatau bobhuvatu(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Parasmaipad& Frequ\ I may become more1p\ baaeBaUyaama` bobhu@ya@m baaeBaUyaava bobhu@ya@va baaeBaUyaama bobhu@ya@ma2p\ baaeBaUyaa: bobhu@ya@h< baaeBaUyaatama` bobhu@ya@tam baaeBaUyaata bobhu@ya@ta3p\ baaeBaUyaata` bobhu@ya@t baaeBaUyaataama` bobhu@ya@ta@m baaeBaUyau: bobhu@yuh<(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Parasmaipad& Freq\ May I become more!1p\ baaeBaUyaasama` bobhu@ya@sam baaeBaUyaasva bobhu@ya@sva baaeBaUyaasma bobhu@ya@sma2p\ baaeBaUyaa: bobhu@ya@h< baaeBaUyaastama` bobhu@ya@stam baaeBaUyaasta bobhu@ya@sta3p\ baaeBaUyaata` bobhu@ya@t baaeBaUyaastaama` bobhu@ya@sta@m baaeBaUyaasau: bobhu@ya@suh<

(2)ACTIVE VOICE ATMANEPADI

(1B) THE 360 ‡TMANEPADI SINGLE-WORD ACTIONSeg\ from the verb |bhu@ (BaU)

(E) REGULAR (saaZaarNa) ACTIONS(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ I become

Singular Dual Plural1p\ Bavae bhave Bavaavahe bhava@vahe Bavaamahe bhava@mahe2p\ Bavasae bhavase BavaeYae bhavethe BavaZvae bhavadhve3p\ Bavatae bhavate Bavaetae bhavete Bavantae bhavante(2) Past Imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ I became1p\ ABavae abhave ABavaavaih abhava@vahi ABavaamaih abhava@mahi2p\ ABavaYaa: abhavatha@h< ABavaeYaama` abhavetha@m ABavaZvama` abhavadhvam3p\ ABavata abhavata ABavaetaama` abhaveta@m ABavanta abhavanta(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ I had become1p\ baBaUvae babhu@ve baBaUivavahe babhu@vivahe baBaUivamahe babhu@vimahe2p\ baBaUivaPae babhu@vis<e baBaUvaaYae babhu@va@the baBaUivaZvae babhu@vidhve

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3p\ baBaUvae babhu@ve baBaUvaatae babhu@va@te baBaUivare babhu@vire(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ I had become1p\ ABaivaiPa abhavis<i ABaivaPvaih abhavis<vahi ABaivaPmaih abhavis<mahi2p\ ABaivaP#a: abhavis<t>a@h< ABaivaPaaYaama` abhavis<a@tha@m ABaivaZvama` abhavidhvam3p\ ABaaivaP@ abha@vis<t>a ABaivaPaataama` abhavis<a@ta@m ABaivaPata abhavis<ata(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ I will become1p\ Baivataahe bhavita@he Baivataasvahe bhavita@svahe Baivataasmahe bhavita@smahe2p\ Baivataasae bhavita@se BaivataasaaYae bhavita@sa@the BaivataaZvae bhavita@dhve3p\ Baivataa bhavita@ BaivataaraE bhavita@rau Baivataar: bhavita@rah<(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ I shall become1p\ BaivaPyae bhavis<ye BaivaPyaavahe bhavis<ya@vahe BaivaPyaamahe bhavis<ya@mahe2p\ BaivaPyasae bhavis<yase BaivaPyaeYae bhavis<yethe BaivaPyaZvae bhavis<yadhve3p\ BaivaPyatae bhavis<yate BaivaPyaetae bhavis<yete BaivaPyantae bhavis<yante(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ If I become

Singular Dual Plural1p\ ABaivaPyae abhavis<ye ABaivaPyaavaih abhavis<ya@vahi ABaivaPyaamaih abhavis<ya@mahi2p\ ABaivaPyaYaa: abhavis<yatha@h< ABaivaPyaeYaama` abhavis<yetha@m ABaivaPyaZvama` abhavis<yadhvam3p\ ABaivaPyata abhavis<yata ABaivaPyaetaama` abhavis<yeta@m ABaivaPyanta abhavis<yanta(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ May I become?1p\ BavaE bhavai BavaavahE bhava@vahai BavaamahE bhava@mahai2p\ Bavasva bhavasva BavaeYaama` bhavetha@m BavaZvama` bhavadhvam3p\ Bavataama` bhavata@m Bavaetaama` bhaveta@m Bavantaama` bhavanta@m(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ I may become1p\ Bavaeya bhaveya Bavaevaih bhavevahi Bavaemaih bhavemahi2p\ BavaeYaa: bhavetha@h< BavaeyaaYaama` bhaveya@tha@m BavaeZvama` bhavedhvam3p\ Bavaeta bhaveta Bavaetaama` bhaveta@m Bavaerna` bhaveran(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) ‡tmanepad& - eg\ May I become!1p\ BaivaPaIya bhavis<&ya BaivaPaIvaih bhavis<&vahi BaivaPaImaih bhavis<&mahi

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2p\ BaivaPaIP#a: bhavis<&s<t>ha@h< BaivaPaIyaasYaama` bhavis<&ya@stha@m BaivaPaIZvama` bhavis<&dhvam3p\ BaivaPaIP@ bhavis<&s<t>a BaivaPaIyaastaama` bhavis<&ya@sta@m BaivaPaIrna` bhavis<&ran

(F) THE CAUSATIVE (Nyanta) ACTIONSACTIVE VOICE - ‡TMANEPADI

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) ‡tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I am madeSingular Dual Plural

1p\ Baavayae bha@vaye Baavayaavahe bha@vaya@vahe Baavayaamahe bha@vaya@mahe2p\ Baavayasae bha@vayase BaavayaeYae bha@vayethe BaavayaZvae bha@vayadhve3p\ Baavayatae bha@vayate Baavayaetae bha@vayete Baavayantae bha@vayante(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I was made

Singular Dual Plural1p\ ABaavayae abha@vaye ABaavayaavaih abha@vaya@vahi ABaavayaamaih abha@vaya@mahi2p\ ABaavayaYaa: abha@vayatha@h< ABaavayaetaama` abha@vayeta@m ABaavayaZvama` abha@vayadhvam3p\ ABaavayata abha@vayata ABaavayaetaama` abha@vayeta@m ABaavayanta abha@vayanta(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I was made1p\ BaavayaaØcaÛ’ BaavayaaØca˜vahe BaavayaaØca˜mahe

bha@vaya@n~c{akre bha@vaya@n~c{akr<vahe bha@vaya@n~c{akr<mahe2p\ BaavayaaØca˜Pae BaavayaaØcaÛaYae BaavayaaØca˜$Ôe

bha@vaya@n~c{akr<s<e bha@vaya@n~c{akra@the bha@vaya@n~c{akr<d<hve3p\ BaavayaaØcaÛ’ BaavayaaØcaÛatae BaavayaaØcaiÛre

bha@vaya@n~c{akre bha@vaya@n~c{akra@te bha@vaya@n~c{akrire(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I had been made1p\ AbaIBavae ab&bhave AbaIBavaavaih ab&bhava@vahi AbaIBavaamaih ab&bhava@mahi2p\ AbaIBavaYaa: ab&bhavatha@h< AbaIBavaeYaama` ab&bhavetha@m AbaIBavaZvama` ab&bhavadhvam3p\ AbaIBavata abibhavata AibaBavaetaama` abibhaveta@m AibaBanta abibhavanta(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I will be made1p\ Baavaiyataahe bha@vayita@he Baavaiyataasvahe bha@vayiita@svahe Baavaiyataasmahe bha@vayiita@smahe

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2p\ Baavaiyataasae bha@vayita@se BaavaiyataasaaYae bha@vayita@sa@the BaavaiyataaZvae bha@vayita@dhve3p\ Baavaiyataa bha@vayita@ BaavaiyataaraE bha@vayita@rau Baavaiyataar: bha@vayita@rah<(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad&, Causative - eg\ I shall be made1p\ BaavaiyaPyae bha@vayis<ye BaavaiyaPyaavahe bha@vayis<ya@vahe BaavaiyaPyaamahe bha@vayis<ya@mahe2p\ BaavaiyaPyasae bha@vayis<yase BaavaiyaPyaeYae bha@vayis<yethe BaavaiyaPyaZvae bha@vayis<yadhve3p\ BaavaiyaPyatae bha@vayis<yate BaavaiyaPyaetae bha@vayis<yete BaavaiyaPyantae bha@vayis<yante(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) ‡tmanepad&, Causative, eg\ I had been made1p\ ABaavaiyaPyae ABaavaiyaPyaavaih ABaavaiyaPyaamaih

abha@vayis<ye abha@vayis<ya@vahi abha@vayis<ya@mahi2p\ ABaavaiyaPyaYaa: ABaavaiyaPyaeYaama` ABaavaiyaPyaZvama`

abha@vayis<yatha@h< abha@vayis<yetha@m abha@vayis<yadhvam3p\ ABaavaiyaPyata ABaavaiyaPyaetaama` ABaavaiyaPyanta

abha@vayis<yata abha@vayis<yeta@m abha@vayis<yanta(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad&, Causative - May I be made?

Singular Dual Plural1p\ BaavayaE bha@vayai BaavayaavahE bha@vaya@vahai BaavayaamahE bha@vaya@mahai2p\ Baavayasva bha@vayasva BaavayaeyaaYaama` bha@vayeya@tha@m BaavayaZvama` bha@vayadhvam3p\ Baavayataama` bha@vayata@m Baavayaetaama` bha@vayeta@m Baavayantaama` bha@vayanta@m(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad&, Causative, I may be made1p\ Baavayaeya bha@vayeya Baavayaevaih bha@vayevahi Baavayaemaih bha@vayemahi2p\ BaavayaeYaa: bha@vayetha@h< BaavayaeYaama` bha@vayetha@m BaavayaeZvama` bha@vayedhvam3p\ Baavayaeta bha@vayeta Baavayaeyaataama` bha@vayeya@ta@m Baavayaerna` bha@vayeran(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) ‡tmanepad&, Causative, May I be made!1p\ BaavaiyaPaIya bha@vayis<&ya BaavaiyaPaIvaih bha@vayis<&vahi BaavaiyaPaImaih bha@vayis<&mahi2p\ BaavaiyaPaIP#a: BaavaiyaPaIyaasYaama` BaavaiyaPaIZvama`

bha@vayis<&s<t>ha@h< bha@vayis<&ya@stha@m bha@vayis<&dhvam3p\ BaavaiyaPaIP@ BaavaiyaPaIyaastaama` BaavaiyaPaIrna`

bha@vayis<&s<t>a bha@vayis<&ya@sta@m bha@vayis<&ran

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(G) THE DESIDERATIVE (sa²nta) ACTIONSACTIVE VOICE - ‡TMANEPADI

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) ‡tmanepad&, Desiderative - eg\ I want to becomeSingular Dual Plural

1p\ bauBaUPae bubhu@s<e bauBaUPaavahe bubhu@s<a@vahe bauBaUPaamahe bubhu@s<a@mahe2p\ bauBaUPasae bubhu@s<ase bauBaUPaeYae bubhu@s<ethe bauBaUPaZvae bubhu@s<adhve3p\ bauBaUPatae bubhu@s<ate bauBaUPaetae bubhu@s<ete bauBaUPantae bubhu@s<ante(2) Past Imperfect : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Desiderative - eg\ I wanted to became

Singular Dual Plural1p\ AbauBaUPae abubhu@s<e AbauBaUPaavaih abubhu@s<a@vahi AbauBaUPaamaih abubhu@s<a@mahi2p\ AbauBaUPaYaa: abubhu@s<atha@h AbauBaUPaeYaama` abubhu@s<etha@m AbauBaUPaZvama` abubhu@s<adhvam3p\ AbauBaUPata abubhu@s<ata AbauBaUPaetaama` abubhu@s<eta@m AbauBaUPanta abubhu@s<anta(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Desiderative - I had wanted to become1p\ bauBaUPaaØcaÛ’ bauBaUPaaØca˜vahe bauBaUPaaØca˜mahe

bubhu@s<a@n~c{akre bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<vahe bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<mahe2p\ bauBaUPaaØca˜Pae bauBaUPaaØcaÛaYae bauBaUPaaØca˜$Ôe

bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<s<e bubhu@s<a@n~c{akra@the bubhu@s<a@n~c{akr<d<hve3p\ bauBaUPaaØcaÛ’ bauBaUPaaØcaÛatae bauBaUPaaØcaiÛre

bubhu@s<a@n~c{akre bubhu@s<a@n~c{akra@te bubhu@s<a@n~c{akrire(4) Indefinite Past Tense LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Desiderative - I had wanted to become1p\ AbauBaUiPaiPa abubhu@s<is<i AbauBaUiPaPvaih abubhu@s<is<vahi AbauBaUiPaPmaih abubhu@s>is<mahi2p\ AbauBaUiPaP#a: abubhu@s<is<t<ha@h< AbauBaUiPaPaaYaama` abubhu@s<is<a@tha@m AbauBaUiPa$Ôma` abubhu@s<id<hvam3p\ AbauBaUiPaP# abubhu@s<is<t<ha AbauBaUiPaPaataama` abubhu@s<is<a@ta@m AbauBaUiPaPata abubhu@s<is<ata(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad&, Desiderative, I will want to become1p\ bauBaUiPataahe bubhu@s<ita@he bauBaUiPataasvahe bubhu@s<ita@svahe bauBaUiPataasmahe bubhu@s<ita@smahe2p\ bauBaUiPataasae bubhu@s<ita@se bauBaUiPataasaaYae bubhu@s<ita@sa@the bauBaUiPataaZvae bubhu@s<ita@dhve3p\ bauBaUiPataa bubhu@s<ita@ bauBaUiPataaraE bubhu@s<ita@rau bauBaUiPataar: bubhu@s<ita@rah<

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(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad&, Desiderative, I shall want to become1p\ bauBaUiPaPyae bubhu@s<is<ye bauBaUiPaPyaavahe bubhu@s<is<ya@vahe bauBaUiPaPyaamahe bubhu@s<is<ya@mahe2p\ bauBaUiPaPyasae bubhu@s<is<yase bauBaUiPaPyaeYae bubhu@s<is<yethe bauBaUiPaPyaZvae bubhu@s<is<yadhve3p\ bauBaUiPaPyatae bubhu@s<is<yate bauBaUiPaPyaetae bubhu@s<is<yete bauBaUiPaPyantae bubhu@s<is<yante(7) Conditional Mood La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) ‡tmanepad&, Desiderative, If I want to become1p\ AbauBaUiPaPyae AbauBaUiPaPyaavaih AbauBaUiPaPyaamaih

abubhu@s<is<ye abubhu@s<is<ya@vahi abubhu@s<is<ya@mahi2p\ AbauBaUiPaPyaYaa: AbauBaUiPaPyaeYaama` AbauBaUiPaPyaZvama`

abubhu@s<is<yatha@h< abubhu@s<is<yetha@m abubhu@s<is<yadhvam3p\ AbauBaUiPaPyata AbauBaUiPaPyaetaama AbauBaUiPaPyanta

abubhu@s<is<yata abubhu@s<is<yeta@m abubhu@s<is<yanta(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad& Desi\ I should want to become

Singular Dual Plural1p\ bauBaUPaE baubhu@s<ai bauBaUPaavahE bubhu@s<a@vahai bauBaUPaamahE bubhu@s<a@mahai2p\ bauBaUPasva bubhu@s<asva bauBaUPaeYaama` bubhu@s<etha@m bauBaUPaZvama` bubhu@s<adhvam3p\ bauBaUPataama` bubhu@s<ata@m bauBaUPaetaama` bubhu@s<eta@m bauBaUPantaama` bubhu@s<anta@m(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad& Desi\ I may want to become1p\ bauBaUPaeya bubhu@s<eya bauBaUPaevaih bubhu@s<evahi bauBaUPaemaih bubhu@s<emahi2p\ bauBaUPaeYaa: bubhu@s<etha@h> bauBaUPaeyaaYaama` bubhu@s<eya@tha@m bauBaUPaeZvama` bubhu@s<edhvam3p\ bauBaUPaeta bubhu@s<eta bauBaUPaeyaataama` bubhu@s<eya@ta@m bauBaUPaerna` bubhu@s<eran(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) ‡tmanepad&, Desi\ May I become!1p\ bauBaUiPaPaIya bubhu@s<is<&ya bauBaUiPaPaIvaih bubhu@s<is<&vahi bauBaUiPaPaImaih bubhu@s<is<&mahi2p\ bauBaUiPaPaIP#a: bubhu@s<is<&s<t>ha@h< bauBaUiPaPaIyaasYaama` bubhu@s<is<&ya@stha@m bauBaUiPaPaIZvama` bubhu@s<is<&dhvam3p\ bauBaUiPaPaIP@ bubhu@s<is<&s<t>a bauBaUiPaPaIyaastaama` bubhu@s<is<&ya@sta@m bauBaUiPaPaIrna` bubhu@s<is<&ran

(H) THE REPEATETIVE or FREQUENTATIVE (yaGnta) ACTIONSACTIVE VOICE - ‡TMANEPADI

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) ‡tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I become more

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Singular Dual Plural1p\ baaeBaUya bobhu@ye baaeBaUyaavahe bobhu@ya@vahe baaeBaUyaamahe bobhu@ya@mahe2p\ baaeBaUyasae bobhu@yase baaeBaUyaeYae bobhu@yethe baaeBaUyaZvae bobhu@yadhve3p\ baaeBaUyatae bobhu@yate baaeBaUyaetae bobhu@yete baaeBaUyantae bobhu@yante(2) Past imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I became more1p\ AbaaeBaUyae abobhu@ye AbaaeBaUyaavaih abobhu@ya@vahi AbaaeBaUyaamaih abobhu@ya@mahi2p\ AbaaeBaUyaYaa: abobhu@yatha@h< AbaaeBaUyaeYaama` abobhu@yetha@m AbaaeBaUyaZvama` abobhu@yadhvam3p\ AbaaeBaUyata abobhu@yata AbaaeBaUyaetaama` abobhu@yeta@m AbaaeBaUyanta abobhu@yanta(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I had become more

Singular Dual Plural1p\ baaeBaUyaaØcaÛ’ baaeBavaaØca˜vahe baaeBavaaØca˜mahe

bobhava@n~c{akre bobhava@n~c{akr<vahe bobhava@n~c{akr<mahe2p\ baaeBauvaaØca˜Pae baaeBauvaaØcaÛaYae baaeBauvaaØca˜$Ôe

bobhu@va@n~c{akr<s<e bobhu@va@n~c{akra@<the bobhu@va@n~c{akr<d<hve3p\ baaeBauvaaØcaÛ’ baaeBauvaaØcaÛatae baaeBauvaaØcaiÛre

bobhuva@n~c{akre bobhuva@n~c{akra@te bobhuva@n~c{akrire(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) ‡tmanepad&, Frequentative eg\ I had become more1p\ AbaaeBaUiyaiPa abobhu@yis<i AbaaeBaUiyaPvaih abobhu@yis<vahi AbaaeBaUiyaPmaih abobhu@yis>mahi2p\ AbaaeBaUiyaP#a: abobhu@yis<t>ha@h< AbaaeBaUiyaPaaYaama` abobhu@yis<a@tha@m AbaaeBaUiyaZvama` abobhu@yidhvam3p\ AbaaeBaUiyaP@ abobhu@yis<t>a AbaaeBaUiyaPaataama` abobhu@yis<a@ta@m AbaaeBaUiyaPata abobhu@yis<at(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad&, Frequentative - eg\ I will become more1p\ baaeBaUiyataahe bobhu@yita@he baaeBaUiyataasvahe bobhu@yita@svahe baaeBaUiyataasmahe bobhu@yita@smahe2p\ baaeBaUiyataasae bobhu@yita@se baaeBaUiyataasaaYae bobhu@yita@sa@the baaeBaUiyataaZvae bobhu@yita@dhve3p\ baaeBaUiyataa bobuhu@yita@ baaeBaUihtaaraE bobhu@yita@rau baaeBaUiyataar: bobhu@yita@rah<(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) ‡tmanepad&, Frequentative, eg\ I will become more1p\ baaeBaUiyaPyae bobhu@yis<ye baaeBaUiyaPyaavahe bobhu@yis<ya@svahe baaeBaUiyaPyaamahe bobhu@yis<ya@smahe2p\ baaeBaUiyaPyasae bobhu@yis<yase baaeBaUiyaPyaeYae bobhu@yis<yethe baaeBaUiyaPyaZvae bobhu@yis<yadhve3p\ baaeBaUiyaPyatae bobhu@yis<yate baaeBaUiyaPyaetae bobhu@yis<yete baaeBaUiyaPyantae bobhu@yis<yante

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(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) ‡tmanepad&, Frequentative, If I become more1p\ AbaaeBaUiyaPyae AbaaeBaUiyaPyaavaih AbaaeBaUiyaPyaamaih

abobhu@yis<ye abobhu@yis<ya@vahi abobhu@yis<ya@mahi2p\ AbaaeBaUiyaPyaYaa: AbaaeBaUiyaPyaeYaama` AbaaeBaUiyaPyaZvama`

abobhu@yis<yatha@h< abobhu@yis<yetha@m abobhu@yis<yadhvam3p\ AbaaeBaUiyaPyata AbaaeBaUiyaPyaetaama` AbaaeBaUiyaPyanta

abobhu@yis<yata abobhu@yis<yeta@m abobhu@yis<yant(8) Imperative Mood Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad&, Frequ\ I should become more!

Singular Dual Plural1p\ baaeBaUyaE bobhu@yai baaeBaUyaavahE bobhu@ya@vahai baaeBaUyaamahE bobhu@ya@mahai2p\ baaeBaUyasva bobhu@yasva baaeBaUyaeYaama` bobhu@yetha@m baaeBaUyaZvama` bobhu@yadhvam3p\ baaeBaUyataama` bobhu@yata@m baaeBaUyaetaama` bobhu@yeta@m baaeBaUyantaama` bobhu@yanta@m(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) ‡tmanepad&, Freq\ I may become more1p\ baaeBaUyaeya bobhu@yeya baaeBaUyaevaih bobhu@yevahi baaeBaUyaemaih bobhu@yemahi2p\ baaeBaUyaeYaa: bobhu@yetha@h< baaeBaUyaeyaaYaama` bobhu@yeya@tha@m baaeBaUyaeZvama` bobhu@yedhvam3p\ baaeBaUyaeta bobhu@yeta baaeBaUyaeyaataama` bobhu@yeya@ta@m baaeBaUyaerna` bobhu@yeran(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) ‡tmane\ Frequ\ I should become more!1p\ baaeBaUiyaPaIya bobhu@yis<&ya baaeBaUiyaPaIvaih bobhu@yis<&vahi baaeBaUiyaPaImaih bobhu@yis<&mahi2p\ baaeBaUiyaPaIP#a: baaeBaUiyaPaIyaasYaama` baaeBaUiyaPaI$Ôma`

bobhu@yis<&s<t>ha@h< bobhu@yis<&ya@stha@m bobhu@yis<&d<hvam3p\ baaeBaUiyaPaIP@ bobhu@yis<&s>t>a baaeBaUiyaPaIyaastaama` bobhu@yis<&ya@sta@m baaeBaUiyaPaIrna` bobhu@yis<&ran

(B)THE PASSIVE VOICE

360 ÈTMANEPADI PASSIVE VERBS

(I) REGULAR ACTIONSPASSIVE VOICE - ‡TMANEPADI

(1) Present Tense : La@` (saamaanya-vata|maanae) Passive Voice - eg\ I become

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Singular Dual Plural1p\ BaUyae bhu@ye BaUyaavahe bhu@ya@vahe BaUyaamahe bhu@ya@mahe2p\ BaUyasae bhu@yase BaUyaeYae bhu@yethe BaUyaZvae bhu@yadhve3p\ BaUyatae bhu@yate BaUyaetae bhu@yete BaUyantae bhu@yante(2) Past Imperfect Tense : LaG` (Ana^tana-BaUtae) Passive Voice - eg\ I became

Singular Dual Plural1p\ ABaUyae abhu@ye ABaUyaavaih abhu@ya@vahi ABaUyaamaih abhu@ya@mahi2p\ ABaUyaYaa: abhu@yatha@h< ABaUyaeYaama` abhu@yetha@m ABaUyaZvama` abhu@yadhvam3p\ ABaUyata abhu@yata ABaUyaetaama` abhu@yeta@m ABaUyanta abhu@yanta(3) Perfect Past Tense : iLa@` (paraexa-BaUtae) Passive Voice - eg\ I had become1p\ baBaUvae babhu@ve baBaUivavahe babhu@vivahe baBaUivamahe babhu@vimahe2p\ baBaUivaPae babhu@vis<e baBaUvaaYae babhu@va@the baBaUivaZvae babhu@vidhve3p\ baBaUvae babhu@ve baBaUvaatae babhu@va@te baBaUivare babhu@vire(4) Indefinite Past Tense : LauG` (dUrvaita|-BaUtae) Passive Voice - eg\ I had become1p\ ABaivaiPa abhavis<i ABaivaPvaih abhavis<vahi ABaivaPmaih abhavis<mahi2p\ ABaivaP#a: abhavis<t>a@h< ABaivaPaaYaama` abhavis<a@tha@m ABaivaZvama` abhavidhvam3p\ ABaaiva abha@vi ABaivaPaataama` abhavis<a@ta@m ABaivaPata abhavis<ata(5) Definite Future : Lau@` (saamaanya-BaivaPyaita) Passive Voice - eg\ I will become1p\ Baivataahe bhavita@he Baivataasvahe bhavita@svahe Baivataasmahe bhavita@smahe2p\ Baivataasae bhavita@se BaivataasaaYae bhavita@sa@the BaivataaZvae bhavita@dhve3p\ Baivataa bhavita@ BaivataaraE bhavita@rau Baivataar: bhavita@rah<(6) Indefinite Future : La\@` (ApaUNa|-BaivaPyaita) Passive Voice - eg\ I shall become1p\ BaivaPyae bhavis<ye BaivaPyaavahe bhavis<ya@vahe BaivaPyaamahe bhavis<ya@mahe2p\ BaivaPyasae bhavis<yase BaivaPyaeYae bhavis<yethe BaivaPyaZvae bhavis<yadhve3p\ BaivaPyatae bhavis<yate BaivaPyaetae bhavis<yete BaivaPyantae bhavis<yante(7) Conditional Mood : La\G` (BaivaPyaita iÛyaaitapaTaaE) Passive Voice - eg\ If I become1p\ ABaivaPyae abhavis<ye ABaivaPyaavaih abhavis<ya@vahi ABaivaPyaamaih abhavis<ya@mahi2p\ ABaivaPyaYaa: abhavis<yatha@h< ABaivaPyaeYaama` abhavis<yetha@m ABaivaPyaZvama` abhavis<yadhvam

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3p\ ABaivaPyata abhavis<yata ABaivaPyaetaama` abhavis<yeta@m ABaivaPyanta abhavis<yanta(8) Imperative Mood : Laae@` (AaXaaYae|; paRonaaYa|e; ivaZyaadaE) Passive Voice - eg\ May I become?

Singular Dual Plural1p\ BaUyaE bhu@yai BaUyaavahE bhu@ya@vahai BaUyaamahE bhu@ya@mahai2p\ BaUyasva bhu@yasva BaUyaeYaama` bhu@yetha@m BaUyaZvama` bhu@yadhvam3p\ BaUyataama` bhu@yata@m BaUyaetaama` bhu@yeta@m BaUyantaama` bhu@yanta@m(9) Potential or Subjunctive Mood : ivaiZaiLaG` (ivaZyaadaE) Passive Voice - eg\ I may become1p\ BaUyaeya bhu@yeya BaUyaevaih bhu@yevahi BaUyaemaih bhu@yemahi2p\ BaUyaeYaa: bhu@yetha@h< BaUyaeyaaYaama` bhu@yeya@tha@m BaUyaeZvama` bhu@yedhvam3p\ BaUyaeta bhu@yeta BaUyaetaama` bhu@yeta@m BaUyaerna` bhu@yeran(10) Benedictive or Optative Mood : AaoaIiLa|G` (AaioaiPa) Passive Voice - eg\ May I become!1p\ BaivaPaIya bhavis<&ya BaivaPaIvaih bhavis<&vahi BaivaPaImaih bhavis<&mahi2p\ BaivaPaIP#a: bhavis<&s<t>ha@ BaivaPaIyaasYaama` bhavis<&ya@stha@m BaivaPaIZvama` bhavis<&dhvam3p\ BaivaPaIP@ bhavis<&s<t>a BaivaPaIyaastaama` bhavis<&ya@sta@m BaivaPaIrna` bhavis<&ranThus, the table continues for the Passive Voice, for Causative actions, desiderative actions and frequentive actions, as shown above for the Active voice.

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CHAPTER 20.

CASE CHARTS of 90 WORD ENDINGS

(1) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (rama) Ra@ma (G&ta@ 10.31)

CASE-ivaBaiF Singular Dual Plural(1st) Nominative - rama: ramaaE ramaa: (2nd) Accusative (to, what?) ramama ramaaE ramaana(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) ramaeNa ramaaByaama ramaE: (4th) Dative (for, to) ramaaya ramaaByaama ramaeBya: (5th) Ablative (from. than) ramaata ramaaByaama ramaeBya: (6th) Possessive (of) ramasya ramayaae: ramaaNaama(7th) Locative (in, on) ramae ramayaae: ramaePau

Vocative (address) rama ramaaE ramaa: (2) NEUTER NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (vana) forest

(1st) Nominative - vanama vanae vanaaina(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) vanama vanae vanaaina(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) vanaena vanaaByaama vanaE: (4th) Dative (for, to) vanaaya vanaaByaama vanaeBya: (5th) Ablative (from. than) vanaata vanaaByaama vanaeBya: (6th) Possessive (of) vanasya vanayaae: vanaanaama(7th) Locative (in, on) vanae vanayaae: vanaePau

Vocative (address) vana vanae vanaaina(3) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (a@) Aa (saaemapaa) Nectar drinker (G&ta@ 9.20)

(1st) Nominative - saaemapaa: saaemapaaE saaemapaa:(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) saaemapaama saaemapaaE saaemapa:

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CHAPTER 21THE DICTIONARY OF THE 2200 SANSKRIT VERBS

Zaataupaa#:_

NOTE : * = ppp\ adjective (F ivaoaePaNama`), followed by other participles (La@` = present\, La\@ = indefinite future, LaG = imperfect past\ Laae@` = imperative\. ivaiZa\ = potential)

(A) (a)Ak‘ 1|ak (to walk in circular motion like a snake) Akita AikPyaita Aakta` Aktau Ak’ta` *Aikta AknaIya Axa` 5|aks< (to occupy, pervade; to collect) AxaNaaeita AixaPyaita AxNaaetau AaxaNaaeta` AxNauyaata` *AP@ Aixa AxaNaaAga` 1|ag (to walk in zigzag way like a snake, to curl, wind) Agaita AigaPyaita Aagata` Agatau Agaeta` *Aigata Aza` 10|agh (to sin, err, act improperly) Azayaita-tae AzaiyaPyaita-tae Aazayata`-ta Azayatau-taama` Azayaeta-ta *AizataAGk‘ 1|an[k (to aim, mark, stamp; to walk crooked) AGÍtae AiGÍPyatae AaGÍta AGÍtaama` AGÍeta *AiGÍta AGÍnaIyaAGk‘ 10|an[k (to count, mark, aim) AGÍyaita-tae AGÍiyaPyaita-tae AaGÍyata`-ta AGÍyatau-taama` AGÍyaeta-ta *AiGÍta AGÍAGSa` 10|an[kh (to crawl, walk on knees) AGÏyaita-tae AGÏiyaPyaita-tae AaGÏyata-ta AGÏyatau-taama AGÏyaeta`-ta *AiGÏtaAGga` 1|an[g (to wander, stamp, count) AGÐita AiGÐPyaita AaGÐta` AGÐtau AGÐeta` *AiGÐta AGÐnaIya AiDÐtvaa AiGÐtauma` AGga` 10|an[g (to circle, to mark, count) AGÐyaita-tae AGÐiyaPyaita-tae AaGÐyata`-ta AGÐyatau-taama AGÐyaeta`-ta *AiGÐtaAGza` 1|an[gh (to walk, start, rush, scold, blame) AGÑtae AiGÑPyatae AaGÑta AGÑtaama` AGÑeta *AiGÑta AiGÑtvaaAca` 1|ac{ (to request, honor, move) Acatae AicaPyaita-tae Aacata-ta Acatau-taama` Acaeta-ta *AF Aicatvaa AicataumaÀja` 1|aj (to drive, go, lead, throw, cast) Ajaita AijaPyaita Aajata` Ajatau Ajaeta` *Aijata AjanaIya Aijatavya AØca` 1|an~c{ (to worship, beg, bend) AØcaita-tae AiØcaPyaita-tae AaØcata-ta AØcatau-taama AØcaeta-ta *AiØcata, AFAØca` 10|an~c{ (to respect, worship) AØcayaita-tae AØcaiyaPyaita-tae AaØcayata-ta AaØcayatau-taama AaØcayaeta` *AiØcataAØja` 7|an~j (to anoint, make, show, represent) AnaiF AG`xyaita-AiØjaPyaita Aanak‘ AnaFÖ AØjyaata *AF-AGÎAØja 10|an~j{ (to say, speak) AØjayaita-tae AØjaiyaPyaita-tae AaØjayata-ta AØjayaatau-taama` AØjayaeta` *AiØjata AiØjataumaÀ@` 1|at> (to roam about, wander) A@ita Ai@Pyaita Aa@ A@tau A@eta` A@¹tae *Ai@ta A@naIya Ai@tvaa Ai@taumaÀ@`@` 1|at> (to go beyond, transgress, diminish, lessen, kill) A£tae Ai£Pyatae Aa£ta A£taama` A£eta *Ai£taA@`@` 10|at> (to despise, dishonor, reduce) A£yaita-tae A£iyaPyaita-tae Aa£yata`-ta A£yatau-taama` A£yaeta`-ta *Ai£taA#` 1|at>h (to go) A#ita-tae Ai#Pyatae Aa#ta A#taama` A#eta *Ai#ta A#ta` A#naIya Ai#tavya Ai#tvaa Ai#taumaÀD` 1|ad> (to work, trade, try, attempt, exert) ADita AiDPyaita ADta` ADtau ADeta` *AiDta ADnaIya AiDtavya AD` 5|ad> (to spread, pervade, attain) AD`Naaeita AiDPyaita AaD`naaeta` AD`naaetau AD`nauyaata` *AiDta ADta` AiDtauma`

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AD`D` 1|ad> (to attack, to meditate, argue, infer, discern) A¥ita Ai¥Pyaita AaDta` A¥tau A¥eta` *Ai¥ta ANa` 1|an> (to sound, breathe) ANaita AiNaPyaita AaNata` ANatau ANaeta` *AaNa ANanaIya AiNatavya AiNatvaa AiNatauma` ANa` 4|an> (to live, breathe) ANyatae AiNaPyatae AaNyata ANyataama` ANyaeta AaNayata` *AaNa ANata` paRaNa paRaiNana` AND` 1|an<t>h (go) ANDtae AiNDPyatae AaNDta ANDtaama` ANDeta *AiNDta ANDnaIya AiNDtavya AiNDtvaa AiNDtauma Ata` 1|at (to wander, walk constantly) Ataita AitaPyaita Aatata` Atatau Ataeta` *Aitata AtanaIya Aitatvaa AitataumaÀYa 10|at (to be weak) AYayaita-tae AYaiyaPyaita-tae AaYayata-ta AYayatau AYayaeta` *AiYata AYaiyatvaa AYaiyataumaÀd` 2|ad (to eat) AiTa Atsyaita Aadta` ATau Aâta` A^tae *jagZa-A² AdnaIya ATavya Aa^ jagZvaa A²vaana` ATauma` Ana` 2|an (to breathe, live) Ainaita AinaPyaita AanaIta-Aanata` Ainatau Anyaata` *Ainata Anata` Ainatvaa Ainatauma` AananaAna` 4|an (to live, to take birth, move, go about) Anyatae AinaPyatae Aanyata Anyataama` Anyaeta *Ainata AinatavyaAnta` 1|ant (to tie, fasten, get) Antaita AintaPyaita Aantata` Antatau Antaeta` *Anta Antata` AntanaIya Aintatvaa AintataumaÀnd` 1|and (to bind, fasten) Andita AindPyaita Aandta` Andtau Andeta` *Aindta Andta` AndnaIya A²vataAnZa` 10|andh (be become make - blind) AnZayaita-tae AnZaiyaPyaita-tae AanZayata`-ta AnZayatau-taa> AnZayaeta-ta *AinZataApaasa` 4|apa@s (to cast, fling, reject, discard) Apaasyaita ApaaisaPyaita Apaasyata` Apaasyatau Apaasyaeta * ApaastaABaR 1|abhr (to go, wander about) ABaRita AiBaRPyaita AaBaRta` ABaRtau ABaReta` *AiBaRta ABaRNaIya AiBaRtavya AiBaRtvaaAma` 1|am (to sound, go, serve, honor, eat) Amaita AimaPyaita Aamata` Amatau Amaeta` *Aimata-Aanta AmanaIya Aimatavya Ama` 10|am (to hurt, attack, afflict) Aamayaita-Aamayatae AamaiyaPyaita-tae Aamayata-ta Aamayatau-taama` Aamayaeta`-ta *AimataAmba` 1|amb (to go; sound) Ambaita-tae AimbaPyatae Aambata Ambataama` Ambaeta *Aimbata AmbanaIya Aimbatavya AimbataumaÀmBa` 1|ambh (to sound) AmBatae AimBaPyatae AamBata AmBataama` AmBaeta *AbZa AbZavata` AmBanaIya AbZvaaAya` 1|ay (to go) Ayatae AiyaPyatae Aayata Ayataama` Ayaeta Ayyatae *Aiyata AyanaIya Aiyatavya Aiyatvaa Aiyatauma` AyamaanaAk–‘ 10|ark (to praise, heat, warm) Ak–yaita-tae Ak–iyaPyaita-tae Aak–yata-ta Ak–yatau-taama` Ak–yaeta-ta *Aik|ta Aza|` 1|argh (to be valuable, be worth, cost) Aza|ita Aiza|Pyaita Aaza|ta` Aza|tau Azae|ta` *Aiza|ta Aza|naIya Aiza|tavya Aca|` 1|arc{ (to worship, adore, salute) Aca|ita Aica|Pyaita Aaca|ta` Aca|tau Acae|ta` *Aica|ta Aica|tvaa Aica|tauma` Acaa|Aca|` 10|arc{ (to honor, sing praises) Aca|yaita-tae Aca|iyaPyaita-tae Aaca|yata-ta Aca|yatau-taama` Aca|yaeta`-ta *Aica|taAja|` 1|arj (to earn, gain) Aja|ita Aija|Pyaita Aaja|ta` Aja|tau Ajae|ta` *Aija|ta Aja|naIya Aija|tavya Aija|tvaa Aija|tauma` Aja|` 10|arj (to procure, make, prepare) Aja|yaita-tae Aja|iyaPyaita-tae Aaja|yata`-ta Aja|yatau-taama` Aja|yaeta`-ta *Aija|taAYa|` 10|arth (to want, beg, request) AYa|yatae AYa|iyaPyatae AaYa|yata AYa|yataama` AYa|yaeta *AiYa|ta AYa|iyatvaa AYa|iyataumaÀd|` 1|ard (to demand, go) Ad|ita Aid|Pyaita Aad|ta` Ad|tau Ade|ta` *Aid|ta Ad|ta` Ad|naIya Aid|tvaa Aid|tauma` A^|maanaAd|` 10|ard (to kill, afflict, torment) Ad|yaita-Ad|iyaPyatae Aad|yata-ta Ad|yatau-taama` Ad|yaeta-ta *Aid|ta-ANa| Ad|yataÀba|` 1|arb (to kill, go one side) Aba|ita Aiba|Pyaita Aaba|ta` Aba|tau Abae|ta` *Aiba|ta Aba|ta` Aba|naIya Aiba|tavya Aiba|tvaa Ava|` 1|arv (to inflict, to go towards) Ava|ita Aiva|Pyaita Aava|ta` Ava|tau Avae|ta` *Aiva|ta Ava|NaIya Aiva|tavya Aiva|tvaa Ah|` 1|arh (to be fit, deserve; worship) Ah|ita Aih|Pyaita Aah|ta` Ah|tau Ahe|ta` *Aih|ta Ah|naIya Aih|tavya Aih|tvaa

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WHICH VERB TO USE?RATNAKAR’S ENGLISH-TO-SANSKRIT CONVERTION GUIDE FOR COMMON VERBS

(a)abandon tyaja` rh` ha qØJa mauca` iva-sa\ja` qta-sa\jaàbide sYaa vasa` va\ta` sYaa; paRita-}|xa`, sah`, itaja`, paaLaàbsolve mauca` iva-mauca` qd-Za\ xamaàbstain ina-va\ta` pair-va\ja` iva-va\ja` pair-va\jaàbuse vyaya` Batsa|` ivaina-yauja` paR-yauja` AiZa-ixapa Aa-ixapa`àccept gaRh` va\ paRita-gaRh` paRita-pad Aa-da svaI-× paRita-}Paàccess AiBa-gama` qpa-gama` Aa-gamaàccompany vaRja` Anau-} sama-yauja` sah-car` Anau-sa\accomplish saaZa` isaZa` sama`-Aapa` Anau-sYaa sama-padàccuse AiZa-ixapa` AiBa-yauja AiBa-oapa` Apa-vadàchieve LaBa` sama-Aapa` paR-Aapa` sama`-pad` inar-va\taàcknowledge gaRh` paRita-pad` A>gaI-× svaI-×acquire LaBa` Aja|` Aoa` Ava-Aapa` paRita-padàcquaint bauZa` Xaa AiBa-Asa` AiBa-Xaa iva-Xaa ina-ivadàct caeP@` Aa-car` iva-Aava`-Ê × na@àdmire stau oLaaza` paR-oa>sa` iva-smaaya ±oa` }|xaàdore Aa-raZa` namasa`-× sama-Baava` paUja` Aca| saBaajaàdorn BaUPa` maND` ALama-× paR-saaZa` sama`-× pairP×advance gama` vaRja` paR-caLa` paR-sYaa AanaI paRNaI paurs×advise qpa-idoa` ina-ivad` Anau-oaasa` Anau-mana` Aa-Laaecaàfflict iKLaoa` du vyaYa` paID` baaZa` pair-tapa Aayasaàgitate xauBa` paR-maYa` qd-ivaja` iva-LauD` ZaU paR-manYa` iva-ÌLaàgree mana` sanZaa sama-mana` sama`-ivad`-×allow gaRh` Anau-Xaa Anau-mana` Anau-maud sah` Anau-daamuse rma` nand` ÛID` iva-naud` iva-Lasa ÛID` SaeLa`be angry sama`-tapa` kÖpa` ÛZa` raePa` Aa-ma\Paànnounce ina-ivad` Aa-Syaa paR-kaoa` iva-zauPa` iva-Xaa

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annoy baaZa` paID` vyaYa` iKLaoa` qd`-ivaja tapa` Ad|` baaZaànswer paRita-pad` paRita-BaaPa` paRita-vaca` sama-Aa-Zaa qta`-ta\apologize yaaca` paR-AYa|` vyapaÀa-idoa` svaI-× paRita-vadàppear ±oa` Baa paRadur-Aaivar-BaU Ava-ta\ paR-kaoa` qta`-caràpply / nyasa` ina-ivaoa` ina-Zaa sama`-yauja` nyasa` / paRaYa|approach sama`-gama` AiBa-gama` }-yaa qpa-sYaaarise qta-pad` qta-} sama`-qta-Yaa qd`-gama` sama-BaU qd-BaU Aaivar-BaU paRadu:-BaU qta-car` jana` qpa-jana` sama-janaàrrange rca` za@` iva-Qh` sama-ivaZa` ivaina-Asa Ûma` gaRnYaàrrest gaRh` banZa` Za\ stamBa ina-qZa` Aa-isaZa stamBa` ina-va\arrive Aa-gama` AiBa-gama` paR-pad` qpa-sYaa paR-Aapa Aa-yaaask yaaca` AYa|` paRcC` iBaxa ija-Xaa Anau-yaujaàscertain Xaa ivad` Za\ inasa`-ica iva-Ava-saae isYarI-×aspire spa\h` Aa-AiBa-ka>xa` AiBa-LaPa AiBa-wca` }|psaàssemble sama-imaLa` sama-Aa-gama` AiBa-qd`-ica sama-ina-pata` ]kI-BaU imaLa` sama`-Aa-va\ samaUhI-BaU sama-ina-pataàttack Aa-Ûma` Ava-sknd` Aa-pata` paRita-yauZa Aa-sad` Aa-yauZa` AiBa-dRu qpa-dRu AiBa-Zaava` AiBa-paR-yaaattain yaa LaBa` gama` } / Aoa` paR-Aapa` paRita-pad` AiZa-gamaàttend sma`-Aa-gama` qpa-sYaa sama-ina-Zaa qpa-Aasa iva-Lasaàttract Aa-×Pa` Aa-va\ja` iva-LauBa` paR-LauBa iva-mauhàvail qpa-× Anau-gaRh` paR-yauja` Anau-LaBaàvenge paRita-× paRita-ih>sa dNDàvert sama`-Ê paRita-Ê Apa-naud` ivamauSaI-× Apa-va\taàwait paRita-}|xa` qpa-}|xa` qta`-±oa`(b)bathe sau snaa masja Ava-gaah` Aa-pLau AiBaPaekma-×be Asa` Aasa` BaU va\ta` ivad jana` sYaa

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CHAPTER 22TENSES AND MOODS OF 80 COMMON VERBS

itaGntapaRkrNama`_1p|arc{ (|Aca|) to worshipPresent Tense (La@)Aca|aima Acaa|va: Acaa|ma:Aca|isa Aca|Ya: Aca|YaAca|ita Aca|ta: Aca|intaPast Tense (LaG)Aaca|ma Aacaa|va Aacaa|maAaca|: Aaca|tama Aaca|taAaca|ta Aaca|taama Aaca|naFuture Tense (La\@)Aica|Pyaaima Aica|Pyaava: Aica|Pyaama:Aica|Pyaisa Aica|PyaYa: Aica|PyaYaAica|Pyaita Aica|Pyata: Aica|PyaintaImperative mood (Laae@)Acaa|ina Acaa|va Acaa|maAca| Aca|tama Aca|taAca|tau Aca|taama Aca|ntauPotential mood (ivaiZaiLaG)Acae|eyama Acae|va Acae|maAcae|: Acae|tama Acae|taAcae|ta Acae|taama Acae|yau:

2p|as (|Asa) to bePresent Tense (La@)

Aisma sva: sma:Aisa sYa: sYaAista sta: saintaPast Tense (LaG)Aasama Aasva AasmaAasaI: Aastama AastaAasaIta Aastaama AasanaFuture Tense (La\@)BaivaPyaaima BaivaPyaava: BaivaPyaama:BaivaPyaisa BaivaPyaYa: BaivaPyaYaBaivaPyaita BaivaPyata: BaivaPyaintaImperative mood (Laae@)Asaaina Asaava Asaama]iZa stama staAstau staama santauPotential mood (ivaiZaiLaG)syaama syaava syaamasyaa: syaatama syaatasyaata syaataama syau:

2a|a@s (|Aasa) to sitPresent Tense (La@)Aasae Aasvahe AasmaheAassae AasaaYae Aa&ÔeAastae Aasaatae Aasatae

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