-
Grammar section covers all elements of Sanskrit grammar, so that
we can start
using Sanskrit in daily life as a spoken language. Grammar study
has been divided into basic grammar andadvanced grammar chapters.
These are
further divided into different chapters for easy learning.
Note: Currently only chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 and part of
chapter 6 are finished. Other chapters are being written and will
be available soon.
Basic Grammar
Chapter 1: Sanskrit Alphabets & Sentences Overview o
Alphabets & Their Classification. o Elements of sentences -
Subject, Object and Verb. o Words & Their Classification. o
Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Indeclinable, Adjective and Voices.
Chapter 2: Active Voice ( / kartRRivaachya)
Chapter 3: Verb Forms (Tenses & Moods) - / tiN^antapada ( /
lakaara)
o Present -> / laTlakaara o Future -> / lRRiTlakaara o
Past -> / laN^lakaara o Command -> / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara o
Should/May -> / vidhailiN^lakaara o Verb Forms - Practice
Sentences 1
Chapter 4: Noun Forms (Cases) - / suvantapada ( / vibhakti) o
Nominative -> / prathamaa o Accusative -> / dvitiiyaa o
Instrumental -> / tRRitiiya o Dative -> / chaturthii o
Ablative -> / panchamii o Genitive -> / ShaShThii o Locative
-> / saptamii o Vocative -> / sambodhana o Noun Forms -
Practice Sentences 1
-
Chapter 5: Indeclinable - / avyaya o (avyaya) o (upasarga) o
(nipaata)
Chapter 6: Verb Forms (Affixes) - / kRRidantapada ( / kRRit
pryatya)
o (tumun pratyaya) o (ktvaach pratyaya) o (lyap pratyaya) o
(lyuT pratyaya) o (ktavatu pratyaya) o (kta pratyaya)
o (aniiyar pratyaya) o (tavyat pratyaya) o (yat pratyaya) o
(shatRRi pratyaya) o (shaanach pratyaya) o (ktin pratyaya) o (ghJNj
pratyaya) o (khal pratyaya) o Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 2
Chapter 7: Verb Forms (Affixes)
o (Nijanta pratyaya) o (sannanta pratyaya) o (yaN^nta pratyaya)
o (naamadhaatu pratyaya) o Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 3
-
Chapter 8: Noun Forms (Affixes) - (taddhitapada) o (aN pratyaya)
o (tval pratyaya) o (tal pratyaya) o (mayaT pratyaya) o (in
pratyaya) o (matup pratyaya)
Chapter 9: Adjectives ( / visheShaNa) Chapter 10: Passive Voice
( / karmvaachya) Chapter 11: Impersonal Voice ( /
bhaavavaachya)
Chapter 12: Miscellaneous Topics o (anusvaara) Rules Or Using
(anusvaara) vs. (m) o (Natva) Rules Or Using (Na) vs. (na)
o (strii prakaraNa) - Gender Conversion Rules
Chapter 13: References o Noun Forms -> / sabdarupa o Verb
Forms -> / dhaaturupa
Advanced Grammar
Chapter 14: Euphonic Combination -> / sandhi o / svarasandhi
o / vyaJnjanasandhi o / visargasandhi
-
Chapter 15: Compound Words ( / samaasaH) o / tatpuruSha o /
karmadhaaraaya o / vahubriihiH o / dvandva o / dvigu o /
avyayiibhaava
Chapter 16: Alankara ( / alaN^kaara) Chapter 17: Chanda ( /
chhchandaH) Chapter 18: Anvaya Rachana ( / anvayarachanaa)
>
Introduction: Sanskrit language has scripts or alphabets for
writing, and
grammatical rules for sentence formation, just like any other
language (English for example). In this chapter we will get an
overview of this. The
details with their grammatical rules will be covered in
subsequent chapters.
Alphabets & Their Classification: In Sanskrit language
Devanagari Script is the mostly used script for writing. Most of
the Sanskrit literature are in this
script. Following is the list of the alphabets in their correct
order.
a
aa
i
ii
u
uu
RRi
RRI
e
ai
o
au
k
kh
g
gh
N^
ch
chh
j
jh
JN
T
Th
D
Dh
N
t
th
d
dh
n
p
ph
b
bh
m
y
r
l
v
sh
Sh
s
h
ksh
dny
All these alphabets are classified into two major groups
i.e.,
-
Vowels or (svaravarNa): Alphabets starting from (a) till (au)
are the vowels. These are further classified into (hrasva) and
(diirgha). The (diirgha) are pronounced double the length (or time)
of (hrasva).
hrasva
a
aa
i
u
e
ai
o
au
diirgha
ii
uu
RRi
RRI
Consonants or (vyaJNjanavarNa): Alphabets starting from (k) till
(dny) are the consonants. Some of the consonants are further
classified into different groups called (varga). Following table
has this classification. Some of the gramatical rules for
Euphonic
Combination or (sandhi) and Compound Words or (samaasa) are
based on these (varga).
kavarga
k
kh
g
gh
N^
chaavarga
ch
chh
j
jh
JN
Taavarga
T
Th
D
Dh
N
tavarga
t
th
d
dh
n
pavarga
p
ph
b
bh
m
We will refere these classifications, while covering the
Euphonic
Combination or (sandhi) and Compound Words or (samaasa).
Sentence Formation Overview: In Sanskrit just like any other
language (English for example) a sentence is made of different
elements. The elements are "Subject", "Object", and "Verb". A
sentence may or may not have an Object
in it.
-
Lets study the following English sentence to understand these
basic
elements better.
The boy is reading a book.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "reading" is "Verb" and
the "book" is the "Object". The boy is reading a book.
--- ------- -----
| | |
Subject Verb Object
If we ask the question "who is reading?", the answer that comes
is "the boy". So, the "boy" here is the Subject. It is also called
the "Noun".
The answer that comes in response to question "what is the boy
doing?" is "reading". The "reading" here is the "Verb".
Similarly the answer to "what is the boy reading?" is "book".
The "book" becomes the "Object".
Now study the following statement. The boy is laughing.
In the sentence "boy" is the "Subject", "laughing" is "Verb".
But, there is no "Object" in this sentence. The boy is
laughing.
--- -------
| |
Subject Verb
If we ask the question "what is the boy laughing?", no answer
comes from this. So, laughing becomes an "Intranstive Verb".
However in the first sentence "what is the boy reading?" gives
answer "book". In this case the "reading" becomes a "Transitive
Verb".
Now that we have understood the basic elements of a sentence, we
will
begin with more details of Sanskrit language.
-
In Sanskrit:
Subject is called -> / kartaa Object is called -> / karma
Verb is called -> / kriyaa Transitive Verb is called -> /
sakarmaka Intransitive Verb is called -> / akarmaka
So, in the above statements: The boy is reading a book.
--- ------- -----
| | |
Subject Verb Object
| | |
/kartaa /kriyaa( / sakarmaka) /karma The boy is laughing.
--- -------
| |
Subject Verb
| |
/kartaa /kriyaa ( / akarmaka)
Words & Their Classification: In any language a sentence is
madeup of multiple
words composed in a well defined structure giving a sensible
meaning to the sentence. These words can be categorised into three
different types viz.,
Noun
Verb Indeclinable
Besides the above classifications nouns and verbs can also be
part of following categories with minor derivations like addition
of 'ility', 'ily', 'tion',
'ing' etc., as well as based on their usage and grammatical
rules:
Pronoun Adjective
Adverb
In Sanskrit also words are classified into similar categories.
Following is a
representation of the important classifications. We can see the
classification is almost same as any other language. Each
classification has been
described in the coming chapters.
-
|--------------- Noun Root ( / shabda) | |
| |
| --------------------------------
| | |
| | suvantapada taddhitapada
| |
| |
| -----------------------------------------------
| | | |
| Masculine Feminine Neuter
| | puliN^ga striiliN^ga
napuN^sakalinga
Word ( / pada) ----| |
|--------------- Verb Root ( / dhaatu) | |
| |
| ----------------------------------------------------------
----
| | | | | |
|
| | tiN^atapada kRRidantapada Nijanta sannanta yaN^nta
naamadhaatu
| |
| |
|
-----------------------------------------------------------
-
| | |
|
| | parasmaipadii aatmanepadii
ubhayapadii
|
|
|--------------- Indeclinable ( / avyaya) |
|
----------------------------------------
| | |
avyaya upasarga nipaata
Nouns ( / shabda): Noun is the word that represents someone or
something in
a sentence. Noun normally refers to person, place, thing, state
or quality
etc. A noun is the only word that can be used as the subject or
object for a verb.
Noun in Sanskrit is called (shabda) or noun-root. It is also
called
-
(kartRRipada). Noun can be classified into (suvantapada) and
(taddhitapada).
(suvantapada): This classification is based on the gender,
number
and case of the noun. The noun-forms are used to express
something
or someone etc. or suvantapada meaning - words ending with (sup)
suffix. In this classification:
o Nouns are categorised into three different "genders" ( /
liN^ga) viz., "masculine" ( / pu.nliN^ga), "feminine" ( /
striiliN^ga) and "neuter" ( / napu.nsakaliN^ga).
o Each noun also has three "numbers" ( / vachana) and 7 "cases"
( / vibhakti).
Each noun has a different derivation based on the "number"
and
"case". Unlike other languages, in Sanskrit the noun has its
different
forms built into itself. The "noun base" is called (shabda) and
the "derived noun forms" are called (shabdarupa). So, in the
previous statement is the "base" ( / shabda) of noun "BOY" and is
one of the derived noun forms ( / shabdarupa).
(taddhitapada): In this classification special suffixes are
added to the
noun to get noun forms used as - subject, adjectives,
indeclinable etc.
We will start with first 2 cases and all three numbers of
(suvantapada) BOY ( / baalaka) and GIRL ( / vaalaa) / shabda. Once
we know how to use noun forms ( / shabdarupa) in sentences, we will
cover all the cases and their usage rules.
Boy / / baalaka (Masculine / / pu.nliN^ga)
-
Case
/ vibhakti
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dvivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Nominative
(Subject)
/ prathamaa / baalakaH
(the boy)
/ baalakau (two boys)
/ baalakaaH (the boys)
Accusative (Object)
/ dvitiiyaa / baalakam
(to the boy)
/ balakau (to two boys)
/ baalakaan (to the boys)
Girl / / baalaa (Femenine / / striiliN^ga)
Case
/ vibhakti
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dvivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Nominative
(Subject)
/ prathamaa / baalaa
(the girl)
/ baale (two girls)
/ baalaaH (the girls)
Accusative
(Object)
/ dvitiiyaa / baalaam
(to the girl)
/ balae (to two girls)
/ baalaaH (to the girls)
Examples of noun form ( / shabdarupa):
The boy -> / baalakaH Many boys -> / baalakaaH To the boy
-> / baalakam To the boys -> / baalakaan The girl -> /
baalaa Many girls -> / baalaaH To the girl -> / baalaam To
the girls -> / baalaaH
-
The complete noun form ( / shabdarupa) for (baalaka shabda) will
have 7 different forms for each number. The singular forms
include "the boy", "to the boy", "by the boy", "for/tothe boy",
"from the boy", "of the boy", and "in the boy". Besides these 7
forms an additional
vocative ("O! boy") case is also their.
All these we will study in detail in coming chapters. The
complete (shabdarupa) is listed in Chapter 13.
Followings are few more nouns ( / shabdarupa). We will use these
in sentences later in this chapter.
School / / vidyaalaya (Masculine / / pu.nliN^ga)
Case
/ vibhakti
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dvivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Nominative
/ prathamaa
/ vidyaalayaH
/ vidyaalayau
/ vidyaalayaaH
Accusative
/ dvitiiyaa
/ vidyaalayam
/ vidyaalayau
/ vidyaalayaan
Book / / pustaka (Nuter / / napu.nsakaliN^ga)
Case
/ vibhakti
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dvivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Nominative
/ prathamaa
/ pustakam / pustake / pustakaani
Accusative
/ dvitiiyaa
/ pustakam / pustake / pustakaani
*** In / akaaraanta nuter ( / napu.nsakaliN^ga), both
-
Nominative and Accusative cases have the same form.
Me / / asmad (All Genders / / triliN^gaka)
Case
/ vibhakti
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dvivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Nominative
/ prathamaa
/ aham / aavaam / vayam
Accusative
/ dvitiiyaa
/ maam / maa
/ aavaam / nau
/ asmaan / naH
You / / yusmad (All Genders / / triliN^gaka)
Case
/ vibhakti
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dvivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Nominative
/ prathamaa
/ tvam / yuvaam / yuuyam
Accusative
/ dvitiiyaa
/ tvaam / tvaa
/ yuvaam / vaam
/ yuShmaan / vaH
Pronouns ( / sarvanaama pada): Words like he, she, this, that,
these etc., are
called pronoun. Pronouns in Sanskrit are called (sarvanaama
pada). The rules for pronouns are exactly same as the nouns ( /
shabda).
Verb ( / dhaatu): Verb normally refers to action, state,
existence or occurrence
etc. Verb in Sanskrit is called (dhaatu) or verb root. It is
also known as
-
(kriyaapada). It can be classified into (tiN^atapada) and
(kRRidantapada).
(tiN^atapada): This classification is based on the tense and
mood of
the verb. The verb-forms are used as normal verbs to express
some
action or state etc. or tiN^atapada meaning - words ending with
(tip) suffix. In this classification:
o Each Verb can have any of the 10 tenses ( / lakaara). Howver
only 5 are enough to use Sanskrit in daily life.
o Each verb can be of three different numbers, Singular ( /
ekavachana), Dual ( / dviivachana) and Plural ( / bahuvachana).
o Each verb can be of three persons viz., Third ( / prathama),
Second ( / madhyama) and First ( / uttama).
o Each verb can belong to categories (parasmaipadii),
(aatmanepadii) or (ubhayapadii). Verbs of (parasmaipadii) category
represent 'action whose result is for others'. (aatmanepadii)
represents 'action whose result is for self', and (ubhayapadii)
represents 'action whose result is both for others and self'.
Just like noun ( / shabda), each verb ( / dhaatu) also has
different derivations based on the "tense", "number' and "person".
This
is called "verb form" ( / dhaaturupa). The verb-forms differ
based on this category. The "root" of a verb is called (dhaatu).
(dhaatu) does not have any "gender".
(kRRidantapada): In this classification special suffixes are
added to
the verb to get verb-forms used as - subject, pronoun,
adjectives,
indeclinable etc.
Followings are the (tiN^atapada) verb-forms ( / dhaatutupa)
of
-
READ ( / paTH) (dhaatu) and GO ( / gam) (dhaatu) in present
tense ( / laTlakaara). Once we are acquainted with the verb usage
in a sentence, we will cover all other different forms.
Read / / paTh
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama / paThati (is reading)
/ paThataH (both are reading)
/ paThanti (many are reading)
Second
/ madhyama / paThasi
(you are reading)
/ paThathaH (you two are
reading)
/ paThatha (you all reading)
First
/ uttama / paThaami (i am reading)
/ paThaavaH (both of us
reading)
/ paThaamaH
(all of us reading)
Go / / gam
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama /
gachchhati
(is going)
/ gachchhataH
(both are going)
/ gachchhanti
(many are going)
Second
/ madhyama
/ gachchhasi
(you are going)
/ gachchhathaH (you two are
going)
/ gachchhatha
(you all are going)
-
First
/ uttama /
gachchhaami
(i am going)
/ gachchhaavaH
(both of us going)
/ gachchhaamaH
(all of us going)
Lets study a sample use of shabdarupa and dhaaturupa using the
above. These will help in learning the sentence formation
rules.
the boy is reading - / baalakaH paThati the boys are reading - /
baalakaaH paThanti
the girl is reading - / baala paThati the girls are reading - /
baalaaH paThanti
you are reading - / tvam paThasi you all are reading - / yuyam
paThata
i am reading - / aham paThaami we are reading - / vayam
paThaamaH
All the sentences above have the "Subject" ( / kartaa) and a
"Verb" ( / kriyaa). In all the sentences, the number ( / vachana)
and person ( / puruSha) of the "Verb" ( / kriyaa) match number ( /
vachana) and person ( / puruSha) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).
Say in the sentence "the boy is reading" ( / baalakaH paThati),
the "boy" ( / baalakaH) is in third person singular ( /
prathamapuruSha ekavachana). Similarly the "Verb" ( / kriyaa) is
also in third person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
However the verb does not change if the gender of the "Subject"
change.
This can be seen in the sentence "the girl is reading" ( /
baalaa paThati).
Rule 1: The verb ( / dhaatu) always follows number ( / vachana)
and person ( / puruSha) of the noun ( / shabda).
Rule 2: The verb ( / dhaatu) remains same irrespective of the
gender ( / liN^ga) of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).
Rule 3: The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in second
-
person ( / madhyamapuruSha), if the noun used is (asmad shabda).
The verb form ( / dhaaturupa) is always in first person ( /
uttamapuruSha), if the noun used is (yusmad shabda). All other
nouns will always be in third person ( / prathamapuruSha).
Indeclinable ( / avyayapada): Indeclinable in Sanskrit is called
(avyayapada). Unlike shabdarupa and dhaaturupa / avyayapada do not
change in its form. It remains same irrespective of gender,
number,
person and tense. Followings are few examples:
kutra / - where atra / - here tatra / - there api / - too
Few sample statements using indeclinable ( / avyayapada): where
is the boy going - / baalakaH kutra gachchhati the boy is going
there - / baalakaH tatra gachchhati
where are the boys going - / baalakaaH kutra gachchhanti the
boys are going there - / baalakaaH tatra gachchhanti
Note that the (avyayapada) remains the same irrespective of the
number, and person of the "Subject" ( / kartaa).
Rule 4: Indeclinables ( / avyayapada) never change in form and
remain same irrespective of the person and number of the
"Subject" ( /kartaa).
Adjective ( / visheShaNa): Adjective is the word that expresses
an attribute or
property of something or someone. Only nouns can be used
adjectives. In
Sanskrit it is called (visheShaNa). Adjective always follows the
gender ( / liN^ga) and number ( / vachana) of the subject or the
word for which it is an adjective. Followings are few examples:
blue sky - / nilaH aakaashaH white cloud - / svetaH meghaH In
above sentences the words blue and white represent an attribute of
sky
and cloud. So, these are adjectives for the words sky and cloud
respectively.
-
Voice ( / vaachya): In Sanskrit sentence can be in any of the
following three
voices. 'Impersonal Voice' is specific to Sanskrit language only
and this sentence formation is normally not seen in other languages
like English.
1. Active voice or (kartRRI vaachya). 2. Passive voice or (karma
vaachya). 3. Impersonal voice or (bhava vaachya).
Now that we know the basics of Sanskrit sentence formation,
their different
elements, classification of alphabets and words, we will study
the rules in detail in subsequent chapters.
>
Active Voice ( / kartRRIvaachya): We will study "Active Voice"
in this chapter
with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in
chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices
except chapter 7
and 8.
Study the following statements.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
( / kartaa)
Verb
( / kriyaa)
Object
( / karma)
1. The boy is
going
baalaH gachchhati
The boy
/ baalaH
going
/ gachchhati
-
2. I am going aha.n gachchhami
I am
/ aha.n
going
/ gachchhami
-
3. The boy is
reading
baalaH pathati
The boy
/ baalaH
reading
/ pathati
-
4. I am reading aha.n pathaami
I am
/ aha.n
reading
/ pathaami
-
5. The boy is
going to school
baalaH
vidyaalayam
The boy
/ baalaH
going
/ gachchhati
to school
/ vidyaalayam
-
gachchhati
6. I am going to
school
aha.n vidyaalayam
gachchhami
I am
/ aha.n
going
/ gachchhami
to school
/ vidyaalayam
7. The boy is
reading the book
baalakaH pustakam
paThati
The boy
/ baalakaH
reading
/ pathati
the book
/ pustakam
8. I am reading
the book
aha.n pustakam
paThaami
I am
/ aha.n
reading
/ pathaami
the book
/ pustakam
These are all examples of Active Voice or (kartRRivaachya).
Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or (karma) in them. So
these are intransitive or (akarmaka kartRRivachya).
Rule 5: In a (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or (kartaa) is
always in the "nominative case" or (prathamaa vibhakti).
Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or (karma) like (vidyaalayam),
(pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or (sakarmaka
kartRRivachya).
Rule 6: In a (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or (karma) is always
in the "accusative case" or (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).
>
Verb Forms ( / tiN^antapada): In chapter 1 we were introduced
with verb ( / kriyaa) and its use. We learnt that in Sanskrit
(dhaatu) is the base or root of all verbs. Each verb is a
derivative or (dhaaturupa) of it's root. We also learnt that in a
sentence the verb ( / dhaatu) always follows the person ( /
puruSha) and number ( / vachana) in which the Subject or (kartaa)
is. Verb normally refers to action, state, existence or occurrence
etc.
-
In this chapter we will study the 5 mostly used verb-forms or
(lakaara) out of 10 verb-forms that a verb can have. The 5
verb-forms covered are enough for day-to-day use of Sanskrit.
Verb or (dhaatu) has 10 different (tiN^antapada) forms known as
(lakaara) and they are listed below.
/ laTlakaara / lRRiTlakaara / laN^lakaara /
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara / vidhailiN^lakaara
/ liTlakaara / lRRiTlakaara / aashiiliN^lakaara / luN^lakaara /
lRRiN^lakaara
We will study the first 5 verb-forms in detail, in coming
chapters. Followings
are some common features of different (lakaara) in Sanskrit.
Each (lakaara) has verb-forms for three persons ( / puruSha) and
three numbers ( / vachana). So, in total each (lakaara) has 9
different verb-forms or (dhaaturupa) in it.
The persons are third person ( / prathamapuruSha), second person
( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha).
(dhaaturupa) in first person ( / uttamapuruSha) are always used
with (asmad) i.e., 'Me' as the Subject in the sentence.
(dhaaturupa) in second person ( /
-
madhyamapuruSha) is always used with (yusmad) i.e., 'You' as
Subject in the sentence. The third person ( / prathamapuruSha) is
used in all other cases.
Similarly each person ( / puruSha) has three numbers ( /
vachana), which are singlar ( / ekavachana), dual ( / dviivachana)
and plural ( / bahuvachana).
The number ( / vachana) of the (dhaaturupa) always follows the
number ( / vachana) of the Subject or (shabdarupa) in the sentence.
The gender ( / liN^ga) of the Subject does not affect the
(dhaaturupa).
In coming chapters we will study the different verb-forms ( /
dhaaturupa) in detail. For easier and simpler study while
describing the
different verb-forms we have used / paTh (read) and / gam (go) /
dhaatu for sentence formation. At the end of each chapter Practice
Sentences are given using many commonly used nouns and verbs.
Studying the Practice Sentences will help building a good
vocabulary for day-to-day conversasion in Sanskrit.
>
/ laTlakaara (Present Tense): (laTlakaara) represents verb-forms
in present tense ( / vartamaanakaala). So, while forming a sentence
which is in present tense, the verb ( / kriaa) has to be in
(laTlakaara).
The complete / laTlakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) /
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study
the
following sentences. These are in (vartamaanakaala) or present
tense.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
-
Present Tense - Third Person Singular
/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy is
reading.
baalakaH paThati
baalaka
paTh
-
2. The girl is
reading.
baalikaa paThati
baalikaa
paTh
-
3. Rama is
reading.
raamaH paThati
raama
paTh
-
4. Sita is
reading.
siitaa paThati
siitaa
paTh
-
5. The boy is
going.
baalakaH
gachchhati
baalaka
gam
-
6. The girl is
going.
baalikaa
gachchhati
baalikaa
gam
-
Present Tense - Third Person Plural
/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana
7. The boys are
reading.
baalakaaH
paThanti
baalaka
paTh
-
8. The girls are
reading.
baalikaaH
paThati
baalikaa
paTh
-
9. Students are
reading.
chchhaatraaH
paThati
chchhaatra
paTh
-
10. Clearks are
reading.
lipikaaraaH
paThanti
lipikaara
paTh
-
11. The boys are
going.
baalakaaH
baalaka
gam
-
-
gachchhanti
12. The girls
are going.
baalikaaH
gachchhanti
baalikaa
gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person
singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd
person plural ( / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb
( / paThanti) is also in / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb
(paTh). One thing we can note that the gender of Subject does not
affect the verb-
form in use. Only the number and person are followed by verb. In
case
sentences 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 the Subject are in musculine
( / puN^linga) gender. In case of sentences 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 the
Subject are
in feminine ( / striiliN^ga). However in neither case the verb
depends upon the gender.
All the above sentences were in third person ( /
prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These
are in second person
( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha).
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Second Person Singular
/ / vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You are
going.
tva.n gachchhasi
yusmad
gam
-
-
14. You are
reading.
tva.n paThasi
yusmad
paTh
-
Present Tense - First Person Singular
/ vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I am going.
aha.n
gachchhaami
asmad
gam
-
16. I am reading. aha.n paThaami
asmad
paTh
-
Present Tense - Second Person Plural
/ vartamaanakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana
17. You all are
going.
yua.n
gachchhatha
yusmad
gam
-
18. You all are
reading.
yua.n paThatha
yusmad
paTh
-
Present Tense - First Person Plural
/ vartamaanakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana
19. We all are
going.
vaya.n
gachchhaamaH
asmad
gam
-
20. We all are
reading.
vaya.n paThaamaH
asmad
paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person
singular
( / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the
Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( / madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences
the Subject used is (yusmad) (shabda). In case of second person
the kartaa is always (yusmad) (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular
(
-
/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is
in first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these
sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first
person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda). As we know unlike
English or any other language, Sanskrit language has
three different numbers viz., singular, plural and dual. This
dual number is specific to Sanskrit and must be used accordingly.
The followings are the
dual number form of above sentences.
/ English / Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Present Tense - Dual
/ vartamaanakaala dvivachana
21. Two boys are
reading.
baalakau
paThataH
baalaka
paTh
-
22. Two girls are
reading.
baalike
paThataH
baalikaa
paTh
-
23. Two boys are
going.
baalakau
gachchhataH
baalaka
gam
-
24. Two girls are
going.
baalike
gachchhataH
baalikaa
gam
-
25. Two students
are reading.
chchhatrau
paThataH
chchhaatra
paTh
-
26. Two clearks
are reading.
lipikaarau
paThataH
lipikaara
paTh
-
27. Both of you
are going.
yuvaa.n
gachchhathaH
yusmad
gam
-
-
28. Both of you
are reading.
yuvaa.n
paThathaH
yusmad
paTh
-
29. Both of us
are going.
aavaa.n
gachchhaavaH
asmad
gam
-
30. Both of us
are reading.
aavaa.n
paThaavaH
asmad
paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
a collection of
many Sanskrit sentences using / laTlakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in
those.
In the next chapter we will study (lRRiTlakaara) or future
tense.
Read / / paTh : / laTlakaara
(Present tense / / vartamaanakaala)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama / paThati / paThataH / paThanti
Second
/ madhyama / paThasi / paThathaH / paThatha
First
/ uttama / paThaami /
paThaavaH
/ paThaamaH
Go / / gam : / laTlakaara
(Present tense / / vartamaanakaala)
-
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama /
gachchhati
/ gachchhataH
/ gachchhanti
Second
/ madhyama
/ gachchhasi
/ gachchhathaH
/ gachchhatha
First
/ uttama /
gachchhaami
/ gachchhaavaH
/ gachchhaamaH
>
/ lRRiTlakaara (Future Tense): In previous chapter we studied
about present
tense. In this chapter we will study about future tense.
(lRRiTlakaara) verb-forms represent the future tense in a sentence.
So,
while forming sentences in future tense we need to use
verbd-forms from
(lRRiTlakaara).
The complete / lRRiTlakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) /
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study
the following sentences. These are in (bhaviShyatakaala) or future
tense.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Third Person Singular
/ vartamaanakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy will
read.
vaalakaH
baalaka
paTh
-
-
paThiShyati
2. The girl
will read.
baalikaa
paThiShyati
baalikaa
paTh
-
3. Rama will
read.
raamaH paThiShyati
raama
paTh
-
4. Sita will
read.
siitaa paThiShyati
siitaa
paTh
-
5. The boy will
go.
baalakaH
gamiShyati
baalaka
gam
-
6. The girl
will go.
baalikaa
gamiShyati
baalikaa
gam
-
Future Tense - Third Person Plural
/ bhaviShyatakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana
7. The boys
will read.
baalakaaH
paThiShyanti
baalaka
paTh
-
8. The girls
will read.
baalikaaH
paThiShyanti
baalikaa
paTh
-
9. Students
will read.
chchhaatraaH
paThiShyanti
chchhaatra
paTh
-
10. Clearks
will read.
lipikaaraaH
paThiShyanti
lipikaara
paTh
-
11. The boys
will go.
baalakaaH
gamiShyanti
baalaka
gam
-
12. The girls
will go.
baalikaaH
gamiShyanti
baalikaa
gam
-
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person
singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd
person plural ( / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb
( / paThanti) is also in / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( /
prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These
are in second person
( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha).
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Second Person Singular
/ bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You will go. tva.n gamiShyasi
yusmad
gam
-
14. You will
read.
tva.n paThiShyasi
yusmad
paTh
-
Future Tense - First Person Singular
/ bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I will go. aha.n gamiShyaami
asmad
gam
-
16. I will read.
aha.n
paThiShyaami
asmad
paTh
-
Future Tense - Second Person Plural
-
/ bhaviShyatakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana
17. You all will
go.
yua.n gamiShyatha
yusmad
gam
-
18. You all will
read.
yua.n
paThiShyatha
yusmad
paTh
-
Future Tense - First Person Plural
/ bhaviShyatakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana
19. We all will
go.
vaya.n
gamiShyaamaH
asmad
gam
-
20. We all will
read.
vaya.n
paThiShyaamaH
asmad
paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person
singular
( / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the
Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( / madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences
the Subject used is (yusmad) (shabda). In case of second person
the kartaa is always (yusmad) (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (
/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in
first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these
sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first
person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda).
You may have observed that the verb forms in future tense ( /
lRRiTlakaara) are similar to present tense ( / laTlakaara) with a
minor deviation. In case of a (paTh dhaatu), the form can be
derived from the form by inserting (iShya) before the (tip) end.
For most verb forms this is true.
-
Rule: For most verbs, the form can be derived from the form by
inserting (iShya) before the (tip) end.
However some verbs take a slightly different form in their
overall formation.
In case of (gam dhaatu) instead of / gachchhiShyati the correct
form is / gamiShyati and so on. This deviations should be kept in
mind for such specific verbs.
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Future Tense - Dual
/ bhaviShyatakaala dvivachana
21. Two boys
will read.
baalakau
paThiShyataH
baalaka
paTh
-
22. Two girls
will read.
baalike
paThiShyataH
baalikaa
paTh
-
23. Two boys
will go.
baalakau
gamiShyataH
baalaka
gam
-
24. Two girls
will go.
baalike
gamiShyataH
baalikaa
gam
-
25. Two students
will read.
chchhatrau
paThiShyataH
chchhaatra
paTh
-
26. Two clearks
will read.
lipikaarau
paThiShyataH
lipikaara
paTh
-
27. Both of you
will go.
yuvaa.n
yusmad
gam
-
-
gamiShyathaH
28. Both of you
will read.
yuvaa.n
paThiShyathaH
yusmad
paTh
-
29. Both of us
will go.
aavaa.n
gamiShyaavaH
asmad
gam
-
30. Both of us
will read.
aavaa.n
paThiShyaavaH
asmad
paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
a collection of
many Sanskrit sentences using / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in
those.
In the next chapter we will study (laN^lakaara) or past
tense.
Read / / paTh : / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / / bhaviShyatakaala)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama /
paThiShyati
/ paThiShyataH
/ paThiShyanti
Second
/ madhyama
/ paThiShyasi
/ paThiShyathaH
/ paThiShyatha
First
/ uttama /
paThiShyaami
/ paThiShyaabaH
/ paThiShyaamaH
-
Go / / gam : / lRRiTlakaara
(Future tense / / bhaviShyatakaala)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama /
gamiShyati
/ gamiShyataH
/ gamiShyanti
Second
/ madhyama
/ gamiShyasi
/ gamiShyathaH
/ gamiShyatha
First
/ uttama /
gamiShyaami
/ gamiShyaavaH
/ gamiShyaamaH
>
/ laN^lakaara (Past Tense): In previous chapter we studied about
future
tense. In this chapter we will study about past tense.
(laN^lakaara) verb-forms represent the past tense in a sentence.
So, while forming
sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from
(laN^lakaara).
The complete / laN^lakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go) /
dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study
the following sentences. These are in (bhutakaala) or past
tense.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Third Person Singular
/ bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
-
1. The boy was
reading.
baalakaH apaThat
baalaka
paTh
-
2. The girl was
reading.
baalikaa apaThat
baalikaa
paTh
-
3. Rama was
reading.
raamaH apaThat
raama
paTh
-
4. Sita was
reading.
siitaa apaThat
siitaa
paTh
-
5. The boy was
going.
baalakaH
agachchhat
baalaka
gam
-
6. The girl was
going.
baalikaa
agachchhat
baalikaa
gam
-
Past Tense - Third Person Plural
/ bhutakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)
7. The boys were
reading.
baalakaaH
apaThan
baalaka
paTh
-
8. The girls were
reading.
baalikaaH
apaThan
baalikaa
paTh
-
9. Students were
reading.
chchhaatraaH
apaThan
chchhaatra
paTh
-
10. Clearks were
reading.
lipikaaraaH
apaThan
lipikaara
paTh
-
11. The boys were
going.
baalakaaH
agachchhan
baalaka
gam
-
12. The girls
were going.
baalikaaH
agachchhan
baalikaa
gam
-
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person
singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd
person plural ( / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb
( / paThanti) is also in / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( /
prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These
are in second person
( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha).
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Second Person Singular
/ bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You were
going.
tva.n agachchhaH
yusmad
gam
-
14. You were
reading.
tva.n apaThaH
yusmad
paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Singular
/ bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I was going. aha.n agachchham
asmad
gam
-
16. I was
reading.
aha.n apaTham
asmad
paTh
-
Past Tense - Second Person Plural
/ bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
17. You all were
going. -
-
yua.n
agachchhata
yusmad gam
18. You all were
reading.
yua.n apaThata
yusmad
paTh
-
Past Tense - First Person Plural
/ bhutakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)
19. We all were
going.
vaya.n
agachchhaama
asmad
gam
-
20. We all were
reading.
vaya.n apaThaama
asmad
paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person
singular
( / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the
Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( / madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences
the Subject used is (yusmad) (shabda). In case of second person
the kartaa is always (yusmad) (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (
/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in
first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these
sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first
person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda).
The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Past Tense - Dual
/ bhutakaala dvivachana)
21. Two boys were
reading.
baalakau
apaThataam
baalaka
paTh
-
-
22. Two girls
were reading.
baalike
apaThataam
baalikaa
paTh
-
23. Two boys were
going.
baalakau
apaThataam
baalaka
gam
-
24. Two girls
were going.
baalike
agachchhataam
baalikaa
gam
-
25. Two students
were reading.
chchhatrau
apaThataam
chchhaatra
paTh
-
26. Two clearks
were reading.
lipikaarau
apaThataam
lipikaara
paTh
-
27. Both of you
were going.
yuvaa.n
agachchhatam
yusmad
gam
-
28. Both of you
were reading.
yuvaa.n
apaThatam
yusmad
paTh
-
29. Both of us
were going.
aavaa.n
agachchhaava
asmad
gam
-
30. Both of us
were reading.
aavaa.n
apaThaava
asmad
paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
a collection of
many Sanskrit sentences using / laN^lakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in
those.
In the next chapter we will study (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or
verb-forms representing commands and requests.
-
Read / / paTh : / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / / bhutakaala)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama / apaThat /
apaThataam / apaThan
Second
/ madhyama / apaThaH /
apaThatam / apaThata
First
/ uttama / apaTham /
apaThaava
/ apaThaama
Go / / gam : / laN^lakaara
(Past tense / / bhutakaala)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama /
agachchhat
/ agachchhataam
/ agachchhan
Second
/ madhyama
/ agachchhaH
/ agachchhatam
/ agachchhata
First
/ uttama /
agachchham
/ agachchhaava
/ agachchhaama
>
-
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara (Imperative Mood - Commands &
Requests): In previous
three chapters we studied about tenses. In this chapter we will
study about verb-forms used in imerative mood. These verb-forms are
used while giving
commands or requests. (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) verb-forms
represent these.
The complete / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam
(go) / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference.
Study the following sentences. These are in imperative mood.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood - Third Person Singular
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. Let the boy
read.
baalakaH paThatu
baalaka
paTh
-
2. Let the girl
read.
baalikaa paThatu
baalikaa
paTh
-
3. Let Rama
read.
raamaH paThatu
raama
paTh
-
4. Let Sita
read.
siitaa paThatu
siitaa
paTh
-
5. Let the boy
go.
baalakaH
gachchhatu
baalaka
gam
-
6. Let the girl
go.
baalikaa
gachchhatu
baalikaa
gam
-
Imperative Mood - Third Person Plural
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)
7. Let the boys
read.
baalakaaH
baalaka
paTh
-
-
paThantu
8. Let the girls
read.
baalikaaH
paThantu
baalikaa
paTh
-
9. Let the
students read.
chchhaatraaH
paThantu
chchhaatra
paTh
-
10. Let the
clearks read.
lipikaaraaH
paThantu
lipikaara
paTh
-
11. Let the boys
go.
baalakaaH
gachchhantu
baalaka
gam
-
12. Let the
girls go.
baalikaaH
gachchhantu
baalikaa
gam
-
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person
singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd
person plural ( / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb
( / paThanti) is also in / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( /
prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These
are in second person
( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha).
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
-
Imperative Mood - Second Person Singular
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You go. tva.n gachchha
yusmad
gam
-
14. You read. tva.n paTha
yusmad
paTh
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Singular
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. Let me go.
aha.n
gachchhaani
asmad
gam
-
16. Let me read. aha.n paThaani
asmad
paTh
-
Imperative Mood - Second Person Plural
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
17. You all go. yua.n gachchhata
yusmad
gam
-
18. You all
read.
yua.n paThata
yusmad
paTh
-
Imperative Mood - First Person Plural
/ aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)
19. Let us all
go.
vaya.n
gachchhaama
asmad
gam
-
20. Let us all
read.
vaya.n paThaama
asmad
paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person
singular
( / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the
Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( /
-
madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these
sentences
the Subject used is (yusmad) (shabda). In case of second person
the kartaa is always (yusmad) (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (
/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in
first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these
sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first
person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda). The followings are
the dual number form of above sentences.
/ English / Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Imperative Mood Dual ( / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara dvivachana)
21. Let the two
boys read.
baalakau
paThataam
baalaka
paTh
-
22. Let the two
girls read.
baalike
paThataam
baalikaa
paTh
-
23. Let the two
boys go.
baalakau
gachchhataam
baalaka
gam
-
24. Let the two
girls go.
baalike
gachchhataam
baalikaa
gam
-
25. Let the two
students read.
chchhatrau
paThataam
chchhaatra
paTh
-
26. Let the two
clearks read.
lipikaarau
paThataam
lipikaara
paTh
-
-
27. Both of you
go.
yuvaa.n
gachchhatam
yusmad
gam
-
28. Both of you
read.
yuvaa.n paThatam
yusmad
paTh
-
29. Let both of
us go.
aavaa.n
gachchhaava
asmad
gam
-
30. Let both of
us read.
aavaa.n paThaava
asmad
paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
a collection of
many Sanskrit sentences using / lRRiTlakaara are given. You will
know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( / dhaatu) in
those.
In the next chapter we will study (vidhailiN^lakaara) or
optative mood.
Read / / paTh : / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama / paThatu /
paThataam / paThantu
Second
/ madhyama / paTha / paThatam / paThata
First
/ uttama / paThaani / paThaava / paThaama
-
Go / / gam : / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative Mood - Commands & Requests)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama /
gachchhatu
/ gachchhataam
/ gachchhantu
Second
/ madhyama
/ gachchha / gachchhatam
/ gachchhata
First
/ uttama /
gachchhaani
/ gachchhaava
/ gachchhaama
>
/ vidhailiN^lakaara (Optative Mood - Should or May): In previous
chapter we
studied about imperative mood. In this chapter we will study
about optative
mood. (vidhailiN^lakaara) verb-forms represent sentences in
optative mood. So, any sentence indicating possibility of something
verb-
forms of (vidhailiN^lakaara) should be used.
The complete / vidhailiN^lakaara of / paTh (read) and / gam (go)
/ dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study
the following sentences. These are in (vidhailiN^lakaara) or
optative mood.
/ English
/ Sanskrit Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Optative Mood - Third Person Singular
/ vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha
-
ekavachana
1. The boy
should read.
baalakaH paThet
baalaka
paTh
-
2. The girl
should read.
baalikaa paThet
baalikaa
paTh
-
3. Rama should
read.
raamaH paThet
raama
paTh
-
4. Sita should
read.
siitaa paThet
siitaa
paTh
-
5. The boy
should go.
baalakaH
gachchhet
baalaka
gam
-
6. The girl
should go.
baalikaa
gachchhet
baalikaa
gam
-
Optative Mood - Third Person Plural
/ vidhailiN^lakaara prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)
7. The boys
should read.
baalakaaH
paTheyaH
baalaka
paTh
-
8. The girls
should read.
baalikaaH
paTheyaH
baalikaa
paTh
-
9. Students
should read.
chchhaatraaH
paTheyaH
chchhaatra
paTh
-
10. Clearks
should read.
lipikaaraaH
paTheyaH
lipikaara
paTh
-
11. The boys
should go.
baalakaaH
gachchheyuH
baalaka
gam
-
12. The girls -
-
should go. baalikaaH
gachchheyuH
baalikaa gam
In setences 1 to 6, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd person
singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always
follows the number and peson, the verb ( / paThati) is also in 3rd
person singular ( / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).
In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject ( / kartaa) is in 3rd
person plural ( / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb
( / paThanti) is also in / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb
(paTh).
All the above sentences were in third person ( /
prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These
are in second person
( / madhyamapuruSha) and first person ( / uttamapuruSha).
/ English / Sanskrit
Subject
/ shabda
Verb
/ dhaatu
Comments
Optative Mood - Second Person Singular
/ vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You should go.
tva.n
gachchheH
yusmad
gam
-
14. You should
read.
tva.n paTheH
yusmad
paTh
-
Optative Mood - First Person Singular
/ vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I should go.
aha.n
gachchheyam
asmad
gam
-
-
16. I should read. aha.n paTheyam
asmad
paTh
-
Optative Mood - Second Person Plural
/ vidhailiN^lakaara madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
17. You all should
go.
yua.n
yusmad
gam
-
18. You all should
read.
yua.n paTheta
yusmad
paTh
-
Optative Mood - First Person Plural
/ vidhailiN^lakaara uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)
19. We all should
go.
vaya.n
gachchhema
asmad
gam
-
20. We all should
read.
vaya.n paThema
asmad
paTh
-
In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person
singular
( / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the
Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural ( / madhyamapuruSha
bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences
the Subject used is (yusmad) (shabda). In case of second person
the kartaa is always (yusmad) (shabda).
In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (
/ uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in
first person plural ( / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these
sentences the Subjects used is (asmad) (shabda). In case of first
person the kartaa is always (asmad) (shabda). The followings are
the dual number form of above sentences.
/ / Sanskrit Subject Verb Comments
-
English / shabda
/ dhaatu
Optative Mood Dual ( / vidhailiN^lakaara dvivachana)
21. Two boys
should read.
baalakau
paThetaam
baalaka
paTh
-
22. Two girls
should read.
baalike
paThetaam
baalikaa
paTh
-
23. Two boys
should go.
baalakau
gachchhetaam
baalaka
gam
-
24. Two girls
should go.
baalike
gachchhetaam
baalikaa
gam
-
25. Two students
should read.
chchhatrau
paThetaam
chchhaatra
paTh
-
26. Two clearks
should read.
lipikaarau
paThetaam
lipikaara
paTh
-
27. Both of you
should go.
yuvaa.n
gachchhatam
yusmad
gam
-
28. Both of you
should read.
yuvaa.n paThetam
yusmad
paTh
-
29. Both of us
should go.
aavaa.n
gachchheva
asmad
gam
-
30. Both of us
should read.
aavaa.n paTheva
asmad
paTh
-
At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1
a collection of
many Sanskrit sentences using / vidhailiN^lakaara are given.
-
You will know about many more nouns ( / shabda) and verbs ( /
dhaatu) in those.
Read / / paTh : / vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama / paThet /
paThetaam / paTheyaH
Second
/ madhyama / paTheH / paThetam / paTheta
First
/ uttama /
paTheyam / paTheva / paThema
Go / / gam : / vidhailiN^lakaara
(Optative Mood - Should or May)
Person / / puruSha
Number / / vachana
Singular
/ ekavachana
Dual
/ dviivachana
Plural
/ bahuvachana
Third
/ prathama / gachchhet /
gachchhetaam
/ gachchheyuH
Second
/ madhyama
/ gachchheH / gachchhatam
/ gachchhet
First
/ uttama /
gachchheyam / gachchheva /
gachchhema
-
>
Verb Forms - Practice Sentences: In the last five chapters we
covered five different verb-forms, using / paTh (read) and / gam
(go) / dhaatu. For better vocabulary the following is a list of
different sentences using many
more verbs and nouns for your reference. The sentences cover all
the five verb-forms we have covered so far.
Present Tense - / laTlakaara
/ English
/ Sanskrit
Noun
Verb
Notes
The boy
reads/is
reading.
baalakaH
paThati
baalaka
paTh
or laTlakaara is the only verb-form to represent
present tense.
Unlike English where simple
present (verb + s, verb + es)
and present-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
Sanskrit laTlakaara represents
both.
So, "the boy reads" and "the
boy is reading" will have
sameverb-forms.
The pupil
is
saluting.
shiShyaH
namati
shiShya
nam
The elder
brother
speaks.
agrajaH
vadati
agraja
vad
The father
looks.
janakaH
pashyati
janaka
dRRish
The son is
going to
school.
putraH
vidyaalaya.n
gachchhati
putra
gam
The horse
runs.
ashvaH
dhaavati
ashva
dhaav
The tree
bears
fruit.
vRRikshaH
phalati
vRRiksha
phal
The servant
is
standing.
sevakaH
tiShThati
sevaka
sthaa
-
The beggar
wanders.
bhikshukaH
aTati
bhikshuka
aT
He is
laughing.
saH hasati
( ) tad (pu.n)
has
The mother
cooks.
ambaa pachati
ambaa
pach
The son is
laughing.
sutaH hasati
suta
has
The girl
writes
poems.
baalaa
padyaani
likhati
baalaa
likh
She is
drinking
milk.
saa dugdha.n
pivati
( ) tad (strii)
paa
It is
evening.
sandhyaa
bhavati
sandhyaa
bhuu
The goat
grazes.
ajaH charati
aja
char
She is
leading.
saa nayati
( ) tad (strii)
nii
The flower
blooms.
puShpa.n
vikasati
puShpa
+
vi + kas
The fruit
falls.
phalam patati
phala
pat
Friend is
giving.
mitra.n
yachchhati
mitra
yachchh
Artists are
sketching.
chitrakaaraaH
likhanti
chitrakaara
likh
Porters are
carrying.
bhaaravaahaaH
vahanti
bhaaravaaha
vah
-
Theives are
running.
choraaH
dhaavanti
chora
dhaav
Washermen
are
washing.
rajakaaH
kshaalayanti
rajaka
kshaal
Carpenters
do
carpentry.
takshakaaH
takshanti
takshaka
taksh
Singers are
singing.
gaayakaaH
gaayanti
gaayaka
gai
Dancers are
dancing.
naaTaaH
nRRityanti
naTa
nRRit
Cooks are
cooking.
paachakaaH
pachanti
paachaka
pach
Devotees
are
meditating.
bhaktaaH
dhyaanti
bhakta
dhyai
They smell
flowers.
te puShpaaNi
jighranti
( ) tad (pu.n)
ghraa
They
remember.
te smaranti
( ) tad (pu.n)
smRRi
Barbers
shave.
naapitaaH
muNDayanti
naapita
muND
Weavers
weave.
tantuvaayaaH
vayanti
tantuvaaya
-
Goats
graze.
ajaaH
charanti
aja
char
Fruits
shake.
phaalaani
sphuranti
phala
-
You are
-
reading the
book.
tva.n
pustaka.n
paThasi
yusmad paTh
You are
saluting.
tva.n namasi
yusmad
nam
You are
speaking.
tva.n vadasi
yusmad
vad
You see.
tva.n
pashyasi
yusmad
dRRish
All of you
fall.
yuuya.n
patatha
yusmad
pat
All of you
are
leading.
yuuya.n
nayatha
yusmad
nii
All of you
rebuke.
yuuya.n
nindatha
yusmad
nind
I wish.
aham
ichchhaami
asmad
iSh
I am
dancing.
aham
nRRityaami
asmad
nRRit
I remember. aham smaraami
asmad
smRRi
I reside. aham vasaami
asmad
vas
I am asking
a question.
aham
prashna.n
pRRichchhaami
asmad
prachchh
We play.
vaya.n
kriiDaamaH
asmad
krriD
We are
writing.
vaya.n
likhaamaH
asmad
likh
-
We are
drinking.
vaya.n
pibaamaH
asmad
paa
Future Tense - / lRRiTlakaara
/ English / Sanskrit Noun
Verb
Notes
The boy will read. baalakaH paThiShyati
baalaka
paTh
-
The student will go to
school.
chchhaatraH vidyaalaya.n
gamiShyati
chchhaatra
gam
-
They will speak. te vadiShyanti
( ) tad (pu.n)
vad
-
Artist will sketch the
picture.
chitrakaaraH chitra.n
likhiShyati
chitrakaara
likh
-
It will be evening. sandhyaa bhaviShyati
sandhyaa
bhuu
-
Teacher will teach. guruH paaThayiShyati
guru
/ paaTh
-
The flowers will
bloom.
puShpaaNi vikasiShyanti
puShpa
+ vi + kas
-
Barber will shave. naapitaH muNDayiShyati
naapita
muND
-
You will read. tva.n paThiShyasi
yusmad
paTh
-
You all will play. vaya.n kriiDiShyatha
yusmad
kriiD
-
I will go. aha.n gamiShyaami
asmad
gam
-
I will write letter. aha.n patram likhiShyaami
asmad
likh
-
We will play. vaya.n kriiDiShyaamaH
asmad
kriiD
-
-
Past Tense - / laN^lakaara
/ English
/ Sanskrit
Noun
Verb
Notes
The boy
read/was
reading.
baalakaH
apaThat
baalaka
paTh
or laN^lakaara is the only verb-form to represent
past tense.
Unlike English where simple
past and past-continous (verb +
ing) forms are possible, in
Sanskrit laN^lakaara represents
both.
So, "the boy went" and "the boy
was going" will have same verb-
forms.
Past tense can also be
represented using (tavat) prefix with the verbs. This has
been covered in a different
chapter.
He played. saH akriiDat
( ) tad (pu.n)
kriiD
She stood. saa atiShThat
( ) tad (strii)
sthaa
Cobbler
gave the
sandal.
charmakaarah
paadarakshaam
ayachchhat
charmakaara
yachchh
The lion
killed the
deer.
si.nhaH
mRRigam
amaarayat
si.nha
mRRi
The tiger
ate flesh.
vyaaghraH
maa.nsam
akhaadat
vyaaghra
khaad
The cat
saw the
rat.
maarjaaram
muuShakam
apashyat
maarjaara
dRrish
The friend
wrote a
letter.
vayasaH
patram
alikhat
vayasa
likh
One went
to
village.
ekaH graamam
agachchhat
eka
gam
They
laughed.
te ahasan
( ) tad (pu.n)
has
-
Students
played.
chchhaatraaH
akriiDan
chchhaatra
kriiD
Thieves
stole the
box.
choraaH
peTikaam
aharan
chora
har
Students
asked
question.
chchhaatraaH
prashnam
apRRichchhan
chchhaatra
prachchh
Bisons
grazed
grass.
mahiShaaH
tRiNaani
acharan
mahiSha
char
Women
sang.
mahilaaH
agaayan
mahilaa
gai
Snakes
swallowed
frogs.
sarpaaH
maNDuukaan
agilan
sarpa
gil
Porters
bore the
burden.
bhaaravaahaaH
bhaaram
avahan
bharavaaha
vah
Fishermen
took away
the fish.
dhivaraaH
miinam anayan
dhivara
nii
You ran. tvam adhaavaH
yusmad
dhaav
You
danced.
tvam
anRRityaH
yusmad
nRRit
You read. tvam apaThaH
yusmad
paTh
-
All of you
saw the
book.
yuuya.n
pustakam
apashyat
yusmad
dRRish
All of you
ate.
yuuya.n
akhaadataH
yusmad
khaad
I saluted
the
teacher.
aha.n guruum
anamam
asmad
nam
I
remembered
the
matter.
aha.n
viShayam
asmaram
asmad
smRRi
I smelt
the
flower.
aha.n puShpam
ajighram
asmad
ghraa
I saw the
picture.
aha.n chitram
apashyam
asmad
dRRish
I wrote a
letter.
aha.n patram
alikham
asmad
likh
We spoke.
vayam
avadaama
asmad
vad
We ate.
vayam
akhaadaama
asmad
khaad
We played.
vayam
akriiDaama
asmad
kriiD
Imperative Mood - / aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
-
/ English / Sanskrit Noun
Verb
Notes
Let the boy read. baalakaH paThatu
baalaka
paTh
-
Let the boy write. baalakaH likhatu
baalaka
likh
-
Let him carry. saH vahatu
( ) tad (pu.n)
vah
-
Let the singer sing. gaayakaH gaayatu
gaayaka
gai
-
Let her run. saa dhaavatu
( ) tad
(strii)
dhaav
-
Let the servant wash. sevakaH prakshaalayatu
sevaka
+ prakshaal
-
Let the girl read. baalaa paThatu
baalaa
paTh
-
Let the student ask
question.
chchhaatra prashna.n
pRRichchhatu
chchhaatra
prachchh
-
Let the dancers dance. naTaaH nRRityantu
naTa
nRRit
-
Let them reside. te vasantu
( ) tad (pu.n)
vas
-
Let the beggars
wander.
bhikshukaaH aTantu
bhikshuka
aT
-
Let the women see. mahilaaH pashyantu
dRRish
-
You go. tva.n gachchha
yusmad
gam
-
You stand up. tva.n uttiShTha
yusmad
sthaa
-
You drink. tva.n piba
yusmad
paa
-
All of you speak. yuuya.n vadata
yusmad
vad
-
All of you go. -
-
yuuya.n gachchhata yusmad gam
All of you see. yuuya.n pashyata
yusmad
dRRish
-
Let me go. aha.n gachchhaani
asmad
gam
-
Let me write. aha.n likhaani
asmad
likh
-
Let me read. aha.n paThaani
asmad
paTh
-
Let us drink. vaya.n pivaama
asmad
paa
-
Let us ask. vaya.n pRRichchhaama
asmad
prachchh
-
Let us sing. vaya.n gaayaama
asmad
gai
-
Optative Mood - / vi