Sanok District

8/12/2019 Sanok District

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Why Sanok and its surroundings are worth to visit?

Sanoks land, laying on geographic borderland of Eastern and Western CarpathianMountains, owns all advantages to do active leisure. Aong virgine nature and ountainscenery with characteristic eadows called !pastures, where endless space gives feeling of

freedo, crystal"clear air and uncontainated water assure about ecological safety, anforgets about everyday probles. #his region, laying in place of erging cultures of east andwest, on $olish % Slovak % &krainian borderland, preserved any onuents.of $olish, &krainian, 'eko, (o)ko and living aong the *ewes.Wooden +rthodo and Catholic churches, outbuildings and residential buildings incharacteristic style, built by local carpenters, synagogues and *ewish ceetery Cadyks-, ayfound to be interesting by tourists, at the sae tie giving feeling of borderland cliat, wheredifferent nations used to eet.Museus which function here, collected valuable icon paintings, sacred architecture,historical and natural ehibits.estivals of opera and folk usic, draa events, arkets, and presentations of craft are taking

place here.(oth, an individual person and sport groups will find here good conditions to do sport andrecreation, in field of winter sports, swiing, cycling, sailing, canoeing and indoor sports.ishing grounds on ountain rivers will provide any satisfaction to fisherans. Carpathianforests rich of anials will let hunters ac/uire ipressive trophies.#hanks to road network, ountain trails and ski runs, advantages of Sanok and itssurroundings are available for tourists practising any kinds of sport.Along itineraries, also in Sanok, which is perfect base for tourists visiting (ies0c0ady, (eskidand Carpathian Mountains, there are hotels, hostels, shelters of different standards and prices,adapted to different financial possibilities.

*ourney to Sanok is possible by train fro Warsaw, 1liwice, Cracow, 23d4, also froChyr3w in &kraina and 5uenne in Slovakia. 6oads to Sanok lead fro Cracow through#arn3w, 7rosno, and fro Warsaw through 6ado and 60es03w. #ourists coing frosouth of Europe ay cross the $olish % Slovakian border in 6ados0yce and (arwinek, andfro east in 7ro8cienko by &str0yki 9olne, or Medyka by $r0ey8l. (eside those roadways,there are also railroads in 2upk3w and 7ro8cienko. :n Sanoks surroundings, on $olish %Slovakian border, there are bicycle, ski and pedestrian crossings; 6o0toki 13rne % 6uskeSedlo, (alnica % +sadne, 6ados0yce % $alota, C0erecha % Certi


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The Land of Sanok

The Prehistory of the Land of Sanok

#he results of archaeological research date the first traces of colonisation of the land of Sanokback to about the ?@thillenniu (.C. #he latest glaciaton along with a period of warercliatic fluctuation created favourable conditions for plants and anials. :t is fro that periodthat the aoth teeth and tusks discovered in the 6iver San and in the old river beds of itstributaries as well asB in the villages 5oc0ew, +ls0anica and &herce date fro. lint toolsassociated with aoth hunters have been found in the villages of 5udno and Wesoa near9yn3w and are dated to the Dst"Fthillennius (.C. A littler newer Gges of the prehistoryof the land of SanokH have been discovered in the iediate vicinity of Sanok and are relatedto the net wave of hunters, reindeer hunters. lint tools, such as so"called scrapers, burinsand spear tips li8ciakiB, which have been discovered in $akos03wka, Iawadka Morochowska,

Wesoa and (ach3r0 date back to the J thillenniu (.C. #he traces of the first farers of theKeolith Age are stone and horn hoes, aes, weaving weights, sall flint tools and potteryfragents, found in the nuerous locations of $odkarpackie $rovince; 2obo0ew, $anis0c03w,Sokole, (3brka, Sakowc0yk, Mokre, Moroch3w, $ora


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now doinating the area. #he results of the archaeological research carried out fro theJQ@s were less than satisfactory. Although vestiges of an Early"Mediaeval stronghold werefound, with relics of faring and dwelling facilities dating fro the @ th"Pth centuries,astonishingly, no luury ob)ects known fro other +ld"6uthenian centres were discovered,which would testify to the significance of Sanok as the ain political centre of the region. #he

riddle would reain unsolved for a long tie if not for the ecavations on one of the #repc0astrongholds located on 5orodys0c0e hill.

The History of the Sanok District

ro the very beginnings of the $olish statehood, the land in the catchent area of the 6iverSan, incorporated within a larger territorial unit of 5alych 6uthenia, was a contentious area.6uthenian dukes, 5ungarians and $oles fought for their influence there. Also, #artar hordesfre/uently ventured there. oe years the land was ostly wooded, with few towns. Mostiportant of the were $r0ey8l and Sanok, along with their colonisation base, as well as ado0en or so fortified settleents scattered on nuerous hills and situated ainly along the

ost iportant transportation route, which ran alongside the valley of the San. :t was alreadythe first rulers of $oland; (olesaw the (rave and (olesaw the (old, who showed their willto reign over the area in /uestion. #heir efforts were of both ilitary and diploatic natureand were strengthened by the arriages between the descendants of $olish and 6uthenianrulers.

+n D@ *anuary PPJ, in Wod0iier0 WoyLski, shortly before his death *er0y ::#ro)denowic0 issed a privilege to (artek, a burgher fro Sandoier0, to establish aunicipality in Sanok based on 1eran law. #he newly established town was to becoe for along tie an iportant centre of adinistration, the capital of the Sanok district. At the newsof *er0y :: #ro)denowic0s death, 7ing Casir the 1reat iediately headed for 6uthenia tosecure his reign there. 9uring his first epedition he captured 'vov and having taken Catholicinhabitants as well as spoils of war fro the city he withdrew to $oland. Casiirs secondepedition, ade shortly after the first, et with the resistance of 6uthenian boyars,supported by #artar troops. :n *anuary P? #artars were defeated near 'ublin, whilst theleader of rebelling boyars, 9yitr 9etko, recognised the authority of the $olish king and wasade governor of the 5alych part of 6uthenia. :t was arguably during that epedition thatCasiir the 1reat incorporated the area in /uestion, i.e. the Sanok district, into $oland, and

brought his own garrison into Sanok, the capital of the district. ollowing the incorporationinto $olish 7ingdo the Sanok district, together with the districts of $r0ey8l, 'vov, 5alychand Che, becae part of the 6uthenian Roivodeship until the ties of partitions. After the

situation had stabilised and $olish rule over this territory had strengthened, the Sanok districtbegan to en)oy a new period of growth and prosperity. With the incorporation of the territoryinto $oland, a great colonisation activity coenced. #he countryside consisting of forestsand eadows, i.e. areas with favourable conditions for breeding and faring, was perfect forcolonisation. Settlers ainly colonised river and strea valleys, were afterwards towns wereestablished. Apart fro Sanok, established earlier, the unicipal privileges were granted to7rosno about P?OB, *asliska PB, #yc0yn POB, 6yan3w PFB, (r0o03w beforePOOB, Iars0yn before PJQB, 9ubiecko ?@FB, 9yn3w before ?DPB, #yrawa 7r3lewskapresent"day Mr0yg3d, ?DQB, *aNier0 ?PFB, Kowotaniec ???B and 'esko ?FFB. #hetowns eperienced various fortunes. Soe of the developed and have reained towns tillnow, others have lost their significance. #hose ties are best eeplified by beautiful

wooden churches fro the turn of the Qth

and th

centuries, preserved today in 5ac03w,(li0ne and 5uniska. :n addition to the settlers who founded the towns, fro the Q thcentury


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onwards, the epty areas of the Sanok district were heavily colonised by Rlach shepherds. :twas Rlachs who founded such villages as; +dr0echowa, S0c0awne, $onna, 6ados0yce,+ls0anica and &herce. 6oyal grounds of the district as well as private, ostly owned by two

powerful failies; (ala and 7ita, becae rapidly populated. #he failies estates etendedin the area of the &pper San and its ountain tributaries; 5oc0ewka, Solinka and +ls0anica.

#he Qthcentury saw not )ust the developent of colonisation. :t was also the heyday of theeisting towns, including Sanok. :ts significance in the reign of Wadysaw *agieo usthave been considerable, as the king chose the parish church in Sanok as the place where heade his arriage vows to his third wife, El


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#he oldest written ention about the town dates fro the ties when the district belonged to6uthenian dukes. #heLatopis Hipacki chronicle says that in Q@ 5ungarian 7ing 1e)0a ::Gcrossed the ountains and captured the Sanok stronghold with its governor and sei0ed anyvillages in the $r0ey8l districtH. :n PPJ, when it was still part of 5alych 6uthenia, Sanok

was granted a self"governing privilege based on Magdeburg 'aw. :t was issued on D@th*anuary PPJ by 9uke 1eorge #ro)denovitch :: of 5alic0, hiself fro the Ma0ovian line ofthe $iast dynasty. Certain archaeological ecavations carried out on the castle hill and ona)ka hill near Sanok, not only confir the written sources, but also date the Sanokstronghold origins to as early as the Jth century. +n a)ka hill, where probably the firstsettleent of Sanok was situated, soe reains of an ancient sanctuary and a ceetery werefound, as well as nuerous decorations and encolpions of the 7iev type. Also, two staps ofthe 1reat 7iev 9uke 6urik 6u8cisawowic0 fro the second half of the D th century werefound. After P?@ 5alic0 6uthenia was sei0ed by $olish 7ing Casiir the 1reat, whoreconfired the unicipal privilege of Sanok on DQ of April P. At that tie Sanok becaethe centre of a new adinistration district naed after Sanok, which was a part of the

6uthenian Roivodeship. #he district covered the area fro the sources of the San in thesouth"east to (a


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Iag3r0 and 2upk3w to 5ungary in OFD and its etension fro Iag3r0 via Sanok to *aso inOO? had a great ipact on townTs developent.

9uring the irst World War Sanok suffered great losses because of ilitary operations andcholera epideic. +n of Koveber JO the first $olish patrols eerged fro the building

of the GSok3H GalconHB organi0ation and the local authority was taken over by the $olishpeople. (etween the World Wars new production plants and facilities were established in thetown, including the 6ubber actory, VWartaV (attery $lant, electricity, waterworks, gassupplies and any other facilities. :n JP? the Museu of Sanok 'and was founded.

+n J Septeber JPJ 1eran troops invaded Sanok. ro that tie to DD *une J? Sanokbecae a border town, as the river San was ade the border between the 1eneral1ouverneent and the Soviet &nion. #he war was disastrous to the town, especially to itsindustries. As a atter of fact it did not end with the dislodgeent of the 1eran forces. :tsoon turned into a civil war between the &krainian underground forces on one side and theilitia, security and ilitary forces of the counist $oland on the other. :t lasted until J?O,

wreaking havoc in villages of the Sanok district. :ts last draatic accord was the so"calledRistula +peration, a assive deportation of &krainian speaking inhabitants of the Sanokdistrict to the regained territories..

A walk around the town

:t is best to start a walk around the town by visiting the 5istorical Museu. (efore leavingthe castle courtyard, one should see the panoraa of the Sonne Mountains and the valley ofthe San which etends fro the terrace of the forer castle tower. +n the way to the MarketS/uare one passes St. *ohns S/uare on the left, where one can sit down and rest after visitingthe Museu. #here is a little chapel of St. *ohn Kepoucen fro the early J thcentury there,and in the s/uares centre there is a coposition by Id0isaw (eksiLski. When in the MarketS/uare one should look at the forer town hall fro the O thcentury, reconstructed in thesubse/uent years. #he faade contains a clock, the towns coat of ars and the nationaleble. +pposite, there is the building of the forer 9istrict Council fro the years OFQ"O@, now the #owns +ffice. #he faade features the coat of ars of the Sanok district. #heranciscan church and onastery dating fro the years PD"?@, in the present structuresince OOB was founded by Wadysaw +polc0yk. :nside, there are late"(aro/ue altars andthe painting of +ur 'ady of the Sanok 9istrict ConsolationB probably fro the first half ofthe Fthcentury. #he onastery is also faous for holding the 5oly Cross relics. #he whole

cople of buildings has preserved its original defensive character. ro the Market S/uareone turns into P Ma)a Street, i.e. Sanoks proenade. Also here the J th century townbuildings have been preserved. #here are any shops, cafes, confectioners and restaurantshere. #here is an tourist inforation office and, naturally, the faous bench with 1oodSoldier Xve)k. 9ont forget to pull his nose; it brings good luck> ro P Ma)a Street we turninto 7o8cius0ki Street passing 9o 13rnika Coaliners 5ouseB in its arcades is the +rbistourist inforation officeB and turn into 1regory fro Sanok Street which leads us to theChurch of the #ransfiguration. #he church in the Keo"1othic style was rebuilt in the yearsOF?"OF after the fire of the previous one. 1regory fro Sanok, the archbishop of 'vov, thesecretary and confessor of Rladislaus of Rarna, participant and chronicler of the RarnaEpedition in ???, after its tragic end, the educator of *an 5udyanis sons. #he forerunner of

huanis in $oland. 5e was the patron and protector of Calliachus and a talented


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adinistrator. #oday his nae is borne by a street in Sanok, the Municipal $ublic 'ibrary andthe Cople of Schools Ko. D in Sanok.#he churchs right aisle contains Sebastian 'uboirskis gravestone, preserved fro theoldest 1othic church of St. Michael, faed for hosting the wedding of 7ing Wadysaw*agieo and El


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Horse!riding routes

#he environs of Sanok, especially the areas situated in the southern part of the Sanok district,with vast open spaces and epty fields on the sites of forer villages, wild strea valleys andlong ountain ranges are perfect for horse"riding. #here are a do0en or so horse studs and

fars offering horse"riding lessons under an instructors supervision, wagon and carriagerides, as well as sleigh rides in winter. or advanced riders one"day or several"day tours areorganised as well as driving cattle up to ountain pastures. +ne can also take part in a trip ona wagon followed by a nuber of horses. $articipants can then change a horse for a wagon atany tie. Studs and fars offer various horse breeds, including the ountain breed GhuculHhorses, which like no other breed are suitable for learning to ride, trips, and horseback tours.Soe fars have etra stalls for horses overnight accoodationB, which enables tourists touse their own horse during their stay. #hose who have decided to go horse"riding should,apart fro tourist outfits, take basic rising kit, i.e. pillbo, leg pads and gloves with the. Anadditional attraction is the arwell to 5olidays with the 5ucul 5orse, organised by theEperiental Centre of the :nstitute of Iootechnology in +dr0echowa. #he ain part of the

event is the chapionship of Siental cattle and of the hucul horse. Also, there is anehibition of handicraft, a fair and artistic perforances. #he vent is held on the last Saturdayand Sunday of August.$roposed "day horse"riding route

+dr0echowa % 6udawka 6yanowska % 9ar3w % $olany Surowic0ne % 'ipowiec 'ipowiec % Iyndranowa % 'ipowiec 'ipowiec % *asiel % 9o


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6oute Ko. D 'ength QD k Surface; asphalt, dirtSanok % Sanoc0ek % $rusiek % (ukowsko % $onna % Wysoc0any % Mokre % Moroch3w %$ora< % 2a0y Str3


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Solna. #here, Q inutes fro the trail there is a beautiful viewing glade. #he trail then runspast the Eastern church in #yrawa Solna and then goes over the 6iver San and reachesMr0yg3d, forerly a town. ro there it runs towards the village of 5oc0a, and thentowards 2od0ina, diverging in the western direction towards the hill of $r0ysup offeringecellent views. After descending fro the hill, the trail goes as far as the Eastern church in

2od0ina and then to Witry3w, where it crosses a footbridge over the San and reaches the footof 9Ybnik hill with an Easter church on top of it. #hen it goes along the road to the Easternchurch in 9obra and up the village. #he trail turns abruptly right, goes out of the village,through a forest and along the slopes of Mount +stry 90ia towards 7recowo, nearby a siteof a forer Eastern church fro 7recowo and an old ceetery. ro 7recowo the trail goesalong a road, through $ia to the village of Sieus0owa, where a side road branches off theain road up the village. 5ere, a few inutes away fro the trail, up the village is an Easternchurch. ro Sieus0owa the road will lead us towards 5ouc0k3w, where an old countryroad takes us up the village where an Eastern church is. #he trail continues to ascend steeplyand after a while we enter a forest, through which we approach the peak of Mount Sonna.#hen, the trail descends to the upper end of the village of Wu)skie to ascend again to the sall

ountain range called 1ranicka. #he trail runs on past a beautiful sandstone outcrop anddown to the village of +lchowce, descending to an Eastern church along a road net to aceetery. Kow, all we ust do is to go back the centre of Sanok, on foot over the bridge onthe 6iver San or use public transport. #he trail ay be covered on foot, on horseback, on aountain or road bike, or by boat down the 6iver San.

#rail course; Sanok % #repc0a % MiYd0ybrod0ie % #yrawa Solna % Mr0yg3d % 5oc0a %2od0ina % &luc0 % 9obra S0lachecka % Sieus0owa % 5ouc0k3w % Wu)skie % +lchowce %Sanok

The Trail of %cons Down the #iver 's(awa &alley

Whoever arrives these parts, the (ies0c0ady or the 'ower (eskid Mts., encounters nuerous,ainly wooden. Eastern"rite churches, perfectly integrated into the ountainous landscape.#here used to be any ore of the, nowadays a reainder which has survived the turbulent

post"war period testifies to the craftsanship and culture of the past inhabitants of theseountains.:n order to failiarise tourists with that disappearing culture, an idea was conceived to create

G#he #rail of :consH, which shows the ost interesting eaples of architecture of 1reek"Catholic and +rthodo Churches within the Sanok district. #he first trail to be arked outwas the #rail of the 6iver San Ralley, north of Sanok Sanok"&luc0B, the other one goes alongthe 6iver +sawa Ralley and is situated relatively close to the ain road; Sanok"Iag3r0"7oaLc0a"Slovak border. 5opefully, a good pair of boots and an accurate ap will enablethe tourist to en)oy the beauty of wooden architecture of the 'eko land of the +sawaRalley.

#rail course; Sanok"Ralley"Iag3r0"Wielopole"#arnawa 13rna"+lchowa"2ukowe"[rednieWielkie"Moroch3w"Mokre"C0as0yn"7uls0ne"S0c0awne"#ur0aLsk"60eped4"7oaLc0a"6ados0yce"Solnik.


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The Trail of the #iver San )ortifications

#he #rail of the 6iver San ortifications is a cultural cycling trail which runs fro Solina to7rasic0yn and reveals Soviet and 1eran renants of fortifications fro the Second World

War in the southern part of the so"called $r0ey8l ortifications 6egion, the so"calledGMolotov"'ineH and 1eran border fortifications of the so"called G1aliciaH (order $osition.#he trail runs along; (3brka near Solina"'esko"Sanok"9yn3w"7rasic0yn. #he trails starts atSolina, near the da. #he first Soviet bunker is situated in (3brka near Solina.#rail lengths in kiloetres; (3brka % facility @ kB % Myc0kowce ?.D kB % Iwier0yLO.PB % 1linne P. kB % 'esko F.F kB % 2ukawica DD.Q kB % Iau0 DO.O kB % SanokPO.JB % Mr0yg3d Q?.? kB % 9obra QO.F kB % &luc0 ?.O kB % *abonica 6uska FDkB % Siedliska O.O kB 9yn3w [email protected] kB % (ach3r0 J.O kB % 9ubiecko @.D kB %7r0ywc0a DD.F kB % 7rasic0yn ?@ kB.

#he trail is arked black and runs alost copletely along the 6iver San Ralley and ascends

only to 1linne and 'esko, offering perfect observation points to the gorge of the San fro5u0ele to 2ukawica. Most of the trail runs on asphalted surface, ainly along scarcely useddirt and gravel roads. #he Soviet and 1eran facilities were built in the years J?@"? alongthe borderline which was established following the partition of $olish territory occupied by1eran and Soviet aries fro JPJ. @ thousand cobat bunkers were planned, grouped inP fortified regions. ragents of P such regions have been preserved within the present$olish borders. #he #rail of the 6iver San ortifications coprises the southern part of the$r0ey8l ortifications 6egion, cutting the farthest into northern Carpathian slopes. #heconstruction work began on Q +ctober JPJ as ordered by the Chief of the &krainian rontStaff. At that tie, the following were ade; earth and wood bunkers, entangleents, antitankgutters, etc. +n D *une J?@ $eoples Coissar Sieon #ioshenko ade the decision to

build peranent reinforced concrete fortifications. #hey were eant to fulfil defensivefunctions and to enable a counteract on the eneys positions. #he ain defence strip wasade up of battalion hubs with the front of the width of to @ k and the depth of Q"@ k.#he approaches were lined with antitank gutters and anti"personnel barriers, including inefields. G#he Molotov 'ineH coprised artillery battery bunkers, side"fire bunkers, front"fire

bunkers and observation"coand bunkers. #he fortifications strip had not been copletedby the tie 1eran"Soviet war broke out and conse/uently ost of the were /uite easilycaptured in *une J?. +nly a few of the were destroyed in cobat. Soe of the bunkersSanok"+lchowce, near a schoolB were destroyed by 1eran whilst aking a fil for a warnewsreel about capturing G#he Molotov 'ineH. Many of the bunkers of the 'esko and Iau>>Entering bunkers is dangerous for health and life.#hey should be looked at fro the outside until protected.

*ve+ks Trail

5ere on the (eskid $ass, north of 6ados0yce, at O? etres, you will begin a )ourney in the

footsteps of orderly of the arch copany of the Jst

infantry regient *osef Xve)k of(ud\)ovice in the C0ech 6epublic. :n *uly JQ, he passed here on his way to the 6ussian


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front to give his life for Gthe Eperor and his failyH. 5is regient travelled a few kiloetreseast of that place, through the 2upk3w tunnel, but we, decent citi0ens, like our hero, cannotcross the state border at any place we like, therefore, having produced appropriate docuentsat the border crossing, and after being checked for an ecessive aount of alcohol, we set outfor the (ies0c0ady. +ur trail starts along the forer border of 1alicia, along ountains lined

with the dense network of trenches at the turn of J?Q. Along the way you are bound tocoe across a wealth of traces of that atrocious war, which was regarded by the conteporaryEuropeans as the worst in huan history. Sall wander, then, that to survive it one neededXve)ks optiistic attitude. We hope that optiis will not dessert you too, especially so,when you will have to cycle up steep Carpathian slopes. #he cycling trail suggested by usdoes not always run eactly as our character travelled. As he covered the section fro the2upk3w $ass to Sanok by train and cycling along rail tracks is anything but interesting orsafe, we drew the trail along a pictures/ue route of the 6ivers +sawa and +sawica Ralley

by roads alongside the tracks so as to ake it possible for you to see eactly what Xve)k sawfro behind train windows. Katurally, the trail covers all the places entioned in the novel.We tried to ark an e/ually appealing trail fro Sanok to the &krainian border, through the

locations described by *aroslav 5a]ek.

#rail course;6ados0yce 1$7 @ kB % 7oaLc0a JkB % *awornik J kB % 60eped4 DD.F kB %S0c0awne DQ.O kB % Wysoc0any PP. kB % Mokre PQ.O kB % $ora< ?D.? kB % Iag3r0?Q.OB k % Sanok QP. kB % Iau< ?.O kB % Wu)skie .Q kB % #yrawa WooskaFD. kB % 6o0pucie FQ.P kB % Iawadka OD kB % 6opienka 13rna OQ.J kB %Wo)tk3wka [email protected] kB % *urec0kowa JP. kB % 'iskowate JJ kB % 7ro8cienko @Q kB.

"ultureThe Historical -useu of Sanok

Established in JP?, it is aong the oldest useu of $odkarpacie and holds one of the ostprecious collections. Ehibitions are presented in the roos of the castle built between QDand Q?O by the Starost, Mikoa) Wolski. (efore the partitions, the castle was the seat ofadinistration in the Sanok district. :t was the seat of the Starosts office and royal archives^ itwas also the place where trials were held. #he collection of +rthodo art with anyasterpieces of icon painting fro the Qthto the Jth centuries is of a uni/ue internationalvalue. #he ost splendid eaples are; the icon of Christ $antocrator fro Wu)skie the Q th

C.B, +ur 'ady of lorynka the thC.B, 5odegetria fro $anis0c03w the thC.B, the 'ast*udgent fro 'ipie the FthC.B. #he ehibition is on the ground and first floors of the

castle. :t is arranged so as to allow the visitors to trace the transforations of icons under theinfluence of Western Culture.

+ne of the roos shows how the +rthodo churchs interior was arranged. #his will prepareyou for the tour of churches along the #rail of :cons and will allow you to look behind the5oly 1ate, which are inaccessible in the operating churches. :t is the E&s largest collectionof icons on display. #he largest collections are only to be found in the useus in 7iev and$etersburg, but they are uch less varies there due to the preservation of Eastern +rthodoy.5owever, dear #ourist, if you are not a professional in this field, youd better visit this part ofthe useu with a guide. :t will be uch ore interesting, and you will be surpriseddiscovering the eeting of cultures and past with the present. Secular art is eeplified by

gentry paintings fro the Fth

"Jth

centuries, and by a few Western"European paintings,including the outstanding portrait G#he 'ady with a anH painted in the F th century by


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6ebrandts pupil, 1i)sbert Sybille. #he civil"ilitary function of the castle is evidenced byilitary ites, including winged cavalry arours, helets, sabres and pistols. #he useuhas nuerous archaeological relics, including the largest collection of $okuttya pottery andfinds of the Moravian and 6uthenian origin fro the O th"Pthcenturies fro the ecavationsites in #repc0a. #hey include such rarities as encolpions or woens headwear of uni/ue

beauty. #he collection of conteporary art consists of three parts. #he first presents $olishartists who created abroad, especially in rance, and includes paintings by +lga (o0naLska,#adeus0 Makowski, *30ef $ankiewic0, Wacaw Iawad0ki, *30ef *area, Miec0ysaw*anikowski and Arika Madeyska. #he second and third is ade up of works by Sanok"relatedartists. #he second part consists of works by Ada 7oniec0ko, 6oan #rakowski, (arbara(andurka, Stanisaw $ychalik and Stanisaw (atruch. #he third one is the worlds largestcollection of works by Ibigniew (eksiLski, fro the first sketches, photographs, graphicsfro the id"JQ@s, through the best"known fantasy period fro the JF@s and JO@s, to thelatest works and eperients with coputer graphics. &sually, about D@@ works are ondisplay. #he other building of the Museu, the so"called :nn, is the venue of teporaryehibitions. :t is e/ually interesting and included in the ticket price.

+pening hours;

Mondays all year round fro O a to @ aro J a to Q p fro *une to Q Septeber

:n the reaining part of the year#uesdays and Wednesdays fro J a to Q p

#icket prices;$'K @.@@ adults, $'K F.@@ adolescents and children$'K DQ.@@ a faily ticket in. ? peopleB$'K ?@.@@ a 1uide, $'K @.@@ filing without lights

fro O.@@ to @.@@

Kote; fro Q +ctober to Q May visiting the castle is possible after prior arrangeents bytelephone or at the ticket office.

&l. Iakowa D#el. @P ? P@@J

www.useu.sanok.ple"ail;hssekret_interia.pluseu_useu.sanok.pl

The -useu of )olk Architecture

Established in JQO and situated on the right bank of the 6iver San at the foot of the SonneMountains, it is aong Europes ost beautiful open"air useus. :n ters of the nuber of

buildings it is $olands largest open"air useu. +n the area of PO hectares nearly Q@

buildings were gathered, representing the ethnic groups of $og3r0anie, 9olinianie, (oyko and'eko fro the Fth to the D@thcenturies. :n addition to dwelling and far buildings, the


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useu contains sacral ones including the 6.C. church fro (Zc0al 9olny F, the+rthodo church fro 1rZ0iowa FP and fro 6osolin FQ@, charing wayside shrines,

public utility buildings a village school, an innB and industrial facilities water ill,windills, sithies. #he a)ority of the buildings in the Sanok useu have fully"furnishedinteriors which ay be eplored. #he Museu has a local branch % a wooden Eastern church

in the village of &luc0 D@ k away fro Sanok. #he church with the reains of the Fth

century polychroe is one of the oldest QJB and finest eaples of +rthodo architecturein $oland. #he recently opened ehibition salon houses a peranent ehibition of icon

painting G#he Carpathian :conH. +n the area of DQ@ D over D@@ icons are displayed, theoldest of which date fro the Q thcentury. #he Museu is situated along the G+il #railH andthe history of oil industry in $odkarpacie ay be traced in the section on the eastern edge ofthe $ark. :n addition, teporary ehibitions are held, based ainly on the Museus owncollections. #he Museu is in the possession of nearly P@,@@@ useu pieces associated withfolk culture and the culture of inhabitants of $odkarpacie towns. A tour of the Museu shouldend in the inn housed in the historical O thcentury granary FPDB, serving regional eals.#he period interiors of the area of P@ D create a uni/ue atosphere. #he ticket office net to

the stand with folders and guidebooks also serves as a gallery shop selling handicrafts,souvenirs, acadeic publications and tourist books $olish and foreign"language giodebooks,albus, ap, etc.B. :n winter the $ark ay be visited on a sledge, in suer in a horse"drawncab.

+pening hours;ro May to Septeber fro O a to p, visiting till O p+ctober fro O a to ? p, Koveber"March fro O.@@ to D pApril fro J a to ? p

#icket prices

$'K J adults, $'K adolescents and children$'K P@ a guide for a group of D@

Applications and reservation of a guide; telephone @P ?P FDAddress; PO"Q@@ Sanok, ul. #raugutta P#el. @P. ?P @J P?, ?P @J @?, fa ?P @J PQ

www.skansen.blsanok.ple"ail; skansen_bies0c0adyonline.pl

#egular events

)olk )air

#he event organised every May always has a typical folk atosphere folk usic,perforances of folk bands fro the Carpathian Euroregion countries, sale of handicrafts,deonstrations of crafts, tasting of folk ealsB.

./urofolk Across the 0order1 youth folk song and usic festival

#he event held in August has a trans"regional internationalB character and features folk bandsof a very high level. An integral eleent of the event is the perforance of G#he estivals


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StarH. #he entire GE&6++'7 AC6+SS #5E (+69E6SH is hosted by recognised radioand #R presenters engaged in prooting folk usic.

The Sanok 2uitar /ncoutersThe Sanok Accordion /ncounters

#he State Music School contributes to the towns usic and cultural life and hosts twointernational festivals held alternately. #he ost outstanding instruentalists and teachersfro all over the country and abroad coe to Sanok for the duration of the festival. #he eventis highly esteeed and is held under the patronage of the Ministry of Culture. #he SanokAccordion and 1uitar Encounters have been held for a do0en or so years in April.

'$era -usic )estival

#he Sanok Counity Centre, boasting the largest concert hall in Sanok, hosts the A9AM9:9&6 R+CA' M&S:C ES#:RA'. Apart the ost outstanding perforers and finest

repertoire, the festival held in +ctober also features #he All"$olish Coposing Contest and#he 5uanistic"Artistic Cap.

Alternative and 3a44 -usic )estivals and concerts

Sanoks G7'&( $AK: 7H is aong the ost interesting ones in the region. :t is a place ofuni/ue air and always abitious repertoire of live usic. Such big naes in usic business asAcoustic *a00 Uuartet, Agreesiva J, [cianka, $ogodno and Cool 7ids of 9eath perforedhere. #wo ain concert cycles held every year are GSpring at $ani 7 with usic not foreveryoneH attended by such bands as; 'ud0ie, 6obotobibok, 1en"9os, Q Syfon and +draSeykal, all of the playing alternative usic in the broadest sense of the word. #he othercycle is G$ani7a in *a00H featuring such perforers as 6obotobibok, $ink reud, Chiba 5ribyand (aaba. #he event is held in Autun and is directed to all )a00 fans not only traditional

)a00B.

Sanok, ul. :: $uku $odhalaLc3w, tel. `?O J QDP F?Pe"ail; ichaelos0ul_oD.pl, www.klubpanik.pl

The Sanok District

#he Sanok district lies in the south"eastern end of $oland, in the hilly area intersected by thevalleys of the San, +sawica and Wisok and its tributaries. :t occupies the area of ,DDQ kD,which covers the western part of the (ies0c0ady Mountains, the eastern part of the 'ower(eskid Mountains and the range of the Sonne Mountains and the $r0ey8l oothills. #heseare areas of natural beauty unspoilt original ecosysteB. #he district borders with Slovakia inthe south, and is separated fro Slovakia by the (ies0c0ad0ki and 'eski districts. #he districtcoprises @Q villages and two towns; Sanok and Iag3r0. #hey are incorporated in Oadinistrative units, including one unicipality % Sanok, one coune"unicipality %Iag3r0, and si counes; (esko, (ukowsko, 7oaLc0a, Sanok % coune, #yrawaWooska, Iars0yn.

The Sanok "oune


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The "ounes characteristic

Situated in the scenic and varied area, the Sanok Coune consists of PD villages. #hey arelocated along a stretch fro the 'ower (eskid Mountains and the *asielsko"Sanockie'owering as far as the Sonne Mountains and the 9yn3w oothills. #he following rivers flow

through the coune; San, Sanoc0ek, $i)awka and #yrawka. :n total the counes area isDP,OQ ha and has a population of appro. ,PD. #he Sanok Coune has an agriculturalcharacter and is densely wooded.

A Historical 'utline

As a result of the archaeological research conducted in this area, the hypothesis was putforward that the region was inhabited as early as the Stone Age. #his is evidenced bynuerous finds, such as; stone hoes fro (ykowce and a hatchet fro $rusiek. +ther findsdate fro the Keolith Age and the Early (ron0e Age. +n the other hand, 6oan and Celticcoins indicate subse/uent trade contacts with the 6oan Epire and Celtic tribes.

#he oldest written ention about the Sanok district dates fro the D th century 6uthenianchronicle G'atopis 5ipackiH. :t was then that the areas reigned by 6uthenian dukes werecaptured by 5ungarian 7ing 1e)0a ::. :n the ? thcentury 5alych 6uthenia along with theSanok district were anneed to $oland by Casiir the 1reat, who began colonisation of theseareas. :n the ?th and Qth centuries a nuber of new settleents were set up, including#repc0a, C0erte


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9obra S0lachecka. :n JPJ the Second World War broke out. #error and cruel eploitation ofthe occupied territory took place. #he occupation took a heavy tool, @ thousand $oles and Othousand *ews were killed. :t left behind devastated industrial works and huge aterialdaage.

"ultural /vents

Carpathian air; 7eres0 Easter Copetition % Easter Eggs, Easter $als, and 6itual (read % April, an annual

ehibition in the conference hall of the Counes +ffice. 6eview of Childrens Songs % May olk airs % *une, *uly 5arvest estival Wreath Contest % August Meeting with the 6eligious Song % the last Sunday in August

9isplays of 5andicrafts % +ctober

Touris

A nuber of cultural, recreational and sports eventa are organised in the coune. #hetourist can ake use of capsites and good conditions for bathing in the river and hikes.

At the foot of the Sonne Mountains is the village of Wu)skie, through which a white"red"and" white tourist trail runs.

#he red trail Sanok 6ailway Station % (iaa 13ra % +rli 7aieL % 'is0na % MountSonny Wierch % Mount Sonna % $ass in the Sonne Mountains % Mount $r0ysup %

6akowa

#he yellow trail % Sanok % +lchowce % Mount +rli 7aieL #he blue trail % Sanok % Str3


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#he waterill, situated in a nearby halet. Erected about J@@ it has a fraeworkstructure and is connected to an outbuilding. :t was used until JQ@.

Masonry, plastered shrines, dating fro the Jthcentury. #he eorial to 7ing Wadysaw *agieo, erected in JD@ in the arket s/uare,

destroyed by 1erans in J?D. :t was reconstructed in J@.

Tre$c4a

A forer 1reek"Catholic of 5oly Rirgins Sluber. After J?, it was used as an6.C. Church. #he original wooden church was entioned in QQD and FQP. :nO@ the +rthodo church burnt down. #he present one was built in O@F. :t wasthen etended at the close of the Jthcentury.

A sall Jthcentury anor house and reainders of a park layout.

Kuerous wayside shrines and crosses fro the Jth

and D@th

centuries.

5orodys0c0e and 5orodna stronghold, the reainder of the stronghold fro the Oth

and Pthcenturies with an underpinning of an +rthodo church fro the D th

century. Many archaeological discoveries have been ade here weapons,decorations, seals, pottery, etc.B #he stronghold in /uestion was perhaps theoriginal Sanok, referred to in 6uthenian chronicles.

0ykowce

#he palace erected in the early D@ thcentury, probably for the #arnowiecki faily, in

the style of spa architecture. :t stands on the foundations of an older, perhaps O thcentury, anor.

A etal GserfdoH cross fro O?O.

)ale+5wka

#he parish church of the 5oly Cross Elevation. (uilt in the years J@O"J? bySanok architect Wilhel S0oko. #he construction work was ultiately ended inJDF . #his is a Keo"1othic asonry church.

#he anor, built at the end of the Jthcentury, was altered in JD?. Rillage shrines, one of the was built in OPJ to coeorate the Koveber

&prising, another, 'ate"(aro/ue one fro F@@, shows the figure of St. *ohnKepoucen.

6ostarowce

#he parish 1reek"Catholic Church of St. Sieon the Stylite, after J? altered to an 6.C.subsidiary church, a branch of the parish in Strachocina. #he first church in 7ostarowce wasentioned in ??@. #he present one was built in OFD. #his is a wooden, oriented church of afraework structure. :nside there is an iconostasis, the churchs conteporary, renovated in

JPJ. #he keys are available fro the seton in a wooden, green house near the church.


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7od4ina

#he 1reek"Catholic Church of the Rirgin Marys Kativity fro F?P, now used as an 6.C.Church. #he church is oriented, tripartite and has a fraework structure. #he iconostasis

probably dates fro OFQ with icons of rustic character.

Strachocina

#he Keo"1othic $arish Church of St. Catharine fro the turn of J@P, designed by WilhelSchoko. Situated at the edge of the village, on the site of a forer church founded in PJ@

by $akos0 fro $akos03wka and ryderyk Myssnar fro *aNier0. Another wooden churchbuilt on the sae site was burnt in D? by #artars. :t is believed that together with the churchand the presbytery the then parish priest, Ada Ma)stroga, was burnt. #he reainder of thatchurch is a 1othic baptisal font. A new church was built as late as FQ on the site of the

burnt one.

"4erte8#he 1reek"Catholic $arish Church of the #ransfiguration was built in F?D and renovated inOP. #he fraework structure is oriented, has a shingle roof and a stone underpinning. #henave is topped with an onion"shaped eight"partite doe. :nside, there are two annerist sidealtars and polychroes depicting St. +lga and St. Rladiir. :n front of the church is a woodenshingle"roofed belfry, erected in OOF.

Do9ra#he +rthodo $arish Church of St. Kicholas, originally 1reek"Catholic. Since J? a 6oan"Catholic church, a branch of Mr0yg3d parish. #he first ention about the parish in 9obradates fro ?PP. #he present church was built in OFJ. #he tripartite church is wooden andhas a fraework structure. :nside, the ceiling is flat and there is a figural polychroe ade inthe years OJJ"J@? by Antoni and Micha (ogdaLski with the participation of Mikoa)9ekowic0. #he iconostasis, dating fro OJJ"J@?, was painted by (ogdaLski brothers.

:ie9ies4c4any #here are vestiges of earthwork, and a th century anor which burnt in the Oth

century. +nly a anor baseent fro the years FQ@"ODQ has survived. Kow, the villages landark is a stone Keo"1othic $arish Church of St. Kicholas,

built in JDQ. #he furnishings coe fro the previous older church. #he church

contains a (aro/ue high altar fro the Fth

century. A Qth

century 1othic crucifiis in the centre. #he side altars date fro the early O th century. An interestingfeature is a stone 'ate"1othic baptisal front fro the Qthcentury.

Sanoc4ek

#he forer 1reek"Catholic Church of Rirgin Marys (irth, ade of wood andbuilt in OD on the site of an older one. #he church is oriented, has a fraeworkstructure, and on the outside is bipartite. #he building is covered with a gable roof.After J? the church was used for 6oan"Catholic rites.

A sall stone anor fro JD@, the property of the 6ape faily, the owners of a

tetile factory in 23d4. Jthand D@thcentury roadside shrines.


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Tyrawa Solna

#he forer 1reek Catholic Church of *ohn the (aptist. Since J?F used as an 6.C.church. #he original wooden church was first entioned in FJ. #he present one

was built in OPF and was gradually etended throughout the J thcentury. #his isan oriented bipartite stone church. #he gable roofs are covered with etal plates.:nside, there is a fine figural and ornaental polychroe fro JDF. $articularlyinteresting is the beautiful iconostasis ade by *30ef (ogdaLski, recentlyrenovated.

#wo stone chapels fro the Jthcentury.

;a(u8

A church fro the JP@s, built where once an inn stood. A park and palace cople ade up of a asonry palace fro the close of the J th

century, on the foundations of an older building, dating fro the F th century.Around is a Jthcentury park layout. #he building was used as a leisure centre tillthe J@s. Kow it s a private property. (ear the anor, towards the 6iver San,there is a sepulchral chapel fro the Jthcentury, now a coplete ruin.

(unkers of the GMolotov 'ineH. 9ue to its strategic location at the )unction of theain routes and being the first railway station on the Soviet side, Iau< was a

place where resistance points were situated, consisting of F cobat bunkers, apart of the GMolotov 'ineH. Most of the bunkers were blown up, soe, however,have been preserved in a satisfactory condition. Since JJ one of the has been aeorial and a grave of the crew that were killed there.

The 0esko "oune

Location and natural conditions

#o locate (esko on a ap one should look at the south"eastern part of $oland^ alost halfwaybetween 7rosno and Sanok, at the intersection of a road and a railway track, by the rapid6iver Wisok, one will find a well"developed village, beautifully situated in the valleys andhills by the Wisok. (esko is a sall coune, one of the sallest in $oland with the area of

)ust DF,Q k and the population of ?,?@@. :t consists of three villages; (esko, MyoL and$orYby. #he ost characteristic terrain feature is naturally the Wisok. #his river, flowing out

of the eastern slopes of Mount 7anasi3wka in the border range of the 'ower (eskidMountains, rolls its waters along the stretch of @@ k before it flows into the San, behind*aroslaw. South of (esko, the Wisok fors one of $olands ost beautiful river gorges,which was fored in a recent in geological tersB past, in the $leistocene. or any yearsthere have been plans to cover soe parts of the gorge by reserve protection.

%$ortant cultural and s$ort events in the "oune

harvest festivals fairs brass band shows fireen copetitions


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sports copetitions in various disciplines

History of 0esko

(esko is an old royal village, fro FFD part of the Sanok district of 6uthenian Roivodeship^there is a ention in docuent that it was here in (esko in ?J that 7ing Wadysaw*agieo stopped on his way andissued one of the docuents. A settleent had eisted earlier,though, at leat fro the ? thcentury. :t was established according to the 6uthenian law andwas ainly inhabited by +rthodo 6uthenians. At the beginning of the Q th century $olesarrived in (esko. #o fulfil the spiritual needs of the $olish population, 7ing Sigisund :::Rasa established a 'atin"rite parish in (esko. A 6oan"Catholic structure did not onlyfacilitate the $olonisation of these areas, but also ensured an adinistrative control. #hevillage began to develop fro the thcentury. #hat process was not halted by plunderingraids; the #artar raid took place in D?, the Swedish in QQ, and the #ransylvanians in QF.

the developent was also seen in a anor far in (esko , around which a large nuber of$olish"origin households servants grouped. :n the O thcentury the village consisted of ,F@@inhabitants. 5owever, the fate of peasants becae worse and worse with each passingcentury, until the id"Jth century, when the co"operative oveent and peoplesassociations contributed to an iproved situation. $easants position was also difficult due todisastrous droughts or floods and particularly harsh winters, as well as deadly epideics. :nMay JQ, during the irst World War, the Austrian"5ungarian"1eran troops finally brokethrough the 6ussian defences ad forced the to withdraw as far as behind Rolhynia. 9uringthe Second World War, (esko was liberated on Septeber J?? by the FthCorps of the st

&krainian ront Ary.

The 0ukowsko coune

Sanok District

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