Sanitation Marketing Campaign in Bwaise I Submitted to By SUMMARY The German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) through the Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) is implementing

FINAL REPORT

Sanitation Marketing Campaign in Bwaise I

Submitted to

By

Sustainable Sanitation & Water Renewal Systems (NGO) Community Sanitation Center, Kifumbira, Mulago III,

P.O. Box 21302, Kampala, Uganda Tels. ; +256 31 229 7855, +256 77 2335 477 E-mail: [email protected]

URL: www.sswarsuganda.org

May 2009

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LIST OF ACRONYMS C/O Care of GTZ German Technical Cooperation IEC Information, Education and Communication ISH Improved Sanitation and Hygiene KCC Kampala City Council L Liters LC Local Council MC Master of Ceremony MFI Microfinance Institution PPP Public Private Partnership RUWASS Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector SSWARS Sustainable Sanitation and Water Renewal Systems UGShs. Uganda Shillings WSP-AF Water and Sanitation Programme of the World Bank, Africa

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) through the Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) is implementing a two year Public Private Partnership (PPP) project in partnership with: Crestanks and Poly Fibre as producers of modular toilets, Centenary bank and FINCA as microfinance company providers, Ministry of Water and Environment and Kawempe Division as Central Government and Local Government partners respectively. The project aims at making it possible to produce and distribute sanitation facilities designed for the specific needs of the urban poor population for the informal settlements in Kampala City. GTZ contracted SSWARS, to perform social marketing campaign in Bwaise I, Kawempe Division.

The social marketing campaign by SSWARS builds up on a market study of the sanitation solutions for the Kampala Urban poor that was earlier commissioned by GTZ. The sanitation market study report found limiting factors to latrine acquisition to be lack of satisfaction with the existing sanitation technologies, poor latrine supply chain and financing mechanisms, market segmentation and lack of delivery mechanisms as well as costly and unsustainable latrines. These factors were confirmed in the marketing campaigns and are compounded by poverty and the complexity of the people to change and adopt better practices to improved sanitation.

The loan scheme for acquisition of sanitation facilities in urban slums is challenging, as it is compounded by people who do not appreciate it, have no means of security to acquire it and a number of people lack the commitment to form groups/associations so that they can qualify to apply for group loans. The loan acquisition process prohibits potential customers because they must comply with stringent procedures instituted by the MFI (FINCA) as a way of ensuring that they do not loose the money to people who may be unable to pay. Therefore, there is need to put in place measures for improving household incomes so that the people can afford sanitation facilities. Additionally, the people of Bwaise I should be urged to open savings accounts to enable them save sufficient money to pay for the toilets without necessarily applying for loans.

People want toilets and their components/parts because of several reasons including cleanliness, easy use including ease of use by the aged/disabled (those unable to squat), and the need to have better sanitation, which came out more prominently. However, they are limited by costs and the lack of information on good options and funding mechanisms. The affordability by the people to buy toilets and toilet products is low. This was confirmed by the sales, in which, units which cost less (e.g., the slabs at UGShs. 43,500/= per slab; and the wonderloo at UGShs. 102,000/= per wonderloo) has been much higher compared to complete panel toilets (costing more than UGShs. 750,000/= per toilet). Through our interaction with the people, we propose that Crestanks should design cheaper sanitation products, targeting a complete panel toilet to cost UG.Shs. 400,000/=.

Our social marketing campaign, in a period of 4 months, yielded the supply and installation of 32 facilities in Bwaise I, comprising of 3 complete panel toilets, 3 wonderloos, 15 slabs, 1 ecopan, 4 hand wash tanks and 6 water storage tanks. It is a known documented fact that behavioural change for sanitation improvement takes a long time and therefore there is need for additional intensified social marketing campaigns in Bwaise I to scale-up the adoption of the facilities. For increased scaling-up and visibility of the GTZ/Crestanks/Polyfibre PPP, we suggest inclusion of more zones. Kawempe Division Local Government should be urged to include social marketing campaigns in their programs and should be supported to effectively carry out enforcement, thereby enabling the use of the ‘carrot and stick’ in this project, the ‘stick’ by the Local Government doing enforcement, and the ‘carrot’ by the rest of the PPP partners. House-house-visits and sanitation rallies, as well as the incentive of delivering latrines and latrine products and free installation are promising at creating the demand and scaling-up.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... iii 1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 1 2 OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE................................................................................... 3 3 ACTIVITIES/TASKS................................................................................................. 3

3.1 Community planning and beneficiary meetings ................................................. 3 3.2 Setting up a local demonstration product line and marketing............................. 9 3.3 Construction of latrines, and latrine products including supervision ................. 9 3.4 House-to-house coverage by ‘foot soldiers’ ..................................................... 16 3.5 Registration of Association to have borrowing power ..................................... 21 3.6 Promotional rallies ............................................................................................ 21 3.7 Monitoring and evaluation................................................................................ 24

4 EXPERIENCES, CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNT............................... 27 5 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED ........... 28 6 SUGGESTIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD ........................................................ 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 31 ANNEXES........................................................................................................................ 32 Annex I: Extracts from Community meetings and house-to-house visits ........................ 32

A1 Community meetings ........................................................................................ 32 A2 House-to-house coverage by foot soldiers........................................................ 33

Annex II: Questionnaire for capturing beneficiary perceptions and preferences ............. 38

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Participant representation at the meetings in various zones................................. 5 Table 2. Type and number of facilities installed/delivered............................................... 10 Table 3. Beneficiary perceptions and preferences on sanitation products and facilities .. 25 Table 4: Mitigation measures for the challenges regarding the PPP project in Bwaise I. 28 Table 5: Landlords/their representatives interested in acquiring sanitation products. ..... 32

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Charles Niwagaba from SSWARS meeting landlords in Bubajjwe................... 7 Figure 2: SSWARS meeting the landlords in Kiyindi Zone, Bwaise I .............................. 7 Figure 3: William from FINCA discussing with landlords at a meeting ........................... 8 Figure 4: Charles B. Niwagaba at a community meeting in Bwaise I ............................... 8 Figure 5. Toilet floor before (Left). SSWARS masons install slab in Kiyindi Zone (Right). .............................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 6. SSWARS technician chiselling the drop hole in Kiyindi Zone. ....................... 11 Figure 7. Users emphasize and practice hand washing-see hand washing container....... 11 Figure 8. Wonderloo installed at the Kabega’s home in Bubajwe, Bwaise I. .................. 12

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Figure 9. SSWARS masons break existing poorly made foot rests (Left) and Chisel drop hole gain shape the slab drop hole (Right)........................................................................ 12 Figure 10: Top left/right: Mrs. O. Ssemuwemba holding receipt from Crestanks, posing with the SSWARS mason, Mr. Sam Magona. Bottom left, the SSWARS mason mixes the sand and cement to install the slab.................................................................................... 13 Figure 11. LEFT: SSWARS masons install a wonderloo in Bubajjwe. RIGHT: SSWARS mason with Ms. Mary Kaleeba who bought a slab and wonderloo. ................................. 14 Figure 12. Ms. S. Nanyanzi, owner of panel toilet in Kiyindi zone (Left). SSWARS masons install the panel toilet (Right). ............................................................................. 14 Figure 13. SSWARS masons install a slab in Bishop Mukwaya Zone (Left). Mr. Kibuuka inspects SSWARS’ works (Right). ................................................................................... 15 Figure 14. Owner of a 1000 L water tank (Left); and a hand washing tank (Right). ....... 15 Figure 15: SSWARS foot soldiers hang posters at the LCI office in Bishop Mukwaya . 16 Figure 16: Posters were hung at popular joints, e.g. Rock bar in Bwaise I. .................... 17 Figure 17: SSWARS foot soldiers getting down with the people, sharing contacts. ....... 17 Figure 18: SSWARS foot soldier visit a potential site of the improved toilet facility..... 18 Figure 19: Posters were also hung at public video halls like this one.............................. 18 Figure 20: Smartly dressed community volunteers who participated in hanging posters.19 Figure 21: Boda bodas were decorated with ‘Get your own toilet now’ stickers! ........... 19 Figure 22: SSWARS foot soldiers moving from house-to-house in Bwaise I................. 20 Figure 23: Another typical public place that was targeted where posters were hung...... 20 Figure 24. Sanitation products displayed at a sanitation rally in Kisenyi, Bwaise I. ....... 22 Figure 25. The turn up of the people at the sanitation rally. ............................................ 22 Figure 26. Crowds of people that attended the rally in Kisenyi. ...................................... 23 Figure 27. Fred Nuwagaba from GTZ officiating in some draws and handover of gifts. 23 Figure 28. Entertainment by drama (LEFT) and Karaoke dancers (RIGHT) at a sanitation rally in Kisenyi.................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 29. Entertainment by a man miming the sanitation song ‘Kadingo’. ................... 24

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1 BACKGROUND

The German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) through the Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) is implementing a two year PPP project in partnership with: Crestanks and Poly Fibre as producers of modular toilets, Centenary bank and FINCA as microfinance company providers, Ministry of Water and Environment and Kawempe Division as Central Government and Local Government partners respectively. The purpose of the partnership is to make it possible to produce and distribute sanitation facilities designed for the specific needs of the urban poor population in Kampala’s informal settlements.

GTZ contracted SSWARS, a non-profit making, non-governmental organisation that is active in Bwaise I, to perform social marketing campaign in Bwaise I, Kawempe Division. Prior to the social marketing campaigns, GTZ commissioned a market study on sanitation solutions for the Kampala Urban poor. A literature review of the market study report revealed important findings relevant to the social marketing campaign. Here below is a summary of the relevant findings from the market study report (Katumba, 2008):

o User dissatisfaction with the existing sanitation systems: Latrine users who are mostly tenants were found to be dissatisfied with the existing household sanitation facilities provided by the landlords with the key reasons ranging from poor hygiene, lack of operation and maintenance practices to low level of technology performance, the lack of alternative options to meet the user social desires like decency, privacy and gender responsiveness.

o Technology preference: The pit latrine stands out to be the most preferred sanitation option due to issues regarding the cost and space. The pit latrine is viewed as being cheaper compared to other options like Ecosan or the water borne toilet system. Basing on the existing designs, pit latrine construction has not required much expertise like would be the case with other systems but it has not been without challenges related to designing, limited space as well as emptying and disposal of waste. Other motivations, on the side of tenants and constraining factors for latrine acquisition by landlords were found to point towards social – economic issues of income levels, space and durability.

o Latrine supply chain and financing: Prospective dealers and landlords (from the supply side) indicated willingness to participate in the promotion through a business arrangement that would involve negotiations with manufacturers about the economic gains. However, our findings suggest that Crestanks is not interested in dealing with e.g., hardware dealers as they have to subsidize the prices at that level,

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and yet this may not be to the advantage of the consumers since the dealers’ objective is to make profits.

o Market segmentation and delivery systems: The community (the market) is segmented mainly by social strata, income levels, area geological features, and gender. Each market segment desired tailored products with the low income level preference towards slabs while those living in flood prone areas had preference for Substructure (40%), superstructure (50%) while in swampy loose soils with less flooding, about 30% preferred the superstructure.

o Product development: The latrine components can be segregated in form of the superstructure, slab, urinal or even sub-structure and bathrooms. The consumers (tenants and landlords) argued for a variety of products based on their different geographical, socio-economic challenges as key determinants to their choices.

o Operations and support services: The respondents felt that the Crestanks model toilet type was new to the community and would therefore require more promotion hence the need to have support centers set up near their locations. This has been addressed in this marketing campaign by setting up a product supply outlet display at the community sanitation center in Mulago III, Kawempe division; and it has been proposed to set up such a display outlet at FINCA offices in Kawempe Division. This is not yet done because Crestanks would like FINCA to be the one to demand for display of products at their (FINCA’s premises) but not SSWARS.

o Promotion/Information dissemination: The identified market potential can be maximized through selected strategies that should include developing key messages and campaigns. Even though the market study recommended the use of radio advertising, we opted to use more effective advertising methods designed to reach out to the community via, for example, community meetings, house-to-house campaigns and sanitation rallies. The sanitation rallies were spiced up by drama, Karaoke dancers, local entertainment by miming and prize giving to local residents who have been actively participating in sanitation marketing as well as those who bought sanitation products.

o The role of local masons: Local masons were identified to play an important role in latrine promotion and construction. The SSWARS’ locally trained masons have started to engage in latrine construction.

Other studies reviewed include the study on the determination of the latrine coverage for Bwaise I, which found that the latrine coverage of Bwaise I is 50% thus leaving about 8,000 people without latrines. The study also recommended that in the planning for sanitation facilities for Bwaise I, it is important to consider latrine emptying. This is because at least 70 latrines (constituting about 40% of the latrines sampled) in Kisenyi were found full. Thus, if latrines are installed, and no consideration is given to the

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emptying, it is likely that soon or later, all the pits will fill up and the people will no long have access to functioning latrines. The issue of pit emptying was discussed during the inception meeting with GTZ. It was mentioned that as far as GTZ is concerned with the PPP project, the issue of pit emptying is not as urgent as the installation of latrines as they have to be installed first before their emptying becomes an issue of concern. However, it became evident that GTZ could, for example, support the association of pit emptiers. SSWARS plans and recommends the involvement of the members of the Association of pit Emptiers in future sanitation marketing campaigns.

Sanitation marketing is considered a viable mechanism for increasing sanitation coverage by supporting efforts to enhance the capacity of the private sector to supply desirable sanitation products, encourage the public sector to develop a supportive enabling environment, and of the NGOs and local governments to stimulate demand. Sanitation marketing focuses on demand creation through media and communications campaigns.

2 OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE The main objective of the promotional campaign was to increase awareness of the GTZ/Crestanks/Polyfibre programme amongst the beneficiaries dwelling in the selected pilot area of Bwaise I with the goal of scaling-up the adoption of the improved latrines to the rest of the areas.

This intervention was aimed at reaching the overarching rationale of the pilot project that is responsible for facilitating closure of two gaps; between the huge negative health impact due to the prevailing appalling hygiene situation and sound hygienic attitudes; and between urban poor (as customer) and sanitation hardware producer – so that the producer supplies products that the communities/customers will be able to buy. Another gap that is being closed by this project is that between the urban poor community members (as customers) and the microfinance company (MFI).

3 ACTIVITIES/TASKS

The following methodology was adopted:

3.1 Community planning and beneficiary meetings SSWARS organised a series of planning meetings with the beneficiaries, including their local leaders. Focus group meetings were held in selected areas at LCI level especially with the local leaders, influential landlords, tenants and opinion leaders in order to help in adequate response to people’s wants. The meetings were organised by SSWARS, with the participation of Crestanks, FINCA and in some meetings also, with the participation of GTZ representatives. In the meetings, SSWARS presented the GTZ-RUWASS

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Crestanks/Polyfibre project, in particular, conveying the information regarding the available opportunities in regard to access to credit for improving household sanitation. SSWARS explained their responsibilities, in particular the social marketing campaign, the distribution and gathering of application forms, and also the role of support supervision during latrine installation. The representatives from Crestanks exhibited their products at the meetings, namely, the wonderloo, panel toilet, dustbins, slabs, water tanks, the ecopan, hand washing bucket and the urinals. In addition, the representative from Crestanks explained their products and how they work. FINCA representative explained how the credit scheme works, how to open savings accounts with them, how to open up group associations and access group loans. During the meetings, the beneficiaries heard from the ‘horse’s mouth’ on how they can be assisted to own safe and convenient sanitation facilities. Community meetings were held in all LCIs/zones with different categories mixed together (i.e., landlords and tenants). Additionally, meetings specifically targeting landlords were also held in all the nine (9) zones. The experience with the organisation of the meetings was that it is difficult to get landlords as they are at work most of the times, often at locations that are not in Bwaise I. Thus, most of the meetings targeting landlords were held at weekends, and on working days, mostly between 4 00 p.m. and 6 00 p.m. The concern at most meetings was that the cost of the sanitation facilities was too high, especially the panel toilet. Even though we explained that they could breakdown the burden of payment by buying individual pieces as and when they get the money, the concern was that they need to envisage where the money for completing the toilet installation comes from before they start to buy the pieces separately. The cost of the slabs and that of the wonderloo were considered fairly reasonable. However, many people had concerns regarding the handling of the excreta from the wonderloo, thereby making no commitments on whether they could buy it. Other concerns were regarding the loan facilities. Most people are not used to taking loans for sanitation improvement. They are instead used to taking loans for business/ business developments and to pay for their children’s school fees. Thus, it is still a challenge to convince people to take loans for sanitation improvement. Other concerns regarding the loan facility were in relation to the re-payment scheme, which was properly explained by the representative from FINCA. As it may be unlikely that the people may change their perceptions regarding the loan for sanitation improvement, it is important to look at other forms of acquisition. We consider activities for increasing household incomes critical in this respect, in order to build the capacity of the people to acquire sanitation products. This can be addressed by lobbying, for example, so that the government of Uganda Prosperity for All (Bona bagagawale) Program is extended to the people of Bwaise I.

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SSWAR’s impression following the completion of community meetings was that sustained campaigns are needed because it is not easy to change people’s minds and thinking in a short duration. This agrees with Cairncross (2003), who stressed the importance of being patient from the study to market and promote latrines in a programme in Maputo, Mozambique in the early 1980’s. In this programme, the latrine was stripped to its most essential element, the floor slab and put at a cost without subsidy. After 2 years, only one or two a day were being built, but by 1995, tens of thousands of latrines were being produced each year. This emphasises the fact that a lot of time is needed to interact with the people and thereby increase their confidence, especially in regard to acquiring loans for sanitation improvement. The numbers of participants at the various meetings are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Participant representation at the meetings in various zones

Community meeting Meeting with landlords Zone1

Date Number of

people Date

Number of people

Industrial area 7th Jan. 2009 52 4th Feb. 2009 11 Sempa 7th Jan. 2009 23 1st Feb. 2009 9 Kulumba 8th Jan. 2009 56 15th Feb. 2009 12 Bishop Mukwaya 8th Jan. 2009 50 8th Feb. 2009 8 Lule 9th Jan. 2009 44 Kiyaga 9th Jan, 2009 26

25th Jan. 20092 27

Bubajjwe 9th Jan. 2009 19 29th Jan. 2009 13 Kisenyi, meeting 1 10th Jan. 2009 50 23rd Jan. 2009 7 Kisenyi, meeting 2 1st Feb. 2009 28 Kiyindi 10th Jan. 2009 23 30th Jan. 2009 7

The list of people from the various zones in Bwaise I who expressed interest in acquiring different types of sanitation facilities during the community meetings is presented in Appendix A1. Some of the key messages people put across are:

1 Two community meetings were held each day, except for the 9th Jan. 2009 where 3 meetings were held, 2 Landlords’ meeting for Lule and Kiyaga was combined since the zones are small and close to each other.

“Nze na ndiyagadde toyi eno Wonderloo, naye bbi nagitwala wa (I would have loved to have a Wonderloo, but when it fills up, where do I take the faeces? Community member from Kisenyi Zone, Bwaise I.

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Our response to this was that it is better to have a sanitation facility; and more especially for use at night when it is not safe, especially for the women to go out to the toilet. Regarding the excreta handling, we mentioned that they can dig a pit/hole outside and burry the excreta, or ask a neighbour to deposit the material in their pit.

Our response to this was that people should not fear the loans. They should borrow what they can pay and they should be disciplined to pay monthly instalments so that the money does not accumulate to what they may not afford. Besides, those who have cash are encouraged to use their cash in purchasing sanitation facilities. Landlords should have security to qualify for loans. This was answered by William from FINCA as follows: The FINCA loan operates, like many loans, by requesting those who take it to pay monthly. The interest depends on how much you have taken, and if you have taken it as an individual or a group association of a number of persons. The interest is between 2.5%-5% per month. You may be asked to pay back the money you have borrowed, together with the interest, within a period of 6 months to 1 year, but you have to be paying monthly. If you would like to borrow less than or equal UGShs. 400,000/=, you will need to have a group of people and be considered as a group loan. It is only those that need more than UGShs. 400,000 that qualify for an individual loan. Even then, an assessment has to be performed to determine the ability of the applying person to qualify for the loan given.

“Abantu baffe embintu bya loan babigendawo mpola, okusinga Abasiramu. Omanyi, bangi batya nti ebintu byabwe bagenda kubitwaala bwe baba balemeleddwa okusasula; N’atte N’abalala abangi tebalina security. N’Olwekyo, banka tegenda kubawa sente” (Our people, especially the Moslems do not like to take loans. Most people here fear that if they talk loans and they fail to service them, the bank will take their property. Moreover, most of the people in our area do not have any form of security and the bank may never give them loans). LCI Chairman, Bubajjwe

“How does the FINCA loan operate? What is the interest?” Community member from Lule Zone, Bwaise I.

“Ffe tubade tulowoza nti mugenda kutuzimbila Kabuyonjo. Kati mu project tufunamuki? (For us, we have been thinking that this project will build us free toilets. What do we gain from it, given the way you have explained it) Community member from Kiyindi Zone, Bwaise I.

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This was answered as follows: In this project, GTZ, Crestanks, FINCA and Centenary bank cooperating with SSWARS are to bring services nearer to you the people of Bwaise I. This opportunity is non existent in many other areas that need it. You have for example, a 15% discount on all sanitation products. Besides, the construction labour for the first 30 buyers shall be provided by SSWARS trained technicians and masons, who have been facilitated by GTZ to be able to do so. Thus, we see a lot of benefits of this project in your locality.

Figure 1: Charles Niwagaba from SSWARS meeting landlords in Bubajjwe. Figure 2: SSWARS meeting the landlords in Kiyindi Zone, Bwaise I

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Figure 3: William from FINCA discussing with landlords at a meeting

Figure 4: Charles B. Niwagaba at a community meeting in Bwaise I

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3.2 Setting up a local demonstration product line and marketing SSWARS held a meeting with Crestanks with the view of discussing the setting up of a local demonstration product line that could provide advice on marketing options including sale of separate toilet components and with considerations of the cheapest combinations, i.e. the slab, wall structure, roof structure, rain water harvesting unit, etc so as to match the beneficiaries’ ability to pay. This suggestion was not accepted by Crestanks because of the need to offer huge discounts to the dealers, which they thought may not benefit the local people. Instead, Crestanks thought that by dealing with for example, hardware dealers, the discounts given to the dealers would be used to their advantage to make huge profits and hence the consumers may not benefit from such an arrangement. Crestanks accepted to establish such a product display outlet at SSWARS’ community sanitation center in Mulago III. So far, the following products are displayed at the sani-center: wonderloo, slab, ecopan, waste bins. Crestanks has promised SSWARS to deliver also other items, namely, the complete panel toilet, water tank, hand washing bucket, urinal and any other new products. As SSWARS is far from Bwaise I, it is proposed to set up a product display outlet at FINCA offices. A discussion was held between SSWARS, FINCA and Crestanks. However, Crestanks would like to see FINCA demanding for this in order for them to put a product display at FINCA offices. SSWARS continues to persuade people to go to the sani-center to look at the range of other products that can be offered. This has increased awareness on a range of sanitation options. It should be noted that the existing demonstration toilet at Kawempe Division Headquarters was constructed among other reasons, to raise awareness amongst the people of Bwaise I and thereby act as a way of marketing of the Crestanks sanitation facilities. However, this objective is not yet realised because many people in Bwaise I are not aware about the existence of this sanitation facility. Others say they have heard about it, but they have not gone there to look at it. It is therefore not clear as to whether a product display outlet at Kawempe Division headquarters may be useful in raising awareness.

3.3 Construction of latrines, and latrine products including supervision The masons trained by SSWARS visit the customers (the people who buy latrines and latrine products). Upon inspecting the site, they quantify the materials the customer should buy. They agree on the time when the customer will have purchased so that they come and install the latrines/latrine products. The construction has been happening in all the zones of Bwaise; and there has also been a spill over effect to at least two zones outside of Bwaise I, but in Kawempe Division. SSWARS successfully helped community members to register an association of 23 persons called Buyonjo Kwefaako in order for

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the community members to benefit from a group loan. Out of the 23 members of Buyonjo kwefaako, 12 people got sanitation/water facilities including 6 slabs, 2 wonderloos, and 4 water tanks. In total, the following facilities have been delivered/installed (Table 2).

Table 2. Type and number of facilities installed/delivered.

Type of facility Number Complete panel toilets 03 Slabs 15 Wonderloo 03 Ecopan 01 Hand washing tanks 04 Water tanks 06

Sum 32 Below (Figures 5 – 14) are some of the sanitation units installed and the various locations and owners of those facilities. Owner: Mukyaala Oliver Nakawungu, 071 2 588989 Area: Bwaise I, Kiyindi Zone, near the Mosque

Location: Take the road going upwards, towards Winston Primary School, just after the parking of Kawempe growers. Proceed to a mosque, next to a play ground. Ask for the residence of Mukyaala Oliver Nakawungu. Contacts are shown above.

Installation: So far three slabs have been installed on all the three toilet stances for the tenants.

Figure 5. Toilet floor before (Left). SSWARS masons install slab in Kiyindi Zone (Right).

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Figure 6. SSWARS technician chiselling the drop hole in Kiyindi Zone. Owner: Mrs. Kabega, 075 2 991810. Area: Bwaise I, Bubajjwe. Installation: A wonderloo was fixed as a toilet seater on the toilet belonging to Mr and

Mrs. Kabega. Mrs. Kabega has promised to buy a slab to improve the floor for the tenants’ toilet. A toilet seater has been preferred because the users are getting into advanced age and have difficulties in squatting.

Figure 7. Users emphasize and practice hand washing-see hand washing container

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Figure 8. Wonderloo installed at the Kabega’s home in Bubajwe, Bwaise I.

Owner: Mrs. Namuyomba, C/O Mobilizer at Kabega, 078 2 363294. Area: Bwaise I, Sempa Zone. Installation: A slab was installed. Mrs. Namuyomba promised to buy another slab for

the remaining one stance. The slab was preferred for looking neat and being easy to clean.

Figure 9. SSWARS masons break existing poorly made foot rests (Left) and Chisel drop hole gain shape the slab drop hole (Right).

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Owner: Mr & Mrs. Ssemuwemba, Home number 041 4 577402, Husband’s (Mr : Ssemuwemba) Tel. 077 2 444557

Area: Bwaise I, Kulumba Zone. Location: Take the road going to AVIS factory continue along Tula road, and turn

on the left (upwards) just in front of the signpost of Taibah High School. Move upwards, for about 200 m. There is a shop, and the house of Mr and Mrs. Ssemuwemba is next to a shop. That house has a huge tank, about 10 000 L made of corrugated sheets.

Installation: A slab was installed. Mrs. Ssemuwemba promised to buy another slab for the toilet stance used by the tenants. The slab was preferred for looking neat and being easy to clean.

Figure 10: Top left/right: Mrs. O. Ssemuwemba holding receipt from Crestanks, posing with the SSWARS mason, Mr. Sam Magona. Bottom left, the SSWARS mason mixes the sand and cement to install the slab.

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Figure 11. LEFT: SSWARS masons install a wonderloo in Bubajjwe. RIGHT: SSWARS mason with Ms. Mary Kaleeba who bought a slab and wonderloo. Figure 12. Ms. S. Nanyanzi, owner of panel toilet in Kiyindi zone (Left). SSWARS masons install the panel toilet (Right).

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Figure 13. SSWARS masons install a slab in Bishop Mukwaya Zone (Left). Mr. Kibuuka inspects SSWARS’ works (Right). Figure 14. Owner of a 1000 L water tank (Left); and a hand washing tank (Right).

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3.4 House-to-house coverage by ‘foot soldiers’ In order to reach out to the entire community members of Bwaise I, SSWARS carried out house-to-house visits (using ‘foot soldiers’) to market the sanitation products by advancing the benefits of convenience, comfort, privacy, safety (women and children), dignity and prestige. This activity was completed in the entire 9 zones of Bwaise I during the period February to March 2009. The delay in accomplishing this task was a result of the lack of Information, Education and Communications (IEC) promotional materials that GTZ-RUWAS was responsible for producing. However, SSWARS immediately embarked on this activity upon acquiring the IEC materials and the activity has now been completed. SSWARS provided input and advisory support in the design of the above promotional materials. SSWARS’ foot soldiers distributed the IEC materials including posters, fliers, car and door stickers, T-shirts, pens and pencils etc together with the application forms/invoices for those costumers that expressed interest to acquire sanitation products supplied by Crestanks. The list of names of the people that expressed interest is presented in Appendix A2 of this report. Below (Figs. 15-23) are some pictures taken from the house-to-house movements.

Figure 15: SSWARS foot soldiers hang posters at the LCI office in Bishop Mukwaya

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Figure 16: Posters were hung at popular joints, e.g. Rock bar in Bwaise I. Figure 17: SSWARS foot soldiers getting down with the people, sharing contacts.

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Figure 18: SSWARS foot soldier visit a potential site of the improved toilet facility.

Figure 19: Posters were also hung at public video halls like this one.

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Figure 20: Smartly dressed community volunteers who participated in hanging posters.

Figure 21: Boda bodas were decorated with ‘Get your own toilet now’ stickers!

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Figure 22: SSWARS foot soldiers moving from house-to-house in Bwaise I

Figure 23: Another typical public place that was targeted where posters were hung

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3.5 Registration of Association to have borrowing power Our interaction with FINCA revealed that FINCA cannot give loans to people who do not have security, and more especially to individual’s who would like to borrow an amount up to and below UGShs. 400,000. As this applies to majority of the people of Bwaise I, other methods were sought, in which groups of people were formed in order to have borrowing power and qualify for loans from FINCA. To qualify for a group loan, the people must register an association with Kampala City Council. Consequently, a group of people from mixed zones of Bwaise I formed an association of 26 persons. The association name is Buyonjo Kwefaako. SSWARS facilitated the registration process. The association was now fully registered and members were able to access loans. Out of the 26 members of Buyonjo Kwefaako, thirteen were given loans and have already acquired various sanitation facilities, namely; six slabs, 2 wonderloos and four water tanks.

3.6 Promotional rallies SSWARS, in cooperation with the PPP partners namely GTZ, Crestanks and FINCA participated in the planning, advising and organising a major promotional day rally in Bwaise I. SSWARS in consultation with GTZ-RUWASS, planed and held one promotional rally in Kisenyi in Bwaise I. It was planned in the beginning to hold two sanitation rallies. However, it was discussed and agreed with GTZ to hold one mega promotional rally and scale-up some activities based on the following reasons:

SSWARS identified in the beginning, that the house-to-house marketing had high potentials of attracting more customers and therefore this activity was intensified by additional house-to-house campaigns,

In order to spice-up’, cause more excitement and increase the visibility of the PPP project, the prizes were to be won at the promotional rallies were scaled-up as explained in the list below.

In particular, the following were done during preparation and holding of rallies: • Engagement the services of drama group, trained by SSWARS, • Hiring and engagement of a professional MC, local artistes, Karaoke dancers,

entertainment miming, • Mobilising the community members to attend and participate in the rally activities

– a lorry mounted on mega speakers, and playing the sanitation song ‘Kadingo’ was used to mobilise the people,

• Hiring tents, tables and seats, • Hiring and engagement of three security personnel for the rally event, • Provision of soft drinks, • Procurement of gifts/presents that were by participants who had earlier bought

toilets and those who had expressed serious interest in acquisition of toilets. The gift list included three complete panel toilets, slabs, ecopans, basins, umbrellas, books, rulers, toilet paper, hand washing basin and washing soap.

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Below (Figures 24-28) herewith, are some of the pictures taken during the sanitation rallies:

Figure 24. Sanitation products displayed at a sanitation rally in Kisenyi, Bwaise I. Figure 25. The turn up of the people at the sanitation rally.

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Figure 26. Crowds of people that attended the rally in Kisenyi. Figure 27. Fred Nuwagaba from GTZ officiating in some draws and handover of gifts.

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Figure 28. Entertainment by drama (LEFT) and Karaoke dancers (RIGHT) at a sanitation rally in Kisenyi.

Figure 29. Entertainment by a man miming the sanitation song ‘Kadingo’.

3.7 Monitoring and evaluation The purpose of the monitoring and evaluation is to capture perceptions and preferences in the design of appropriate strategies for the marketing in order to scale-up the adoption of latrine products. This activity is continuous throughout the social marketing campaign. SSWARS has continued to capture and update the beneficiary perceptions, preferences, challenges and design applicable strategies to enhance the scaling-up of the sanitation improvement through the Public Private Partnership (PPP) products in the rest of the pilot parishes and the rest of the KCC divisions. We have carried out the following activities in the monitoring and evaluation:

• Field visits to establish the people that have acquired latrine products, • Collection of information from Crestanks regarding the sales of latrines and

latrine products,

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• Field visits to check the condition and performance of constructed latrine facilities,

• Meetings and discussions with community members and leaders on their views regarding the products by Crestanks/Polyfibre in order to know the problems with the current designs/if any, and hence obtain views on the needed improvements.

While visiting the community members, especially those who have acquired sanitation products, we have used a questionnaire to obtain beneficiary perceptions and preferences on sanitation products and facilities (Annex II). The results from the questionnaire can be summarised in the Table 3.

Table 3. Beneficiary perceptions and preferences on sanitation products and facilities Issue/Parameter R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Sanitation product bought Slab Slab Wonderloo Wonderloo Slab Three slabs Reasons for buying sanitation product

Cleanliness Improved sanitation

Problems with legs, cant squat

Need easy use Cleanliness Improved sanitation

Period in use 3 weeks 2 weeks 2 weeks 4 weeks 2 weeks 5 weeks Performance/Problems experienced

Works very well, easy to clean

Works very well

Very good Leakage occurred at start. Was fixed and now works very well

Very good Works so well

Source of information about PPP

SSWARS marketers and LC mobilizer

SSWARS staff and LC mobilizer

SSWARS mobilizers

SSWARS mobilizer

SSWARS marketer

SSWARS marketers

Installation of product done by

SSWARS engineers

SSWARS Engineers

SSWARS engineers

SSWARS Engineers

SSWARS engineers

SSWARS Engineers

Other sanitation product needed

1 more Slab 1 more slab Septic Tank 1 slab Nil Nil

Affordability of sanitation system

Slab is affordable

Slab is affordable

Not more than 100,000 per facility

Wonderloo cost affordable

Suggested lab cost: 30,000 and panel toilet about Shs. 500,000

Panel toilet should cost about Shs. 500,000

Item believed to sale most Slab Water tanks3 Slabs Water tank4 Water tanks Slabs Desired change in sanitation system

Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Other relevant information needed

Keep up with mobilisation

Go ahead with mobilisation and training

Sensitise more landlords, create awareness

Show samples to people, let them know where units are installed

Keep good work of mobilisation. Talk to chairmen of all zones

Go ahead and train people, teach more about products

Most people declined to answer the questionnaire because they said they had used the sanitation facilities for such a short time that they believed that they were unable to

3 The reason given is that people have a lot of problems regarding their water supplies and thus they may buy more of tanks to keep water and have a sustained water supply at the household. 4 Same reason as in above.

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provide useful responses. The reasons for buying the sanitation facilities range from cleanliness, easy use, including ease of use by the disabled (those unable to squat), and the need to have better sanitation, the latter of which comes out more prominently. It can be seen from Table 3 above that the issue of cost comes out quite prominently in the beneficiary responses. This can be confirmed from the fact that cheaper systems have been bought more than the expensive units. Generally, a cheaper cost unit, e.g. a slab, costing UGShs. 43,500 is affordable, even though one respondent suggested the cost of the slab to be decreased to UGShs. 30,000. People suggested that the cost of the complete panel toilet should be decreased to about UGShs. 500,000 or less. Some respondents indicated that they needed to acquire more slabs and that they were looking for the funds to acquire them. Regarding the condition of the units that have been installed, the SSWARS team has been checking on the various people that bought them and our conclusion is that they are used properly and will go a long way in improving the sanitation status in Bwaise I. SSWARS also has been taking a record of sanitation/water supply facilities sold by/bought from Crestanks Uganda Ltd. Our records tally with those obtained from Crestanks Uganda limited, standing at 32 facilities sold to the people of Bwaise I. We hope that intensified marketing campaigns may push this figure much higher, thereby significantly improving the sanitation situation in Bwaise I. The efforts by SSWARS and local council mobilizers were recognised as the respondents indicated to have obtained information regarding the PPP project from these sources. Additionally, the respondents stressed the need for continued sensitisation, mobilisation, awareness creation including showing the people the facilities and teaching them more about them and how to use the various facilities. From the beneficiary perceptions and preferences, the following can be suggested, which are to be utilised in future marketing for scaling-up the adoption of more toilet facilities:

The cost of the toilets should be decreased to about UGshs. 500,000/= or less for a complete panel toilet. Other smaller units, for example, the slab should also be decreased, to about UGshs. 30,000 per slab. In view of this, we recommend continuous breaking up of the parts of the toilets so that each part becomes cheap. It could be that people may continue buying what they can afford, until the various units can complete the units after which they can be assembled,

Continuous mobilisation, awareness creation and social marketing are needed. We have demonstrated sufficient capacity to handle this effectively and we look forward to continued cooperation with GTZ-RUWASS in this respect.

There has not been an expressed need to change designs of any of the sanitation facilities so far delivered/installed.

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4 EXPERIENCES, CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNT The experiences, challenges and lessons learnt from the community meetings and the house-to-house campaigns are as follows:

i) The people of Bwaise I are finding the panel toilets to be supplied by Crestanks too expensive and not affordable by the urban poor. Many people have testified that they cannot buy those toilets because they are expensive,

ii) Majority of the people in Bwaise I have a negative attitude about taking loans. In fact, most people do not like to take loans from FINCA or Centenary bank or any other financial institution for that matter. They fear that their property will be attached. This is compounded by the fact that a significant proportion of the people in Kisenyi and Bubajjwe are Moslems, and that their faith has restrictions on taking loans,

iii) Some people have taken loans from FINCA before and have not yet completed servicing them. Consequently, FINCA cannot give them loans. Other people have nothing to show as security of the money they wish to take, however little it may be, and for this matter, such people may never qualify for a loan,

iv) People’s response is very poor. For example, the people who did not have accounts at FINCA before have been advised to open the accounts. We have rang some of the people more than 20 times, and visited them more than 10 times. They keep promising, but they never go to FINCA to open the accounts,

v) A significant proportion of the people say that they cannot make their own decisions to take a loan, without consulting other family members because it involves a lot of money to be borrowed for a single panel toilet. Others claim, that when consulting their family members, they are let down by some of them who do not support borrowing money for owning a toilet,

vi) Some people have been giving empty promises. They show interest at first, but upon following up, they toss our field staff around and eventually tell them that they are not interested in taking loans for sanitation facilities. This happens after wasting a lot of money in transport to visit them and on air time calling them every now and then,

vii) Ever since the time of taking children back to school started at the start of February, 2009, it became an excuse by majority of the parents that they had to pay school fees first. Others are still using it as an excuse that they are still paying back the loans that they borrowed to return their children to school,

viii) There is a general reluctance and negative attitude of people towards toilets, and more so, taking loans for installation of toilet facilities. A number of people tell our field staff that they have managed to survive under conditions of having no toilets for a long time, and that it is a bad idea to borrow money to build a toilet,

ix) The concept of borrowing money to build toilets is new, and hence it is likely not to attract the attention and interest of many people for a long time. People are used to borrowing money to start business establishments, to build their own home, to pay school fees for their children, etc, but not to build toilets.

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x) People seem to take long to adapt to changes aimed at sanitation improvement. However, when they adapt to the changes, the results can be enormous. This is reflected in Cairncross (2003) where the installation of latrines in Maputo, Mozambique was low (one or two installations a day) in early 1980’s, but this increased to several tens of thousands of daily latrine installations about ten years later.

5 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED The proposed mitigation measures for the above challenges are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Mitigation measures for the challenges regarding the PPP project in Bwaise I

Challenge Mitigation measure The panel toilets are too expensive and not affordable by the urban poor.

Discuss with Crestanks if they can make a product for the poor. We believe that a cost of less or equal to UGShs. 400,000 may be more acceptable and affordable.

Negative attitude about taking loans and fearing that their property will be attached. Further, the muslims do not like to take loans because their faith has restrictions on taking loans.

For those who cannot take the loans, we have to encourage them to open a savings account at FINCA and keep saving there until they accumulate sufficient money to pay for sanitation facility. For others who may take, we shall encourage them to take the loans that they can manage to pay for and to be disciplined to deposit monthly instalments.

Some people have taken loans from FINCA before and have not yet completed servicing them. Consequently, FINCA cannot give them loans. Other people have nothing to show as security of the money they wish to take, however little it may be, and for this matter, such people may never qualify for a loan.

Encourage those who have taken loans before to complete servicing those loans so that they can qualify for loans for sanitation facilities. For those who have no security, encourage them to open savings account and keep saving; encourage them also to join groups and form associations so that they can qualify for a group loan.

People’s response is very poor. For example, the people who did not have accounts at FINCA before have been advised to open the accounts. We have rang some of the people more than 20 times, and visited them more than 10 times. They keep promising, but they never go to FINCA to open the accounts.

We just have to keep trying in the hope that people will respond positively.

A significant proportion of the people say that they cannot make their own decisions to take a loan, without consulting other family members because it involves a lot of money to be borrowed for a single panel toilet. Others claim, that when consulting their family members, they are let down by some of them who do not support borrowing money for owning a toilet.

This is challenging because it is difficult to bring all the entire family members together. However, we just have to continue conveying the message to those we find at home hoping that they will inform their family members and that the family members may change their mind and be positive about the loan facility for toilets.

Some people have been giving empty promises. They show interest at first, but upon following up, they toss our field staff around and eventually tell them that they are not interested in taking loans for sanitation facilities. This happens after wasting a lot of money in transport

We just have to have a sustained campaign and follow up.

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Challenge Mitigation measure to visit them and on air time calling them every now and then. Ever since the time of taking children back to school started at the start of February, 2009, it became an excuse by majority of the parents that they had to pay school fees first. Others are still using it as an excuse that they are still paying back the loans that they borrowed to return their children to school.

This is difficult to solve. However, as mentioned above, lobbying for the extension of the Uganda Prosperity for All (Bona bagagawale) Program to the people of Bwaise I may help improve their household incomes thereby improving their ability to pay for improved sanitation facilities.

There is a general reluctance and negative attitude of people towards toilets, and more so, taking loans for installation of toilet facilities. A number of people tell our field staff that they have managed to survive under conditions of having no toilets for a long time, and that it is a bad idea to borrow money to build a toilet.

This is to be solved through sustained campaigns to change people’s attitude towards sanitation.

The concept of borrowing money to build toilets is new, and hence it is likely not to attract the attention and interest of many people for a long time. People are used to borrowing money to start business establishments, to build their own home, to pay school fees for their children, etc, but not to build toilets.

This is to be solved through sustained campaigns to change people’s attitude towards sanitation.

People seem to take long to adapt to changes aimed at sanitation improvement. However, when they adapt to the changes, the results can be enormous. This is reflected in Cairncross (2003) where the installation of latrines in Maputo, Mozambique was low (one or two installations a day) in early 1980’s, but this increased to several tens of thousands of daily latrine installations about ten years later.

This is to be solved through sustained campaigns to change people’s attitude towards sanitation.

6 SUGGESTIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD We have demonstrated sufficient capacity to deliver social marketing campaigns and to achieve results on the ground as reflected in the numbers of people that acquired the various sanitation facilities. The survey of the user perceptions and preferences showed that all the interviewed users were satisfied with the sanitation products installed at their premises. This, together, with the absence of any kind of problems regarding the sanitation facilities installed is evidence that the quality of work is to very high standards. As the respondents indicated a need for continued mobilisation and awareness creation, in order to attract more people to buy the sanitation products, we hereby propose that the social mobilisation activities should continue. Additionally, the incentive of delivery and installation of the facilities should continue and only be decreased with time, as the demand increases. We shall continue to supply information to GTZ-RUWASS on the rates of uptake and adoption, and we should, together, based on the figures, decide upon the time in the future when such incentives of delivery and free installation should be stopped. For sufficient scaling-up and increased visibility of the GTZ/Crestanks/Polyfibre

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PPP project, we wish to suggest inclusion of one other zone, e.g., Bwaise III or another one nearby because we have seen people from other zones coming up to request consideration on the limited subsidies – delivery on site, the 15% discount and free installation – which seem to influence a number of people. We have worked sufficiently with the lower level local governments, mainly the Local Council I’s. The mobilizers at this level have been extremely useful to us in reaching down to the grassroots. We have made efforts to work with the higher level local governments, especially at the division level. We received tremendous support, for example, at the time of registering the Association, ‘Buyonjo Kwefako’. We would, together with GTZ-RUWASS wish to strongly suggest to Kawempe Division, to include social marketing activities in their work plans. One additional area Kawempe Division could help us, is in the area of enforcement. The work we have been doing, with the support of GTZ-RUWASS has put in place all measures required to reach 100% sanitation coverage in Bwaise I and perhaps also in the entire Kawempe Division in general. The people who have no money to acquire sanitation facilities can easily get either an individual loan or a group loan from FINCA to be in position to buy the various sanitation facilities they lack. Therefore, GTZ-RUWASS could work with the Kawempe Division and support it in the area of enforcement, so that the people who have no toilets can be forced to access them through the available means. This should be able to work because the means to get the sanitation facilities are there. This would be the so-called ‘Carrot and stick’, so that as Kawempe Division uses the ‘stick’, we (SSWARS/GTZ /FINCA/Crestanks) use the ‘carrot’. It took a long time to acquire the digital map of Bwaise I. The sanitation facilities that have been delivered and installed have been geo-referenced and their coordinates by GPS location have been recorded. These are now being entered on the digital map of Bwaise I and will be submitted as a separate file.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Cairncross, S., 2003. Sanitation in the developing world: Current status and future solutions.

International journal of Environmental Health 13(1), S123-S131. EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 1. 2008. The Sanitation Crisis. Available on http://www.ecosanres.org.

Accessed on 27th September 2008. Hutton, G., Bartram, J., 2008. Global costs of attaining the Millennium Development Goal for

Water supply and Sanitation. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 86, 13-19. Katumba, G.S., 2008. Market study report on the sanitation solutions for the Kampala Urban

Poor. Submitted to GTZ-RUWASS Public Private Partnership Project. Lopez, A.D., Mathers, C.D., Ezzat, M., Jamison, D.T., Murry, C.J.L., 2006. Global and regional

burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: Systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367, 1747-1757.

Murray, C.J.L. Lopez, A.D., 1996. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard, Massachusetts.

National Sanitation Guidelines, 2000. Produced for the Ministry of Health – Uganda by the Water and Sanitation Program – Africa Region (WSP-AF).

National Sanitation Working Group (NSWG)/Joint Sector Review (JSR), 2008. A document prepared on Improved Sanitation and Hygiene (ISH) for presentation at the Joint Sector Review (JSR), October 2008.

Plumm, H., 2008. Personal Communication with Herman Plumm, the Chief Technical Advisor to GTZ, Uganda, during the launch event of the GTZ-Crestanks/Polyfibre Public Private Partnership Project at Kawempe Division Headquarters, May 2008.

WHO, 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and grey water. Volume 4. Excreta and grey water use in agriculture. Geneva, Switzerland, Printed in France. ISBN 92 4 154685 9.

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ANNEXES

Annex I: Extracts from Community meetings and house-to-house visits

A1 Community meetings

As mentioned above, a number of people expressed interest and willingness to acquire latrine products from Crestanks under this PPP project. Table 2 below shows the landlords and their representatives interested in acquiring Crestank’s sanitation products in Bwaise I.

Table 5: Landlords/their representatives interested in acquiring sanitation products. Lule and Kiyaga

No. Name Contact Telephone Product of interest Comment 1 Hajji Musoke 078 2 645706 Panel Toilet 2 Swaibu Matovu

Bukenya 077 2 983150 Panel toilet

3 Eumeri Makubuya 077 5 255631 Panel Toilet 4 Agnes Nakabugo 077 4 753136 Panel Toilet 5 Kataate Ssemakula 075 2 316453 Panel Toilet 1 stance 6 Salim Mohammed 070 2 079551 Panel Toilet Regular, 2 stance for

disabled

Sempa Zone 1 Faridah Nanyombi 071 1 889001 Panel toilet 2 stances 2 Kiyega Mohammed 077 5 132913 Panel toilet 3 stances 3 Joyce Nansumba 077 4 785038 Wonderloo 4 Cossy Zawedde 077 5 561004 Panel toilet 3 stances 5 Rabiyatu Nabatanzi 077 4 929085 Panel toilet Old latrine to be

emptied first 6 Truman Musoke Nteyata 1 Septic Tank Not needed now, but

in future 7 Nulu Kasule 077 2 465992 Septic tank, 2500 L 8 Margret Ntambi Mulokole Tank, 2000 L

Kisenyi Zone 1 Shamim Kusemererwa 077 5 042299 Panel toilet 2 Prossy Nakibuuka 077 3 400326 Panel toilet 2 stances 3 Edward Kayondo 077 4 328249, 077

5 302246 Water tank 1000 Liters

4 Swatch Mabirizi 077 2 587594 Panel toilet Works with Ministry of Finance

5 Samuel Musoke 077 2 581290 Wonderloo + Tank 6 Joyce Musoke 075 1 982602 Panel toilet 1 stance 7 Hajjati Zaphalani 077 4 971656 2 stance toilet Outside of Bwaise I 8 Nabasirisisi Nalongo

Cissy 071 2 738990 1 stance toilet Small space, needs

surveyor and advice

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Kiyindi Zone 1 Abdu Kasozi Muswahili 078 2 281684 Panel toilet

Bubajjwe Zone 1 Hassan Lukwago 078 2 900818, 075

2 900818 Panel toilet + Tank

2 Florence Nagayi 077 4 530592 Wonderloo 3 Abdul Kinene 077 2 834583 4 Yusufu Sembuya 077 2 511427

A2 House-to-house coverage by foot soldiers House-to-house visits were conducted at the weekends as these were found to be better days especially in respect of finding people at their homes. The work was conducted by moving from house-to-house, explaining to the people the various toilet facilities, giving them the fliers, stickers and T-shirts to key selected people. The house-to-house visit covered 40 homes. The boda boda stages were also visited, and stickers were distributed to the riders. Stickers were also distributed to vehicles parked in and passing in the areas around Bwaise I. The following were the dates of visits to the various zones/LCIs as well as the outcomes/issues from the visits:

Bishop Mukwaya Zone The date of visit was 27th February 2009.

The response of the people in Bishop Mukwaya was not bad. Some people expressed keen interest and said that they will get back to the SSWARS field staff. However, majority of the people were still talking of school fees issue, as having consumed all their financial resources and were therefore not ready to buy the toilets at the moment.

Below is a list of the people who expressed interest and thereby needing the sanitation facilities quite urgently:

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Peter M Damba 0752536873 He has already constructed a pit and wants a 1 stance toilet.

He filled an application form and promised to open up an account on Monday 2nd March 2009

2 Paul Mpalanyi 0772856228 He would like a single stance panel toilet. He filled an application form and promised to open an account on Monday 2nd March 2009

3 Ibrahim Okuna 0782270894 He would like a single stance panel toilet. He did not take the form. He promised to call the field staff to pick the form when he is ready

4 Hussein Abbas 0772584716 He would like a big septic tank where he can connect a 3 stance toilet. He will go to Crestanks to look at the available options.

5 Moses B. Ngobya

0711201744 He would like a 1000 L but he would like to take it outside of Bwaise I, specifically to Masaka

6 Noran Nakadi 0773211047 Would like a single stance panel toilet 7 Deo Mugarura 0712026016 Would like a single stance panel toilet 8 Hajji Rashid

Balaza 0772556769 Would like a septic tank of 3000 liters

9 Julian Namaganda

0753217393 Single stance panel toilet

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No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 10 Steven

Musinguzi 0712268436 Would like a single stance toilet

11 Oliver Kalema Would like to have a wonderloo, but still has a problem with payment of school fees

Some people were not interested at all. Other people promised to get back to the SSWARS field staff because they could not decide at the time of the house-to-house visits.

One challenge is that some people have a negative attitude towards the loan and others said they had problems regarding the payment of school fees.

Kulumba Zone The date of visit was 28th February 2009.

The work was conducted by moving from house-to-house, explaining to the people the various toilet facilities, giving them the fliers, stickers and T-shirts to key selected people. The house-to-house visit covered 20 households. The boda boda stages were also visited, and stickers were distributed to the riders. Stickers were also distributed to vehicles parked in and passing in the areas around Bwaise I.

Most of the people did not commit themselves as to when they would like to have the sanitation facilities. They said that they had problems with payment of school fees and as the consequence, they had not decided on the loans for acquisition of toilet.

Below is a list of the people who expressed interest and thereby needing the sanitation facilities in Kulumba zone:

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Jacinta Nalubega 0772561382 She would like a panel toilet, but she does not have

enough space. The alternative may be a septic tank. She already has a pit which receives the water from the bathrooms.

2 Hasifa Nabbanja 0782121232 The landlord was not around but she said that they need a toilet. They have a restaurant and many tenants but their toilet is almost full.

3 Saula Tasula 0755470009 Would like a slab for the panel toilet. Will get back to the SSWARS field staff.

4 Sam Ssemuwemba 0772444557 Planning to have a septic tank. Already has a pit but he was not around. The wife promised to talk to him and get back to the SSWARS field staff.

Some people were interested in the toilets but they did not have the space. They said they will have to first sort out their problems of space but they would wish to have the Crestanks type of toilets.

Generally, the response was not good and most people were only promising while others said they already had toilets.

Kisenyi Zone

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Date of house-to-house visits: 28th February 2009.

Below is a list of the people who expressed interest and thereby needing the sanitation facilities in Kisenyi zone:

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Sarah Nahaka 0752635932 Needs a panel toilet. 2 Hajat Kugawo 0774013956 Picked an application form 3 Harriet Nanyanzi 0712528352 Picked the form 4 Saidi Nyanzi 0782124822 Picked the form

Bubajjwe Zone The date of the house-to-house visits in this zone was 28th February 2009.

Below is a list of the people who expressed interest and thereby needing the sanitation facilities in Bubajjwe zone:

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Majjid Farajji 0775885633 In charge of the mosque, which needs a panel toilet and a

tank 2 Madinah Namale 0772933907 Would like a panel toilet 3 Joyce Nakinga 0714297362 Would like a panel toilet

Kiyindi Zone The date of house-to-house visits in this zone was the 7th March 2009.

People in this zone were generally interested in the Crestanks toilet facilities. However, most of them did not give any commitment as to when they will be ready to pay for them. The reasons that they gave were school fees problems; and that they also need to first meet the rest of their family members to discuss about it. Others said the panel toilet was too expensive and that they need a lot of time to think about it and how to raise the money, and even if they were to get the loan, they needed to discuss how to re-pay such a loan. The following people expressed interest in acquiring sanitation products.

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Oliver Nakawungu 0712588989 Wanted a slab and actually paid for it. The slab was

delivered on the 9th March 2009 and installed on the 10th March 2009. She has expressed interest in acquiring a second slab, which she would like to pay for after the installation of the first one that she bought.

2 Aisha Nansubuga 0772389988 She needed a panel toilet, but she mentioned that she would have to first discuss with the family members. She promised to get back to the field staff as soon as possible.

3 Hajji Ismail Kakande

0752656049 Wants a panel toilet, but he has sick people he is taking care of. He promised to get back to us as soon as possible.

4 Margaret Kasujja Serwanga

0772630868 She wants slabs, but she is still handling school fees issues. She promised to get back to us.

5 Justine Namugyenyi

0772553327 She wants a septic tank. However, she will need time to think about the capacity (in terms of Liters) that she may manage to buy.

Sempa Zone

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The date of house-to-house visits in this zone was the 7th March 2009.

Some people in this zone showed interest in acquiring sanitation products and others did not. Majority of the people gave excuses of school fees problems and mentioned also that the panel toilet was too expensive. A number of people in this zone also mentioned that they fear taking loans. The people who expressed interest in acquiring some of the sanitation products are shown in the table below:

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Mohammed

Kiyega 0775132913 He has already opened up a bank account in FINCA. He

wants 2 Stance Panel toilet but the bank is refusing to give him a loan. The reason given by the bank is that his income is not sufficient for him to get a loan of two stance panel toilet. According to the bank’s assessment, he qualifies for a loan of UGShs. 1,000,000. He was advised by the SSWARS field staff, to apply for a loan within that amount, and start with a one stance panel toilet.

2 Jimmy Bukenya 0775637700 He already has a pit latrine, but the person in charge of the home was not around. They will have to talk to him first as they need a 1 stance panel toilet.

3 Aisha Kesande 0712625668 She needs a one stance panel toilet and will get back to SSWARS field staff. She has to think about it first.

Lule Zone The date of house-to-house visits in this zone was the 7th March 2009.

The people in this zone showed interest in the toilet facilities being marketed and pledged to acquire them. The Table below shows the numbers of people and the facilities for which they expressed interest to acquire.

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Mrs. Ethel

Mirembe 0752636023 She wants a Wonderloo. She will get the money and call

the SSWARS field staff as soon as possible. 2 Jotham Kibuuka 0772638684 He wants a one stance panel toilet. He will get back to the

SSWARS field staff when he is ready. 3 Rehema

Nambalirwa 0774145273 He would like to acquire a 100 L water tank.

4 James Kizito 0755509039 He would like a single stance panel toilet. He mentioned that he needed time, at least one week to look for the money.

5 Eddy Kiwanuka 0772945724 He wants a single stance panel toilet. He requested for dimensions so that he starts digging the pit immediately.

Industrial Area Zone The date of house-to-house visits in this zone was the 8th March 2009.

Most people in this zone lack toilets. However, very few people were interested in acquiring the toilets. Majority of the people visited did not make any commitment as to when they will acquire the toilets. They sited the following reasons: Problems with school fees and also that they cannot make decisions without consulting the entire family members. They also kept saying that they will call the SSWARS field staff when they get the money, since they did not have it at the time of conducting house-to-house visits.

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The following numbers of people expressed interest in acquiring sanitation facilities as shown in the Table.

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Kasule 0759200200 He did not give any commitment, but he said he will need

at least 1 stance panel toilet. He promised to get back to the SSWARS field staff.

2 Faith Kulume 0772957193 She would like to have a slab, but she has to look for money first.

3 Mrs. Nambi 0782588213 Her problem is space, but she wants a toilet. She said she will negotiate wit the neighbour and see what to do. She will need a slab after getting the funds.

4 Sarah Kasiita 0702723652 She would like to get the slab but she has to look for the money first.

5 Ruth She needs a slab after getting the money. She promised to get back to the SSWARS field staff.

6 Sulaiman K 077251684 Would like to have a panel toilet. He promised to get back to the SSWARS field staff as soon as possible.

Kiyaga Zone The date of house-to-house visits in this zone was the 8th March 2009.

Most people in this zone have good functioning toilets which are quite deep. Only a few people expressed willingness to buy slabs and promised that they will get back to the SSWARS field staff as soon as possible. The following persons expressed willingness in the following products.

No. Name Contact Tel. Comments 1 Nalongo Naiga 0774029718 She wants a slab but she needs time to be able to raise the

money to buy it. 2 J. Nalweyiso C/Chairman Would like a slab after getting the money.

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Annex II: Questionnaire for capturing beneficiary perceptions and preferences

Name of respondent: Date: Sex of respondent: Interviewee: Zone/LCI:

1. What sanitation product/facility did you buy?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. What prompted you to buy the product/facility in 1) above?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. For how long have you used that product/facility?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. How is the performance of the sanitation product/facility that you have?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Do you experience any problems during the use of the sanitation product/facility that you have? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. How did you get information about the sanitation product that you have? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. Who installed your sanitation product/facility? …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Is the sanitation product/facility that you have, all that you wanted? Y/N 9. If N above, what other facility would you have wanted?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

10. In your opinion, what do you think is the cost that most people would afford for the various items? i) Specify the items and suggested affordable costs. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii) What item do you think would sell the most in this place? …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

11. If you have the means to change the sanitation product that you have or that which is available from Crestanks, what would you change? …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12. What other relevant information would you like us to take into account while promoting and selling the sanitation products? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..