Sanitation Feasibility Study Volume IIIC Environmental ...

Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Danida o

Socialist Republic of Vietnam .

E--256VOL. 5

Halong City Water Supply andSanitation Project

Sanitation Feasibility Study Volume IIIC

Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Landfills -December 1998REVISED

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC-EMP FOR LANDFILLS

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANFOR PROPOSED LANDFILLS

REVISED IN DECEMBER 1998

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMEARY

1. INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .................................................... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTIONN.11.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT .. 31.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION..31.4 WASTE COLLECTION..3L5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN FOR UPGRADING THE EXISTING LANDFILLS AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEWSANITARY LANDFILL ............................. 4

1.5.1 Location and Existing Situation ............................. 41.5.2 Preliminaryy Design Criteria ............................. 6

1.6 CLOSINGTHEDUMPSITES .............................. 111.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .............................. 11

1.7.1I General ..... :111. 7.2 Solid Waste Generation .121.7.3 Existing Landfills .13

2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ............................ 14

2.1 GENERAL **9 .*.. ........ .iw.. w**.***.. ***+w* tE.*s142.2 LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION .142.3 HYGIENIC REGULATIONS AFFECTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .152.4 ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS .162.5 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LEGISLATION .172.6 WORLD BANK GUIDELINES ON EMP .17

3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .19

4. MITIGATION MEASURES .24

4.1 GENERAL..244.2 MITIGATION MEASURES DURING DESIGN PHASE .. 25

4.2.1I General.254.2.2 Water Control and Leachate Management .254.2.3 Soil and Groundwater Protection .26

4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE . .264.3.1I General.264.3.2 Noise, Odouir, Litter and Dust . 274.3.3 Health and Safety. 274.3.4 Traffic and Transportation Arrangements ............................. .. 294.3.5 PWorking Time and Site Arrangements .304.3.6 Public Relations .31

4.4 MTIGATION MEASURES DURINGOPERATION.. 3 1

5. INSTITUTIONAL SETUP .44

5 1 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT OF THE PROJECT .4452 PRESENT SITUATION OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANIES .4553 STRENGTHENING OF THE SANITATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .46

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC-EMP FOR LANDFILLS

6. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ............................... 49

7. MONITORING PROGRAMMES ............................... 50

7.1 MONITORING SYSTEM .................... 507.2 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER MONITORING .. . . 5 17.3 MONITORING OF THE LANDFILL .5... .... 53

8. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING OF MITIGATION AND MONITORING .54

8.1 PROJECT COSTS ................................................... 548.2 INVESTIGATION COSTS .................... . ............................. 55

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Waste collection percentage in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam PhaTable 1.2 Dimensions of the landfillsTable 1.3 Summary of the preliminary design for landfillsTable 1.4 Development of the waste collection (m3/year) in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and

Cam PhaTable 3.1 Impacts of location of sanitary landfillTable 3.2 Impacts of construction and operation of sanitary landfillTable 3.3 Cause and effect conclusionTable 4.1 Mitigation measures for solid waste management and landfills - design

phaseTable 4.2 Mitigation measures for landfills - construction phaseTable 4.3 Mitigation measures for landfills - operation and after-care phaseTable 6.1 Preliminary implementation and operation schedule for landfillsTable 7.1 Vietnamese environmental standardsTable 7.2 Selected water quality limits according to the Vietnamese standardsTable 7.3 Monitoring programme and parameters to be analysed from the landfill

water samplesTable 7.4 Water quality sampling at each landfillTable 8.1 Project cost estimate in December 1998Table 8.2 Estimated project cost of solid waste component in December 1998Table 8.3 Estimated investigation costs

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1/1 Project area and location of the proposed wastewater and septagetreatment plants and landfills

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1 Location maps of landfill sitesAnnex 2 Implementation Schedule

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC-EMP FOR LANDFILLS iii

LIST OF ACRONYMS

OrganisationsCBI Carl Bro InternationalCPESC Cam Pha Environmental Sanitation CompanyDanida Danish International Development AgencyDOSTE Department of Science Technology and EnvironmentFINNIDA Finnish International Development AgencyHADECON Hanoi Design ConsultantsHCESC Halong City Environmental Sanitation CompanyJICA Japan International Co-operation AgencyPC People's CommitteePPC Provincial People's CommitteeMPC Municipal People's CommitteeMOC Ministry of ConstructionMOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and EnvironmentSIDA Swedish International Development AgencyQNWSC Quang Ninh Water Supply CompanyUNDP United Nations Development ProgramVIWASE Vietnam Water Supply, Environment and Sanitation Consulting

Company

OtherBOD Biological Oxygen DemandDO Dissolved OxygenEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management Plan

.HRD Human Resource DevelopmentO&M Operation and MaintenancePIP Project Implementation PlanRAP Resettlement Action PlanVND Vietnamese DongTSS Total Suspended SolidsUSD American Dollar

December 1998

HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC-EMP LANDFILLS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Halong Water Supply and Sanitation Project is part of the World Bank financedwater supply and sanitation project in Vietnam which covers the three cities ofHanoi, Haiphong and Danang and in Quang Ninh province Halong City and CamPha town. The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) had pro-vided a bilateral grant for project preparation for the Quang Ninh component. Thisincludes in the first phase pre-feasibility studies to define a priority investmentproject to upgrade the water supply, drainage, sewerage and solid waste services.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared during the feasi-bility study phase of the project and is based on the conditions in November 1998.The EMP follows the World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01 Annex C.

Objectives of the Project

The objectives of the project are:- Improve environmental conditions in the urban areas;- Help preserve the unique natural environment of Ha Long Bay that has been

designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO;- Encourage economic growth; Reduce flooding;- Promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services;- Development of the Environmental Sanitation Companies as efficient cus-

tomer-oriented organisations.

Project Description

Solid Waste Management will comprise:a) Expanding and improving waste collection through the provision of new col-

lection vehicles and bins and facilitating increased contracting out to the pri-vate sector;

b) Upgrading existing dump sites to sanitary landfills at Bai Chay (Ha Khau 4.2ha) and Hon Gai (Deo Sen 5.4 ha) and construction of a new sanitary landfill atCam Pha (Quang Hanh 6.3 ha), including access roads, leachate treatment fa-cilities; and

c) Closing and sealing of existing waste dumps in Bai Chai (Cai Lan) and CamPha (Vung Duc). Tracked bulldozers will be provided to spread, compact andcover the waste.

Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures are given separately for design, construction and operationphases.

The general idea of mitigation measures for a landfill is to construct the landfill asa capsule in order to prevent surface water, groundwater and polluted landfillleachate water to get mixed together. Uncontrolled emissions to the air are also apart of these measures.

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC-EMP LANDFILLS ii

The main measures are:- The bottom of the landfill shall be constructed with an impervious liner, like

clay, which seals the landfill leachate off from the groundwater. The landfillleachate will not contaminate the groundwater.

- The clean surface runoff shall be diverted into ditches and channels around thelandfill in order not to be mixed with the landfill leachate. The landfillleachate will not contaminate the surface water.

- The landfill leachate shall be collected around and under the landfill (on top ofthe impervious liner) with ditches and underground drains to one point whereit shall be treated in a treatment plant.

- The waste at the landfill shall be covered with a thin layer of soil, weekly (ordaily if possible) in order to prevent waste and dust to be spread around in thesurrounding area, and to prevent birds, vermin and insects to spread diseasesfrom the landfill.

- The landfill gases shall be collected by means of a web of gas collection layersand collection points in the landfill. The gas shall be flared or ventilated in acontrolled manner. The use of landfill gas an as energy resource is recom-mended.

- The landfill shall be sealed off on the upper part when it is full. This will pre-vent rain intrusion to the landfill and thus reduce the amount of leachate whenno new water enters the closed landfill. The landfill cower shall also be of animpervious material, with surface water drains and vegetation on the top. Thecap seal will also keep the landfill gases under it.

- As the last part of the EMP a monitoring program shall be set up in order todetect possible contaminants from the landfill as soon as possible. It includesmonitoring of surface water, groundwater and air quality at certain points atthe landfill. The monitoring includes also the possible settling and sliding ofthe landfill itself. The monitoring begins as early as possible, preferably dur-ing the preliminary design phase.

- Waste acceptance is also one step in the EMP. A normal sanitary landfill shallnot contain any untreated hazardous waste.

Implementation Arrangements and Schedule

The procurement process has been scheduled to commence in January 1999, andshould be completed by the award of contracts in mid 2000. Completion of con-struction is scheduled for the end of April 2004 which allows for a 44 month con-struction period for the longest contract. The bidding process will be phased sothat the bid evaluations do not occur at the same time. The consultants for the TAcomponent should be mobilised by the end of 2000 prior to the startup of con-struction. Consultancy inputs will continue also up until the end of April 2004.

Monitoring

The surface water and groundwater monitoring program shall be initiated beforethe tipping begins and continues for up to a minimum of 30 years after the closureof the site. The sampling frequency should be increased when contamination issuspected.

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSarnitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC-EMP LANDFILLS iii

Monitoring program and parameters to be analyzed from the landfill water samples

- Par~unetere - Graudwatea - :: d ter a-d -Strea water and sal-.pling frue-T'' ' pe 'a 'a''g freqx per p freque y peryear

-_____________ -l -he -::-:-year phase bd ::Design Opera- After Design Opera- After Design Opera- After

tion care tion care tion careGroundwater level 1 4 4Volume of surface 1 4 4water flowOutlook 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Temperature 4 4 4 4 4 4BOD5 1 4 4COD 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Oxygen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4pH 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Conductivity 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Color 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Chloride 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Sulfate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Total Phosphate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Total Nitrogen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Total Solids 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Sodium 1 4 4 1 4 4Potassium 1 4 4 1 4 4Calcium 1 4 4 1 4 4Iron 1 4 4 1 4 4Manganese 1 4 4Fecal Coliform 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4AOX 1 4 4 1 2 2Zinc 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Copper 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Mercury 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Cadmium 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Lead 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Nickel 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Phenols 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Mineral oils 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2

Cost EstimatesThe total value of the proposed sanitation project is 37.25 million USD. The totalbase cost is 28.95 million USD. The total base cost for solid waste component, in-cluding 50 % from technical assistance, is 12.44 million USD of which estimatedmitigation cost is roughly 23 %. The estimated monitoring costs are 12,000 -15,000 USD per year. Cost of public awareness campaigns is including to theTechnical Assistance component.

December 1998

HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS

INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPETION OF THE PROJECT

1.1 Introduction

Halong Water Supply and Sanitation Project is part of the World Bank fi-nanced water supply and sanitation project in Vietnam which covers the threecities of Hanoi, Haiphong and Danang and in Quang Ninh province HalongCity and Cam Pha town. The Danish International Development Agency(DANIDA) had provided a bilateral grant for project preparation for the QuangNinh component. This includes in the first phase pre-feasibility studies to de-fine a priority investment project to upgrade the water supply, drainage, sewer-age and solid waste services.

The present contract was signed by DANIDA with the Danish consultantKampsax International A/S in association with Soil and Water Ltd (Finland),Danish Waste, Danish Water Supply and Vietnamese consulting firms NI-WASE and HADECON. The consultancy services cover detailed design andconstruction supervision of the water supply component as well as completionof Sanitation Feasibility Study. The latter includes the following reports:- Volume I Main Report;- Volume IA Main Report Annexes;- Volume II Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement;- Volume IIIA Environmental Impact Assessment for Landfills;- Volume IIIB Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Drainage

and Sewerage System;- Volume IIIC Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Landfills;- Volume IIID Environmental Management Plan for Proposed Drainage and

Sewerage System;- Volume IE Environmental Assessment Summary;- Volume IV Project Implementation Plan;

Volume V Resettlement Action Plan.

Supporting reports prepared for the environmental studies include: A Biologi-cal / Ecological Study for EIA of three Landfills and three Wastewater Treat-ment Plant Sites of Halong and Data of Socio-economic Survey; Summary ofResults of Household Survey in the Surroundings of the proposed Ha Khau -Deo Sen - Quang Hanh Landfills; and Report on Soil and Groundwater Inves-tigations in Sen Mountain Pass, Quang Hanh and Ha Khau of Halong City forEstablishing of Landfill.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared during thefeasibility study phase of the project and is based on the conditions in Novem-ber 1998. The EMP follows the World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01Annex C.

FIGURE 1/1 Project Area and Location Proposed Wastewater and Septage TreatmentPlants and Landfills

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MAP1 LOCATION OF THE LANDFILLS.Luong Ky Reservoir

Cao Van Reservoir

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HALON(iClCY WAitKSUPkLY ANI SANI IA IIUN KUJL.lI

Sanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 3

1.2 Objectives of the Project

The objectives of the project are:- Improve environmental conditions in the urban areas;- Help preserve the unique natural environment of Ha Long Bay that has

been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO;- Encourage economic growth; Reduce flooding;- Promote self-financing (user pays) of sanitation services;- Development of the Environmental Sanitation Companies as efficient cus-

tomer-oriented organisations.

1.3 Project Description

Solid Waste Management will comprise:d) Expanding and improving waste collection through the provision of new

collection vehicles and bins and facilitating increased contracting out tothe private sector;

e) Upgrading existing dump sites to sanitary landfills at Bai Chay (Ha Khau4.2 ha) and Hon Gai (Deo Sen 5.4 ha) and construction of a new sanitarylandfill at Cam Pha (Quang Hanh 6.3 ha), including access roads, leachatetreatment facilities; and

f) Closing and sealing of existing waste dumps in Bai Chai (Cai Lan) andCam Pha (Vung Duc). Tracked bulldozers will be provided to spread,compact and cover the waste.

1.4 Waste Collection

The following overall objectives are proposed for the development of the col-lection coverage of the two cities:

The objectives will be met by introducing two new collection systems: theWaste Bin System and the Fixed Cart System, and expanding the use of an ex-isting system, the Door-to-Door Collection System. New collection areas willbe initially established by extending the simple Transfer Point System, which iswidely used at present. Phase 1 of this project runs from 1998 to 2003. Theobjectives for 2003 correspond with a linear development of the collectionsystems from 1997 to 2005.

Included in the project, during the period 1998 to 2003, is the renewal of allexisting equipment. Additional tools for maintenance of vehicles and collec-tion equipment is also included. The project will also look at alternative vehi-cle and equipment repair options in the project area particularly in the privatesector. All new vehicles will have a four years maintenance period included inthe delivery contract.

December 1998

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Table 1.1 Waste collection percentage in Hon Gai, Bai Chay and Cam Pha

1997 2005 2015Hon Gai 52 % 70 % 82 %Bai Chay 42 % 50 % 74 %Halong City, total 50 % 65 % 80 %Cam Pha 30 % 50 % 70 %

1.5 Preliminary Design for Upgrading the Existing Landfills andConstruction of New Sanitary Landfill

1.5.1 Location and Existing Situation

Table 1.2 Dimensions of the Landfills

[Ha Khau Deo Sen Quang HanhTotal area in use ha 10 22Project area ha 4.2 5.4 6.3Disposal area ha 3.2 3.2 5.2Leachate treatment area ha 1.0 0.6 1.1Length of access road m 500 400 1000Volume of compacted waste m 140,000 480,000 340,000Time of use Y 10 10 10Maximum height above m.s.l. +38 +38 +30Thickness of filling m 22 22 14

Ha Khau in Bai Chay

In Ha Khau in Bai Chay the landfill site is located in a valley near Yen Tiemvillage in Bai Chay. The valley is about 300 meter long and 100 to 150 metreswide from in the highest elevation (Drawing 1.1 in Annex 1). The present useof the area is forestation. The main waste transport route from Bai Chay resi-dential and tourist areas will go along the main road No. 18A to the north-eastern part of Bai Chay. The distance from the Bai Chay ferry place to the HaKhau landfill is about 10 km.

Although Ha Khau is proposed for a landfill (and approved by the PC of Ha-long on 26 September 1998), the dumping of waste has already started there.The Project has not approved or encouraged the filling to be commenced. Theland filling began by the beginning of the year 1998. The dumping started inthe northernmost part of the valley, at high elevation (approx. at levels be-tween +27 and 32) as a first stage and now the dumping takes place in an ad-joining area, on the hillside at the northeast, from a level approx. +25 metersfrom the valley bottom.

The first fill has a thin cover of soil on top of it, but garbage is still visible. Theedge of the fill has no cover and there is a lot of litter scattered around in thevicinity. The waste seems to consist mainly of waste from the nearby commu-

December 1998

HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 5

nity and market as well as from the vegetable oil factory Neptune in the vicin-ity.

Deo Den in Hon Gai

In Deo Sen in Hon Gai the waste collected in Hon Gai is dumped at Deo Senlandfill, which is located next to cemetery, some 5 km north from the city cen-tre (Drawing 1.2 in Annex 1). There is one main waste transport route fromHon Gai to the present landfill site Deo Sen; the road goes northwards from thecity centre and along the coastline in the north (Cao Xanh road). The accessroad to the landfill is the same as for the cemetery.

The landfill has been in operation since November 1994. Before the area wasused for coal mining. The area of the landfill is informed to be about 12 ha.The tipping area is located up in the valley and the waste is tipped in front andon top of the landfill. The present area in use is estimated to be less than 1 haand the filling height is about 10 meters. The landfill has collapsed in the front,due to lack of compaction. This has lead to, that the waste trucks tip the wasteeither in heaps beside the access road or in the middle of the landfill. No dailysoil coverage of the waste take place, so waste is littered in the surroundingsand there is a strong odour and plenty of flies. There are continuous small firesin the landfill. An excavator works on the landfill every other day. During sitevisits normally 2 to 3 scavengers were picking waste from the dump. When theexcavator works there are usually more scavengers at the site. The scavengersdo not live nearby the landfill.

There are two existing power-lines, which cross the landfill area. Both power-lines run in a west-east direction. The northern one is a 110-kvolt line. Itcrosses the landfill just south from the planned embankment structure. The ab-solute height of the 1 10-kvolt power-line is +60 m (at its pylons east and westof the landfill). The line is hanging above the northern side of the landfill at alevel of +48m. The highest level of the landfill will be at +32m according tothe preliminary design.

Quang Hanh in Cam Pha

In Quang Hanh in Cam Pha the main waste transport route in Cam Pha is themain road No. 18 at a distance of 17 km from the Halong City and 1 1 km fromCam Pha centre. The distance from the main road to the proposed landfill siteis about 1 km along the present access road. The road is narrow, only about 4m wide with additional 1 m free space on each side of the road where housesare bordering the road.

The site is almost flat and it is located in the middle of a mountainous area(Drawing 1.3 in Annex 1). The present land use of the area is forestation andsmall gardening and cattle breeding. A mechanical factory has been in the pastin the Quang Hanh site. Only a small shelter has been left. There is, therefore, alarge flat area on the site.

The 1 km. access road from the main road No. 18A will be widened. The totalbottom area of the disposal shall be sealed with a clay liner in order to protect

December 1998


the groundwater and a mineral water reservoir in Quang Hanh. The natural soilis not impervious enough. Wastewater treatment is needed as well. The cleansurface run off water from the mountains in the north-west flows in a smallstream, which must be diverted from the disposal site.

1.5.2 Preliminary Design Criteria

In the preliminary design has been specified the following subjects:

EquipmentAll the sites are quite small and the need for equipment limited, but at the startof the project there are three sites to be constructed and two sites to be closed,so there must be enough equipment for these works. One heavy crawler-dozerwith a front-end excavator bucket will be used at each site.

Pumps will be needed at the leachate treatment plant and for pumping treatedeffluent to the disposal area. Monitoring equipment for water quality measur-ing and analysis will be acquired.

A weigh bridge with ADP system will also be required for all of the three areasfor control the collected waste amounts.

Road ArrangementsIn Ha Khau to avoid use of the present road to the cemetery, another accessroad from north will be used from the main road. This road will be widenedand improved. For the last part of the access, a new road will be constructed.Access from the present cemetery road will be prevented by barrier. Temporaryroads will also be constructed for the operation of the landfill.

In Deo Sen a new access road will be constructed in north, to avoid use of thepresent cemetery road. The length of the new access road is about 400 m andthe width 7 m. Service road from the main road to the landfill will be widenedand improved. Temporary roads will be constructed, which are needed in theoperation of the landfill.

In Quang Hanh access road from the main road No. 18A will be widened andimproved. There is a narrow river on the east side of the planning area. A smallbridge or culvert must be constructed here for the access road. Temporaryroads are needed during operation. Construction material may be used to rein-force the temporary roads.

Landfilling'According to the preliminary design landfilling will be done in phases in eachsite the filling order will be clarified during the detailed design. Preliminaryproposals are presented in Drawings 1.1 - 1.3 in Annex 1.

The general idea is that refuse is dumped at the foot of the working face, whichwill be pushed and spread by crawler dozers. Waste will also be compactedwith a heavy compactor. The layer to be compacted is 0.5 to 1.0 m. A mini-mum a five passes will be done with the dozer to receive the required compac-tion. Soil cover of a thickness of 0. 1 m will be spread once a week.

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In Quang Hanh filling will be done using terraces. The refuse will be disposedof in temporary embankments, which are 3 m high. The embankments willhave portable fences, which will eliminate littering and diminish noise from themachines. A total of two landfill phases will be developed and a reservation forfuture expansion will be made.

Bottom LinerBottom liner will be constructed. The bottom liner will consists of I m of claywith K=10-9 m/s or less. Leachate collection pipes will be on top of the bot-tom liner.

Bottom DrainageThe top soil will be removed and the site graded to about 1 % fall. The drain-age layer will consisting of the following:- a heavy duty type bamboo mat in the graded bed,- 0.5 m crushed rock on the top of the bamboo mat and > 0,5 m of graded

aggregate and sand on top of the crushed rock,- another bamboo mat on top of the previous layers,- hydraulic conductivity of the drainage layer > 10-2 cmn/s.

Drainage SystemThe drainage system for the support facilities will be constructed so that therun-off will be collected by concrete pipelines and ditches and conveyed passby the landfill.

Leachate Collection and TreatmentThe leachate will be collected in ditches and underground drains. The leachatewill then be treated in settle ponds and conventional trickling filter. The efflu-ent from the filters will be lead to the biological pond and after that to pondwith water hyacinths and/or duckweed.

The settle ponds (two pieces) are each 2,550 m3. The settle ponds work also asequalization basins. From the basins the settled leachate is pumped to tricklingfilters (2*15 mi2 ) and distributed evenly over a bed of rocks, where it comesinto contact with the biofilm. Oxygen is supplied by air that flows through themedium. The effluent contains sludge and is therefore sent to biological ponds(2*900 m2) for clarification.

The even distribution of wastewater on the top of filter is important to assureefficient use of total filter capacity and to avoid short circuit through the filtermedia. Easy and ascertain way is to distribute wastewater with the overflowpipes on the top of the filter.

It is realistic to achieve 60-95 % BOD5 removal in trickling filter. Nitrogen isnitrified in the trickling filter. In the polishing pond happens both denitrifica-tion and nitrification. Nitrogen removal in the treatment system may vary be-tween 50-70 %. Removal of bacteria and viruses is expected to be over 95 % inthe plant. Heavy metals settle down with the sludge both in the settle basinsand polishing ponds.

Criteria for dimensioning the filter bed are following:

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- BOD5 load 0,2-1,0 kg BOD5/m3 /d.- Hydraulic load <24 m3 /m2 Id

Filter media in the biological filter can be either rocks (¢ 40-70 mm) or specialplastic construction. The latter are lighter, have higher porosity and need there-fore less space. There should always be built at least two filters to be able touse one when the other must be repaired.

Leachate recirculation will be arranged. The "leachate" from the polishingpond can be sprayed 'into the active landfill area. pH of the leachate should be<6 and >9. The recirculation will only be applied during dry season or when ir-rigation is needed for the trees on the waste bank, to keep the microbiologicalactivity maximised and also to keep the clay bottom liner moist during dry sea-son.

Surface WaterSurface water should be diverted in all sites from the landfill with collectionditches. In Deo Sen in the first phase it is necessary to construct an embank-ment to prevent wastewater flowing to north. Surface water which come fromthe east side, will be collected into a covered channel and led downstream by-passing the treatment ponds and discharged into the river.

Final Cover and CapThe final cover and cap should have a minimum thickness of 1.0 m, whichshall compose of 3 layers:- bottom layer of the cap will be of 0.2 m ventilation layer,- second layer will be 0.3 m thick clay layer,- topmost layer Of 0.4 m thickness will consist of loamy soil that will allow

vegetation growing.

Gas Management SystemA passive gas ventilation system will be applied. In the first phase, the gas willbe ventilated through gas wells. A simple gas well made of perforted tube willbe used, minimum 2 wells per ha. When the filling is finished, it is possibly tocollect and utilise it, if needed.

Treated SeptageSeparate area for treated septage is reserved in every landfill. Dried septagewill be disposed into pits and impregnate the possible leahcate through thewaste. The leachcate treatment should be dimensioned for this purpose.

RecyclablesAccording to waste collection pilot studies, there is very little recyclables in thedisposed waste in the landfills in Halong. The waste contains only 10 % of re-cyclables, and most of this is mixed plastics, which are difficult to utilise. Theseparation of the recyclable material is not considered economically sensible.

Support Facilitiesadministrative office

- social facilities for workers- container washing

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- fence with a gate- parking area- area for collected recyclables- equipment maintenance- water supply- power supply- telephone

LandscapingIn Ha Khau tree (Eucalyptus, Acacia and Pinus mercusii, etc.) and bush plan-tations surrounding the landfill area at the elevation of the access road. Theplanting will start immediately during the first construction phase. Gas ventila-tion and leachate collection and treatment until approximately 20 years afterlandfill closure. After use: green area.

In Deo Sen in the first phase trees will be planted along the cemetery road andthe cemetery hill slope on the northeastern side to act as buffer zone. Grassvegetation on top of final cover of landfill. Gas ventilation and leachate treat-ment approx. 30 years after closure. After use: green area.

In Quang Hanh tree plantations at the foot of the filling in north and east ofArea 1, later in the east of Area 2. Gas ventilation and leachate treatment ap-prox. 20 years after landfill closure. After use: green area.

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Table 1.3 Summary of Preliminary Design for LandfillsHa Khau in Bai Chay (upgrading) Deo Sen in Hon Gai (upgrading) Quang Hanlh in Cam Plia (new)- the northern access road will be improved and a new - a new access road is necessary to be constructed, to - I km of the present access road is necessary to beaccess road for the last part of access is necessary to avoid use of present road to the cemetery, improved,

be constructed, to avoid use of present road to the - temporary roads during operation, - hospital wastc will be buried in separatc trenclhes incemetery, - a fence will be constructed and fast growing trees segreagate area,- temporary roads during operation, and plants will be planted along the cemetery road - relocation of the military camp in a few years time.- fast growing trees and plants will be planted on the and cemetery in northeast to act as buffer zone to - pavement of the last 300 in of the access road,cemetery side of the hill to act as buffer zone, avoid the public nuisance of the view of landfill for - relocation of 7 houses,- I m thick final cover (including compacted clay and funeral participants, - grading of the area,

gas ventilation layer). - ordinary hospital waste will be buried in special - I in bottom liner of clay,- relocation of a total of 6 houses + 7 old graves has trenches in segregate area, - bamboo mats to prevent soil liquefication,

been already done, - construction of embankment in north to prevent - partly clhange of river route to niaxiinize the landfill- clearance of minor waste dump near the cemetery, waste water flow to north, area,- bottom levelling; top soil removal and grade the site - surface water will be lead in channel, - drainage for leachate,

about 1 %, - possibility for gas collection in future. - lcachate collection and treatment,- m thick bottom liner of clay, - relocation of a total of 5 houses, - recirculation of leachate,- bamboo mats to prevent soil liquefication, - the 3 years temporary cemetery should be closed and - composting area,- bottom drainage for leachate, removed to another place, - 2 gas ventilation wells/ha,- leachate collection and treatment, - clearance of waste from the road sites along the pres- - weekly soil cover,- recirculation of leachate, ent access road, - compressor 2-3 times/week,- 2 gas wells/ha, - bottom levelling and drainage for leachate, - fence around the landfill development area,- weekly soil cover, - I m thick bottom lining of clay, - grecn buffer zone in north arid cast of Area I and- compressor 2-3 times/week, - recirculation of leachate, east of Area 2- fence around the landfill development area, - leachate collection and treatment, - gate and guard housc to the new acccss road,- barrier for the present road and gate to the new access - 2 gas ventilation wells/la, - electricity + telephonic to the guard lhouse,

road, - weekly soil cover, - lighting of the landfill area.- one guard + parking lot at the new access road, - compressor 2-3 times pcr week, - landscaping after closure,- electricity + telephone to the guard house, - fence around the landfill development area, - future land use: green area.- lighting of the landfill area, - gate and guard + parking lot at the new access road,- landscaping after closure, - electricity + telephone to the guard house,- future land use: green area - lighting of the landfill area,

- landscaping after closure,- future land use: green area.

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 11

1.6 Closing the Dump Sites

The closing of existing illegal sites at Cai Lan includes three small though dis-tinct areas, which will be covered with soil or removed and transported to aproper sanitary landfill. The total area will be 0.2 ha. A fence or some other hin-drance should be constructed to prevent people from using the covered wastedump as a parking area, because the fill is not stable and there is a serious risk oflandslide.

The thickness of the landfill cover will consists of 3 to 4 different layers:- grading layer of coarse material (0.3 to 0.4 m thick) to stabilise the surface

construction of the other layers and to facilitate the gas venting,- barrier layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to prevent water infiltration,- top soil and protective layer of 0.3 to 0.4 m of thickness, to protect the bar-

rier layer and to provide a medium for vegetation growth.

The landfill gas should be led through the cover layer and ventilated into the air.A passive system will be applied with a simple well made of perforated tube.Two gas wells/ha is the minimum requirement to ensure proper gas collectionand ventilation.

The main principle for landscaping is to link the landfill to the present sur-rounding as smoothly and naturally as possible. The cover vegetation should besimilar as in the surroundings.

The existing dump at Vung Duc, in Cam Pha, will be properly sealed and land-scaped after a transition period of two to three years, when waste disposal can bestarted at the Quang Hanh site. An embankment will be constructed to avoidleachate and waste being spread out in the sea and into the UNESCO WorldHeritage area. The embankment should be constructed of rock, stones and im-permeable soil e.g. clay. The top level of the embankment will be 1.5 m abovethe high sea level. The embankment will be about 200 m long and 3 m wide witha height of 3 m. The slope of the bank will be towards the sea.

The total area of the dump will be 1.4 ha. The top cover will consist of a three-layer confinement structure with which rainwater can be prevented from infil-trate into the closed dump. Landfill gas restricts the use of the area.

1.7 Environmental Setting

1.7.1 General

UNESCO proclaimed the Ha Long Bay area a World Heritage site in 1995 (Fig-ure 1/1). The environmental protection of this area has a high priority.

There are three environmentally sensitive areas in the project area; raw watersources, sewerage and drainage discharge to Ha long Bay and coal mining ac-tivities in Cam Pha.

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The coal mining activities in Cam Pha have a significant environmental impacton the environment. According to the Cam Pha Sanitation Company, Cam Phatownship is one of the most polluted areas in Vietnam based on the air quality.The open cut mining produces coal dust and tailings. These are generally tippedover the mountain cliffs, which are facing the township. There is no buffer zonebetween the mining site and the township and the coal dust is carried by rain-water down to the town. The coal dust settles and blocks the drains and chan-nels. The environmental deterioration will continue, causing air and water pollu-tion, if no mitigative measures are adopted. The mining activities have also aconsiderable negative effect on the land use and aesthetic values.

Discharge of untreated wastewater and solid waste into the channels, naturalstreams and into the sea causes deterioration of the bay water quality and affectsthe fishing and tourism activities. Deterioration of the bay water quality is ahealth risk both for bathers and to seafood consumers.

1.7.2 Solid Waste Generation

Current solid waste disposal practices create a major environmental problem inHalong. Wastes are in many places outside the collection areas simply dumpedin heaps on the street or thrown into ground in the back yards or hill slopes orthrown into channels and sea from where they get partly scattered around. Thewaste is often burned in situ. The main streets of Halong City are mostly freefrom solid wastes, but the back streets and open areas inside the blocks are oftencovered by garbage.

Table 1.4 Development of total waste collection (m3/year) in Bai Chay, HonGai and Cam Pha

.1997 .2. 2005. -. 2010. .2015Bai Chay (m3/year) 15398 18038 24489 36366 52857Hon Gai (m3/year) 55160 66107 96969 132158 176707Cam Pha (m3/year) 30886 39566 60051 86841 124992

The daily waste generation from households is estimated at 0.55 kg/person perday. The average size of the households in Halong and Cam Pha was calculatedto be 4.5 corresponding to a waste generation per household at 2.5 kg / day. Thehousehold size in Halong City is however 4.2, which could indicate a lowerwaste generation per household. The waste generation in Halong can be higherthan in Cam Pha, because Halong City is wealthier than Cam Pha.

According to the pilot study of market waste in Cam Pha, the waste distributionis similar than in the households, except that the amount of undersize fractionand organic waste is higher and the amount of ceramics/concrete/stones and tex-tiles is less than the households. The total waste collected is estimated to be 200m3 /d in Halong City and 55 m3 /d in Cam Pha.

It has been calculated the amount of health care waste (HCW) to be collected bythe sanitation companies to be about 1,200 m3, corresponding to about 500 ton-

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nes. Of this only about 40 tonnes per year is calculated to be health care riskwaste (HCRW) generated at hospitals, and another 10 tonnes per year is mostprobably generated from other sources, such as out-patient clinics, public healthcentres, dental clinics, blood centres and medical aid posts. Totally about 10 %of the HCW produced it considered to be HCRW. This figure corresponds withfigures from Sri Lanka 0.1 - 0.4 kg HCRW per bed-day according to the WBpresentation Hospital Waste Management (1998). In Hong Kong the amount is0.1 - 1.1 kg per bed-day and in Europe and USA 0.25 - 1.5 kg per bed-day.

1.7.3 Existing Landfills

The existing landfill sites in Bai Chay, Hon Gai and Cam Pha have beenscreened, and noticed that the waste disposal situation at the existing dumps isenvironmentally critical. The dump in Bai Chay has been officially closed inspring 1997. The disposal site at Hon Gai in Deo Sen can be used at the sametime when it is upgraded. From an environmentally point of view, the existinglandfill in Vung Duc in Cam Pha should be closed and the disposed garbageshould be transported to a new site. However, there is no new site constructedyet, and the only solution for temporary disposal in Cam Pha is to improve theexisting landfill and use it until a new site at Quang Hanh has been constructed.There is another dump site called C9, some 18 kilometres east of the Cam Phatown, but from an environmentally point of view the site cannot be used as atemporary landfill without appropriate mitigative measures. Moreover, it is lo-cated too far from the main waste generation areas.

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2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

2.1 General

The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment is the top decision-making body with overall responsibility within the environmental sector. MO-STE's main role is to assist the Govemment in the strategies and policy-planningissues related to science, technology and environment. Besides the Ministry,there are several other agencies involved in the management and protection ofthe environment.

Within the Ministry, the National Environmental Agency (NEA) is the environ-mental arm, whose main task is to act as a co-ordinating body for other Minis-tries with environmental responsibilities. It is also charged with developing leg-islation and regulations, programme, control and monitoring systems to enforcethe protection of the environment throughout the country.

Depending on the local People's Committee, the local environmental authoritieshave an important role in environmental management and enforcement of regu-lations.

2.2 Law On Environmental Protection

The National Assembly ratified the Law on Environmental Protection on De-cember 27, 1993, and the decree was issued on October 18, 1994. In the Law,there are very clear articles to prevent environmental pollution in general, andalso articles concerning solid waste management. The general provisions of thelaw are described in Chapter 1, which defines the meaning of he terms (Law onEnvironmental Protection, 1993).

Article 2 defines waste, pollutants and environmental pollution as follows:

Wastes mean substances discharged from daily life, production processes orother activities. Wastes may be in a solid, gaseous, liquid or other forms.

Article 26: The choice of sites for collecting, dumping and treating refuse orpollutants and their transportation must comply with regulations by the StateManagement Agency for environmental protection and by local authorities con-cerned.

Waste water, refuse containing toxic substances, pathogenic agents, inflammableor explosive substances or non-degradable wastes, must be properly treated be-fore discharge. The State Management Agency for environmental protectionshall stipulate a schedule for treatment of wastewater and refuse as mentioned inthis Article and supervise their treatment process before discharge.

Article 29, point 2, mainly concerns air emissions, which can also occur fromlandfills, composting and other waste treatment plants. It is strictly prohibited to:discharge smoke, dust, noxious gas, bad odours causing harm to the atmosphere;

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIA - ELA for Proposed Landfill Sites 15

emissions of radiation, radioactivity exceeding permissible limits into the sur-rounding environment.

Several activities are also strictly prohibited in Article 29:- Discharge of grease or oil, toxic chemicals, radioactive substances exceeding

permissible limits, waste, dead animals or plants, harmful and infectiousbacteria and virus into water sources

- Burial or discharge of toxic substances exceeding permissible limits into thesoil

- Importation of technology and equipment not meeting environmental stan-dards; importation or exportation of wastes.

2.3 Hygienic Regulations Affecting Solid Waste Management

The Council of Ministers promulgated the Hygienic Regulations and Adminis-trative Penalty relating to the Health Service in July 1991 (No: 23/HDBT); theseare based on the Organisation Law and the People's Health Protection Law. Thecontent of the regulations is good, but many of these regulations are not moni-tored or followed. Chapter IV concerns hygienic regulations for industrial anddomestic waste.

In Article 15 there are regulations governing industrial waste:

State owned and private factories, enterprises and production establishmentsmust dispose of their waste, smoke, dust, toxic gas, oil and noise so that pollu-tion of the environment is avoided.

The wastewater containing toxic chemicals from factories and enterprises, anddisease causing bacteria from hospitals must be treated according to the stan-dards before discharging into common sewer system in the city or town.

It is forbidden to let wastewater from factories, enterprises and hospitals to con-taminate water resources and the living environment.

The Ministry for Public Health regulates the monitoring of waste treatment instate owned and private production establishments.

In Article 16 there are regulations governing domestic waste:

Excreta disposal:

Different kind of latrines should be made for use according to specific condi-tions, and they must ensure hygienic conditions are met. It is forbidden to buildlatrines near water resources. Each family must use their own latrine or publiclatrine. Even for children it is forbidden to stool freely. Excreta has to be trans-ported by special equipment, which must be watertight to avoid dropping of ex-creta into the streets.

Refuse disposal:

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLlUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 16

Refuse from households, offices, schools, streets and public places must beswept, collected and carried away every day. There must be waterproof andtightly closed litter boxes in bus stops, stations, and markets. It is forbidden tothrow refuse in the streets and other public places.

Wastewater disposal:

Wastewater disposal must ensure the hygienic standards are met, and wastewa-ter is discharged into rivers, lakes and other places only when the regulationsallow.

In Chapter X there are hygienic regulations for public places, including regula-tions for public sanitation. Article 34 concerns the streets:

Refuse, coal, lime sand and bricks, which are transported must be covered sothat the content does not drop onto the streets. It is forbidden to dig streets orroads without permission. The streets must be cleaned after the constructionwork. The blocking of sewers must be prevented. Sewers must be frequentlycleaned and dredged. It is not allowed to sweep streets during rush hours.

Article 35 concerns public places:

There must be enough clean water, clean latrines and tightly closed litter boxesin public places. It is necessary to build clean toilets in densely populated areasand along the streets with heavy traffic. Money can be collected for mainte-nance. It is not allowed to wash and bath at public water taps.

Article 37 govems night-soil utilisation:

Nightsoil has to be kept carefully for fermentation before it is used as a fertiliser.Excreta cannot be transported on streets during rush hours. Excreta must betransported in tightly closed tanks to avoid dropping into streets.

2.4 Environmental Standards

Besides the laws, there are environmental and water quality standards, whichhave been issued in recent years to encourage environmental protection and pre-vent pollution.

In cases where the applicable standard is inadequate, not regulated, or not appli-cable, project agencies must obtain MOSTE's approval for the use of equivalentstandards of the countries that have provided the technology and equipment toVietnam, or apply an equivalent standard from a third country.

The Provisional Environmental Criteria from 1993, which has been published byMOSTE is the only document which specifies the minimum sanitary protectivedistance for various categories of enterprises and plants (factories) and also forsanitary engineering works and public utilities:

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Grade I - The protective interval of 1000 i

1. For disposal and places for sorting out of rubbish (solid and liquid), decom-posed and spoiled by-products. Also 1000 m should be applied for heaps fordeodorising spoiled substances and heaps for decomposing dirty waste.

Grade II - Tize protectiive interval of 500 ni1. Centralised plants for solid waste recycling and incineration.2. Disposal of fully treated solid wastes.

Grale III - The protective interval of 300 m1. Heaps and mounds of solid wastes.2. Ground for composting poisonous solid wastes for producing fertilisers.3. Parking areas for solid waste and dirty residue transporters.4. Tanks for collecting waste water from town drains.5. Cemeteries.6. Storage for household solid waste for treatment and reuse.7. Heat sterilisation stations.

Grale IV - Thze protective interval of 100 m1. Storage for temporarily non-treated rubbish or raw materials.

2.5 Municipal Solid Waste Legislation

Municipal legislation is generally scarce in the solid waste sector. The Sanita-tion Companies propose regulations for approval by the People's Committee.Upon approval, the regulations become law.

There are 21 municipal by-laws associated with the street hygiene in the solidwaste sector. Legislation and municipal by-laws are inadequate to guide goodpractice in design, operation and maintenance of solid waste landfill. The com-panies enforce the law by punitive fines applied to transgressors. The level ofenforcement is constrained by limited resources available for policing the law.

2.6 World Bank Guidelines on EMP

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared according to the WorldBank Operational Directive 4.01 (Annex C). According to the World Bank'scategorisation this Project belongs to category A. A full Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) has to be prepared and an Environmental Management Planhas to be integrated with the EIA. The EMP is a legally binding document onhow to implement mitigation measures during the design, construction and op-eration phases of the Project.

The submission of satisfactory ElA, EMP and EA Summary reports for theBank's review and clearance is a Bank requirement to enable project appraisal toproceed.

According to the World Bank Operational Directive 4.01 a project's EMP con-.sists of the set of measures to be taken during implementation and operation to

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eliminate, offset,- or to reduce adverse environmental impacts to acceptable lev-els and actions needed to implement them. Environmental mitigation plans areessential elements of category A projects.

EMP should include the following items:

- Identification and summary of all the significant adverse environmental im-pacts that are anticipated,

- Description and technical details for each mitigation measure, including thetype of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is re-quired,

- Institutional arrangements and the various assignment of the various respon-sibilities for carrying out the mitigation measures

- Implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of theproject, showing phasing and co-ordination with overall project implementa-tion plans,

- Monitoring and reporting procedures

- Integration into the total project cost tables of the cost estimates and sourcesof funds for both the initial investment and the recurring expenses for im-plementing the mitigation plan.

Specific links should exist for (1) funding, (2) management and training and (3)monitoring. The purpose of the first link is to ensure that the proposed actionsare adequately financed. The second link helps embed in the overall manage-ment plan training, technical assistance, staffing, and other institutional strength-ening needed to implement the mitigative measures. The third link is necessaryto provide a critical path for implementation and to enable the sponsors and theBank to project supervision and as a means for future projects.

These linkages may be part of the conditionally in Loan Agreements or in theMinutes of Negotiations.

December 1998


3. ENVJRONMENTAL IMPACTS

All kind of construction works as well as activities related to these, will lead tocertain cause and effects on the environment. In EIA-study has been analysedand specified environmental cause and effects on the physical, biological andhuman environment caused by the location, construction and operation of sani-tary landfills in Quang Hanh and upgrading of present landfills in Ha Khau andin Deo Sen and necessary facilities related to these.

The effects of these activities can be positive, negative or both. Some of themcan be negligible. The probability of the realisation and the seriousness of ef-fects, as well as the duration, if it can be estimated, will be discussed.

The background for the estimation of impacts have been obtained by:- desk studies,- several site visits to the site and surroundings by experts representing differ-

ent expertise,- preliminary geotechnical ground investigations,

installation of one groundwater monitoring well and water quality analysesin Ha Khau and Deo Sen,flora and fauna field surveys,

- interviews with local people in Ha Khau, Deo Sen and Quang Hanh,- interviews with local authorities.

Local people's and authorities main opinions have been recorded by informingof the proposed project and interviewing them.

The most common method of disposal of solid municipal waste is by depositionin landfills. Sanitary landfills are planned, located and designed and constructedaccording to engineering and environmental specifications to minimise the im-pacts to the environment, including the groundwater quality.

The principal threat to groundwater comes from leachate, which is generatedfrom the landfill. The design of the sanitary landfills aims to minimise leachatedevelopment by covering the fill from rainfall, run-off and adjacent groundwa-ter. The leachate will be properly treated in such a manner that the facilities areeasy to operate and applied to the local customs.

Location a landfill does not itself cause any essential negative impacts on theatmospheric environment. There is a risk of surface water contamination if strictmitigative measures are not adopted.Location of the landfill at the proposed siteswill not cause any serious negative impacts on natural flora and fauna, becausethere is no endangered or rare flora and fauna species either in Ha Khau, DeoSen or Quang Hanh (Table 3.1).

Groundwater resources are not considered important for general water supply inHa Khau or Deo Sen. However, local people use shallow dug wells in Ha Khau,which usually run dry during dry season. Therefore, care should be taken intoconsideration not to endanger the drinking water source in the area.

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Sanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIA - EIA for Proposed Landfill Sites 20

It is very difficult to find a large isolated area for landfill development in denselypopulated areas as in Vietnam and still close to the main waste generation sites.There is a typical attitude against landfills: "Nobody wants the landfill in theneighbourhood, because it is polluting." The locals realise the landfills as typicaldumps with fires, flies, rats, odour, etc. They have no experience of an appropri-ate sanitary landfill and cannot therefore imagine how the landfill will be con-structed or operated.

Impacts of the construction and operation of landfills is presented in Table 3.2.A summary (Table 3.3) of cause and effect conclusions including the estimationof magnitude as well as need for mitigative is given in the end of this section.

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Table 3.1. Impacts of Location of Sanitary Landfill

Issue Ha Khau (Bai Clay) Deo Sen (Hon Gai) Quang Hanhl (Camn Pha)

Aquatic There are small ponds downstream from the present landfill. Two streams are located in Quang Hanh,Environment These are now used for aquacultivation i.e. fish farming. The where one will cross the landfill area, if the

leachate may have contact with the pond water and the aquaculti- route is not changed. The stream is narrow andvation in the present ponds is not recommended. In the prelimi- dry during dry season. The change of routenary design, the ponds will be constructed to leachate collection will not have any minor negative impacts, be-and treatment ponds, where no fish farning is allowed. cause it will be reconnected with the streamThe present discharge of untreated leachate is to river, whiclh is downstream until it vanishes into a limestoneused both for aquaculture and irrigation, and finally flowing to the cave.mud beaches of Cua Luc estuary. The present quality of leachatedoes not fulfil the Vietnamese standard for aquaculture. Thequality of leachate will be improved after the upgrading of the___present landfill.

Terrestrial Minor rice fields are located in nar- According to the analysis from grounwater monitoring well there Giap Klau limestone mountain is protected,Environment row valley, but these fields seem to traces of leachate and the water cannot be used in houselholds or and the area reservation does not reach to this

be in a very poor condition and dur- for aquaculture. mountain. Inportant mineral water resourcesing dry season there is lack of water. have been found northeast of the proposed

landfill site. Careful mitigative measuresshould be adopted to present tlhese resourcesfrom contamination. This has been taken inotaccount in the preliminary design for all levels.

Human Proposed area is located in sparsely People close by Deo Sen landfill complain about pollution they The ground in the proposed area has been al-Environment populated area. There were 7 house- are suffering from landfill and cemetery (odour, flies, mosquitos). ready excavated and residents have got their

holds inside the area but these have The drinking water is polluted. There are 5 houses inside the di- compensation and removed due to the previousbeen located. 7 old graves on the hill rect influence area, and totally 18 houses according to the local cement factory. There are still 7 houses to beslope must be relocated. Siting will authorities. Twenty one houses have previously been relocated relocated and compensated. The military campnot cause any serious negative social and compensated. There is one houseliold, which has got coIII- should be relocated in a few ycars timc.and cultural impacts. pensation, but has not moved.

December 1998


Table 3.2. Impacts of Construction and Operation of Sanitary Landfill

Issue Ha Khau (Bai Chay) . Deo Sen (Hon Gai) Quaig llanhi (Caln Plla)Aquatic The river downstream from the site is uscd for irrigation, and There is a risk of surface water contami- Therc is a risk of stream water contaminationEnvironment is discharging to the sea. Thuere are small rainwater collection nation if appropriate mitigative meastures if strict mitigative measures are not adopted.

ponds downstream from the proposed site. There is a risk of are not adopted. The stream disclharges into a litnestone cavecontamination of surface waetr if necessary treatment of witlh unknown connections with streamis forleachate and mitigtive measures and monitoring are not surface and groundwater.adopted.

Terrestrial Due to the use of shallow groundwater there is a risk of con- Although groundwater, surface wacr and The top layers of the soils have a little huigherEnvironment tamination of groundwater. The measured permeability of aquaculture ponds are already contami- permeability than recommended, There is asoils are Ihigher than recommended for the bottom of a sani- nated additional filtration of leachaete into severe risk of contamination of importanttary landfill. the groundwater and surface water has to mineral grotndwater resources if strict miti-

be prevented. gative measures are not adopted in all designlevels.

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Table 3.3 Cause and Effect Conclusion

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... .. .. ....... . .. . ...

Atmospheric environmentToxic gas emissions from fire smoulders - Minor/major yes

Gas migration in limestone in Quang Hanh - Minor yesAccidental explosions due to lack of gas col- - Major yeslection or ventilationAir emissions from landfill operation - Minor yes

Aquatic environmentRisk of flooding in Quang Hanh - Minor yesRisk of contamination of surface water(ponds, river, sea, etc.) in all sites - Minor/major yes

UnknownTerrestrial environment ? before de- ?Risk of subsidence due to low bearing tailed inves-'strength tigationsErosion processes in the hill slopes for Ha Minor yesKhau & Deo SenRisk of infiltration of leachate into subsoiland groundwater Minor/major yesRisk of groundwater infiltration into landfill(Ha Khau ?) Minor/major yesIon exchange capacity in the soil + 1- Minor yesRisk of chemical spills during regular serviceor repair Minor yesRisk of road damages by heavy transport of Minor/major Yesequipment or collection vehicles_Risk of negative impacts on local flora and Minor YesfaunaRisk of littering from landfill operation Minor Yes

Human environment Minor YesLoss of land areasIncrease of local economic activities duringconstruction and operation of the landfill + Major/minor NoLoss of income for farmers at Ha Khau site major YesCreation of noise, dust and odours, etc. minor/major yesIncreased risk of accidents and injury minorfmajor yesImprovement of road conditions and othermodernisation + minor/major noImprovement of local environmental condi-tions due to appropriate waste disposal + major yes

December 1998


4. MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 General

This Environmental Management Plan is based on the information available at theend of the Feasibility Study Phase in November 1998. The design strategies andexact details will be specified during the detailed design phase of the project

The Environmental Management Plan is based on the following:- World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01 Annex C Environmental Mitiga-

tion or Environmental Management Plan- Standard Bidding Documents. Supply and Installation of Plant and Equip-

ment. The World Bank, January 1996- Guide to Use of FIDIC. Conditions of Contract for Works of civil Engineering

Construction. Fourth Edition 1989- Vietnamese Environmental Standards, Volume I: Water Standards, Volume II:

Air Standards, MOSTE 1995- Vietnam construction regulation and standard, Volume I, MOC- Draft Directive on the Landfill Waste, Commission of the European Commu-

nities, 1997- Dutch Soil Cleanup Guideline, Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning

and Environment, 1995- Collection of Solid Waste Laws, Finnish Ministry of Environment, 1998- Collection of background data in situ in Halong City- Site visits in Halong City and Cam Pha- Meetings with HCESC and CPESC- Discussions with Feasibility Study Team- Review of documents and project overview- Feasibility Study Reports: Main Report (April 1998), Main Report Annexes

(April 1998), Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement(April 1998), EIA for Proposed Landfills (April 1998), Project Implementa-tion Plan (April 1998)

- Supporting reports prepared for the environmental studies include: A Biologi-cal / Ecological Study for EIA of three Landfills and three Wastewater Treat-ment Plant Sites of Halong and Data of Socio-economic Survey; Summary ofResults of Household Survey in the Surroundings of the proposed Ha Khau -Deo Sen - Quang Hanh Landfills; and Report on Soil and Groundwater In-vestigations in Sen Mountain Pass, Quang Hanh and Ha Khau of Halong Cityfor Establishing of Landfill.

The mitigation measures shall meet the demands arising from the general re-quirements for landfills and Vietnamese as well as other international standardsand legislation.

The mitigation measures are divided into design, construction and operationphases. The operation phase contains also the after care phase. Several of themeasures are overlapping and complementing each other in the different phases,e.g. monitoring points shall be included in the design phase and used in the op-eration and aftercare phase for about 30 years.

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In this chapter are discussed general mitigation measures, and measures whichneed a more detailed consideration in relation to each project component duringdesign, construction and operation. The mitigation measures for each projectcomponent are presented in Tables 4.1 - 4.3.

4.2 Mitigation Measures during Design Phase

4.2.1 General

Environmental matters have to be integrated the design work and planning of theproject. The designing has to be done to minimise the adverse impacts on the en-vironment using, as much as possible, existing facilities and selecting the locationof new facilities in areas where the disturbance to environment, people and exist-ing structures is the smallest. Where possible existing rights-of-way has to be usedrather than create new ones. The key mitigation measures are to be noted in theFeasibility Study Main Report and Project Implementation Plan.

According to the Vietnamese Construction Regulation Standard Article 3.3 Pro-tection of Natural Resources and Environment construction projects should:- Not cause an adverse effect to environment, and technical regulations on scen-

ery and environment protection should be observed;- Protect the natural preservation areas, and historical, cultural and architectural

places;- Extraction of natural resources must be done rationally and cause no obstacle

to the next exploitation;- Respect traditional customs, practices, religions of people living in and around

the construction area.

The measures that will take place during site selection for the landfills have in themost part already been performed during the initial phase of the project and duringthe preliminary designs of the landfills. Proper engineering design according toVietnamese and international standards and criteria should be provided during thedesign to minimise adverse on environment

The mitigation measures during design phase are listed in Table 4.1.

4.2.2 Water Control and Leachate Management

Appropriate measures shall be taken, with respect to the characteristics of thelandfill and the meteorological conditions of the area, in order to:

- Control water from precipitations entering into the landfill body.- Prevent surface water and/or ground water from entering into the landfilled

waste.- Collect contaminated water and leachate.- Treat contaminated water and leachate collected from the landfill to the stan-

dard of Vietnamese industrial wastewater for their discharge.

December 1998


4.2.3 Soil and Groundwater Protection

A landfill must be situated and designed to meet the necessary conditions for pre-venting pollution of the soil, groundwater and surface water as well as ensuringefficient collection of leachate. Protection of soil, ground water and surface wateris to be achieved by the combination of a geological barrier and a bottom linerduring the operational phase and by the combination of a geological barrier and atop liner during the passive phase when the landfill has been closed.

The geological barrier is determined by geological and hydrogeological condi-tions below and in the vicinity of a landfill site providing sufficient attenuationcapacity to prevent a potential risk to soil and ground water.

The landfill base and sides shall consist of a mineral layer that satisfies perme-ability and thickness requirements with a combined effect (k) in terms of protec-tion of soil, ground water and surface water at least equivalent to the requirementof k equal or less than 1.0*10-9 m/s and a thickness of the layer equal or thickerthan 1.0 meter.

If the geological barrier does not naturally meet the above conditions it can becompleted artificially and reinforced by other means giving equivalent protection.An artificially established geological barrier should be more than 0.5 meter thick.

In addition to this a leachate collection and sealing system must be added to en-sure that leachate accumulation at the base of the landfill is kept to a minimum.The leachate collection and bottom sealing construction consist of a clay sealingliner on the bottom and a drainage system on top of that.

Recommendations for surface seal at landfillTop Top soil cover 2 1.0 meter thick

Drainage layer > 0.5 meter thickImpermeable mineral layer 2 0.5 meter thick

Bottom Gas drainage layer According to design

In order to minimise the formation of leachate a surface sealing shall be con-structed at the closing up of a landfill or a part of the landfill. The determinationof the permeability coefficient (k) for the different confinement layers at a landfillsite shall be conducted as in situ tests on the sites as well as laboratory tests.

4.3 Mitigation Measures During the Construction Phase

4.3.1 General

All works including to the project have to be implemented following the appropri-ate standards, specifications and working methods given in the Contract Agree-ment. The General Conditions of Contract according to SIPE and/or The Condi-tions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction given by FIDIChave to be followed up. The mitigative measures shall be incorporated in the con-

December 1998


tract documents. The numbering of the following paragraphs refers to STPE andFIDIC.

The Contractor has the general responsibility to carry out the mitigation measuresduring the construction. The mitigation measures are listed in Table 4.2.

4.3.2 Noise, Odour, Litter and Dust

General mitigation measures for noise, odour, litter and dust concerning all con-struction are as follows:

Dust, litter and public inconvenience has to be minimised by good constructionmanagement and site supervision. To minimise dust emissions caused by con-struction works, sprinkling the streets with water is recommended in the vicinityof construction sites.

Construction noise has to be minimised. The following Vietnamese standards areto be applied: Road motor vehicle noise, maximum permitted noise level (TCVN5948-1995), Noise in public and residential areas, maximum permitted noise level(TCVN 5949-1995). The strongest limitations are from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. in thevicinity of hospitals, sanatoriums, libraries and kindergartens where maximumnoise level is 40 dB. Anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipmenthas to be used when possible. There is no official standard for vibration, but MO-STE Decree No. 175/CP, 18 October 1994 gives permissible levels of vibration.

Appropriate equipment should be used for transportation of excavated materialand to collect accidental spills (sludge, oils from equipment, etc.) during rehabili-tation and construction works.

4.3.3 Health and Safety

General

In all construction works local health and safety working methods and Guidelinesgiven by the World Bank or FIDIC have to be followed.

Safety. Security and protection of the Environment (FIDIC 19.1)The Contractor shall, throughout the execution and completion of the works andremedying of any defects therein:- Have full regard for the safety of all persons entitled to be upon the site and

keep the site and the works (so far as the same are not completed or occupiedby the Employer) in an orderly state appropriate to the avoidance of danger tosuch persons.

- Provide and maintain at his own cost all lights, guards, fencing, warning signsand watching, when and where necessary or required by the Engineer or byany duly constituted authority, for the protection of the Works or for the safetyand convenience of the public or others, and

- Take all reasonable steps to protect the environment on and off the Site and toavoid damage or nuisance to persons or to property of the public or others re-

December 1998

}7LALON(.ix UI I rLA ri l v Esv


sulting from pollution, noise or other causes arising as a consequence of hismethods of operation.

Accident or Injury to Workmen (FIDIC 24.1)The Employer has no responsibility for injuries that may be suffered by employ-ees of the Contractor, unless such injury results from an act or default of the Em-ployer. In such circumstances the injured person would be regarded as a "thirdparty" to the Employer and the Employer would have the benefit of the ThirdParty insurance.

Insurance Against Accident to Workmen (FIDIC 24.2)The Contractor is required to insure his liability for death or injury to hiss ownemployees and he should also ascertain that all Subcontractors have similar insur-ance in force in regard to their employees.

During the execution of the works the Contractor shall keep the site reasonablyfree from all unnecessary obstructions and shall store or dispose of any Contrac-tor's equipment and surplus materials and clear away and remove from the siteany wreckage, rubbish or temporary works no longer required.

Engagement of Staff and Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Accident preventionOfficer; AccidentsThe Contractor shall have for his staff at the Site an officer dealing only withquestions regarding the safety and protection against accidents of all staff and la-bour. This officer shall be qualified for his work and shall have the authority to is-sue instructions and shall take protective measures to prevent accidents.

Engagement of Staff and Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Health and SafetyDue precautions shall be taken by the Contractor, and at his own cost, to ensurethe safety of his staff and labour and, in collaboration with and to the requirementsof the local health authorities, to ensure that medical staff, first aid equipment andstores, sick bay and suitable ambulance service are available at the camps, hous-ing and on the Site at all times throughout the period of the Contract and that suit-able arrangements are made for the prevention of epidemics and for all necessarywelfare and hygienic requirements.

Engagement of Staff arid Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Reporting of AccidentsThe Contractor shall report to the Engineer details of any accident as soon as pos-sible after its occurrence. In the case of any fatality or serious accident, the Con-tractor shall, in addition, notify the Engineer immediately by the quickest avail-able means.

Enzagement of Staffand Labour (FIDIC 34.1) Sub-clause Supply WaterThe Contractor shall, so far as is reasonably practical, having regard the localconditions, provide on the Site an adequate supply of drinking water and otherwater for the use of his staff and labour.

The local Service of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs is responsible for safetyinspections. Labour Unit of each company is responsible for safety regulations inthe work places.

December 1998


The Contractor is responsible to provide appropriate equipment, tools and protec-tive clothing to the workers.

The Contractor has to ensure that appropriate working methods are applied.

Anti-vibration mountings and noise insulation on equipment has to be used whenpossible.

The Contractor has to provide and train staff how to use ear protectors when noiselevel in the working place exceeds 85 dB.

The removed material from channels has to be handled, transported and disposedaccording to the safety instructions.

Appropriate safety equipment to prevent overfilling of tanks and collect accidentalspills of chemical, oils etc. has to be installed and used. Special attention has to bepaid to avoid any spills into water and soil.

A fence has to be constructed around landfills and wastewater treatment plantsites to separate sites from surrounding areas and to prevent unnecessary access tothem. On the area there has to be a signboard to warn in local language about thepossible health risks caused by the plants.

4.3.4 Traffic and Transportation Arrangements

General

Interference with Traffic and Adjoining Properties (FIDIC 29.1)All operations necessary for the execution and completion of the works and theremedying of any defects therein shall, so far as compliance with the requirementsof the contract permits, be carried on so as not to interfere unnecessarily or im-properly with:- The convenience of the public- The access to, use and occupation of public or private roads and footpaths to

or of properties whether in the possession of the Employer or of any other per-son.

Avoidance of Damage to Roads (FIDIC 30.1)The contractor shall use every reasonable means to prevent any of the roads orbridges communicating with or on the routes to the site from being damaged orinjured by any traffic of the Contractor or any of his Subcontractors. In particular,the Contractor shall select routes, choose and use vehicles and restrict and distrib-ute loads so that any such extraordinary traffic as will inevitably arise from themoving of materials, plant, Contractor's equipment or temporary works from andto the site shall be limited, as far as reasonably.possible.

Minimise the nuisance caused by transportation of materials and by constructionactivities, by arranging transportation and construction on busy but narrow mainstreets in residential areas only during the day.

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANII AI IUN PROJEL 1Sanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 30

The loads must be covered to minimise the spread of dust and preventing drop-ping of material from the load to the roads. Ferry connection between Bai Chayand Hon Gai has to be considered when planning transporting of constructionmaterial and land reclamation.

4.3.5 Working Time and Site Arrangements

Site Regulations and Safety (SIPE 22.3)The Employer and the Contractor shall establish Site regulations setting out therules to be observed in the execution of the Contract at the Site and shall complytherewith. The Contractor shall prepare and submit to the Employer, with a copyto the Project Manager, proposed Site regulations for the Employer's approval,which approval shall not be unreasonable withheld.

Such Site regulations shall include, but shall not be limited to, rules in respect ofsecurity, safety of the Facilities, gate control, sanitation, medical care, and fireprevention.

Site Clearance (SIPE 22.6) (FIDIC 32.1 and 33. 1)Site Clearance in course of Performance: In the course of carrying out the Con-tract, the Contractor shall keep the Site reasonably free from all unnecessary ob-struction, store or remove any surplus materials, clear away any wreckage, rub-bish or temporary works from the Site, and remove any Contractor's Equipmentno longer required for execution of the Contract.

Clearance of the Site after Completion: After Completion of all parts of the Fa-cilities, the Contractor shall clear away and remove all wreckage, rubbish and de-bris of any kind from the Site, and shall leave the Site, and shall leave the Site andFacilities clean and safe.

Watching and Lighting (SIPE 22.7)The Contractor shall provide and maintain at its own expense all lighting, fencing,and watching when and where necessary for the proper execution and the protec-tion of the Facilities, or for the safety of the owners and occupiers of adjacentproperty and for the safety of the public.

Work at Night and on Holidays (SIPE 22.8)Unless otherwise provided in the Contract, no work shall be carried out during thenight and on public holidays of the country where the Site is located without priorwritten consent of the Employer, except where work is necessary or required toensure safety of the Facilities or for the protection of life, or to prevent loss ordamage to property, when the Contractor shall immediately advise the ProjectManager.

Sign to show the name of the Project, the name of Employer and the name ofContractor has to locate in visible place in the construction site.

December 1998


4.3.6 Public Relations

Rehabilitation works and new traffic arrangements during rehabilitation worksshould be announced to the public regionally in newspapers, TV and radio. Lo-cally the announcement is given to the phuong representatives who will informthe residents. Loudspeakers can be used during the construction work to give thelatest information in concerned areas.

Local people have to be informed in advance about the public nuisance and espe-cially about possible changes and disturbance to traffic.

4.4 Mitigation Measures During Operation

HCESC and CPESC have the responsibility to carry out all operation and mainte-nance work. They have responsibility to arrange all works using proper methodsand avoiding noise, odour, litter, dust and traffic nuisance during the operation.

The mitigation measures during operation are listed in Table 4.3.

Safety and Health during Waste Treatment

The staff of HCESC and CPESC have to follow strictly safety and health regula-tions during transportation and treatment of waste.

Special attention has to be paid to avoid the direct contact with waste. The ESCshave to provide protective clothing including waterproof overall, safety welling-tons and gloves. Workers have to use protective measures to avoid skin or eyecontact and inhalation has to be used during dusty work periods, e.g. duringloading and unloading of waste and any direct contact with it.

A possibility of proper washing with clean water and soap has to be arrangedduring and after the working.

A first aid kit has to be available to wash and treat the possible cuts and wounds.

The operation of landfills will attract scavengers who will pick recyclable mate-rial from the landfills. The conflict of interest between landfill safety on one-handand income opportunities for scavengers on the other hand, may lead to troublebetween the interest groups. The landfill will probably need to be operated insuch a way as to accommodate scavengers, since it is usually impossible to ex-clude them. Scavengers shall be allowed to use washing facilities for cleaningthemselves.

Gas Emission Control

Appropriate measures shall be taken in order to control the accumulation and mi-gration of landfill gases.

Landfill gas shall be collected from a landfill that receives biodegradable wasteand the gas must be treated and used. If the gas collected cannot be used to pro-duce energy, it must be flared or a passive gas ventilation system shall be applied.

December 1998


The collection, treatment, use and ventilation of landfill gas shall be carried out ina manner, which minimises damage to or deterioration of the environment andrisk to human health.

Nuisances and Hazards

Measures shall be taken to minimise nuisances and hazards arising from the land-fill (and the construction of it) through:- Emissions of odours and dust- Wind-blown materials- Noise and traffic- Birds, vermin (rodents) and insects- Formation of aerosols- Fire

The landfills shall daily be covered with a 0.1 m thick layer of soil on order toprevent material from the fill to be blown to the surroundings. The thin coveragekeeps also birds, vermin and insects away from the waste and odour is not spreadin the surrounding.

Stability of the Landfill

The emplacement of waste on the site shall take place is such a way as to ensurestability of the mass of waste and associated structures, particularly in respect ofavoidance of slippage and sliding of the waste mass. Where an artificial barrier isestablished it must be ascertained that the geological substratum, considering themorphology of the landfill, is sufficiently stable to prevent settlement that maycause damage to the barrier.

Fencing

Fencing sufficient to prevent free access to the site shall surround the landfill. Thegates shall be locked outside operating hours. The system of control and access toeach facility shall contain a programme of measurements to detect and discourageillegal dumping in the facility.

Waste Acceptance

The composition, leachability, long-term behaviour and general properties of thewaste to be landfilled must be known as precisely as possible. Waste acceptanceat a landfill can be based either on lists of accepted or-refused waste, defined bynature and origin, and on waste analysis methods and limit values for the proper-ties of the waste to be accepted. These are general principles.

A sanitary landfill shall not accept hazardous waste without prior treatment mak-ing the waste non-harmful. A list of hazardous waste and properties is presentedin the European Union Directive 91/689/EEC. In general, a sanitary landfill shallnot accept waste that contains one or several of the following character:- Oxidising- Explosive- Deflagrable- Infectious

December 1998


Wastewater, refuse containing toxic substances, pathogenic agents, inflammableor explosive substances, non-degradable wastes, must be properly treated beforedischarge. The State Management Agency for environmental protection shallstipulate a schedule of wastewater and refuse of this kind and supervise theirtreatment process before discharge.

Criteria for acceptance must be derived from considerations pertaining to:- Protection of the surrounding environment particularly ground water and sur-

face water.- Protection of the environmental protection constructions (e.g. liners and

leachate treatment systems).- Protection of the desired waste stabilisation processes within the landfill.- Protection against human-health hazards.

December 1998


TABLE 4.1 Miti ation Meastires for Solid Waste Management and Landfills - Design phase. - Mitlg~'tfrn xneanre:- -,.~ . Rcference/Monitori tig X ITI

Loss of land area for the landfill. Ha Khau Keep the development area for the landfill limited to Vietnamese and WB (OD Design Consultant4.2 ha, Deo Sen 5.4ha and Quang Hanh 6.3 the proposed site. 4.30) RAP regulationsha. __.Ha Khau: closure of minor (-2 ha) paddy- Compensation to the land-user/owner Vietnamese design criteria Urban Environmentfields downstream from the landfill is in and standards Companypoor condition and lacking water.Deo Sen: the water in the small fish farmingponds is contaminated by the leachate from No fish farming shall be allowed close to the landfill.the landfill and the leachate treatment plant If the leachate water after treatment in Deo Sen does Vietnamese water qualitywill be constructed where the ponds are. not fulfil the quality standards it has to be diverted standards.

from the fish farming area.

Relocation of households inside the landfill Compensation and resettlement Vietnamese and WB (OD Urban Environmentarea (<250m distance). Loss of land and/or 4.30) RAP regulations. Companylivelihood.Ha Khau 7 households Compensated according to RAP has to be made. FreeDeo Sen 0 households water supply will be provided to 40 households inQuang Hanh 7 households. Deo Sen.

Closing shallow dug-wells downstream from Identify and locate all ground water wells within 500 Vietnamese water quality Urban Environmentthe landfill due to high risk of water quality meters distance from the landfill. standards TCVN 5944-1995. Companydeterioration in the future. Provide substitute water source for the affected fami- Water Supply Company

lies. Prevcntive HygienicWater quality monitoring from selected wells shall Centrestart as soon as possible.

Living in landfill neighbourhood is consid- Reservation for a buffer zone between landfill and Design criteria and interna- Designerered negatively. residential area. tional requirements for Land-

Plant local varieties of fast growing trees, bushes and fills (EU directive and Fin- Urban EnvironmentNegative impacts on the surroundings. grass as soon as possible. nish legislation on landfills). Company

The protected Giap Khau mountain in Quang Hanh Vietnamese Environmcntal

December 1998


shall not be affected Standards.Removal of 7 old graves on the hill slope of Relocate and compensate the graves Design criteria Urban Environmentthe landfill area in Ha Khau. CompanyThe use of the landfill has begun at Ha Khau Landfilling in Ha Khau shall not be encouraged before Design criteria Urban Environmentbefore construction of the landfill. This proper preliminary mitigative measures are taken. The Companycauses damage of the surrounding, which is existing landfill at Deo Sen shall be used.expensive to repair. Divert leachate from the landfill separately from clean

surface water as soon as possible.Uncontrolled waste dumping elsewhere in Vietnamese environmental DOSTEthe Bai Chay region has decreased since legislation and standards Urban Environmentdumping started at Ha Khau. CompanyDeterioration of ground water quality due to Install new ground water observation wells down- Vietnamese water quality Urban Environmentland filling. stream from the planned leachate treatment plants and standards TCVN 5944-1995. Company

landfills.Water quality monitoring from selected wells shallstart as soon as possible.Design proper bottom confinement structures and Design criteria and intema- Designerleachate management systems tional requirements for land-In situ permeability tests and the ion exchange capac- fills (EU directive and Fin-ity of the soil shall be carried out. nish legislation on landfills),

Deterioration of surface water quality in the Surface water quality monitoring to start as soon as Vietnamese water quality DOSTEstream, irrigation channels and ponds due to possible including two new monitoring points. standards TCVN 5944-1995.land filling in Ha Khau and Quang Hanh.

Proper leachate and surface water management sys- Design criteria and intema- Designertems shall be designed. tional requirements for land-

fills (EU directive and Fin-The stream in Quang Hanh which crosses the landfill nish legislation on landfills).area shall be re-routed outside the landfill area. Designer

Emissions at Ha Khau and Deo Sen: The landfills shall be weekly, preferably daily covered The environmental stanidards DOSTE

December 1998


Odours smoke and dust. with soil layer 0.1 m, also the steep edges. of Vietnam and internationalThe litter in the surrounding areas has to be removed. rcquirements for Landfilling.

Wind blown material. Vermin and insect destruction measures shall betaken. The landfill shall be covered by soil regularly Urban Environment

Appearance of vermin and insects. and rodent destruction campaigns carried out every Companyhalf year.

Fires The edges of the landfill has to be smoothed to at least1:3 before the rainy season.

Sliding of the waste to the valley bottom. ._.Soil subsidence and landslides during the Detailed geotechnical soil investigations to be speci- Vietnamese construction Urban Environmentoperation phase due to heavy loading from fied before detailed design. regulation and standard. Companythe landfill. World Bank and FIDIC

guides and recommendations.Emissions at Ha Khau due to the hot waste The vegetable oil factory shall not dump its waste to- The environmental standards Urban Environmentfrom the vegetable oil factory: gether with the other waste. Separate area shall be se- of Vietnam and international CompanyOdours smoke and dust, risk for fires and lected for this waste and an embankment structure requirements for Landfilling.explosions of landfill gas, flushing of waste shall be constructed to avoid this waste to be flushedto the valley during rain, into the valley during heavy rain.Improvement of local conditions including Public awareness campaigns shall be organised for the World Bank guidelines and Urban Environmentwaste treatment, environment, public health local people. recommendations. Companyand roads. . _ _

December 1998

HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC -EMP LANDFILLS 37

TABLE 4.2 Mitigation Measures for Landrllls - Construction Phase

General adverse impacts on the environ- The mitigation measures have to be incorporated in Guidelines of the World Bank Contractorment and humans caused by the con- the contract documents. and FIDIC.struction works. Environmental rules and regula-

tions of Vietnam,Loss of land due to the landfill itself and The area of development has to be limited to the Vietnamese and international Contractorconstruction of the new access road. proposed site and phased as proposed in the prelimi- design criteria

nary design.Existing right-of-ways shall be used.

Scars in the nature. The construction work has to be limited to the land- Vietnamese Construction Regu- Contractorfill area only. lation Standard and the Envi-Disturbance to the natural vegetation, soil, hydro- ronmental Standards.logical regimes and topography has to be avoided bycareful planning of all soil excavation.

Temporary increases of traffic nuisance Working at night and using lights has to be avoided. Guidelines of the World Bank Contractorand traffic congestion. Traffic rules and regulations have to be followed. and FIDIC.A higher risk of traffic accidents in the Special care has to be taken when using heavy Environmental and traffic rulesarea. trucks and equipment. and regulations of Vietnam.Risk of damages to the roads by transportof heavy vehicles and equipment.Temporary construction noise. Construction and unnecessary noise has to be mini- Vietnamese Standard for: Contractor

mised by using proper equipment and by strict site Road Motor Vehicle Noisesupervision. Avoid working in residential and tourist TCVN 5948-1995areas during the night between 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Acoustic Noise in Public andRegular maintenance of the equipment has to be Residential Areas TCVN 5949-done in order to minimise noise. 1995

Temporary construction dust. Unnecessary dust has to be avoided. Sprinkling of Vietnamese Standard for Ambi- Contractorwater on the ground shall be used when necessary to ent Air Quality TCVN 5937-

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility Study -VOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 38

avoid dust generation. 1995Better road access to the area. No mitigation needed. Design criteria ContractorChange of land-use. Local vegetation shall be planted to shade off the Environmental Standards of Contractor

landfill from the other surroundings like cemetery Vietnam.According to the biological study, there and residential areas. If there are doubts concerningare no endangered or vulnerable species identification of flora or faunain the areas of the proposed landfills. Special care has to be taken of power lines. the Faculty of Biology from the

University of Hanoi will be con-sulted.

Temporary health and safety risks due to Minimise work healthy problems by providing ap- Guidelines of the World Bank Contractorconstruction works. propriate tools, machinery and protective clothing as and FIDIC.Accidents and injury risks to the work- well as washing possibilities for all workers. Vietnamese health and safetymen. regulationsTemporary risk for accidental spills of Special caution has to be taken during service, repair Vietnamese Standard for Indus- Contractorpollutants. and refuelling of construction machinery and trial Waste Water TCVN 5945-

equipment. 1995 and detailed design.Repair and wash bays for landfill equipment has tobe constructed.Separation of oil and grease from water in wash andrepair bays before the discharge has to be organised.

Contamination of groundwater and sub- Uncovering of soil with high permeability has to be Environmental Standards of Contractorsoil before hand over. avoided. This shall be checked by in situ permeabil- Vietnam.

ity tests.Proper impermeable lining structures have to be According to detailed design and Consultantconstructed at the base of the landfill. This mini- international requirements formises the formation of leachate in the landfill by landfills (EU directive and Fin-preventing groundwater intrusion into the landfill. nish legislation on landfills). ConsultantStrict supervision and control of the construction ofthe impermeable lining has to be carried out.

December 1998

HIALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 39

Contamination of surface water (Espe- The clean surface water runoff has to be diverted According to detailed design and Contractorcially during and after the operation from the landfill leachate by ditches and channels international requirements forphase of the landfill). around the landfill and led away from the site. This landfills (EU directive and Fin-

action minimises the formation of leachate in the nish legislation on landfills).landfill by preventing surface water intrusion intothe landfill.Strict supervision and control of the construction ofthe surface water management system has to be car-ried out. ConsultantDischarge of contaminated and untreated leachate Vietnamese Standard for Indus-water from the landfill or treatment plant direct to trial Waste Water TCVN 5945-surface water is not allowed. 1995

Uncontrolled dumping at the landfills A fence and a gate has to be constructed at the land- According to detailed design and Contractorfills. A guard to control the traffic at the landfill has international requirements forto operate the gate. landfills.

Risk for fire and explosions at the land- A proper landfill gas collection and ventilation sys- According to detailed design and Con-fills tem shall be constructed. international requirements for structor

landfills (EU directive and Fin-Strict supervision and control of the construction of nish legislation on landfills).the landfill gas management system shall be carried Consultantout.

Mixing of coal mining water and landfill The coal mining water shall be diverted from the Vietnamese Standard for Indus- DOSTEwater or clean surface runoff. water at the landfill. The water shall be treated if trial Waste Water TCVN 5945-

needed and not fulfilling the requirements of the na- 1995 Coal min-tional standards for water quality. ers

Short term job opportunities No mitigation needed. Contractor

December 1998


TABLE 4.3 Mitigation Measures for Landfills - Operation and After-care phase

Jm~~~acts Mi~~t.I th iori::: measue ReerecMondt"orin~ ResosbltEmissions of odours, The new waste has to be covered daily with 0.1 meter of The environmental stan- Urban Environment Com-smoke and dust. sandy soil, also the steep edges. dards of Vietnam and in- pany

ternational requirementsWind blown material. Litter blown into the surroundings has to be collected daily. for Landfills (EU directive Preventive Hygienic Cen-

The landfill area shall be kept tidy. Portable fences to be and Finnish legislation on treAppearance of vermin erected and noise from vehicles deminished. landfills).and insects.

Vermin and insect destruction measures shall be takenevery half year.

Only that area of the landfill, which is under operation, canbe without soil cover for a week. The other waste area hasto be covered.

Permanent employment No mitigation needed. Detailed design Urban Environment Com-for 1-2 persons. panySliding of the waste to The waste has to be compacted daily with a compactor or Detailed design Urban Environment Com-the valley bottom. other suitable equipment. Each waste layer has to be al- pany

lowed to settle after compaction before next layer of wasteis added.Bulldozers or Compactors will be provided by the project. The Project

Hospital waste on the Hospital waste shall be dumped in separate trenches in seg- According to the EIA. Consultantlandfills. regate area in the landfills. The trenches shall be closed According to international

immediately after dumping. There has to be source separa- requirements for Landfills Urban Environment Com-tion at the hospitals and technical assistance given to the (EU directive and Finnish panyhospitals, DOSTE and Urban Environment Company. legislation on landfills).

Emissions from the land- Monitoring of surface, groundwater and air emissions shall According to the Moni- DOSTEfills of surface water, be carried out already during the design phase of the land- torin ro ram of this

December 1998


ground water, soil and fills, during operation and for about 30 years of the after EMP and Vietnamese En- Preventive Hygienic Cen-air. care phase. vironmental Standards. tre

Leachate recirculation is recommended to keep the refusemoist and the anaerobic biological activity maximised. Itwill also prevent the clay liner under the refiuse fromcracking causing leachate discharge.

Wheel cleaners shall be installed to prevent mud and refusebeing spread by wheels to the surroundings.

Surface water contami- No waste is allowed to be tipped into water. According to the detailed Urban Environment Com-nation. design and international pany

Contact of surface runoff and percolating rainwater with requirements for landfills.the refuse has to be minimised.

Fire and smoulders on Fire fighting facilities have to be installed at landfills. According to the detailed Urban Environment Com-the landfill. design and international pany

Operators responsible for fire fighting have to be clearly requirements for landfillsidentified. (EU directive and Finnish Fire Fighting Department

legislation on landfills).Proper training in fire fighting have to be given to thoseidentified for fire fighting.

The quality of the stream Proper operation of the landfill leachate treatment plant. Vietnamese Water Quality Urban Environment Com-water flowing from the Standards panylandfill will be improvedwith the planned leachatetreatment plant in DeoSen.

Safety and health on the Minimise work related health problems by providing ap- Guidelines of the World Urban Environment Com-landfill and the sur- propriate tools, machinery and protective clothing as well Bank and FIDIC. pany

December 1998


rounding. as washing possibilities for all workers.Vietnamese health and

Washing possibilities shall also be provided to the scaven- safety regulationsgers. They shall be given an opportunity to pick up recy-clable waste before compacting and covering. Generalhealth and safety instructions shall also be given to scaven-gers .

Accurate and complete records have to be kept concerningall inspections, monitoring, accidental discharges, unusual DOSTEevents and accidents.

Training and safety procedures for emergencies have to begiven to those responsible for the solid waste management Consultantand to landfill workers.

Adequate telecommunication systems shall be installed atthe landfills for use in emergency situations.

Urban Environment Com-Regular safety inspections in all parts of the system shall panybe arranged.

DOSTEThe dining room shall be separate from the working areas.

All the support facilities have to be situated upwards fromthe prevailing wind to prevent odour, dust and noise nui-sances to employees.

Employees shall be encouraged to wash themselves fre-quently.

December 1998

HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC -EMP LANDFILLS 43

Noise from landfill ma- Unnecessary noise has to be avoided. Regular maintenance Vietnamese Standard for: Urban Environment Com-chines and equipment. of the equipment has to be done in order to minimise noise. Road Motor Vehicle Noise pany

The work shall be performed during normal daytime hours. TCVN 5948-1995Acoustic Noise in Public

Ear protectors shall be used when the noise level exceeds and Residential Areas85 dB. TCVN 5949-1995

Emissions from the land- Monitoring of surface. groundwater and air emissions shall According to the Moni- DOSTEfills to surface water, be carried out already from the design phase of the land- toring program of thisground water, soil and air fills, during operation and for about 30 years of the after EMP and Vietnamese En- Urban Environment Com-after closure. care phase. vironmental Standards. pany

Leachate recirculation is recommended to keep the refuse According to the detailed Preventive Hlygienic Cen-moist, maximise the anaerobic biological activity and pre- design and international trevent clay liner under the refuse from cracking causing requirements for landfillsleachate discharge. (EU directive and Finnish

legislation on landfills).The landfill shall be landscaped to fit in the surroundinglandscape and land-use master plan.

The stability of the landfill has to be ensured and moni-tored.

The final cover on the landfill shall have a minimum thick-ness of 0.6 meter. The topmost layer shall have a composi-tion, which allows seeding and stimulates growth of vege-tation. Trees and bushes that produce deep penetratingroots must be avoided in order to keep the top sealingcover intact.

December 1998


5. INSTITUTIONAL SETUP

5.1 Implementation Arrangement of the Project

The Director of Halong City ESC will take responsibility for the implementationof the Halong Component.

The QNPPC will establish a Project Steering Committee (PSC) at provincial level,to manage, control and supervise the project implementation. The Vice-Chairmanof the PPC will be appointed as the chairperson of PSC.

The PSC will co-ordinate the input of the local organisations and provide a forumfor intersectoral co-operation in the province. During the project preparation andimplementation phase, a Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established.

The main objective of the PMU is to assist the local authorities and the ESCs tocarry out the proposed rehabilitation and expansion programme. The PMU will beheaded by the director of HCESC, who will be responsible in front of the SteeringCommittee chairman for the implementation of the project. The director will alsobe the person who signs the credit agreement on behalf of the Government ofVietnam.

The actual management of sanitation activities in Halong City and Cam Pha ispresently under the jurisdiction of QNPPC and the municipal People's Commit-tees administrations. However, day-to-day management of the sanitation activitiesis the responsibility of HCESC and CPESC. During the implementation period ofthe sanitation project the two ESCs will co-operate with the main contractor andthe consultants to ensure a smooth implementation and will provide staff as re-quired for commissioning. The sanitation companies will also provide staff as re-quired for training.

The communes will mainly be involved with the project through the communityawareness campaigns but key members of the commune administration will alsobe selected for training programmes.

The PMU must maintain very close relations with the other provincial level gov-ernment departments. The most important of these are:

Construction department Responsible for approval of planning issues of con-struction permits and implementation of constructioncontracts

Department of Planning Responsible for budget allocations and approvalsand Investment

The PMU will be directly assisted in project implementation by the consultancyservices for construction supervision and technical assistance which is assumed,but has yet to be confirmed, will be provided by the Government of Denmark. Theteam of technical assistance consultants will be based in the HCESC office andwill provide support to both companies in the following areas:- institutional development

December 1998


- help establish rules and procedures to enable the Municipal People's Com-mittee to regulate the operations of the sanitation companies under a system ofservice contracts

- develop O&M policy, procedures, guidelines and manuals- human resources development- construction supervision

The consultants will also assist with co-ordination between the PMU and the bi-lateral donor.

5.2 Present Situation of Urban Environmental Companies

In the project area there are two different sanitation companies. Halong City Envi-ronmental SanitationCompany (HCESC operates in Bai Chay and Hon Gai andCam Pha Environment SanitationCompany (CPESC) in Cam Pha.

The following services are included to the duties of the companies. Part of theservices has no straight connection to sanitation:- solid waste collection;- management of landfills;

- cleaning of streets;- maintenance of public parks;

- maintenance of drainage system;*maintenance of sewerage system;

- management of street lightning system;- maintenanGe of cemeteries;- maintenance of public toilets.

The total staff of HCESC is 292, the number of sanitation production workers is277 and the rest are administrative or other public service employees. The totalstaff of CPESC is 181, the number of sanitation production workers is 145 and 36are administrative employees.

In the Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Report (Fea-sibility Study Report II) are listed numerous weaknesses and problems of thecompanies, which have impacts also on environmental matters. The present statusreflects a wide range of operational and financial problems of which most are re-lated to the subsidised system lacking of autonomy and own budget. The mostimportant concerning solid waste management are as follows:

- lack of operational budget;

- lack of equipment and tools;

- poor landfill facilities,- negative attitude to sanitation business;- residents' "Company is the cleaner" thinking;- roles and responsibilities are mixed and overlapping between the city authori-

ties;- poor management system;

- and customers are not satisfied to the quality of services.

December 1998


5.3 Strengthening of the Sanitation Management System

Institutional strengthening programme will focus on preparing and supporting thelocal organisations to build up management capability to be able to carry out thesanitation services with existing and rehabilitated facilities.

Quang Ninh People's Committee has approved the transition of both ESCs frompublic administrative units to be state-owned business enterprises for public serv-ices.

Mandates of the companies are:1. Management of the environment and sanitation in urban area including;

cleaning pavements and roads; collecting, transporting and treatment of dif-ferent kinds of waste; cleaning drainage and sewerage channels, ensuring ur-ban drainage, watering the main roads to prevent dust;

2. Management and maintenance of public areas as: public lighting system;parks and trees; public hygiene; cemeteries; monuments and other public fa-cilities which are assigned for company's management;

3. Arranging the funeral services and other specialised services;4. Repairing, maintenance and upgrading the public facilities which area as-

signed for the company's management.

In the Institutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Reportchapter Organisation Development has been proposed that:- Sewerage and drainage section operations are emptying of the septic tanks,

sewerage maintenance, drainage channels cleaning and maintenance.- maintenance of drainage channels is the responsibility of the ESCs even in

the tertiary area.- Sewers and drainage channels maintenance must be maintained as the duty of

each company.- Individual households maintain their own sewerage system including septic

tanks, on-site treatment and connection to public sewer system.

5.4 Training

General

The training philosophy, needs and facilities are described in details in Volume IIInstitutional Development, HRD and Community Involvement Report.

The training philosophy is to provide support to assist the companies in reachingtheir public service goals. This is done by comparing company objectives with theaccomplishments of the company staff that leads to the creation of a comprehen-sive upgrading programme. This programme will ensure that the staff has the nec-essary skills to guide and to manage the company in a manner that will allow it toachieve its objectives.

Training has to be given to all levels, including provincial and city management,and from all possible subjects from management skills to on-the-job training.Training the trainers is a very essential part of the training programme.

December 1998


The following conditions should be met to achieve the objectives of an integratedtraining programme; involvement of experienced trainers; good training curricula;provision of supporting training material and facilities; and suitable environmentfor training.

Both foreign and local specialists will give the training. The training programmewill be planned and implemented as part of the Technical Assistance componentof the project.

Environmental Awareness

The environmental awareness improvement has to be started from training thestaff of both companies to understand the relation between their day-to-day solidwaste management practises and the impact to the environmental quality of thesurrounding area. The training has to cover all staff of the companies from man-agers to street sweepers. Separate training will be given to different target groupsfocusing on the most essential matters on their own work such as:- environmental management,- environmental health including water related disease and occupational health- impacts of solid waste collection, impacts of landfills- relation between improved sewerage and drainage and solid waste manage-

ment- etc.

On-the-job training

On-the-job training is one of the most important items of the training programmefor successful project implementation and setting up effective O&M activities.This requires the involvement of not only teachers and trainers, but also consult-ants and contractors.

The company field workers must adapt new technical work practices and learnhow to operate existing facilities and also new facilities and equipment, such assanitary landfill and landfill equipment. This will be done through skills training,up-grading programmes, theoretical training, specific courses and training mod-ules for identified groups and on-the-job training.

The workers of proposed wastewater treatment plants have, to be trained to use theequipment for on-site monitoring in the wastewater treatment plant. The recordingand reporting of results has to be learned, and also the utilisation of analysed data.

Community Participation

Public awareness campaigns are proposed in the Community Participation report.It has been proposed that awareness raising materials will be produced for solidwaste, sewerage and drainage and for general environmental and health issues.Organisation, implementation and supervision of the campaigns will be done inco-operation with representatives of phuongs, local project staff, representativesof the involved company and the Women Union.

It is clear that an important part of the approach of the project relates to fosteringthe participation of the community in the development process promulgated by the

December 1998


project activity. To address this issue a comprehensive community participationprogramme had been recommended. This process will have three main thrusts:1. Public campaigns that concentrate on Information, Education and communica-

tion of the health linkages;2. Bottom up community involvement in micro activities;3. Primary school education initiatives

Other Training

The training needs of basic environmental information and environmental man-agement can be fulfilled through the training programme proposed in Ha LongBay Environmental Pollution Study. That training is proposed to be started in1998 and will continue until 2015, and this sanitation project will be implemented2000-2004. It is recommended that the staff of HCESC and CPESC should join

this training.

Training Needs of QNDOSTE

The training needs of DOSTE would be fulfilled through the other environmentalprojects, which are in progress at the same time and in the same area as the pro-posed sanitation project.

December 1998


6. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The procurement process has been scheduled to commence in January 1999, andshould be completed by the award of contracts in-mid 2000. Completion of con-struction is scheduled for the end of April 2004 which allows for a 44 month con-struction period for the longest contract. The bidding process will be phased sothat the bid evaluations do not occur at the same time. The consultants for the TAcomponent should be mobilised by the end of 2000 prior to the startup of con-struction. Consultancy inputs will continue also up until the end of April 2004.

Construction works will be tendered in three ICB packages and procurement ofvehicles and equipment in two ICB packages. Procurement of works and goodswould follow World Bank guidelines and consulting services will be recruuitedaccording to Danish regulations.

The preliminary implementation schedule for the proposed sanitation project ac-cording to the situation in December1998 is presented in Annex 2.

The preliminary implementation schedule for the solid waste component is pre-sented in table 6.1. The mitigation measures and monitoring of the environmentshall begin before the landfills are in operation in order to prevent pollution andto get information on the situation and quality of the environment to which themonitoring results are compared.

The landfills shall be in operation before collection of solid waste from the sew-age. channels starts as well as the collection of dried sludge from the wastewatertreatment plants begins. The waste from the channels and treatment plants aretransported to the landfills.

Table 6.1 Preliminary implementation and operation schedule for landfills

Year 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 to i99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Landfill construction _ U * * * 11 _

Waste reception -_ m _ -_ _ - - m _ -

Landscaping and clo- __sure

Mitigation measures I I I I I I I

Monitoring _ _ - m _ - - _ _ - I

December 1998


7. MONITORING PROGRAMMES

The procedures for monitoring to be carried out on a landfill in order to check:- That the waste has been accepted for disposal in accordance with the criteria

set for the sanitary landfill in question.- That the processes within the landfill proceed as intended.- That the intended conditions for the landfill are fulfilled.

An efficient follow-up and control system is essential for the long-termsustainability of an acceptable environment.

The monitoring of emission from the landfills includes water, leachate and gascontrol. Sampling of leachate and surface water must be collected at representa-tive points. Sampling and measuring (volume and composition) of leachate mustbe performed separately at each point at which leachate is discharged from thesite. It is recommended to lead the leachate to only one outlet from each landfill.

7.1 Monitoring System

The monitoring systems for these landfills are mainly based on the environmentalstandards of Vietnam (1995) and generally accepted standards in Europe. No spe-cific standards exist in Vietnam for landfill discharges and emissions. The mainenvironmental standards which should be followed during the construction andoperation of the landfills are, in addition to the drinking water quality standards,those concerning noise, dust emissions, wastewater discharges as well as healthand safety regulations (Table 7.1).

TABLE 7.1. Vietnamese environmental standards (MOSTE 1995)

Number of standard Name of standardTCVN 5294-1995 Principle for choice and quality assessment of water sources for

drinking and household water supplyTCVN 5295-1995 General requirements for protection of surface and underground wva-

ter from pollution caused by oil and oil productsTCVN 5296-1995 Principle for water protection from pollution caused by oil and oil

products conducting through the pipesTCVN 5298-1995 Requirements to the use of waste waters and their sludge for watering

and fertilising purposeTCVN 5524-1995 General requirements for protecting surface water against pollutionTCVN 5525-1995 General requirements for protection of underground waterTCVN 5942-1995 Surface water quality standardTCVN 5943-1995 Coastal water quality standardTCVN 5944-1995 Groundwater quality standardTCVN 5945-1995 Industrial wastewater discharge standardsTCVN 5998-1995 Guidance on sampling on marine waters (ISO 5667-9:1992)TCVN 5999-1995 Guidance on sampling of wastewater (ISO 5667-10:1992)

Besides water related standards there are numerous standards concerning air qual-ity, noise and soil quality. TCVN 5302-1995 is General requirements for soil rec-lamation.

December 1998

HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSaniitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME IIIC - EMP LANDFILLS 51

The water quality sampling shall be carried out according to the Vietnamese stan-dards (TCVN 5992-1995, TCVN 5993-1995, TCVN 5994-1995,TCVN 5996-1995 and TCVN 6000-1995 if other Vietnamese standards are not more relevant).

Table 7.2 Selected Water Quality Limits according to the VietnameseStandards

waste~~~~~~~~Water WIN 5942.. water~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........

. C a t e g 4 r~~~~~~~~~ B . . . . .. ~~~~~~~.* .. .. . ..

Temperature 0C 40-BOD5 (20 C) 50 <25COD 100 <35DO 22- .2

pH between 5,5÷.9 5.5÷.9 6,5÷.8,5Conductivity mS/inm

Pt-Co 5 .5÷50Chloride -- 200 . 600

Sulfate -- 200 . 400

Total Phosphate--Total Nitrogen 60-Total Solids 750 750 1500Suspended Solids 100 80Sodium--Potassium e -

Calcium--Iron (Fe) | 5 2 155Manganese (Mnu) 1 0,8 0,1 . 0,5Faecal coliform bac- - - Not detectableteria MPN/lOOmlColiform .10,000 10,000 3MiPN/l OOml__ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _

AOX - -

Zinc (Zn) 2 2 5 0Pt-Copper (C1 1 1 0

Chromium (Cr2+) 0,1 0,05 0 05Mercury (Hg) 0,005 0,002 0,001Cadmium (Cd) . 0,02 0,02 0,01Lead (Pb) 0,5 0,1 0 05Nickel (Ni) 1 160Phenol 0,05 0,02 0,00 1Mineral oils 1 0,5 3_ +__

7.2 Surface Water and Groundwater Monitoring

The surface water and groundwater monitoring program shall be initiated beforethe tipping begins and continues for up to a minimum of 30 years after the closureof the site.

December 1998


The sampling frequency should be increased when contamination is suspected:The following monitoring programme, presented in Table 7.3, -including theanalyses and frequency for monitoring the groundwater and surface water, is rec-ommended:

Table 7.3 Monitoring program and parameters to be analyzed from the landfillwater samples

Parameter - :--- . .~roundw~ter and Pc water -n .. remwa.er...--- :s-:ampling frequ y - aiplng .re uency .ap-ing requen y-

_______________ .per.year .auid base pe yea ad-Ase p.iery rar and haseDesign Opera- After Design Opera- After Design Opera- After

tion care tion care tion careGroundwater 1 4 4levelVolume of sur- 1 4 4face water flowOutlook 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Temperature 4 4 4 4 4 4BODs 1 4 4COD 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Oxygen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4pH 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Conductivity 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Color I 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Chloride 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Sulfate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Total Phosphate 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Total Nitrogen 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Total Solids 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4Sodium 1 4 4 1 4 4Potassium 1 4 4 1 4 4Calcium 1 4 4 1 4 4Iron 1 4 4 1 4 4Manganese 1 4 4Fecal Coliform 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4AOX 1 4 4 1 2 2Zinc 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Copper 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Mercury 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Cadmium 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Lead 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Nickel 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Phenols 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2Mineral oils 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 2

The preliminary monitoring points for each landfill are presented in the respectiveDrawings 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 in Annex 1. Table 7.4 shows the amount of samplingpoints at each landfill.

Monitoring of surface water is proposed to be carried out in not less than twopoints at each site, one upstream from the landfill and one downstream after thetreatment plants (Table 7.4). If it is not possible to sample surface water upstreamanother monitoring point shall be selected, which represents the natural surface

-December 1998


water of the area. The water samples collected for the monitoring must be taken atrepresentative points and according to the standards. If there are any kind of pondsdownstream from the landfills a representative pond shall be selected for moni-toring.

Table 7.4 Water quality sampling points at each landfill

... L d f i i. . ..t. .. .. ....Ha Khau 2 points 2 pointsDeo Sen 3 points 3 pointsQuang Hanh 4 points 2 points

The chemical parameters to be analysed from the water samples are presented inTable 7.3. The sampling points are shown on the location maps of each landfillsite (Drawings 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 in Annex 1).

7.3 Monitoring of the Landfill

Soil subsidence can be observed by installing some observation plates at the land-fill sites before the filling starts. At least two observation plates shall be locatedalong existing streams (Quang Hanh), two on the opposite side of the landfill areaand 4 to 5 plates at the landfill area. The first observations (levelling) should becarried out before starting the filling and observations should continue every twomonths. When there are enough results available (e.g. after one year), the levelsshould be checked and compared against the fixed benchmark.

The-possible risk of collapsing (landslide) can be observed by measuring hori-zontal movements of the settlement plates, and if possible, with installing 4 to 5 ininclinometers around and at the landfill area.

One reliable way to follow up the possible settlements and risks of collapsing orsliding is to measure the pore pressure with electric piezometers, but it may be atoo expensive and sophisticated method in these circumstances.

Monitoring of landfill gas can start 5 - 10 years after the operation of landfill hasstarted.

December 1998


8. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING OF MITIGATION ANDMONITORING

8.1 Project Costs

The total value of the proposed project investment is 37.25 million USD. The costestimate includes provisions for inflation (price contingency) and cost overruns(physical contingency). Duties and taxes are included in the project base cost.Duty rates vary substantially, but in the cost estimate an average rate of 10 % hasbeen applied for duties and taxes. The total base cost is 28.95 million USD.

Table 8.1 Project cost estimate in December 1998

Project Component Total Costmillion USD

A Subtotal for Drainage Component 6.73B Subtotal for Sewerage Component 4.77C Subtotal for Solid Waste Component 7.30D Sub-total for Equipment & Vehicles 3.38E Subtotal for Technical Assistance 5.27F Credit Facility for Septic Tanks 1.50

Total Base Cost 28.95

Physical Contingencies 3.59Price Contingencies 4.71

Total Cost (Incl. Contingencies) 37.25

Most of the costs for mitigation measures created by environmental demands arealready included in the investment costs of the proposed project, or they should bepart of normal operation and maintenance procedures.

Table 8.2 Estimated Project Costs of Solid Waste Component in December1998

Project Component Total Cost Engineering MitigationB+D+E cost cost

Million USD million USD Million USDA Subtotal for Drainage ComponentB Subtotal for Sewerage ComponentC Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 7.30 5.25 2.05

Sanitary Landfills 6.56 5.25 1.31Land acquisition and compensation 0.74 0 0.74

D Sub-total for Equipment & Vehicles 2.51 2.38 0.13E Subtotal for Technical Assistance(50 °/O) 2.63 1.96 0.67

_ Total Base Cost of C+D+E 12.44 1 9.59 2.85Total Base Cost of the Project 28.95

December 1998


Total costs concerning the solid waste component are presented in Table 8.2.Some changes inside and between the components are possible during the designphase. Division for engineering cost and mitigation cost is preliminary and will beclarified during design phase of the project. The estimated total cost for solidwaste, including 50 % from technical assistance, is 12.44 million USD of whichestimated mitigation cost is roughly 23 %. Cost of public awareness campaigns isincluding to Technical Assistance component.

Some simple laboratory equipment is needed for the on-site monitoring measure-ments of wastewater treatment plant operation. The same portable analysing kit isrecommended for on-site analysing both in wastewater and landfills. It is pro-posed to have two set of analysing kits, one for Bai Chay and Hon Gai. The costestimation is about 10,000 USD including reagents for three years. The neededequipment is including in the lump sum of the project equipment.

8.2 Investigation Costs

The cost of the additional investigations and campaigns created by the environ-mental demands, which are also important for detailed design are as follows:

- Recommended detailed geotechnical investigations carried out by a localcompany, cost estimation about USD 8,000 - 10,000/site.

- Recommended hydrogeological investigations, cost estimation USD 10,000 -20,000/site.

- Recommended detailed surface water investigations, cost estimation USD10,000/site.

- Recommended installation of observation plates to monitor soil subsidenceand installation of inclinometers to monitor the possible risk of collapsing(landslide). The estimated cost is roughly USD 20,000/site.

Table 8.3 Estimated Investigation Costs

Rgecomm nded item . .. Cost .er site.. IJSD ToUil c ....Geotechnical investigations 8,000-10,000 24,000-30,000Hydrogeological investigations 10,000-20,000 30,000-60,000Surface water investigations 10,000 30,000Observation plates 20,000 60,000

Total 144,000-180,000

The estimated monitoring costs are calculated for the operational and aftercarephases. The aftercare phase will extend. to a period of at least 30 years. The esti-mation is 12,000-15,000 USD per year. The funding is from the ESC's O&Mbudget.

December 1998

HA,LONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANrrATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME HIC- EW LANDFILLS

ANNEX _V LOCATION OF LANDFILLS

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HALONG CITY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTSanitation Feasibility StudyVOLUME mc- EMP LANDFILLS

ANNEX 2 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

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