sandalwood oil

Sandalwood oil

• Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a valuable tree associated with Indian culture.

• Second most expensive wood in the world• Heartwood• Sandalwood oil-perfumes, cosmetics,

aromatherapy and pharmaceuticals

• Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and Kerala Monopoly• IUCN Red List• essential to encourage-sandalwood

plantations

• small to medium-sized hemiparasitic• more than 5000 years, India has been the

traditional leader• Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam• funeral pyre• The beige-colored paste of sandalwood is

applied on the forehead

• outer wood - has no scent• heartwood is described as astringent, bitter,

moderately hard, heavy, durable, yellow or brown

• African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon).

Sandalwood oil

• steam distillation of heartwood powder• Hydrosol• CO2

• 5 g of oil- Rs 1500• yellow to yellow viscous liquid, with a sweet,

fragrant, persistent, spicy, warm, woody, animalic, milky and nutty notes

• two forms of a sesquiterpene alcohol – α-santalol (7–60%) and β-santalol (7–33%).

• good fixatives perfumery and toiletry industry

• Most Indian attars-• base because of its inherent capacity to absorb

most of the ethereal notes of other whole herbs or flowers, as it can enhance their perfumery status and stability

• frozen• flavouring substance-dairy desserts, candy, pan

masala, baked food, gelatin, puddings and also in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages

• acute scarcity-search for novel synthetic raw materials

• Ayurveda, Chinese and Tibetan medicinal systems• common colds, bronchitis, fever, dysentery, piles,

scabies UTI, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, • expectorant, stimulant, carminative, digestive

and as a muscle relaxant

Therapeutics

• effective on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

• antimycotic-resistant Candida species• antibacterial activity against Helicobacter

pylori• virulence against isolates of drug-resistant

herpes simplex virus type I• anti-carcinogenic activity• anti-influenza A/HK (H3N2) virus activity

• elevates pulse rate, skin conductance level and systolic blood pressure and brings about higher ratings of attentiveness and mood inhumans

Monopoly

• prospective economic resource• Tippu Sultan-declared sandalwood tree as a royal

tree-1792• Karnataka Government.• Jurisdiction of the Forest Department-1864• 18 classes was introduced in 1898• Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV• Outbreak of the World War I-Out of 1313 tonnes-

only 70 tonnes

• professors J. J. Sudbourough and H. E.• Watson-Indian Institute of Science(IISc),

Bengaluru• sandalwood oil distillery-1916• Excessive harvesting without replenishment• Kannauj- 800kg of oil monthly at peak.

• spike disease-• 700,000 • 350,000- arsenical solution. (1903–1916)• forest fires, absence of adequate number of seed

bearing trees, lack of established plantations and heavy demand by the Sandalwood Oil Factory

• Illegal- 76.75 tonnes in 1999–2000 to 3.52 tonnes in 2010–11

• Karnataka State Handicrafts Development Corporation -fixed at 100 tonnes

• The Karnataka Forest (Amendment) Act 2001 and The Tamil Nadu Forest (Amendment) Act 2002

• spike disease-Mycoplasmas and phytoplasmas.

Cultivation parameters

• Volcanic soil• Good sunlight• Free draining soil• Slope north to west• Annual dry season• Weed protection in early stage.

Facts & figures

• Global demand- 5500-6600 tonnes• Global production- 4400 tonnes• India- 400 tonnes• India unofficial 2000 tonnes• Australia- S.spicatum-2000 tonnes• 350 tonnes from Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia.